Journal articles on the topic 'Gujarati language materials'

Introduction: Duruoz Hand Index (DHI) is a functional disability scale that can be used successfully to assess the functional disabilities of the hands. The hands are frequently involved in diabetic patients, due to soft tissue thickening in these areas referred to as atrophy, leading to wasting of the muscles. The DHI is currently not available in Gujarati language so there is a need to develop a scale which can be used by the Gujarati language speaking population. Materials & methods: An observational study was conducted in the Ahmedabad city. The scale was translated into Gujarati language through double forward and backward translation. Each question was scored by experts as accepted, rejected or accepted with modification. The reliability and validity of the finalized Gujarati version was subsequently completed with the sample size of 20 participants including both the genders in type II diabetes mellitus patients. Face and content validity along with internal consistency and test-retest reliability was also examined. Result: In the validation process of Gujarati version of DHI total 18 questions existed; one question was accepted with modification. The Gujarati version of the DHI has high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.890) and test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient=0.809, 95% CI: 0.58, 0.94). Conclusion: The translation of the DHI into a Gujarati version was successful in preserving the semantic and measurement properties of the original version and was valid and reliable scale for the Gujarati population. Key words: DHI, Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Validity, Reliability.

Background: Shoulder Activity Level Scale (SALS) is a reliable and valid tool that helps to measure Shoulder activity of an individual. Materials and Method: SALS was translated into Gujarati from English using forward-backward-forward method. Face & content validity of Gujarati version of SALS is assessed by group consensus method. Group of experts in field of Medicine, Physiotherapy and language has analyzed each question for content, meaning, ease of administration. Concurrent validity has been assessed by comparing the English version of SALS with Gujarati version of SALS. Statistical Analysis: Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to assess the strength of association between the measures of both the versions. Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess reliability of Gujarati version of SALS Results: There is a significant internal consistency (Cronbach’ alpha=0.895; p<0.05) and significant test-retest reliability found for SALS Gujarati version. Spearman’s correlation coefficient (ρ=0.94) suggested Significant correlation between original English and translated Gujarati scales. Conclusion: Gujarati version of Shoulder Activity Level Scale has a good validity and reliability. Key words: Gujarati SALS, translation of SALS, validity and reliability of Shoulder activity level scale.

Internet is a source of huge amount of information generated from blog, social websites, and forums and so on by user. In today’s world information available on the internet plays an important role in human’s life. To analyze a huge amount of information it’s require an automated method to classify this type of information. High usage of web and mobile technologies, user generated content in Guajarati is increasing on the web is motivation behind sentiment analysis. Emotion analysis is the process of identifying user’s opinion in section of text. This opinion helps to carry out decisions. Now a day’s a new source of opinion for users are web documents. Sentiment analysis is natural language processing task that extract information from various sources such as news, social networking site, blog, forums and classify them into positive, negative or neutral on the basis of their polarity. Lots of research is done in English language but it’s also important to perform sentiment analysis in Gujarati language as it is 6th official language in India. This paper gives an overview how sentiment analysis can be performed in Gujarati Language.

Kesharashivam, the author of Gujarati 'Purnsatya' autobiography, was born on 28-9-1940 in Kalol, Mehsana district of North Gujarat. His native place is 'Adewad' village. His real name is Bhikhabhai Shivabhai Jadav. Mother's name is Kesharben. Taking the name of his mother and father together with the nickname 'B. Kesharashivam', he has been active in the field of literature. By creating stories, essays and novels in Gujarati Dalit literature, B. Kesharasivam has gained much fame as a Dalit writer. If we study his stories, essays or novels, we will definitely hear the sound of his personal experiences or empathy. He wrote only Dalit literature. He has also received many awards for his literary works. Looking at the two parts of 'Purna Satya', we find the first part more interesting and creative. The language is simple and easy in style. In the first part of this work, the creator has depicted the condition and direction of his life by covering the events of childhood and curriculum. So, in the second part, the situation in which they perform their duties during their job is depicted. In which the creator seems to give a chart of the social reform works he does after becoming a government official. In the first part, the author appears as a creator, while in the second part, he appears more as a reformer. Abstract in Gujarati Language: ગુજરાતી 'પૂર્ણસત્ય' આત્મકથાના લેખક બી.કેશરશિવમ્ નો જન્મ તા.૨૮-૯-૧૯૪૦ના રોજ ઉત્તર ગુજરાતના મહેસાણા જિલ્લાના કલોલમાં થયો. તેમનું મૂળવતન ‘આડેવાડ’ ગામ છે. તેમનું અસલ નામ ભીખાભાઈ શિવાભાઈ જાદવ છે. માતાનું નામ કેશરબેન છે. તેમના માતા અને પિતાનું નામ સાથે રાખી 'બી.કેશરશિવમ્' ઉપનામ રાખીને તેઓ સાહિત્ય ક્ષેત્રે પ્રવૃત્ત થયા છે. ગુજરાતી દલિત સાહિત્યક્ષેત્રે વાર્તા, નિબંધ અને નવલકથાઓનું સર્જન કરીને બી.કેશરશિવમે દલિત સાહિત્યકાર તરીકે ઘણી પ્રસિદ્ધિ મેળવી છે. એમની વાર્તાઓ, નિબંધો કે નવલકથાઓનો અભ્યાસ કરીએ તો તેમાંથી એમના જાતઅનુભવો કે સ્વાનુભૂતિનો રણકો આપણને અવશ્ય સંભળાય છે. તેમણે માત્ર ને માત્ર દલિત સાહિત્ય લખ્યું છે. એમને એમના સાહિત્ય સર્જન માટે અનેક પારિતોષિકો પણ પ્રાપ્ત થયા છે. ‘પૂર્ણ સત્ય’ના બે ભાગ જોતા તેનો પ્રથમ ભાગ આપણને વધારે રસાત્મક અને સર્જનાત્મક લાગે છે. ભાષાની દૃષ્ટિએ સાદી અને સરળ શૈલીમાં છે. આ કૃતિના પ્રથમ ભાગમાં સર્જકે બાળપણ અને અભ્યાસક્રમના પ્રસંગોને આવરીને પોતાના જીવાતા જીવનની દશા અને દિશાનું આલેખન કર્યુ છે. તો બીજા ભાગમાં તેમની નોકરી દરમ્યાન પોતાની ફરજ બજાવવામાં આવતી સ્થિતિ-પરિસ્થિતિની વાતને આલેખી છે. જેમાં સર્જક સરકારી અધિકારી બની ગયા પછી સમાજ સુધારાના જે કાર્યો કરે છે, તેનો માંડીને આલેખ આપતા જણાય છે. પહેલા ભાગમાં લેખક સર્જક તરીકે ઉપસી આવે છે તો બીજા ભાગમાં સુધારક તરીકે વધારે ઉપસી આવતા લાગે છે. Keywords: પૂર્ણસત્ય, બંધાણી, ઘર સંચાવા, છાણાં વીણવા, પોદળા લેવા જવું, ગધેડાની લાદ

Many Dalit tribes have been living in Mumbai in the western part of India since centuries before independence. Yet Dalit history remains a relatively under-explored field, attributed to the lack of research interest in Dalit history and the lack of adequate data tools for Dalit history writing. Important areas of research in Dalit history such as social change, economic conditions, education and contribution to the nation's freedom movement and the Gujarati Dalit leaders of Mumbai remain almost unexplored. The present article is an attempt to fill such a gap. The main purpose of the article is not only to clarify the role of Gujarati Dalits of Mumbai in the Indian freedom struggle, but also to examine Dalit history from a Dalit perspective. Abstract in Gujarati Language: ભારતના પશ્વિમ ભાગમાં આવેલ મુંબઈમાં અનેક દલિત જાતિઓ આઝાદી પહેલા સૈકાઓથી વસવાટ કરે છે. છતાં દલિત ઈતિહાસ એ પ્રમાણમાં ઓછું ખેડાયેલું ક્ષેત્ર છે તેનું કારણ સંશોધકોની દલિત ઈતિહાસમાં ઓછી રુચિ અને દલિત ઇતિહાસના લેખન માટે પર્યાપ્ત માત્રામાં માહિતી સાધનોના અભાવને જવાબદાર માનવામાં આવે છે. દલિત ઇતિહાસમાં દલિતોમાં સમાજ પરિવર્તન, આર્થિક પરિસ્થિતિ, શિક્ષણ અને રાષ્ટ્રના સ્વતંત્રતા આંદોલનમાં યોગદાન અને મુંબઈના ગુજરાતી દલિત નેતાઓ જેવાં મહત્વપૂર્ણ સંશોધન ક્ષેત્રો લગભગ વણખેડાયેલાં રહ્યાં છે. પ્રસ્તુત લેખમાં આવી એક ખાલી જગ્યા પુરવાનો પ્રયત્ન છે. લેખનો પ્રધાન હેતુ ભારતીય સ્વતંત્રતા સંગ્રામમાં મુંબઈના ગુજરાતી દલિતોની ભૂમિકા સ્પષ્ટ કરવાનો તો છે જ સાથે દલિત ઈતિહાસને દલિત દ્રષ્ટિકોણથી તપાસવાનો ઉપક્રમ પણ છે. Keywords: ભારતીય સ્વતંત્રતા સંગ્રામ, સ્વાતંત્ર્ય સેનાની, ગાંધીયુગીન આંદોલનો, ગાંધીવાદી દલિત પ્રવૃતિઓ, આંબેડકરવાદી દલિત પ્રવૃતિઓ

Shri Lakshman Gaekwad is the author of autobiography written in original Marathi language called 'Uchalya'. The illustration on the front page of the original Marathi 'Uchalya' work suggests a man standing upside down with his hands tied behind his back, outside a slum of a poor population far from the village. That is, there is a picture of a poor naked man standing helplessly in the bonds of criminality. He is an illiterate, helpless, coercive, criminal prisoner, kept in a kennel away from caste discrimination. Which describes the social condition of our country. This autobiography has been translated into Hindi, English, Kannada, Telugu, Urdu, French, Bengali, Gujarati etc. It has been beautifully translated in Gujarati language by Shri Rabindra Parekh as 'Uthaugir'. This work has received awards like Delhi Sahitya Akademi, Maharashtra Government's Gaurav Award of one lakh rupees, etc. This is his achievement. He is an illiterate, helpless, coercive, criminal prisoner, kept in a kennel away from caste discrimination. Which describes the social condition of our country. Abstract in Gujarati Lanaguage: ‘ઉચલ્યા’ નામે મૂળ મરાઠીભાષામાં લખાયેલી આત્મકથાના લેખક શ્રી લક્ષ્મણ ગાયકવાડ છે. મૂળ મરાઠી ‘ઉચલ્યા’ કૃતિના મુખપૃષ્ઠ પરનું ચિત્ર સૂચિત અર્થ કરે છે કે, ગામથી દૂર ગરીબ વસ્તીના ઝૂંપડાં બહાર ઉઘાડા શરીરે ઊંધા ઉભેલ પુરુષના હાથ તેની પીઠ પાછળ બંધાયેલા છે. એટલે કે ગુનેગારીના બંધનોમાં બંધાઈને લાચારીવશ નીચો ચહેરો કરી ઊભેલા ગરીબ ઉઘાડડિલ પુરુષનું ચિત્ર છે. તે જાતિગત ભેદભાવથી દૂર હોંશિયામાં રખાયેલ અભણ, લાચારી, મજબૂરીવશ, વિવશતાને લીધે ગુનેગાર થયેલ કેદી છે. જે આપણા દેશની સામાજિક સ્થિતિનું બયાન કરે છે. આ આત્મકથાના હિન્દી, અંગ્રેજી, કન્નડ, તેલુગુ, ઉર્દૂ, ફ્રેન્ચ, બંગાળી, ગુજરાતી વગેરે ભાષાઓમાં અનુવાદ થયા છે. તેનો ગુજરાતી ભાષામાં શ્રીરવીન્દ્ર પારેખે ‘ઉઠાઉગીર’ નામે સુંદર અનુવાદ કર્યો છે. આ કૃતિને દિલ્હી સાહિત્ય અકાદમી, મહારાષ્ટ્ર સરકારનો એક લાખ રૂપિયાનો ગૌરવ પુરસ્કાર વગેરે જેવા પુરસ્કારો પ્રાપ્ત થયા છે. આ તેની સિદ્ધિ છે. તે જાતિગત ભેદભાવથી દૂર હોંશિયામાં રખાયેલ અભણ, લાચારી, મજબૂરીવશ, વિવશતાને લીધે ગુનેગાર થયેલ કેદી છે. જે આપણા દેશની સામાજિક સ્થિતિનું બયાન કરે છે. Keywords: ઉચલ્યા, પશુતુલ્ય, ઉઠાઉગીર, સંતામુચ્ચર, જાતપંચાયત

Bhavai is a unique folk drama of Gujarat. To create human’s inner life as well as to reveal our creation in the art form should be our goal of life. The impact of Muslim ruler is seen on Bhavai Vesha. In Bhavai, there are religious drama, drama regarding specific characteristics of various cast, drama on social issues, dramas of kings’ life etc. By this veshas of various types, various social stages, various casts systmes are perform in order to give ordinary people the knowledge, education as well as entertainment. Thus, Bhavai is woven with all folk life’s braces. Still moving with its own uniqueness in the society. In this article, an attempt has been made to explain the concept of total positive unity of human personality as a social being. Abstract in Gujarati Language: ભવાઈએ ગુજરાતનું અનોખું લોકનાટ્ય છે. મનુષ્યના આંતર જીવનનું સર્જન કરવાનો તેમ જ સર્જનને સુંદર તથા કલામય સ્વરૂપમાં પ્રગટ કરવાનો આપણો ઉદેશ હોવો જોઈએ. ભવાઈ વેશોમાં મુસ્લિમ રાજ્ય શાસનની અસર જોવા મળે છે. ભવાઈમાં ધાર્મિક વેશો, વિવિધ કોમોની ખાસિયતોને વર્ણવી લેતા વેશો, સામાજિક વેશો, રાજવીઓને લગતા વેશો પણ એમાં જોવા મળે છે. આવા ભિન્ન પ્રકારના, વિભિન્ન સ્તરના, ભિન્ન ભિન્ન કોમોને આવરી લેતાં વેશો દ્વારા લોકોને જ્ઞાન, શિક્ષણ અને મનોરંજન પૂરું પાડવામાં આવતું. આમ, ભવાઈ લોકજીવનના તાણાવાણા સાથે વણાઈ ગઈ હતી અને પોતાની અનોખી છાપ સાથે મુક્ત પણે વિહરતી હતી. પ્રસ્તુત લેખમાં ભવાઇના ભાવાત્મય ઐક્યના ખ્યાલને સમજાવવાનો પ્રયત્ન કર્યો છે. Keywords: ભવાઈ, અસાઇત, વેશો, મનોરંજન, રૂઢિઓ, બંધનો, વહેમો, કુરિવાજો, શિક્ષણ, સમાજ સુધારણા, લોક જાગૃતિ

If we look into history, the words 'Sarvodaya' have had a very interesting history in the 20th century. The thing is, in AD of 1904. On his way to Christmas from Johnsburg this year, his friend Mr. Pollack gave Gandhiji a reading of John Ruskin's book "Unto This Last". It had a deep impact on Gandhiji's heart and mind. At the end of Manomanthan in AD 1908, taking inspiration from this book, Gandhi gave the resolution of 'Sarvodaya'. From 1915 to 1948, Gandhi ji echoed the slogan of many constructive Sarvodaya activities like Satya, Ahimsa, Gramswaraj, Ratio, Khadiwanat, Swavalamban etc. throughout the country. After the death of Gandhiji, Vinoba Bhave came forward to carry forward his work and many creative activities and many Sarvodaya Ashrams came into existence under the name of 'Sarvodaya'. Sarvodaya Ashrams were established especially in North Gujarat. These organizations carried out various creative activities based on Gandhiji's ideology. In the present research, the creative activities of the organizations are shown in brief. Abstract in Gujarati Language: ઇતિહાસમાં ડોકિયું કરીએ તો, ૨૦મી સદીમાં ‘સર્વોદય’ શબ્દનો ખૂબ જ રસપ્રદ ઈતિહાસ રહ્યો છે. વાત છે, ઈ.સ. ૧૯૦૪ની. આ વર્ષે જ્હોનીસબર્ગથી નાતાલ જતા ગાંધીજીને તેમના મિત્ર મિ.પોલાકે જ્હોન રસ્કિનનું “અનટુ ધિસ લાસ્ટ” પુસ્તક વાંચવા આપેલું. તેની ગાંધીજીના હદય અને માનસ પર ઊંડી અસર થઈ. મનોમંથનના અંતે ઈ.સ.૧૯૦૮માં આ પુસ્તકમાંથી પ્રેરણા લઈ ગાંધીજીએ ‘સર્વોદય’ની સંકલ્પના ભેટ ધરી. ૧૯૧૫ થી ૧૯૪૮ સુધી ગાંધીજીએ સત્ય, અહિંસા, ગ્રામસ્વરાજ ,રેટિયો, ખાદીવણાટ, સ્વાવલંબન વગેરે જેવી અનેક રચનાત્મક સર્વોદયની પ્રવૃત્તિઓનો નારો સમગ્ર દેશમાં ગુંજતો કર્યો. ગાંધીજીના અવસાન પછી તેઓના કાર્યને આગળ વધારવા વિનોબા ભાવે આગળ આવ્યા અને ‘સર્વોદય’ નામથી અનેક રચનાત્મક પ્રવૃત્તિઓ અને અનેક સર્વોદય આશ્રમોનો ઉદય થયો. ખાસ કરીને ઉત્તર ગુજરાતમાં સર્વોદય આશ્રમોની સ્થાપના થઇ. આ સંસ્થાઓએ ગાંધીજીની વિચારધારા આધારિત અનેકવિધ રચનાત્મક પ્રવૃત્તિઓ કરી. પ્રસ્તુત રીસર્ચમાં સંસ્થાઓની રચનાત્મક પ્રવૃત્તિઓ ટૂંકમાં દર્શાવવામાં આવી છે. Keywords: સર્વોદય, રચનાત્મક પ્રવૃત્તિ, ગ્રામોદ્યોગ, ખાદી

Thus, tribal research is a topic that touches the entire social science. Especially in subjects such as sociology this tribal research seems to be carried out, but in the last few years there has been a small attempt to do justice to tribal research in history as well. Tribal history can be said to be a beautiful combination of subjects like history and sociology. Historical research has traditionally focused on wars, movements, freedom struggles, kings and kings, but there have been very limited works on adivasis, women, dalits, farmers, etc., who have no history. According to the historian Ranke, "no document, no history", according to which documents continue to be an important capital for the researchers of tribal history. Moreover, it is reinforced by oral history. However, research through the medium of primary and secondary sources strengthens tribal history and liberates it from traditional historiographical conventions. Keeping the same objective in mind, information has been given here about the tribal information tools of Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Gujarat of western India. Abstract in Gujarati Language: આમ તો આદિવાસી સંશોધનો એ સમગ્ર સામાજિક વિજ્ઞાનને સ્પર્શતો વિષય છે. ખાસ કરીને સમાજશાસ્ત્ર જેવા વિષયોમાં આ આદિવાસી સંશોધનોને હાથ ધરવામાં આવતો હોય તેવું જણાય છે, પરંતુ છેલ્લા કેટલાક વર્ષોથી ઈતિહાસ વિષયમાં પણ આદિવાસી સંશોધનોને ન્યાય આપવાનો એક નાનકડો પ્રયાસ શરૂ થયો છે. આદિવાસી ઈતિહાસ એ ઈતિહાસ અને સમાજશાસ્ત્ર જેવા વિષયોનો સુભગ સમન્વય કહી શકાય. ઐતિહાસિક સંશોધનોમાં પરંપરાગત રીતે યુદ્ધો, આંદોલનો, સ્વાતંત્ર્ય સંગ્રામ, રાજા-મહારાજાઓ વગેરેને ધ્યાને લઇ સંશોધનો થતાં રહ્યાં છે, પરંતુ ઈતિહાસવિહોણા એવા આદિવાસીઓ, મહિલાઓ, દલિતો, ખેડૂતો વગેરે પર ઘણાં મર્યાદિત કાર્યો થયાં છે. ઇતિહાસકાર રાંકેના મતે, “દસ્તાવેજ નહી તો ઈતિહાસ નહી” તે મુજબ આદિવાસી ઇતિહાસના શોધકાર્યો માટે દસ્તાવેજ મહત્વની મૂડી ગણવી રહી. વધુમાં તેને મૌખિક ઈતિહાસ બળ તો પૂરું પાડે જ છે. તેમ છતાં પ્રાથમિક અને દ્વિતીય સાધનોના માધ્યમ તરીકે થયેલાં સંશોધનો એ આદિવાસી ઈતિહાસને વધુ મજબુત બનાવે છે તેમજ પરંપરાગત ઈતિહાસલેખનની પરંપરાઓમાંથી મુક્તિ પણ અપાવે છે. આ જ ઉદ્દેશ્યને ધ્યાને લઇ અત્રે પશ્ચિમ ભારતના રાજસ્થાન, મહારાષ્ટ્ર તેમજ ગુજરાતના આદિવાસી માહિતી સાધનો વિશે માહિતી આપવામાં આવી છે. Keywords: પશ્ચિમ ભારત, સાધનો, આદિવાસી ઈતિહાસ

The current era is referred to as the information and communication technology revolution. Today, no any sector is behind in the use of technology. Technology is inevitably used by humans from daily life to education, employment, business, culture, etc. at some point or another. The use of information and communication technology is increasing in various libraries to perform various functions and provide information services to their users easily and quickly. The purpose of this article is to provide information about the information and communication technology skills and competencies needed for library professionals to provide library and information services. Also, there is information provided on how to enhance skills or competencies in information and communication technology. Abstract in Gujarati Language: વર્તમાન યુગને માહિતી અને પ્રત્યાયન તકનીકીની ક્રાંતિ તરીકે ઓળખવામાં આવે છે. આજે તકનીકીના ઉપયોગથી કોઈ પણ ક્ષેત્ર પાછળ રહ્યું નથી. તકનીકીનો ઉપયોગ મનુષ્યો દ્વારા રોજિંદા જીવનથી લઈને શિક્ષણ, રોજગાર, વ્યવસાય, સંસ્કૃતિ વગેરેમાં કોઈને કોઈ તબક્કે અનિવાર્યપણે થાય છે. વિવિધ કાર્યો કરવા અને તેમના વપરાશકર્તાઓને સરળતાથી અને ઝડપથી માહિતી સેવાઓ પ્રદાન કરવા માટે વિવિધ પુસ્તકાલયોમાં માહિતી અને પ્રત્યાયન તકનીકીનો ઉપયોગ વધી રહ્યો છે. આ લેખનો હેતુ પુસ્તકાલય વ્યવસાયિકો માટે પુસ્તકાલય અને માહિતી સેવાઓ પ્રદાન કરવા માટે જરૂરી માહિતી અને પ્રત્યાયન તકનીકી કુશળતાઓ અને ક્ષમતાઓ વિશે માહિતી પ્રદાન કરવાનો છે. ઉપરાંત, માહિતી અને પ્રત્યાયન તકનીકીમાં કુશળતાઓ અથવા ક્ષમતાઓને કેવી રીતે વધારી શકાય તે અંગેની માહિતી આપવામાં આવેલ છે. Keywords: પુસ્તકાલય, વ્યવસાયિકો, પુસ્તકાલય વ્યવસાયિકો, માહિતી અને પ્રત્યાયન તકનીકી (આઈ.સી.ટી.), કુશળતાઓ, ક્ષમતાઓ

Historiography is usually the writing done by the researcher related to his topic. is doing research. But sometimes there are also instances of writing research being done different from the subject of study (degree level). Like Rasiklal Parikh, Jadunath Sarkar and Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi (Kosambi), the protagonist of the present article, originally a student of mathematics - although his studies were in mathematics, his contribution in the field of history - culture is not less. Often in this way reading-meditation-research-drawing becomes important due to interest even though it is not the subject of original study. So, it is also seen that in spite of studying only the subject, no field is provided due to lack of interest in the basic related subject. The present paper discusses the historiography of Professor Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi. Abstract in Gujarati Language: ઈતિહાસલેખન કરવું સામાન્ય રીતે જે તે સંશોધક પોતાના વિષયને આનુષાંગિક લેખનકાર્ય કરતો હોય છે. સંશોધન કરતો હોય છે. પરંતુ કેટલીક વાર અભ્યાસના (ડિગ્રી કક્ષાના) વિષયથી ભિન્ન લેખન સંશોધન થતું હોવાના પણ દાખલા મળી આવે છે. જેમ કે રસિકલાલ પરીખ, જદુનાથ સરકાર અને પ્રસ્તુત લેખના નાયક દામોદર ધર્માનંદ કોસામ્બી(કોસાંબી) મૂળ ગણિતના વિદ્યાર્થી – અભ્યાસ ગણિત વિષયમાં કરેલ હોવા છતાં ઇતિહાસ – સંસ્કૃતિના ક્ષેત્રે તેમનું પ્રદાન ઓછું નથી. ઘણીવાર આ રીતે અર્થાત મૂળ અભ્યાસનો વિષય ન હોવા છતાં રસ-રૂચિના કારણે વાંચન-મનન - સંશોધન –આલેખન મહત્વનું બની રહેતું હોય છે. તો માત્ર વિષય લઇને અભ્યાસ કરવા છતાં મૂળભૂત સબંધિત વિષયમાં રસ-રૂચિના અભાવે કોઈ પણ ક્ષેત્રે પ્રદાન હોતું નથી એવું પણ જોવામાં આવે છે. પ્રસ્તુત શોધપત્રમાં પ્રાધ્યાપક દામોદર ધર્માનંદ કોસાંબીના ઈતિહાસલેખન વિશે ચર્ચા કરવામાં આવેલ છે. Keywords: ઈતિહાસ, સંસ્કૃતિ, વિશ્લેષણ, સામંતવાદ

In Indian aesthetics, an Art is the achievement of the goal of Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha and Artistic perfection and entertainment are the motive or purpose of life. Bliss is the highest motive of an art. Main arts are considered as Five: 1. Literature, 2. Music, 3. Painting, 4. Sculpture and 5. Architect. An art is a means to connect human hearts. The bliss of beauty is the bliss of love. The substratum as Female Deity (Devi) of Beauty is devoted to Truth (Satyam), Auspiciousness (Shivam) and Beauty (Sundaram). The Sadhana of Satyam, Shivam and Sundaram is the only life to be lived. The nature of self and God is Satyam, Shivam and Sundaram. An art creates the live universe of Truth and Beauty. In this article this type of very wide and universal concept of Art is explained according to Indian perspective. Abstract in Gujarati Language: ભારતીય સાહિત્યમીમાંસામાં કાવ્ય વગેરે કલાને ધર્મ, અર્થ, કામ અને મોક્ષની ધ્યેયરુપ પ્રાપ્તિ અને કલા નિપુણતા તથા મનોરંજનને પ્રયોજન ગણે છે. આનંદ એ કલાનું શ્રેષ્ઠ પ્રયોજન છે. પ્રમુખ કલાઓ પાંચ છે. (૧) સાહિત્ય (૨) સંગીત (૩) ચિત્ર (૪) શિલ્પ અને (૫) સ્થાપત્ય. કલા એ માનવ હૃદયોને જોડવાનું સાધન છે. સૌંદર્યનો આનંદ પ્રેમાનંદ છે. સૌંદર્યની અધિષ્ઠાત્રી દેવી એવી કલાઓ સત્ય, શિવત્વ, અને સૌંદર્યને વરેલી છે. 'સત્યમ, શિવમ, સુન્દરમ'ની સાધના એ જીવન છે. આત્મા અને પરમાત્માનું સ્વરૂપ સત્યમય, શિવમય અને સૌંદર્યમય છે. કલા સત્ય અને સૌંદર્યની જીવંત સૃષ્ટિ સર્જે છે. પ્રસ્તુત લેખમાં ભારતીય વિચારધારા અનુસાર આવા કલાના વ્યાપક ખ્યાલને સમજાવવાનો પ્રયત્ન કર્યો છે. Keywords: કલા, સૌંદર્ય, તત્ત્વ, રસ, પ્રેરણા, લય, પ્રકૃતિ, આનંદ, સ્વસ્તિ, સાંસ્કૃતિક, સત્યમ, શિવમ, સુંદરમ

Arnold Toynbee was born in England in 1889. He was a leading historian of the 20th century. From his childhood he received the rites of history. His mother was a specialist in Greek and ancient history. And it would have been of great interest to Toynbee, who called it the story of the origin, growth and decline of civilizations. Thus, Toynbee's first formation as a historian took place in childhood. Also, mother was a staunch Christian. So, she used to tell Toynbee the story of the Bible and sometimes read some parts of the Bible to him. Thus, Toynbee also received historical and religious rites from his mother. Thus, mother's historical knowledge and religious rites put Toynbee in the prime of being a great historian. His reading of the works of Gibbon and other historians broadened him, and he was greatly enriched by travel, study and experience. As a result, the world received ten unique volumes of Toynbee's 'The Study of History'. In which the emergence, development, merger and modernization of world cultures are discussed. Abstract in Gujarati Language: આર્નોલ્ડ ટોયન્બીનો જન્મ ઇંગ્લેડમાં ઇ.સ.૧૮૮૯માં થયો હતો. તેઓ ૨૦મા સૈકાના અગ્રગણ્ય ઇતિહાસકાર હતા. બાલ્યવયથી તેને ઇતિહાસના સંસ્કાર મળ્યા હતા. તેની માતા ગ્રીસ અને પ્રાચીન યુગના ઇતિહાસની ખાસ અભ્યાસી હતી. વળી તે તેને સંસ્કૃતિઓના ઉદ્ભવ, વિકાસ અને પતનની કથા કહેતી ટોયન્બીને આમાં ખૂબ રસ પડતો. આમ ઇતિહાસકાર તરીકેનું ટોયન્બીનું પ્રથમ ઘડતર બાલ્યાવયમાં થયું. વળી માતા ચુસ્ત ખ્રિસ્તી હતી. એટલે ટોયન્બીને તે બાઇબલની વાર્તા પણ કહેતી તથા તેની સમક્ષ તે બાઇબલના અમુક ભાગો ક્યારેક વાંચતી. આમ ટોયન્બીને માતા તરફથી ઐતિહાસિક અને ધાર્મિક સંસ્કાર પણ મળ્યા. આમ, માતાના ઐતિહાસિક જ્ઞાન અને ધાર્મિક સંસ્કારે ટોયન્બીમાં મહાન ઇતિહાસકાર તરીકેના પ્રાથમિક સંસ્કાર મૂક્યા. ગીબન અને અન્ય ઇતિહાસકારોની કૃતિઓના વાંચને તેને વિસ્તૃત બનાવ્યા, પ્રવાસ, અધ્યયન અને અનુભવને લીધે તે ખૂબ સમૃધ્ધ બન્યા. પરિણામે ટોયન્બી કૃત ‘ઇતિહાસનો અભ્યાસ’ - ‘The Study of History’ ના દશ અજોડ ગ્રંથો વિશ્વને મળ્યા. જેમાં વિશ્વની સંસ્કૃતિઓના ઉદ્ભવ, વિકાસ, વિલીનીકરણ અને આધુનિકરણની ચર્ચા કરવામાં આવી છે. Keywords: સંસ્કૃતિ, ઉદ્ભવ, વિકાસ, આધુનિકરણ

Freedom is an important concept of political philosophy and ethics. In this article, an attempt has been made to know the concept of freedom given by Amarty Sen. How his concept of freedom is different from prevailing other definitions of freedom and why we should accept it, is shown here in this article. Sen put emphasis on basic two aspect of freedom: Opportunity and Functioning. Sen tries to explain in detail the concept of opportunity. Sen considers opportunity as the freedom to get what we want to get. It has its intrinsic value, according to Sen. Sen explains freedom in the light of his theory of capability and considers capability as Freedom. Sen draw our attention towards the role of freedom which are Constitutive Freedom and Instrumental Freedom. According to Sen, Constitutive Freedom is the first and foremost aim of development and Instrumental Freedom as a means to achieve that aim. He describes five forms of instrumental form freedom. Through this article, we will understand a very new and unique concept and role of freedom. Abstract in Gujarati Language: સ્વતંત્રતા એ એક રાજનીતિક તત્ત્વજ્ઞાન અને નીતિશાસ્ત્રની મહત્ત્વની સંકલ્પના છે. પ્રસ્તુત લેખમાં અમર્ત્ય સેનની સ્વતંત્રતા અંગેની વિભાવના જણાવવાનો પ્રયાસ કર્યો છે. તેઓની સ્વતંત્રતા અંગેની વિભાવના અન્ય પ્રચલિત વિભાવના કરતાં કઈ રીતે અલગ છે અને આપણે શા માટે તેને સ્વીકારવી જોઈએ તેની મુખ્યત્વે વાત આ લેખમાં કરેલ છે. સેન સ્વતંત્રતાના બે મુખ્ય પાસા એક 'તક' અને બીજું 'પ્રક્રિયા' પર ભાર મુકે છે. સેન 'તક'ને વધારે વિસ્તૃત અર્થમાં સમજાવવાનો પ્રયાસ કરે છે. તકને સેન જે મેળવવા માંગીયે છીયે તે મેળવવા માટેની સ્વતંત્રતા તરીકે લેખાવે છે. તેઓ તકની સ્વતંત્રતાને સ્વતંત્રતાનું આંતરીક મુલ્ય માને છે. સેન સ્વતંત્રતાને પોતાના ક્ષમતા અભિગમને આધારે સમજાવે છે તથા ક્ષમતાને સ્વતંત્રતાનું જ એક પાસું ગણાવે છે. સેન સ્વતંત્રતાની ભુમિકાઓ તરફ આપણું ધ્યાન ખેંચે છે, જે છે મૂળભૂત સ્વતંત્રતા (Constitutive Freedom) અને સાધન સ્વરૂપ ભૂમિકા (Instrumental freedom). મૂળભૂત સ્વતંત્રતાને સેન વિકાસનું પ્રાથમિક ધ્યેય માને છે જ્યારે સાધન સ્વરૂપ સ્વતંત્રતાને વિકાસનું મુખ્ય સાધન માને છે. સાધન સ્વરૂપ સ્વતંત્રતાના સેન પાંચ સ્વરૂપોનું આપણી સામે વર્ણન કરે છે. આ લેખથી આપણે સ્વતંત્રતાની એક નવી જ અને અનોખી ભૂમિકાને સમજવા સક્ષમ બનીશું. Keywords: સ્વતંત્રતા, ક્ષમતા, તક, પ્રક્રિયા, પસંદગી. નિષ્પન્ન પરિણામ, વાસ્તવિક સ્વતંત્રતા, હકદારી, સુવિધાઓ

After more than four decades of obscurity, a collection of historical African newspapers and other materials is now being made widely accessible to researchers due to the efforts of Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) Postdoctoral Fellow Janet Kaaya and the Center for Primary Research and Training in the Charles E. Young Research Library, Department of Special Collections, at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). The Michael Lofchie Collection contains primarily pre-independence newspapers and other materials from Zanzibar, a Tanzanian island in the Indian Ocean off the coast of East Africa. The collection holds about 120 volumes, covering 22 newspaper titles in various languages, including English, Swahili, Gujarati, and Arabic. In addition, the collection includes bulletins, journals, monographs, manuscripts, booklets, information sheets and minutes of meetings. The collection's depth and breadth reflect the socio-cultural, economic and political environments that prevailed in Zanzibar over the timespan of the collection, from 1909 to 1965.

After more than four decades of obscurity, a collection of historical African newspapers and other materials is now being made widely accessible to researchers due to the efforts of Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) Postdoctoral Fellow Janet Kaaya and the Center for Primary Research and Training in the Charles E. Young Research Library, Department of Special Collections, at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). The Michael Lofchie Collection contains primarily pre-independence newspapers and other materials from Zanzibar, a Tanzanian island in the Indian Ocean off the coast of East Africa. The collection holds about 120 volumes, covering 22 newspaper titles in various languages, including English, Swahili, Gujarati, and Arabic. In addition, the collection includes bulletins, journals, monographs, manuscripts, booklets, information sheets and minutes of meetings. The collection's depth and breadth reflect the socio-cultural, economic and political environments that prevailed in Zanzibar over the timespan of the collection, from 1909 to 1965.

Desmodium triquetrum(L.) DC.is synonym ofTadahagitriquetrum(L.) H.Ohashibelongs to the family Fabaceae.Desmodiumtriquetrum (L.) DC. is traditionally used in common cold, sore throat, hemoptysis due to lung diseases, hepatomegaly, enteritis, traumatic injury, etc. Aim:The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information on ethnomedicinal claims ofDesmodium triquetrum(L.) DC. from published literatures, books related to ethnobotany and ethnomedicine. Materials and Methods:All the available information on Desmodium triquetrum(L.) DC.was collected via published literatures, books like Medicinal plants of Gujarat, Reviews on Indian medicinal plants, The wealth of India NISCAIR, etc. The obtained information was distributed into part-wise ethnomedicinal claims,region-wise traditional claims, local names in different languages, and therapeutic indications. Result:It has been found to be reported in more than 23 states in India, widely distributed in western parts of India common in Maharashtra, Kerala, Karnataka, Gujarat etc.Its root, leaves, and the whole plant has been recommended in 19 different diseases both externally and internally. The whole plant has maximum application in 12 different diseased conditions, followed by root and leaves in 4 and 3 diseases respectively. Conclusion:Desmodium triquetrum(L.) DC. is widely used for treatment of chronic cough and tuberculosis and also, the leaves have been used as a substitute for tea by hill tribes in upper Assam. As the findings, Desmodiumtriquetrum (L.) DC. need to explore with the help of detailedinvestigation,especially through pharmacological properties.

Introduction: The iron requirement of the body increases during this period and resulting into anemia. National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-20), about 65% women (15-49 y) and about 62% of pregnant women were suffering from various degrees of anemia in Gujarat. Current study is the part of the innovation pilot project in which counselling was very important component. It motivated the beneficiaries to increase uptake of project services. Thus, the current paper is designed with the aim and objective to analyse the effect of counselling done for all the beneficiaries (Pregnant women and adolescent girls) in context for their improvement in anaemia status. Materials and Methods: The current study, conducted between June 2020 to March 2021 in Bhanvad Taluka of DevBhoomi Dwarka, Gujarat, is part of the innovation pilot Anaemia Project under ICDS. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, the study focused on 60 pregnant women and 304 adolescent girls, selected through simple random sampling. Verbal Informed Consent was obtained from each participant, and a semi-structured, pilot-tested questionnaire was administered in the local language by the evaluation team. The active involvement of counsellors, including FHW/ MS/ FHS/ ASHA, added a crucial dimension to the project, enhancing its effectiveness and outreach. Results: it was found that overall anemia burden among beneficiaries was reduced (9.34%) considering baseline and endline data taken during the study. This reduction was more seen among PWs (18.33%) as compared to AGs (7.56%). Conclusion: The results showed that nutrition education and counselling positively influenced the intake of dietary iron and vitamin C-rich foods.

Perennial herb Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers, family: Poeaceae, widespread throughout India. In several Indian languages, it is referred to by different names, including Durva in Marathi, Durba in Bengali, Dhro in Gujarati, Garichgaddi in Telugu, Arukampillu in Tamil, and Shataparva in Sanskrit. In traditional medical systems and ethnomedical practices, Cynodon dactylon plays a significant role. It is used in the form of powder, paste, or juice to treat a wide range of ailments due to its extensive therapeutic properties. Flavanoids, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoides, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, resins, phytosterols, reducing sugars, carbohydrates, proteins, volatile oils, and fixed oils were all found in Cynodon dactylon, according to the phytochemical examination. According to earlier research, Cynodon dactylon has properties that are protective, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, insecticidal, gastrointestinal, antioxidant, immunological, antiallergic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, anticancer, dermatological, diuretic, and immune system-related was found. In given review we studied some pharmacological aspects of Perennial herb Cynodon dactylon as well its versitile potential effect. The wide range of future aspects we can consider as best alternative medicine over chemical drugs.

Abstract Introduction: We conducted this study to understand the proportion of deaths that occurred at home and the factors associated with home deaths in a tribal rural area of Gujarat, India. Materials and Methods: We collected a list of all deaths that occurred during the study period from local authorities and triangulated the data. Data collectors (DCs) visited the houses of the deceased person and interviewed the relatives as well as local health-care providers. The DCs categorized each death as COVID-19 or non-COVID-19 death based on the World Health Organization standard definition. For each COVID-19 death, we filled pretested questionnaire (local language) to know the care-seeking behavior of deceased persons. Subsequently, we conducted in-depth interviews of relatives whose family members died of COVID-19 at home (or within 48 hr of admission to a health-care facility) to find reasons for not seeking care at a health-care facility. Results: The risk of home deaths was high among the scheduled tribe population, laborers, below poverty line cardholders, those who did not seek care from private practitioners, those who did not test for COVID-19, those who did not seek care from qualified care providers, and those seeking care to nonqualified care providers. Shortage of health-care facilities, cost of care, and stigma/fear of hospitals were the major factors associated with the care-seeking behavior of patients. Conclusion: The unavailability of critical care, testing facilities, lack of knowledge, high cost of care, and lack of trust in hospitals were the major causes of home deaths among COVID-19 patients.

ntroduction: Aging affects physiological systems, leading to reduced functional capacity, social isolation, depression, and disability. Musculoskeletal and neurological changes impair daily activities, increasing fall risk and frailty. Cognitive decline impacts thinking, learning, language, and attention, burdening families and society. Anxiety disorders are common, causing mood disturbances and clinical concerns among older adults. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between activities of daily living, cognitive functions, and anxiety levels among elderly individuals living in the community, providing valuable insights into their overall well-being and mental health. Settings and design: Study was carried out among 95 subject’s inclusion criteria was required in this study. Elderly of different age groups (above 65 years of age) of Vadodara city. Methods and Materials: On the bases of inclusion criteria, a study was carried out among 95 community dwelling elderly of above 65 years age. A cross sectional study is performed for 6 months in Vadodara city of Gujarat. Statistical analysis used: Data was analyzed by SPSS version 28.0 and Microsoft excel 2019. Data was screened for normal distribution by Shapiro-Wilk test.Demographic data and subjective assessment details was analyzed with the frequency table and pie chart.Outcome measures like KATZ Index, MMSE and GAS-10 by frequency distribution table and charts, and person correlation that was applied to check relationship between KATZ Index, MMSE Scale and GAS-10. Result: In this study the activity of daily living was evaluated by the KATZ index and cognitive function was assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and level of anxiety was checked by the Geriatric Anxiety scale-10. Data was analyzed at 5% level of significance with confidence interval (CI) at 95%. Conclusion: The elderly population with ADL dependency have altered cognitive function and negative relationship between ADLs and anxiety. With impaired ADL function can have low anxiety level. Whereas relationship between cognition and anxiety shows higher cognitive function and low anxiety. Key words: ADLs, Cognitions, Anxiety, Elderly

Introduction: Major mental health issues like depression are not yet acknowledged as considerable public health challenges. The World Health Organization (WHO-5) well-being index is a simple concise questionnaire consisting of five basic questions that evaluate respondents’ subjective well-being. The scale’s internal and external validity are good for assessing depression in older individuals. This scale serves as an essential tool to evaluate various mental health-related issues as part of regular health check-ups. Thus, there was a need to translate and validate the WHO-5 well-being index in the Gujarati language. Aim: To find out the validity and reliability of the Gujarati version of the WHO-5 well-being index in the community-dwelling older individuals. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among various community-dwelling older individuals in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, from March 2022 to August 2022. Permission was taken from the developer of the original scale and translation and validation of the scale were done according to suggestions given by the developer. A total of 60 participants and eight professionals with a mean experience of 13.5 years in the field of psychology, physiotherapy and healthcare area were involved in the examination of each item of the Gujarati version of WHO-5. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 was used for the statistical analysis. Results: The mean age of the participants was 67.02±4.77 years. The content validity ratio of all items of the Gujarati WHO-5 well-being scale was 1. Internal consistency of the Gujarati WHO-5 well-being scale was calculated through Cronbach’s alpha (α=0.89) suggesting high internal consistency. Test-retest reliability of the Gujarati WHO-5 well-being scale was calculated through the Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC=0.89) suggesting excellent test-retest reliability. Conclusion: Gujarati WHO-5 well-being scale is a simple, accurate and reliable measure for evaluating psychological well-being and mental health status.

se, Language, Translation ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical activity is an important factor for healthy ageing and inactivity can lead to various disorders. The Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) is an established method for assessing physical activity in adults aged over 50 years. Aim: To compare the cross-cultural adaptation and translation of English RAPA into Gujarati language and to identify the psychometric properties of the Gujarati RAPA. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out from October 2021 to February 2022 with the original author’s permission and the study was completed in three phases (i) Translation and cross-cultural adaptation (ii) Face and content validity (iii) Test-retest reliability. The author’s suggested procedure was undertaken for translation and the consensus method was used for face and content validity. Total nine experts from different fields examined each item of the Gujarati RAPA. Total 108 participants were included in the study and to find test-retest reliability, one week interval was used. Results: Total 108 participants (mean age 61.6±7.82 years) were studied. The Content Validity Ratio (CVR) for item 1 was 0.88 and for all other items, the value was 1. Item-Content Validity Index (I-CVI) value of all the items of Gujarati RAPA was >0.79%. Test-retest reliability measured by weighted kappa k (for RAPA1: 0.82 and RAPA2: 0.73) was very good. Conclusion: Gujarati RAPA had good face and content validity and very good test-retest reliability. Hence, it is a useful tool for the assessment of physical activity in Gujarati speaking population.

Introduction: Sarcopenia is a disease which causes gradual loss of muscle mass, strength, and physical capability of one’s health mainly seen in older age. Early detection of sarcopenia and good treatment with proper diet should be necessary to prevent it. Strength, Assistance in Walking, Rise from chair, Climbing stairs, Falls (SARC-F) is the English questionnaire used for early screening of sarcopenia. SARC-F questionnaire contains five components. It was recognised as the most up-todate and coherent screening tool for screening the sarcopenia. Aim: To translate and validate the Gujarati version of SARC-F questionnaire. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Nootan College of Physiotherapy, Visnagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India between the 1st week of May to 1st week of June 2022 to translate the English origin SARC-F questionnaire in Gujarati language. For validation process, 190 individuals more than 60 years old, both male and female across Ahmedabad with normal cognition, able to walk independently were included in the study. Individuals were asked to complete the translated version of the SARC-F questionnaire over the gap of 48 hours for measuring the test-retest reliability. Face validity and content validity were assessed by the expert committee itself. Results: A total of 190 participants were included in the study in which 87 were males and 103 females. Out of total paricipants 51 (26.84%) were diagnosed with sarcopenia. The reliability was checked by Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) value which was 0.811 suggesting good reliability. Face validity was checked by the team of eight experts. Content validity was assessed with Content Validity Ratio (CVR) value more than 0.75 which suggested good content validity. The Content Validity Index for each item on the scale (I-CVI) value was in the range of 0.84 to 1 that also suggested good content validity at individual item level. Conclusion: The translation process and validation of SARC-F Gujarati questionnaire demonstrated good content validity. The translated Gujarati questionnaire was a simple and reliable tool for diagnosing sarcopenia in daily clinical practice in older individuals.

Introduction: Daytime sleepiness is a common symptom of many sleep disorders. Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) measures average sleep propensity of an individual for wide range of daily living activities. As it is a self-administered questionnaire, the Gujarati translation of ESS can be helpful for the evaluation of daytime sleepiness in clinical population. Aim: To find reliability and validity of Gujarati version of ESS. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted during August, 2020 to February, 2021. ESS is available in Gujarati language. Permission was taken to use and to find reliability and validity of Gujarati ESS from the Mapi Research Trust. This study was carried out in two phases: 1) Face and content validation by expert clinical review; 2) Test-retest reliability. The consensus method was used to find face and content validity of Gujarati ESS. The group of experts having mean experience of 10.5 years in different fields examined each item of Gujarati ESS. Each item of Gujarati ESS was scored either as rejected, accepted or accepted with modification. Procedure was continued till 80% of consensus for all items was achieved. Total 80 participants aged between 18-60 years were included in this study. To find reliability of Gujarati ESS, internal consistency and test-retest reliability was determined. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0 was used to analyse the data. Test-retest reliability was determined by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and internal consistency was calculated by chronbach’s alpha. Results: Total of 80 participants (mean age 42.68±13.37 years; 34 males and 46 females) were studied. Normal BMI was observed for 20 participants, overweight were 26 and obese were 34. Gujarati version of ESS showed excellent test-retest reliability as evidenced by high ICC (ICC=0.94) and high Internal consistency (α=0.97). Mean score of Gujarati ESS at baseline 13±6.72 and after one week 12.98±5.65. Values for Content Validation Ratio (CVR), Item level Content Validation Index (I-CVI), Modified Kappa (K), and Proportion of agreement were 1. The content of translated items was understandable and were related to quality of sleep and its evaluation. Conclusion: Gujarati version of the ESS has excellent reliability and good face and content validity. It is adequate and useful for evaluation of day time sleepiness in Gujarati speaking population.

Purpose: The purpose of this study to understand the deaf community’s education in this pandemic situation. : This pandemic evolves digitization process all over the world. The schools are also come with a remote and online learning-teaching process. This online learning is a turning point of a deaf students.This study includes how schools are handling the deaf students and teach them online in this pandemic. It will helps to facilitate the education in a better way to a deaf community. Method: The Survey of special educators by taking one on one discussion and interviews. The Questionnaire was prepared and taken the data of deaf student’s education. Due to the pandemic situation google meet and telephonic conversion helps a lot. I visited to 2 deaf-mute schools of Gujarat region to understand the teaching methodology, teaching materials and the pedagogy of teaching. Result:Gujarati Sign Language is need to become a one standard form of language, as it differs with Indian Sign Language. The sequence of sentence is changed in Gujarati Sign Language and it differs of grammar. For e.g.you – only one sign but in Gujarati તમે, તારા, તારી, તમારાall has a different signs. As well as they different signs for series alphabets. Any language with grammar provide a complete meaning of that language.It will be helpful to all the students in writing as well as understanding the meaning of that sentence. Conclusion:There were many challenges to teach deaf-mute students on online platform, as there is a huge loss in this community in entire pandemic. As they were lack of resources, lack of support and lack of understanding did not give an expected output.The purpose of this paper to understand deaf education system in Gujarat region in this pandemic. The Survey helps to provide a better solution of flowing the education in deaf communityand development of them. Technology helps to decrease the problems of deaf-mute community, if digitalization of sign language dictionary will take a place.Non-challengeable person speaks and write the sentence or word and that will be converted into sign and played by 3D avatar.When student will see the content many times with signs that will help into their education. That will be helpful to understand the message from non-challengeable person to deaf person.

Introduction: Questionnaires are designed to measure specific constructs. Occupational Health Psychology (OHP) includes various domains/areas like work place well-being, work related stress, flourishing, resilient coping, coping mechanisms, compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress. At times, specific questionnaire may not be available and if available, may not be in the language intended to be used by the respondents. A new questionnaire needs to be developed or translation of an available questionnaire into the respondents’ language is required in such case. Aim: To detail out the translation process of the study tools (questionnaires/scales) and to assess the validity and reliability of these study tools used in OHP. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional, Quasiexperimental study was conducted in the Department of Community Medicine, Pramukhswami Medical college, Anand District, Gujarat, India, from February 2021 to January 2023 using multimethod study design amongst the healthcare professionals. For translation, standard World Health Organisation (WHO) translation guide was followed. Nine scales/questionnaires along with a socio-demographic and a qualitative proforma were finalised to achieve the objectives. The questionnaires availability in public domain was taken into consideration while selecting the questionnaires. Reliability analysis and validity assessment was done. Reliability measure was checked for internal consistency by calculating Cronbach’s alpha. Construct validity was assessed by Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix. Translation was done in Hindi and Gujarati languages. Results: Flourishing scale (FS), Brief resilient coping scale, compassion satisfaction and work satisfaction were positively correlated and all these were negatively correlated with all the stress measures, Depression, anxiety measures of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), Burn out and secondary traumatic stress. Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency measure was calculated for different sub domains of the nine questionnaires. Construct validity was analysed by calculating correlation coefficients between different identified constructs/ sub constructs. Variables measuring similar construct were found to be positively correlated and significant. Conclusion: Variables/questionnaires measuring a similar construct were found to be positively correlated and significant, whie opposite constructs were negatively correlated. The questionnaires need to be translated in the language in which the participants can understand. The better linguistic comprehension will increase the internal validity of the study.

AbstractThis article explores the nature and genealogy of Mohandas K. Gandhi’s concept of conscience/antarātmā (inner soul/spirit), the cardinal principle of his religious politics. Much previous scholarship, solely relying upon English materials, has explained the nature of Gandhi’s concept of conscience in relation to Western and Christian Protestant traditions. By chronologically examining his lifelong discourse on conscience expressed in English and antarātmā in Gujarati and Hindi writings, this article shows that: (1) Gandhi developed a distinct variant of hybrid thought that was essentially different from the prevalent negative conception of “guilty conscience” in the modern West by integrating ideas of conscience and ātmā/ātman; (2) since the notion of ātmā was intimately related to the ascetic bodily discipline (brahmacarya), Gandhi identified the essence of his satyāgraha campaign as ātmabaḷ (the force of ātmā) and believed that taking the vow of brahmacarya could enhance one’s vital energy (vīrya); and (3) as Gandhi reached his last years, and the most controversial phase of his intellectual evolution, he developed a new understanding of an inner voice/antarno avāj whose nature was “mystical” (gūḍh), and thereby difficult even for him to articulate in any language.

Background: The dual burden of adolescent malnutrition refers to the double burden of under- and over-nutrition coinciding within a population, leading to adverse health conditions. Aim and Objectives: To determine the magnitude and lifestyle determinants of malnutrition among school-going adolescents. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 264 adolescents (10–19 years) were randomly selected from four higher secondary schools in Ahmedabad city from September 2017 to October 2017. The interview was done using the pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire in the local language (Gujarati). Weight (kg) and height (cm) were taken. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as per the formula BMI = weight (kg)/height (m2). Results: In the present study, 34 (12.9%) were overweight, and 67 (25.4%) were underweight. The prevalence of overweight was higher among females (16.5%). Life style factors like sleeping time (hours/day), watching TV, using PC and mobile (hours/day), physical activity (min/day), skipping breakfast, fast food consumption, and the number of meals eaten in a day have a significant role in the nutrition of adolescents. Conclusion: Regular screening of the adolescents should be done, and malnourished adolescents should be treated via a nutrition rehabilitation program at home and school as early as possible.

Abstract Background: The National Mental Health Survey estimated that about 10.6% of the population currently suffered from a mental disorder. The treatment gap was found to be 76%–85% in developing countries. To get the large Indian population involved in their own mental health, the only way forward is through enhancing awareness on mental health. Aims: The aim of this study was to know about awareness of five concerned mental disorders, i.e., depression, anxiety, mania, schizophrenia, and substance use disorder among the rural population of India. Materials and Methods: A total of 1000 samples were collected randomly from seven villages of Ahmedabad district. Participants were aged 18 years or above. The questionnaire consisted of description and pictorial representation of five mental illnesses, namely, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, mania, and substance use disorder, in Gujarati language. The participants were asked if they could identify the characteristics as disorders and whether it was treatable by a doctor. The awareness of participants was determined based on that. Results: In our study, out of 1000 participants, we found that 577 (57.7%) participants could identify mental disorders and 518 (51.8%) acknowledged that the latter were medically treatable. Only 493 (49.3%) were aware of both. Out of 577 participants who could identify the disorders, 146 (14.6%) participants were not aware about the treatment availability by a doctor. There was no significant difference in awareness across different sociodemographic variables. Conclusion: There is poor awareness regarding mental health disorders and treatment availability for the same among the rural population of Ahmedabad.

Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a severe clinical problem which has a significant socioeconomic impact worldwide. Diet, exercise, haemodialysis, Kidney Transplantation are some of the treatment modalities used to maintain patient’s health. It is necessary to create awareness regarding the therapeutic interventions that are available among these patients to improve their knowledge. Aim: To assess the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme (STP) on knowledge regarding therapeutic intervention among CKD Patient. Materials and Methods: A quantitative study with quasi experimental pre-test and post-test, two-group design was conducted at Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital. A total of 60 CKD patients were enrolled into the study. A structured questionnaire in Gujarati language was built that contained information regarding CKD, lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise; knowledge on haemodialysis and kidney transplantation. The structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge regarding the interventions. A pilot study was conducted and was found to be feasible. The study duration was of seven days with the pre-test conducted on day one of the study followed by a structured training for three consecutive days, and the perception of the participants were evaluated on day seven using a standard questionnaire. The effect of STP was analysed by student’s t-test and Chi-square test was used to find the association with selected demographic variables. Results: The study included CKD patients. The mean age of study population is above 49 years with 65% males and their data were analysed systematically. The post-test mean knowledge score of patients in the experimental and control group was 27.36±2.63 and 17.73±2.37, respectively. The result implies that there was an inadequate knowledge among patients with CKD. Conclusion: The structured teaching Programme was effective in increasing knowledge regarding therapeutic intervention among CKD patients.

Cultural heritage is an expression of the way of living developed by a community and passed down from generation to generation. It includes tangible cultures such as buildings, monuments, landscapes, books and art; and intangible cultures such as folklore, traditions, language and knowledge. For centuries scholars from all over the world have paid tributes to the rich culture of India. One such culturally rich state in India is Gujarat. Gujarat's traditional textiles and crafts play a predominant role in the apparel and visual identity of the state and its people. The form itself is the amalgamation and continuity of human potential, which is demonstrated by the glorious Karigiri, The craftsmanship of the natives of Gujarat. The state's karigars (artisans) have produced an exquisite projects for daily and ceremonial uses for centuries. The artisans source their materials locally and create products that perfectly blend indigenous skills and techniques with the right imagination. Natural resources like clay, wood, stone, metal, cotton yarn, animal hide and various flowers have been adopted and fashioned into multiple designs. What exists, as a result, is a fascinating balance between nature and humans, form and function. The research will facilitate the importance of line and colour in the traditional textiles of Gujarat. Design Aesthetics is a conceptual phenomenon that manifests different elements and components of which cords and colours are of primary importance. The symphony of lines and colour creates a world of aesthetically composed designs that become a significant component of applied art.

The study draws insights to teacher and learners in terms of teaching material development. Teaching of the second language has been an important issue in modern world. It is not only an area of teaching but also an area of economic concerns. As a natural outcome that brings out, there is a hard competition among the publishers to obtain the high quality of the teaching materials. Any language learning process traditionally needs print materials or non-print materials (Reinders and White, 2010; Richards, 2001, p. 251; McGrath, 2002, pp. 125-136). The current paper is an assessment of the English Language curriculum that is taught in the colleges across Gujarat. Through this paper, it is focused on whether the curriculum fulfills learners’ needs. Curriculum is used as a general term for the entire organized teaching plan of a subject. Syllabus refers to a pre-defined teacher and supervisor definition of how the curriculum will be accomplished over a predefined period. A curriculum can consist of a number of syllabi. In many parts of the world, language education programs are designed following a syllabus-driven approach, that is, the syllabus determines what kind of materials will be prescribed and in what ways they can be implemented for the classroom teaching. In certain educational contexts, the syllabus even determines how materials should be designed in the first place.

There is a substantial growing demand for housing in India as the population increase rate is skyrocketing. More and more people are shifting from rural to urban areas day by day, making urban areas denser. The Ministry of Rural Development assessed that India's rustic housing lack remains at 44 million dwelling units. India's metropolitan housing lack has risen 54 percent to 29 million out of 2018 from 18.78 million of every 2012, of which 96% relates to Economically Weaker Section (EWS) and Low-Income Group (LIG) type, according to the gauge of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation. To address these difficulties, India requires innovative, energy-effective structure materials for a reliable, quick, and tough housing strategy for development at a moderate expense. It is likewise significant that housing structures are catastrophes impervious to secure individuals' lives and properties. Every one of these worries is engaged with a maintainable and comprehensive turn of events. One such strategy to accomplish that is by utilizing Glass Fiber Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG) panels. They serve the purpose of fast construction and be cost-efficient, earthquake-resistant, best suitable for the financially Indian backward class of people and in the country's earthquake-prone regions like Gujarat. The phosphogypsum's effective disposal is achieved through the Glass Fiber Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG) panel, also known as Rapid wall. These can be used as load-bearing as well as non-load-bearing structures. To use GFRG in load-bearing buildings, M20grade concrete is used as a filling material to overcome the hurdles provided by gravity and other factors. M20 grade concrete is used in these panels to satisfy the minimum requirements mentioned in IS 456:2000.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is leading health problem in India. India is experiencing the burden of communicable disease as well as non-communicable disease. It is believed due to unhealthy life style and faulty food habits. The International Diabetes Federation estimated that 72.9 million adults in India were living with diabetes in last four years. The study overviews the different factors like personal, familial, social, and financial affecting the life style and management of the disease. Thus, diabetes mellitus affects all the dimensions of health of an individual. The aims of the study to assess quality of life and experiences faced by the patients who are suffering from diabetes mellitus and how the progressive stage of the diseases altered the all the dimensions. Objectives: To explore the lived in experiences of diabetes mellitus patients. To explore the various dimensions of the lived in experiences of diabetes mellitus patients. Materials and Methods: A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive design was used to explore and describe the experiences lived by participants suffering from diabetes in the selected areas of Kheda district Gujarat. The investigator used the phenomenological approach of the qualitative paradigm. The study conducted among 10 samples who are suffering from Diabetes Mellitus more than 07 years, sampling technique used was non-probability. Semi structured interview questions were used to conduct the detail history from the participants, where investigator has attain at least 6 to 8 sitting, (duration 30-45 Min.) with each participants. The investigator used local language for the interview and recorded in mobile, later all the recorded session has been verbatim according to the themes and sub-themes. Results: The study resulted in the extraction of six themes, which reflect the experiences of the study participants. The themes are: 1) lived time; 2) lived body; 3) lived relationship; 4) lived economical; 5) lived vocational and 6) lived spiritual. It was found that diabetes still causes participants to suffer from fear, depression and anxiety along with they hate to have modification in dietary pattern in which they cannot have sweets and sweet products. Although emotional support was provided by the family members and friends. Participant’s absence from work in their early diagnosis was due to both their health conditions and emotional embarrassment. There are evidences that diabetes has psychological damage to patient’s life and so they feel more anxious and fatigue. Conclusion: The study attempted to explore the lived in experiences of Diabetes Mellitus Patients and it was found that DM has affected all the dimensions of health especially in physical, psychological and economical dimensions. 1) In Physical dimension the patients were having common complaints of giddiness, weakness and headache which was leading them to certain problems. 2) In psychological dimension the patients were having more anxiety, fear regarding the disease and long term treatment along with depression. 3) In economical dimension some patients were having good family income so there were no issues related to expenses on diet and medication 4) In social dimension all the participants were having good relation with their everyone. 5) In vocational dimension all were having difficulty at work place to concentrate in their work but after starting the treatment their health was improved so later they continued their work properly. 6) In spiritual dimension only two participants were not having belief in God rest all were having faith in God and prayed daily.

Introduction: Cyberbullying is the voluntary and repetitious abuse that is inflicted through computers/mobile phones/other electronic devices, using language that can defame, threaten, harass, bully, exclude, discriminate, demean, humiliate, stalk, disclose personal information or contain offensive, vulgar comments. Within the last decade, cyber bullying has received a high level of attention from researchers worldwide. The reason is the continuous advancements of technological tools and their link with mental health issues. Aim: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of cyber bullying victimisation and its effect on the psychological wellbeing of medical students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 502 medical students studying at Medical College Baroda, Gujarat in western India from January 2022 to June 2022. Medical students were assessed for cyberbullying victimisation using Cyber-Victimisation Scale (CYBVICS). The impact of cyberbullying on psychological well-being was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) for screening of depression and anxiety, respectively. Data were analysed with epi info. Qualitative variables like socio-demographics and clinical parameters were summarised in frequency and percentages. The Chi-square test was applied to evaluate the association between categorical variables. The p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Among 502 medical students, 71 (14.14%) were victims of mild cyberbullying, whereas 90 (17.93%) and 103 (20.52%) had experienced moderate and severe cyberbullying victimisation, respectively. Among all participants, 20 (4%) (Chisquare=39.329, p=<0.0001) and 16 (3.19%) (Chi-square=21.686, p=<0.0001) screened positive for depression and anxiety, respectively. Conclusion: The cyberbullying victimisation was much more prevalent among medical students and is having a strong negative impact on the psychological well-being of students, causing significant depressive and anxiety symptoms. The severity of impact was increasing with the increasing severity of cyberbullying victimisation. Such studies will help healthcare professionals and institutional interventions to protect those likely to fall victim of cyberbullying.

INTRODUCTION: Intestinal anastomosis is a surgical procedure to establish communication between two separated portions of the intestine. This procedure restores intestinal continuity after removal of a pathological condition affecting the bowel. Intestinal anastomosis can be performed by a hand-sewn technique using absorbable or non-absorbable sutures, mechanical stapling devices. Sutured anastomosis (hand-sewn technique) is the commonly used method. The newer stapling devices for intestinal anastomosis has provided an alternative option to perform rapid anastomosis.1 Various studies have contradictory results in terms of duration of procedure, post operative recovery and anastomotic leak. There are insufcient evidence to demonstrate superiority of either technique and more studies are needed to demonstrate the superiority of either technique. AIM MATERIAL AND METHODS:: To study and compare the effectiveness of staplers vs hand sewn anastomosis in Intestinal surgeries. A comparative observational study Consists of patients presenting with need of bowel resection and anastomosis inclusion criteria at Apollo Hospital Gandhinagar, Gujarat. The patients who are admitted for elective as well as emergency resection & anastomosis of small and large intestines for various illnesses are selected after thorough clinical examination and investigations to conrm the diagnosis co- morbid conditions. Details were recorded in the proforma prepared. : 62.5% complications in comorbid subjects and 37.5% complications in non comorbid subjects.RESULTS The mean of anastomotic time for hand sewn group was 27.8 minutes whereas for the stapler group it was 9.0 minutes mins .With respect to return of bowel sounds, mean time was 46.32 hours in the hand sewn group and 35 hours in the stapler group Mean day of hospitalization was 8.16 days in hand sewn and 7.8 days in stapler technique. mean time taken for resumption of oral feeds the was 66.96 hours in hand sewn group and was 59.52 hours in stapler group .hand sewn group had total ve complications(20%), whereas stapler group had three complications(12%) Both the groups did not have any mortality. The mean cost of hand sewn anastomosis is 717.4 Rs which is signicantly less than mean cost of stapled anastomosis which is 33,754 Rs. : Stapler anastomosis signicantly reduces operative time and time taken for return of normal bowel sounds.CONCLUSION Because of the shortened total operating time in the stapled anastomosis .There is increased risk of overall complications in patients having co- morbidities in both hand sewn and stapled anastomosis. Mechanical staplers are far more costly than suture materials. Stapling technique can be used safely and effectively

India has one of the world’s highest proportions of plant-based consumers relative to its total population (Sawe). However, the view that India is a predominantly vegetarian nation is likely inaccurate, as recent findings from the 2014 Indian Census indicate that only three in ten Indians self-identity as vegetarian (Census of India). Other studies similarly estimate the prevalence of vegetarianism to range from about 25% (Mintel Global) to about 40% (Euromonitor International; Statista, “Share”), and many Indians are shifting from strict plant-based diets to more flexible versions of plant-based eating (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). When it comes to meat eating, poultry is the most widely consumed (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Some claim that the changing consumer landscape is also eroding traditional taboos associated with beef and buffalo meat consumption (Kala; Bansal), with many tending to underreport their meat consumption due to religious and cultural stigmas (Bansal).This change in food choices is driven by several factors, such as increasing urbanisation (Devi et al.), rising disposable incomes (Devi et al.; Rukhmini), globalisation, and cross-cultural influences (Majumdar; Sinha). Today, the urban middle-class is one of India’s fastest growing consumer segments (Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania), and the rise in the consumption of animal products is primarily occurring in urban India (National Sample Survey Office), making this an important market to investigate.From a global perspective, while many Western nations are increasingly adopting plant-based diets (Eswaran), the growth in meat consumption is predicted to mainly come from emerging markets (OECD/FAO) like India. With these points in mind, the purpose of this study was to explore contemporary eating practices in urban India and to understand how social structures, cultures, and traditions influence these practices. The findings indicate that the key reasons why many are transitioning away from plant-based diets are the rise of new and diverse meat-based foods in urban India, emerging tastes for meat-based cuisines, and meat becoming to be viewed as a status symbol. These factors are further elaborated upon in this article.MethodA key question of this research was “What are eating practices like in urban India today?” The question itself is a challenge, given India’s varied cultures and traditions, along with its myriad eating practices. Given this diversity, the study used an exploratory qualitative approach, where the main mode of data gathering was twenty-five unstructured individual face-to-face interviews, each approximately sixty minutes in duration. The discussions were left largely open to allow participants to share their unique eating practices and reflect on how their practices are shaped by other socio-cultural practices. The research used an iterative study design, which entailed cycles of simultaneous data collection, analysis, and subsequent adaptations made to some questions to refine the emerging theory. Within the defined parameters of the research objectives, saturation was adequately reached upon completion of twenty-five interviews.The sample comprised Mumbai residents aged 23 to 45 years, which is fairly representative given about a third of India’s population is aged under 40 (Central Intelligence Agency). Mumbai was selected as it is one of India’s largest cities (Central Intelligence Agency) and is considered the country’s commercial capital (Raghavan) and multicultural hub (Gulliver). The interviews were conducted at a popular restaurant in downtown Mumbai. The interviews were conducted predominantly in English, as it is India’s subsidiary official language (Central Intelligence Agency) and the participants were comfortable conversing in English. The sample included participants from two of India’s largest religions—Hindus (80%) and Muslims (13%) (Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India), and comprised an even split of males and females.The Market Research Society of India has developed a socio-economic classification (SEC) grid that segments urban households into twelve groups (Market Research Society of India). This segmentation is based on two questions: level of education—from illiteracy to a postgraduate degree—and the ownership of eleven items that range from fairly basic (e.g., electricity connection, gas stove) to relatively sophisticated (e.g., refrigerator, personal computer). As previous qualitative work has found that education levels and disposable incomes can significantly impact one’s ability to make informed and deliberate food choices (Khara), and given meat is a relatively expensive commodity in India (Puskar-Pasewicz), the study focused on the most affluent segments—i.e., SEC A1 and some of SEC A2.It is said that researcher values and predispositions are to some extent inseparable from the research process, and therefore that potential researcher bias must be managed by being self-aware, looking for contradictory data, and being open to different interpretations of the data (Ogden). As the interviewer is a vegan of Indian ethnicity, she attempted to manage researcher bias in several ways. Triangulation of data sources (e.g., interviews, observations, product analysis) helped provide a multi-faceted understanding of the topic (Patton). The discussion guide and findings were also discussed with researchers from different cultural and dietary backgrounds. It is also argued that when a researcher shares the same background as the participants—as was the case in this study—participants may remain silent on certain issues, as they may assume the researcher knows the context and nuances in relation to these issues (McGinn). This arose in some instances as some participants said, “it’s standard stuff you know?” The interviewer hence took an “outsider” role, stating “I’ll need to know what standard stuff is”, so as to reduce any expectation that she ought to understand the social norms, conventions, and cultural practices related to the issue (Leckie). This helped yield more elaborate discussions and greater insight into the topic from the participant’s own unique perspective.The Rise of New and Diverse Meat-based Foods in Urban India Since the early 1990s, which marked the beginning of globalisation in India, urban Indian food culture has undergone a significant change as food imports have been liberalised and international food brands have made their way into the domestic market (Vepa). As a result, India’s major urban centres appear to be witnessing a food revolution:Bombay has become so metropolitan, I mean it always was but it’s so much more in terms of food now … and it’s so tempting. (Female, age 32)The changing food culture has also seen an increase in new dishes, such as a lamb burger stuffed with blue cheese, and the desire to try out exotic meats such as octopus, camel, rabbit, and emu. Many participants described themselves as “food obsessed” and living in a “present and continuous state of food”, where “we finish a meal and we’ve already started discussing our next meal”.In comparison, traditional plant-based foods were seen to have not undergone the same transformation and were described as “boring” and “standard” in comparison to the more interesting and diverse meat-based dishes:a standard restaurant menu, you don’t have all the different leafy vegetables…It’s mostly a few paneer and this or that—and upon that they don’t do much justice to the vegetable itself. It’s the same masala which they mix in it so everything tastes the same to me. So that’s a big difference when you consider meats. If I eat chicken in different preparations it has a different taste, if I have fish each has a different taste. (Male, age 29)If I’m going out and I’m spending, then I’m not going to eat the same thing which I eat at home every day which is veg food ... I will always pick the non-vegetarian option. (Male, age 32)Liberalisation and the transformation of the local media landscape also appears to have encouraged a new form of consumerism (Sinha). One participant described how an array of new TV channels and programmes have opened up new horizons for food:The whole visual attraction of food, getting it into your living room or into your bedroom and showing you all this great stuff … [There are now] kiddie birthdays which are MasterChef birthdays. There are MasterChef team building activities … So food is very big and I think media has had a very, very large role to play in that. (Female, age 40+)In a similar vein, digital media has also helped shape the food revolution. India has the world’s second largest number of Internet users (Statista, Internet) and new technology seems to have changed the way urban Indians interact with food:We are using social sites. We see all the cooking tips and all the recipes. I have a wife and she’s like, “Oh, let’s cook it!” (Male, age 25)I see everything on YouTube and food channels and all that. I really like the presentation, how they just a little they cook the chicken breast. (Female, age 42)Smartphones and apps have also made access to new cuisines easier, and some participants have become accustomed to instant gratification, givendelivery boys who can satisfy your craving by delivering it to you … You order food from “Zomato” at twelve o’clock, one o’clock also. And order from “Sigree” in the morning also nowadays … more delivery options are there in India. (Male, age 30)This may also partially explain the growing popularity of fusion foods, which include meat-based variations of traditional plant-based dishes, such as meat-filled dosas and parathas.Emerging Tastes for Meat-based Cuisines Many highlighted the sensory pleasure derived from meat eating itself, focusing on a broad range of sensory qualities:There’s the texture, there’s the smell, there’s aroma, there’s the taste itself … Now imagine if chicken or beef was as soft as paneer, we probably wouldn’t enjoy it as much. There’s a bit of that pull. (Female, age 32)Some discussed adopting a plant-based diet for health-related reasons but also highlighted that the experience, overall, was short of satisfactory:I was doing one week of GM Diet … one day it was full of fruits, then one day it was full of vegetables. And then in the third day, when it was actually the chicken part, frankly speaking even I enjoyed … you just cannot have veggies everyday. (Female, age 35)Only eating veg, I think my whole mouth was, I think gone bad. Because I really wanted to have something … keema [minced meat]. (Female, age 38)Plant-based foods, in comparison to meat-based dishes, were described as “bland”, “boring”, and lacking in the “umami zing”. Even if cooked in the same spices, plant-based foods were still seen to be wanting:you have chicken curry and soya bean curry made from the same masala … but if you replace meat with some other substitutes, you’re gonna be able to tell the difference ... the taste of meat, I feel, is better than the taste of a vegetable. (Male, age 32)The thing is, vegetarian dishes are bland … They don’t get the feeling of the spices in the vegetarian dish ... So when you are eating something juicy, having a bite, it’s a mouthful thing. Vegetarian dishes are not mouthful. (Male, age 25)At the end of a vegetarian meal … I think that maybe [it is] a lack of fullness … I’m eating less because you get bored after a while. (Female, age 32)Tasting the Forbidden FruitIn India, chicken is considered to be widely acceptable, as pork is forbidden to Muslims and beef is prohibited for Hindus (Devi et al.; Jishnu). However, the desire for new flavours seems to be pushing the boundaries of what is deemed acceptable, as highlighted in the discussion below with a 25-year-old male Muslim participant:Participant: When I go out with my friends then I try new things like bacon.Moderator: Bacon?Participant: Yeah... when I went with my colleagues to this restaurant in Bandra—it’s called Saltwater Cafe. And they had this chicken burger with bacon wrapped on it.Moderator: Okay.Participant: And I didn’t know at the time that it’s bacon … They didn’t tell me what we are having … When I had it, I told them that it’s tasting like different, totally different, like I haven’t had this in my life.Moderator: Yeah.Participant: And when they told me that it’s bacon then, I thought, okay fine. Something new I can have. Now I’m old enough to make my own choices.Similarly, several Hindu participants expressed similar sentiments about beef consumption:One of our friends, he used to have beef. He said this tastes better than chicken so I tried it. (Male, age 30)I ended up ordering beef which I actually would never eat ... But then everyone was like, it’s a must try ... So I start off with eating the gravy and then it entices me. That’s when I go and try the meat. (Female, aged 23)Although studies on meat eating in India are limited, it seems that many prefer to consume meats outside the home (Suresh; Devi et al.), away from the watchful eyes of parents, partners and, in some instances, the neighbours:My dad would say if you want to eat beef or anything have it outside but don’t bring it home. (Male, age 29)One of my friends … he keeps secret from his girlfriend … he come with us and eat [meat] and tell us not to tell her. (Male, age 26)People around have a little bit of a different view towards people eating non-veg in that area—so we wouldn’t openly talk about eating non-veg when somebody from the locality is around. (Female, age 32)Further to this point, some discussed a certain thrill that arose from pushing social boundaries by eating these forbidden meats:feel excited ... it gave me confidence also. I didn’t know ... my own decision. Something that is riskier in my life, which I hadn’t done before. (Male, age 25)Meat as a Status SymbolIn urban India, meat is increasingly considered a status symbol (Roy; Esselborn; Goswami). Similarly, several participants highlighted that meat-based dishes tend to be cooked for special occasions:non-vegetarian meals [at home] were perceived as being more elaborate and more lavish probably as compared to vegetarian meals. (Male, age 34)Dal [a lentil dish] is one of the basic things which we don’t make in the house when you have guests, or when you have an occasion … We usually make biryani…gravies of chicken or mutton. (Female, age 38)Success in urban India tends to be measured through one’s engagement with commodities that hold status-enhancing appeal (Mathur), and this also appears to apply to eating practices. Among meat-eating communities, it was found that serving only plant-based foods on special occasions was potentially seen as “low grade” and not quite socially acceptable:It’s just considered not something special. In fact, you would be judged…they would be like, “Oh my God, they only served us vegetables.” (Female, age 32)If you are basically from a Gujarati family, you are helpless. You have to serve that thing [vegetarian food] ... But if you are a non-vegetarian … if you serve them veg, it looks too low grade. (Female, age 38)In fact, among some families, serving “simple vegetarian food” tended to be associated with sombre occasions such as funerals, where one tends to avoid eating certain foods that give rise to desires, such as meat. This is elaborated upon in the below discussion with a Hindu participant (female, aged 40+):Participant: So an aunt of mine passed away a little over a year ago … traditionally we have this 13 day thing where you eat—We call it “Oshoge”… the khaana [food] is supposed to be neutral.Moderator: The khaana is supposed to be vegetarian?Participant: Yeah, it’s not just vegetarian … You’re supposed to have very simple vegetarian food like boiled food or you know dahi [plain yoghurt] and puffed rice … after a day of that, we were all looking at each other and then my cousin said, “Let me teach you how to fillet fish.” Similarly, a Muslim participant mentioned how serving certain dishes—such as dal, a common vegetarian dish—tends to be reserved for funeral occasions and is therefore considered socially unacceptable for other occasions:I’m calling a guest and I make dal chawal [lentils and rice] okay? They will think, arrey yeh kya yeh mayat ka khaana hai kya? [oh what is this, is the food for a corpse or what]? ... I can make it on that particular day when somebody has died in the family ... but then whenever guest is at home, or there is an occasion, we cannot make dal. (Female, age 38)ConclusionUrban India is experiencing a shift in norms around food choices, as meat-based dishes appear to have become symbolic of the broader changing landscape. Meat is not only eaten for its sensory properties but also because of its sociocultural associations. In comparison, many plant-based foods are perceived as relatively bland and uninteresting. This raises the question of how to make plant-based eating more appealing, both in terms of social significance and sensory enjoyment. In view of the attachment to familiar customs against the backdrop of a rapidly changing urban culture (Sinha; Venkatesh), perhaps plant-based foods could be re-introduced to the urban Indian as a blend of Western novelty and traditional familiarity (Majumdar), thereby representing the “the new along with the old” (Sinha 18), and hence enhancing their status. 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