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Journal articles on the topic 'Gum exudate'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Emmanuel, Jovine, and Joseph Buchweishaija. "Synergistic effects of halide ions and Acacia senegal gum on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in sulfuric acid solution." Tanzania Journal of Science 47, no. 2 (May 19, 2021): 686–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v47i2.24.

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The synergistic effects of halide ions, Br– and I– and Acacia senegal gum exudates on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution has been investigated by potentiodynamic polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. Results showed that Acacia senegal gum exudate moderately reduces the corrosion rate of mild steel. The inhibition efficiencies on mild steel electrodes increased with increase in gum exudate concentrations up to 300 ppm, corresponding to the inhibition efficiency of about 43% and its inhibition efficiency increased up to 81.6% with addition of halide ions due to synergistic effects. The enhancement effect of the halide ions was higher with iodide than with bromide ions. The synergism parameter, S1, evaluated was greater than unity, consistent with synergistic effect. The adsorption of Acacia senegal gum on the mild steel surface obeyed Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm. The results obtained, i.e., corrosion rates of mild steel, inhibition efficiencies of Acacia senegal gum exudates and the synergistic effects of Acacia senegal gum exudates and halides from polarization and impedance measurements were in good agreement. Keywords: corrosion, inhibition, mild steel, synergistic effect, Acacia senegal, gum exudate

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2

Bhushette, Pravin R., and Uday S. Annapure. "Comparative study of Acacia nilotica exudate gum and acacia gum." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 102 (September 2017): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.178.

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3

Umoren, S. A., I. B. Obot, and E. E. Ebenso. "Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminium Using Exudate Gum fromPachylobus edulisin the Presence of Halide Ions in HCl." E-Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 2 (2008): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/138407.

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The anti-corrosive effect of Pachylobus edulis exudate gum in combination with halides ions (Cl–, Br–and I–) for aluminium corrosion in HCl was studied at temperature range of 30-60°C using weight loss method. Results obtained showed that the naturally occurring exudate gum acts as an inhibitor for aluminium corrosion in acidic environment. Inhibition efficiency (%I) increases with increase in concentration of the exudate gum and synergistically increased to a considerable extent on the addition of the halide ions. The increase in inhibition efficiency (%I) and surface coverage (θ) in the presence of the halides was found to be in the order I–> Br–> Cl–which indicates that the radii as well as electronegativity of the halide ions play a significant role in the adsorption process. Pachylobus edulis exudate gum obeys Temkin adsorption isotherm. Phenomenon of physical adsorption is proposed from the values of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters obtained. The values of synergism parameter (S1) obtained for the halides are greater than unity suggesting that the enhanced inhibition efficiency of the P. edulis caused by the addition of the halide ions is only due to synergistic effect.

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4

Charlson, Alexander J., Alistair M. Stephen, and Neil Ravenscroft. "The acetolysis of reduced Acaciasaligna (syn. cyanophylla) gum exudate." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 1004–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-157.

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Carboxyl groups in Acaciasaligna (syn. cyanophylla) gum were reduced by reacting the gum propionate with diborane. Acetolysis of the reduced gum afforded a mixture of oligosaccharide acetates. After de-O-acetylation, 3-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-L-arabinose, 3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-galactose, and 4-O-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-D-glucose were isolated from the mixture. Keywords: acetolysis, Acacia gums.

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5

Vogt, Daphne C., and Alistair M. Stephen. "The gum exudate of Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi." Carbohydrate Research 241 (March 1993): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(93)80108-q.

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6

de Pinto, Gladys León, Sofía Alvarez, Maritza Martínez, Aníbal Rojas, and Edgardo Leal. "Structural studies of Melicocca bijuga gum exudate." Carbohydrate Research 239 (February 1993): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(93)84221-q.

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7

Wiendl, R. M., B. M. Müller, and G. Franz. "Proteoglycans from the gum exudate of myrrh." Carbohydrate Polymers 28, no. 3 (November 1995): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(95)00150-6.

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8

Simas-Tosin, F. F., R. Wagner, E. M. R. Santos, G. L. Sassaki, P. A. J. Gorin, and M. Iacomini. "Polysaccharide of nectarine gum exudate: Comparison with that of peach gum." Carbohydrate Polymers 76, no. 3 (April 9, 2009): 485–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.11.013.

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9

Masuelli, Martin, Aníbal Slatvustky, Ariel Ochoa, and M. Bertuzzi. "Physicochemical Parameters for Brea Gum Exudate from Cercidium praecox Tree." Colloids and Interfaces 2, no. 4 (December 12, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids2040072.

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Brea gum (BG) is a hydrocolloid obtained as an exudate from the Cercidium praecox tree. The physicochemical properties of brea gum are similar to those of the arabic gum and, in many cases, the former can replace the latter. The brea gum was incorporated in 2013 into the Argentine Food Code because of its ancestral background and its current food uses. Brea gum could be also used as additive or excipient for pharmacological formulations. This work reports intrinsic viscosity, coil overlap, and Mark–Houwink–Kuhn–Sakurada (MHKS) parameters of BG solutions. Partially hydrolyzed BG solution was analyzed using intrinsic viscosity measurements, dynamic light scattering and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). The MHKS parameters, a and k, were determined for BG at 25 °C, with values of 0.4133 and 0.1347 cm3 g−1, respectively. The viscometric molecular weight of BG was 1890 kg mol−1. The hydrodynamic parameters of BG were indicative of a hyperbranched structure and spherical conformation. The knowledge obtained on the physicochemical properties of brea gum favors its use in food and pharmaceutical applications.

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10

Wollenweber, Eckhard, Marion Dörr, Barbara N. Timmermann, Jennifer Strand, and EduardoR Fuentes. "Exudate Flavonoids from Grindelia tarapacana of Chile." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 48, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1993): 533–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1993-5-623.

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11

ASSAF, S., G. PHILLIPS, and P. WILLIAMS. "Studies on acacia exudate gums. Part I: the molecular weight of gum exudate." Food Hydrocolloids 19, no. 4 (July 2005): 647–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2004.09.002.

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12

Sims, Ian M., and Richard H. Furneaux. "Structure of the exudate gum from Meryta sinclairii." Carbohydrate Polymers 52, no. 4 (June 2003): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8617(02)00326-0.

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13

Martínez, Maritza, Olga Beltrán, Fernando Rincón, Gladys León de Pinto, and José Manuel Igartuburu. "New structural features of Acacia tortuosa gum exudate." Food Chemistry 182 (September 2015): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.124.

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14

Martínez, Maritza, Gladys León De Pinto, Sofía Alvárez, Nola González De Troconis, Edgar Ocando, and Carlos Rivas. "Composition and properties of Albizia lebbeck gum exudate." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 23, no. 7-8 (November 1995): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(95)00085-2.

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15

Martínez, M., G. León de Pinto, M. Bozo de González, J. Herrera, H. Oulyadi, and L. Guilhaudis. "New structural features of Spondias purpurea gum exudate." Food Hydrocolloids 22, no. 7 (October 2008): 1310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2007.06.016.

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16

Martínez, Maritza Coromoto, Antonio José Vera, Juan Carlos Parra, Olga Beltrán, and Angel Morillo. "Physicochemical and functional parameters of Cochlospermum vitifolium (bototo) gum exudate." International Journal of Food and Allied Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 12, 2016): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21620/ijfaas.2016242-48.

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<p>The physicochemical parameters of <em>Cochlospermum vitifolium they </em>were evaluated and were linked to certain functional properties of industrial interest. The physicochemical parameters were determined by the classic methodology used for carbohydrates and the functional properties, as reported in the literature. The results obtained showed that the gum object of this study is low soluble in water, which corresponds with relatively high values of swelling indexes and water absorption capacity. Also, the intrinsic viscosity of the <em>C. vitifolium</em> exudate was related to a high molar mass, in the order of 10<sup>6</sup>. Its emulsifying capacity is high, which is attributed to hydrophobic groups present in its structure. The gum gels at a minimum concentration, similar to that of the gum karaya (4.5%), but the gel that forms agglomerates, it is not uniform. The <em>C. vitifolium</em> gum exhibits important physicochemical and functional parameters which could serve as a criterion for testing its use in various industries.</p>

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17

Anderson, D. M. W., J. R. A. Millar, and Wang Weiping. "The gum exudate fromCombretum nigricansgum, the major source of West African ‘gum combretum’." Food Additives and Contaminants 8, no. 4 (July 1991): 423–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652039109373992.

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18

Sharma, N., and T. Sinderpal. "Sterculia Gum: Chemical Structure, Composition and Physico-Chemical Properties." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22283.

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Physico-chemical properties are crucial characteristics of hydrocolloids as they decide the applicability of them. Rheology of system, flow behaviour and mechanical properties make hydrocolloids suitable for food industry. Modification of consistency or texture properties of functional polymers also controls their sensory characteristics, thereby they become significant essences such as thickener, gelling agents, foaming agent, texture modifier, viscosifier, emulsifier, stabilizer and binder. Industrial and pharmaceutical applications are also controlled by some suitable physico-chemical properties of hydrocolloids. The polysaccharide gum exudates constitute a architecturally distinct class of complex biomacromolecules having unique physico-chemical properties. Due to their good bio/tissue compatibility, non-toxicity, they are extensively used in the field of tissue engineering, drug delivery and wound healing. Chemical and molecular architecture of hydrocolloids in turn controls their physico-chemical and functional properties. Sterculia gum is a substituted rhamnogalacturonoglycan (pectic) type exudate gum used as suspending agent, gelling agents, emulsifier, bulk laxative, dental adhesive, drug delivery agent and wound healing agent. It exhibits high water retention capacity, high viscosity and least solubility. Solutions of sterculia gum are viscoelastic and thixotropic. Sterculia gum has been recommended as effective wound dressing material as it can form a intensely adhesive gel when dispersed in minimum ammount of water. Owing to wide applications and distinctive properties of sterculia gum, present work is an endeavor to summarize the molecular organization, chemical configuration and physico-chemical properties of sterculia gum and the factors affecting physico-chemical properties of sterculia gum.

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19

Hasnain, M. Saquib, Poonam Rishishwar, and Sadath Ali. "USE OF CASHEW BARK EXUDATE GUM IN THE PREPARATION OF 4 % LIDOCAINE HCL TOPICAL GELS." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i8.19815.

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Objective: The objective of the current work was to prepare and evaluate ex vivo skin permeation of cashew bark exudate gum based 4 % lidocaine HCl topical gels.Methods: In the current work, 4 % lidocaine HCl topical gels were prepared by using different concentrations of cashew bark exudate gum, HPMC K4M, lidocaine HCl, methyl paraben (as preservative) and glycerin (as plasticizer). The formulated topical gels were evaluated for pH, viscosity, and ex vivo skin permeation through excised porcine ear skin membrane.Results: The pHs of these formulated 4 % lidocaine HCl topical gels were found within the range of 6.04±0.02 to 6.52±0.04; whereas, the viscosities were measured within the range, 4.38±0.02 x 106to 4.74±0.04 x 106 cps. Sustained ex vivo permeation of lidocaine was measured over 7 h. Highest ex vivo permeation flux was measured when 0.1 % menthol was incorporated as a permeation enhancer. It was also higher than that of the marketed 4 % lidocaine HCl topical gel. The stability study by freeze thaw cycle method revealed physically stable gels without the occurrence of syneresis.Conclusion: The results clearly indicate a promising potential of the use of cashew bark exudate gum as a gelling material with HPMC K4M to prepare 4 % lidocaine HCl topical gels of good skin permeation capability

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20

Basu, Sweta, Majeti N. V. Prasad, Sateesh Suthari, and Boda Ravi Kiran. "Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) gum exudate as a potential excipient." EuroBiotech Journal 1, no. 1 (January 27, 2017): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24190/issn2564-615x/2017/01.12.

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Abstract Gum exudate was obtained from Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC., which is abundantly available in north-west, central, west and south India. It was analysed for its phytochemical composition in aqueous extract and as well as by LCMS, GCMS, TGDTA and SEM to validate it’s potential for use as an excipient (Fig. 1).

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21

de Paula, R. C. M., S. A. Santana, and J. F. Rodrigues. "Composition and rheological properties of Albizia lebbeck gum exudate." Carbohydrate Polymers 44, no. 2 (February 2001): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8617(00)00213-7.

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22

Phillips, G. O., S. Takigami, and M. Takigami. "Hydration characteristics of the gum exudate from Acacia senegal." Food Hydrocolloids 10, no. 1 (January 1996): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0268-005x(96)80048-8.

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23

Bhushette, Pravin R., and Uday S. Annapure. "Characterization of Acacia nilotica exudate gum and its film." Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 14, no. 6 (July 11, 2020): 3058–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11694-020-00541-x.

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24

MARQUES, MARIA RITA, LAURENIA MARIA B. ALBUQUERQUE, and J. XAVIER-FILHO. "Antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of cashew tree gum exudate." Annals of Applied Biology 121, no. 2 (October 1992): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1992.tb03450.x.

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25

Rita Marques, Maria, and J. Xavier-Filho. "Enzymatic and inhibitory activities of cashew tree gum exudate." Phytochemistry 30, no. 5 (January 1991): 1431–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)84179-v.

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26

de Pinto, Gladys León, Maritza Martínez, and Carlos Rivas. "Chemical and spectroscopic studies of Cercidium praecox gum exudate." Carbohydrate Research 260, no. 1 (July 1994): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(94)80018-9.

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27

Rincón, Fernando, José Muñoz, Gladys León de Pinto, M. C. Alfaro, and Nuria Calero. "Rheological properties of Cedrela odorata gum exudate aqueous dispersions." Food Hydrocolloids 23, no. 3 (May 2009): 1031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2008.08.006.

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28

Simas-Tosin, F. F., R. R. Barraza, C. L. O. Petkowicz, J. L. M. Silveira, G. L. Sassaki, E. M. R. Santos, P. A. J. Gorin, and M. Iacomini. "Rheological and structural characteristics of peach tree gum exudate." Food Hydrocolloids 24, no. 5 (July 2010): 486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2009.12.010.

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29

Sharma, Aroshi, Pravin R. Bhushette, and Uday S. Annapure. "Physicochemical and rheological properties of Acacia Catechu exudate gum." Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications 2 (December 2021): 100127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100127.

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30

Owusu, John, J. H. Oldham, W. O. Ellis, and G. Owusu-Boateng. "Emulsifying ability of exudate gums obtained from three plant species in Ghana." International Journal of Technology and Management Research 2, no. 2 (March 12, 2020): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47127/ijtmr.v2i2.54.

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Food emulsions are thermodynamically unstable mixtures which can be stabilized with the application of an emulsifier. In Ghana emulsifiers are imported, and this increases the final cost of food emulsions. In this study, gums obtained from three tree plant species in Ghana, i.e. Albizia zygia (Albizia), Khaya senegalensis (Khaya), and Anarcardium occidentale (Cashew), were used to stabilize oil-in-water emulsion, and the stability of the emulsions were measured after centrifugation at 1300 x g for 5 min, and upon pH adjustment (from 2 to 3.5). Quantity of gum (mass), solubility of gum in the continuous phase, viscosity, oil volume fraction, and pH were investigated to determine how they affect emulsion stability.The results indicated with the exception of viscosity, emulsion stability is influenced by all the other factors studied. In addition there was no significant difference (P<0.05) between the emulsion stabilities of food emulsions stabilized by gums of Cashew (0.77-0.86) and Acacia (0.78-0.87). The Pearson’s co-efficient of correlation indicated that the emulsion stability values of the emulsions positively correlated with the solubility of the gums (R2 =0.983 at P<0.05, and0.997 at P<0.01). Although there were no significant differences in the emulsion stability values of emulsions stabilized with Albizia and Khaya gums, both recorded significantly lower (P<0.05) emulsion stability values (0.76-0.85 and 0.75-0.81 respectively) than the Acacia gum (control). The Cashew gum has the potential to be utilized as an emulsifier in the food industry. Keywords: Emulsion, Emulsifier, Acacia gum, Oil-in-water Emulsion, Emulsion stability

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31

Cunha, Pablyana L. R., Jeanny S. Maciel, Maria Rita Sierakowski, Regina C. M. de Paula, and Judith P. A. Feitosa. "Oxidation of cashew tree gum exudate polysaccharide with TEMPO reagent." Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 18, no. 1 (2007): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-50532007000100009.

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32

Bhushette, Pravin R., and Uday S. Annapure. "Physicochemical, functional and rheological investigation of Soymida febrifuga exudate gum." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 111 (May 2018): 1116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.117.

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33

Sharma, Aroshi, Pravin R. Bhushette, and Uday S. Annapure. "Purification and physicochemical characterization of Prunus domestica exudate gum polysaccharide." Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications 1 (December 2020): 100003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2020.100003.

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34

Jaafar, Noor Sabah. "Clinical effects of Arabic gum (Acacia): A mini review." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 28, no. 2 (December 21, 2019): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol28iss2pp9-16.

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Gum Arabic is a natural gummy exudate gained from the trees of Acacia species (Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal), Family: Fabaceae. Gum Arabic considers as a dietary fiber with a high percentage of carbohydrates and low protein content. Sugars arabinose and ribose were originally discovered and isolated from gum Arabic and it is representing the original source of these sugars. A gum emanation from trees occurs under stress conditions such as heat, poor soil fertility, drought, and injury. Mainly gum is produced in belt region of Africa, mainly Sudan, Chad, and Nigeria. In the food industry, it is used in confectionery; in the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as emulsifier, film coating and others. Traditionally the gum used for chronic renal failure, digestive discomfort, and others. Although gum Arabic considered as an inert substance, recent information demonstrated multiple pharmacological and medical effects, such as weight reduction, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, anticoagulant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, nephroprotective and other effects.

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35

de Pinto, G. L., M. Martı́nez, E. Ocando, and C. Rivas. "Relevant structural features of the polysaccharide from Pithecellobium mangense gum exudate." Carbohydrate Polymers 46, no. 3 (November 2001): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8617(00)00325-8.

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36

da Silveira Nogueira Lima, Raquel, Jacira Rabelo Lima, Celio Ribeiro de Salis, and Renato de Azevedo Moreira. "Cashew-tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) exudate gum: a novel bioligand tool." Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 35, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ba20010024.

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37

León de Pinto, Gladys, Maritza Martínez, Julián Alberto Mendoza, Dinorah Avila, Edgar Ocando, and Carlos Rivas. "Structural study of the polysaccharide isolated from Spondias purpurea gum exudate." Carbohydrate Research 290, no. 1 (August 1996): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(96)00127-9.

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38

Simas-Tosin, Fernanda F., Ruth R. Barraza, Daniele Maria-Ferreira, Maria Fernanda de P. Werner, Cristiane H. Baggio, Ricardo Wagner, Fhernanda R. Smiderle, et al. "Glucuronoarabinoxylan from coconut palm gum exudate: Chemical structure and gastroprotective effect." Carbohydrate Polymers 107 (July 2014): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.030.

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39

Vogt, Daphne C., and Alistair M. Stephen. "The gum exudate of Encephalartos longifolius Lehm. (female): further hydrolytic studies." Carbohydrate Research 238 (January 1993): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(93)87017-m.

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40

Defaye, Jacques, and Emile Wong. "Structural studies of gum arabic, the exudate polysaccharide from Acacia senegal." Carbohydrate Research 150, no. 1 (August 1986): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(86)80018-0.

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41

Pérez-Mosqueda, L. M., P. Ramírez, M. C. Alfaro, F. Rincón, and J. Muñoz. "Surface properties and bulk rheology of Sterculia apetala gum exudate dispersions." Food Hydrocolloids 32, no. 2 (August 2013): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.02.007.

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42

Pravin R., Bhushette, Rojekar Satish V., and Annapure Uday S. "Toxicological Studies of Purified Soymida Febrifuge and Acacia Nilotica Exudate Gum." International Journal of pharma and Bio Sciences 12, no. 3 (August 5, 2021): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs.2021.12.3.p58-69.

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43

Masuelli, Martin. "Hydrodynamic Parameters of Strelitzia Gum." Colloids and Interfaces 2, no. 4 (October 10, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids2040045.

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The flower of Strelitzia reginae generates abundant and viscous mucilage as exudate, which is purified in periods of heating–cooling, and finally precipitated with ethanol, obtaining strelitzia gum (StrG). By means of intrinsic viscosity measurement, the viscometric molecular weight (MWv) is determined, with a value of 200,000 g/mol, as well as a hydrodynamic radius of 20 ± 1 nm and a hydration value of 445 ± 34 g/g. The size of StrG was compared against dynamic light scattering data with a value of 16 ± 2 nm and a MWDLS of 230,000 g/mol. StrG is a biopolyelectrolyte with an “a” value of 0.85, which corresponds to a flexible behavior with a great effect of volume exclusion. This statement is based on the difficulty of gum dissolution, that should be performed at 80 °C. This macromolecule is very promising and can potentially be used in several industrial applications, such as in film forming, and as a gel, thickener, and coemulsifier.

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44

Al-Yahya, Abdulaziz A., Abdulhakeem A. Al-Majed, Ali M. Gado, Mohammad H. Daba, Othman A. Al-Shabanah, Adel S. El-Azab, and Adel R. A. Abd-Allah. "Acacia Senegal Gum Exudate Offers Protection Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Urinary Bladder Cytotoxicity." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2, no. 4 (2009): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/oxim.2.4.8878.

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Cylophosphamide (CYCL) is a strong anticancer and immunosuppressive agent but its urotoxicity presents one of the major toxic effects that limit its wide usage particularly in high dose regimens. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate Acacia Senegal gum exudate, Gum Arabic (GA), for its possible role as a natural, nontoxic agent against CYCL-induced urotoxicity. Male Swiss albino rats were exposed to CYCL (150 mg/kg BW, once i.p) with or without GA oral supplementation (7.5 g/kg/day for 6 days) through drinking water. Glutathione (GSH), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Nitric oxide (NO) bladder contents were assessed. Responsiveness of the bladder rings to acetylcholine (ACh) in vitro, microscopic and macroscopic features are also investigated. CYCL produced pronounced harmful effects on bladder urothelial lining with significant increases in (MDA) and NO levels in the tissue homogenates. Bladder-GSH content is dropped by over 60% following CYCL injection. Bladder contractility, as measured by its responsiveness to ACh, recorded a marked reduction. The isolated bladders exhibited such macroscopic changes as severe edema, inflammation and extravasation. The bladder weight increased as well. Histological changes were evident in the form of severe congestion, petechial hemorrhage and chronic inflammatory reaction in the lamina propria accompanied with desquamated epithelia. GA, a potential protective agent, produced an almost complete reversal of NO induction, lipid peroxidation or cellular GSH bladder contents in the GA + CYCL-treated group. Likewise, bladder inflammation and edema were reduced. Bladder rings showed a remarkable recovery in their responsiveness to ACh. Bladder histological examination showed a near normal configuration and structural integrity, with a significant reduction in inflammation and disappearance of focal erosions. These remarkable effects of GA may be attributed to its ability to neutralize acrolein, the reactive metabolite of CYCL and/or the resultant reactive oxygen metabolites, through a scavenging action. GA may limit the cascading events of CYCL-induced damage, initiating a cytoprotective effect leading to structural and functional recovery of the bladder tissues.

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Manickam, Malarvizhi, Dheenadhayalan Sivakumar, and Mallika Jaganathan. "Mitigation of Acid Corrosion on Carbon Steel by Naturally Occurring Gum Exudate." Asian Journal of Chemistry 30, no. 9 (2018): 1953–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2018.21333.

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Milo, Begoña, Ester Risco, Roser Vila, José Iglesias, and Salvador Cañigueral. "Characterization of a Fucoarabinogalactan, the Main Polysaccharide from the Gum Exudate ofCrotonurucurana." Journal of Natural Products 65, no. 8 (August 2002): 1143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np010188f.

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Vasile, Franco Emanuel, Ana María Romero, María Alicia Judis, Mara Mattalloni, Miriam Beatriz Virgolini, and María Florencia Mazzobre. "Phenolics composition, antioxidant properties and toxicological assessment of Prosopis alba exudate gum." Food Chemistry 285 (July 2019): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.003.

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Muñoz, José, Fernando Rincón, M. Carmen Alfaro, Isabel Zapata, Julia de la Fuente, Olga Beltrán, and Gladys León de Pinto. "Rheological properties and surface tension of Acacia tortuosa gum exudate aqueous dispersions." Carbohydrate Polymers 70, no. 2 (September 2007): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.03.018.

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Jefferies, Martin, Geoffrey Pass, and Glyn O. Phillips. "The potentiometric titration of gum karaya aud some other tree-exudate gums." Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 27, no. 6 (May 29, 2007): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5020270602.

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Vasile, Franco Emanuel, María Julia Martinez, Víctor Manuel Pizones Ruiz-Henestrosa, María Alicia Judis, and María Florencia Mazzobre. "Physicochemical, interfacial and emulsifying properties of a non-conventional exudate gum (Prosopis alba) in comparison with gum arabic." Food Hydrocolloids 56 (May 2016): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.12.016.

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