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Dange, Shankar, Trupti Rajendra Agrawal, and Smita Khalikar. "The Flexible Party Gums: An Esthetic Alternative for Lost Gingiva." International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry 4, no. 1 (2014): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1101.
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ABSTRACT One of the most important parts of an ideal smile is the presence of healthy gingiva. Healthy gingival tissues affect the esthetics, probably much more than teeth, a factor which is most often neglected in esthetic treatment planning. Periodontal flap surgeries often leave open embrasure spaces which are a huge esthetic deficit for the patient. Replacing the missing gingival tissue with composite, ceramic, acrylic or silicone has been reported in the literature. This case report describes the use of a gingival prosthesis fabricated by valplast-a flexible nylon- based material to recreate the lost soft tissue esthetics. How to cite this article Agrawal TR, Dange S, Khalikar S. The Flexible Party Gums: An Esthetic Alternative for Lost Gingiva. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2014;4(1):20-22.
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Widagdo, Anton Kusumo, and Kwartarini Murdiastuti. "Gingivektomi Menggunakan Scalpel dan Electrocautery pada Perawatan Gingival Enlargement Wanita Pubertas." Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Klinik 1, no. 1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/mkgk.11909.
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Gingivitis pubertas merupakan suatu peradangan gusi karena kondisi tertentu yang diklasifikasikan menurut faktor etiologi dan perubahan patologi. Peningkatan ukuran gingiva merupakan tanda adanya kelainan gingiva. Gingivektomi adalah pemotongan jaringan gingiva dengan membuang dinding lateral poket yang bertujuan untuk menghilangkan poket dan keradangan gingiva sehingga didapat gingiva yang fisiologis, fungsional dan estetik baik. Pada kasus ini, wanita berusia 16 tahun mengeluhkan keadaan gusi atas dan bawah yang membengkak sejak 1 tahun yang lalu, mudah berdarah dan tidak ada rasa nyeri. Penanganan untuk kasus ini dirancang menggunakan teknik gingivektomi menggunakan pisau periodontal dan gingivoplasty menggunakan electrocautery secara bertahap. Teknik gingivektomi menggunakan kombinasi scalpel dan electrocautery pada perawatan gingivitis pubertas memberikan hasil yang memuaskan secara estetik maupun fungsional pada pasien. ABSTRACT: Gingivectomy Using Scalpel and Electrocautery in Gingival Enlargement Treatment of Puberty Female. Puberty Gingivitis is a gum inflamation due to certain conditions that are classified by etiologic factors and pathological changes. The increase in gingival size is a sign of gingival disorder. Gingivectomy is cutting the gingival tissue by removing the lateral wall of the pocket which aims to eliminate pockets and gingival inflammation thus obtaining physiologically, functionally and aesthetically good gingiva. In this case, 16-year old woman complained of the state of the upper and lower gums which were swollen since the last one year, easily bleeding and no pain. The handling of this case was designed to use the technique of gingivecto by using periodontal knives and gingivoplasty by gradually using electrocautery. Gingivectomy technique with a combination of scalpel and electrocautery in puberty gingivitis treatment gives satisfactory results in aesthetic and functional state in patients.
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Pazinatto, Flavia Bittencourt. "Diode Laser: An Ideal Option for Treatment of Gingival Hyperpigmentation." International Journal of Experimental Dental Science 2, no. 2 (2013): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10029-1057.
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ABSTRACT Gingival hyperpigmentation are major concerns for a large number of patients visiting the dentist. Melanin hyperpigmentation usually does not present a medical problem, but patients usually complain of dark gums as unesthetic. Pigmentation of gingiva is commonly caused by deposition of melanin in the basal layer of oral epithelium. Gingival melanin pigmentation may be seen across all the races and at any age without gender predilection. This case report describes the application of semi conductor diode laser procedure for gingival depigmentation. How to cite this article Saini R, Pazinatto FB, Radnai M. Diode Laser: An Ideal Option for Treatment of Gingival Hyperpigmentation. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2): 139-140.
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Bhardwaj, Ashu, and Ajay Mahajan. "Gingival Enlargement in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: A Case Report and Literature Review." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 11, no. 2 (2010): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-11-2-57.
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Abstract Aim The purpose of this article is to describe a rare case of neurofibromatosis1 (NF1) of the gingiva and a review of the current literature. Background Neurofibromatosis1 (NF1) of the gingiva is an uncommon cause of gingival enlargement. The disease is clinically characterized by epidermal melanosis, nevi, and flabby skin or bone malformations; in addition, the lesions may undergo malignant transformation. Involvement of the gingiva with or without concurrent skin lesions has been reported only occasionally. Case Description A 40-year-old male patient with a history of NF1 came to us with a chief complaint of enlargement of the gums. Clinical examination revealed diffuse gingival enlargement with no signs of inflammation. The characteristic skin lesions associated with NF1 were also present. A gingival specimen was sent for biopsy. Results Based on the history, clinical, and histological findings, NF1 was established as the cause of the gingival enlargement. Summary NF1 may affect the gingival tissue; considering the neurological complications and malignant potential, NF1 must be diagnosed early and monitored regularly. Clinical Significance The clinician should be aware of clinical and histopathological findings of NF1 considering the fact that the condition has malignant potential. Citation Mahajan A, Dixit J, Bhardwaj A. Gingival Enlargement in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: A Case Report and Literature Review. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2010 March; 11(2):057-063. Available from: http://www.thejcdp. com/journal/view/volume11-issue2-mahajan.
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Prasad, Sunkara Shree Ramalinga, Chitturi Radharani, SV Kiran Kumar, and Soumya Sinha. "Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis with Distinctive Facies." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 13, no. 6 (2012): 892–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1248.
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ABSTRACT Hereditary gingival enlargement also known as gingivitis or familial elephantiasis is a rare type of gingival enlargement. It appears as an isolated autosomal dominant disorder or maybe associated with other conditions. Oral manifestations may vary from minimal involvement of only tuberosity area and the buccal gingiva around the lower molars to a generalized enlargement inhibiting eruption of the teeth. This paper discusses the case of a 13-year-old female patient with distinctive facial characteristics who presented to the department with a chief complaint of swollen gums since 1 year. She had severe diffuse gingival enlargement of the maxilla and mandible. Diagnosis was made based upon clinical examination and family history. Quadrant wise internal bevel gingivectomy procedure was done for the patient to restore her functional and esthetic needs. How to cite this article Prasad SSR, Radharani C, Sinha S, Kumar SVK. Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis with Distinctive Facies. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):892-896.
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Tetelepta, Febri EN, and Andi M. Adam. "Early detection of odontoma in patients with clinical features of periodontal disease: a case report." Journal of Case Reports in Dental Medicine 1, no. 1 (2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jcrdm.v1i1.83.
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Objective: Chronic periodontitis is an infection of the gingiva that causes damage to the soft tissues and tooth-supporting bones. Chronic periodontitis is usually a slowly progressive disease that does not cause the affected individual to feel pain. For most patients, gingival bleeding during oral cleansing procedures is a sign of reported disease. Odontoma is an odontogenic tumor, characterized by slow growth. The tumor consists of enamel, dentin, cementum and sometimes pulp tissue.Methods: A 38-year-old male patient complaints swollen gums on the right upper back region. Clinical examination showed the presence of gingiva swelling, fistula, and grade 3 teeth mobility. In the systemic condition of the patient, malaise, fever and lymphadenopathy were not found. The treatment plan includes subgingival scaling treatment as well as antibiotic therapy as initial therapy. Advanced treatment is then continued with curative therapy with surgical extirpation, periodontal surgery and bone graft.Results: The success of treatment is shown by controlled inflammatory as well as probing depth. The condition of the teeth and the dental-jaw relationship has been restored after treatment.Conclusions: Chronic periodontitis with odontoma indicates treatment options according to the severity of the disease, access to mechanical care, and the patient's systemic condition.Keywords: Bone grafting, Gingival overgrowth, Odontoma, Surgical flap.
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Satrio, Rinawati, and Primarizka Iswara Laksmi. "Laporan Kasus: Pembesaran gingiva yang diinduksi fenitoin." STOMATOGNATIC - Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi 15, no. 1 (2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/stoma.v15i1.17908.
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Gingival enlargement is a kind of oral manifestation, that can caused by induction of anticonvulsant drugs. Phenytoin is one of anticonvulsant drug that can caused gingival enlargement. Gingival enlargement in this case developed until grade III. The patient was highly phenytoin dependent and can’t be reconciled. The aim of this paper is to find out the cause of phenytoin induced gingival enlargement and its treatment. A 20 years old woman came to RSGM UNSOED to check her swollen gums. The patient’s history was epilepsy and had been regularly taking phenytoin. The patient was taking 30 mg phenobarbital, 10 mg clobazam, 1 mg folic acid and 100 mg phenytoin 2 times a day with 2 capsules each time that had been consumted for 4 years. Phenytoin as anticonvulsant drug has side effects that can caused gingival enlargement, this is because phenytoin can increase extracellular connective tissue, collagen and fibrous.
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Farkhshatova, R. R., L. P. Gerasimova, and I. T. Yunusov. "Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of surgical techniques for the treatment of Miller Class I gingival recessions." Parodontologiya 26, no. 2 (2021): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33925/1683-3759-2021-26-2-150-157.
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Relevance. It is currently relevant to study and compare the effectiveness of the autologous connective tissue grafts and the combination of collagen-based and autologous platelet-rich plasma in the surgical treatment of Miller Class I gingival recessions.Materials and methods. We examined and treated 48 (20 male (41.67%) and 28 female (58.33%)) patients aged from 25 to 40 years with Miller Class I gingival recessions. All gingival recessions were treated surgically using a modified twolayer tunnel technique. The patients were divided into two groups according to the graft type. Group I (24 patients (50%) had a connective tissue graft from the hard palate. Group II (24 patients (50%) used the combination of the autologous platelet-rich plasma and 3D collagen matrix Fibromatrix for the regeneration of oral soft tissues. We removed the sutures on the 14th day. The patients were followed up on the 7th and 14th days and in 1.3 months.Results. 48 Miller Class I gingival recessions were treated between 2018 and 2020. The depth of gingival recessions averaged 3.5 ± 1.13 mm before treatment. The level of the attached keratinized gingiva regarding the cementoenamel junction significantly (p < 0.001) improved in both groups after the surgery. The width and thickness of the keratinized gingiva best increased in group II. The mean effectiveness of gingival recession treatment was 84% in study group I and 96% – in study group II. Pain syndrome, fibrinous plaque and soft tissue edema were insignificant in group II.Conclusion. The combination of the autologous platelet-rich plasma and Fibromatrix, collagen 3D matrix, for the regeneration of the oral soft tissues is a more effective technique for the treatment of Miller Class I gingival recessions. This technique has several advantages. It is minimally invasive, less painful, soft tissue postoperative swelling is less and the received volume of the attached keratinized gums is larger than with a connective tissue graft.
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Elemek, Eser. "Gingival melanin depigmentation by 810 nm diode laser." European Journal of Dentistry 12, no. 01 (2018): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejd.ejd_373_17.
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ABSTRACTThe color of gingiva is determined by number and size of blood vessels, thickness of epithelium, keratinization degree, and melanin pigments present in epithelium. Melanocytes, located in basal and suprabasal layers of epithelium, are the cells that produce melanin pigments which play a main role for pigmentation of gingiva. In this case series, the use of 810 nm diode laser for depigmentation of gingiva is presented. Two female patients applied with a chief complaint of “darkened gums” due to heavy smoking. In intraoral examination, diffuse melanin pigmentation was observed in both the maxilla and mandible. Under the local anesthesia, 810 nm diode laser was applied for depigmentation at 1.3 W power in continuous mode. Patients were recalled at weeks 1, 4, and 12 to evaluate the healing and recurrence rate. Both the patients had no postoperative pain or edema, and complete healing was observed at week 12. This study revealed that depigmentation with 810 nm diode laser is successful in terms of esthetics and patient comfort.
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Ozdemir, Hakan, Ismail Marakoglu, Melih Akyol, O. Fahrettin Goze, and Ulvi Kahraman Gursoy. "Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome Manifesting as Gingival Overgrowth and Teeth Agenesis." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 34, no. 4 (2010): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.34.4.l41414372l4332m1.
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Objective: Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome (KTS) is characterized by triad of venous varicosity, naevus flammeus,and soft/hard tissue hypertrophy. Manifestations of the syndrome in the head and neck region are rare,but in some cases hemangioma of the lips, tongue, and gums, open bite and cross bite, and early tooth eruption are associated with the disease. Study design: We report a 12-year-old KTS patient with gingival hyperplasia,congenital missing teeth, and increased mucosal vascularization as oral manifestations. Results and conclusion: All manifestations of the KTS were observed on the same side of the head, except bilateral missing teeth. Histological examination showed several vascular enlargements in enlarged gingiva. It is suggested that oral manifestations of the syndrome are generally related to the severity of the disease, but they do not always present in the same pattern.
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Lai, Yu-Chi, Chia-Hsing Chiu, Zhong-Qi Cai, et al. "OCT-Based Periodontal Inspection Framework." Sensors 19, no. 24 (2019): 5496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245496.
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Periodontal diagnosis requires discovery of the relations among teeth, gingiva (i.e., gums), and alveolar bones, but alveolar bones are inside gingiva and not visible for inspection. Traditional probe examination causes pain, and X-ray based examination is not suited for frequent inspection. This work develops an automatic non-invasive periodontal inspection framework based on gum penetrative Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), which can be frequently applied without high radiation. We sum up interference responses of all penetration depths for all shooting directions respectively to form the shooting amplitude projection. Because the reaching interference strength decays exponentially with tissues’ penetration depth, this projection mainly reveals the responses of the top most gingiva or teeth. Since gingiva and teeth have different air-tissue responses, the gumline, revealing itself as an obvious boundary between teeth and gingiva, is the basis line for periodontal inspection. Our system can also automatically identify regions of gingiva, teeth, and alveolar bones from slices of the cross-sectional volume. Although deep networks can successfully and possibly segment noisy maps, reducing the number of manually labeled maps for training is critical for our framework. In order to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of training and classification, we adjust Snake segmentation to consider neighboring slices in order to locate those regions possibly containing gingiva-teeth and gingiva–alveolar boundaries. Additionally, we also adapt a truncated direct logarithm based on the Snake-segmented region for intensity quantization to emphasize these boundaries for easier identification. Later, the alveolar-gingiva boundary point directly under the gumline is the desired alveolar sample, and we can measure the distance between the gumline and alveolar line for visualization and direct periodontal inspection. At the end, we experimentally verify our choice in intensity quantization and boundary identification against several other algorithms while applying the framework to locate gumline and alveolar line in vivo data successfully.
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Gupta, Ira, Aastha Singh, Nidhi Gupta, and Rohit Gupta. "Gingival Pemphigus Vulgaris-Challenges and Solution : A Case Report." UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF DENTAL SCIENCES 6, no. 2 (2020): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ujds.2020.6.2.1.
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Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially life threatening and rare mucocutaneous disease that usually manifests first in the oral cavity and may later spread to the skin or other mucous membrane. Lesions may occur anywhere on the mucosa but it is unusual for PV to present over the gingiva as a primary site of involvement. A 64 year old female patient reported with a chief complaint of reddish, painful gums with burning sensation since 8 years. The diagnosis of PV is based on clinical findings (Nikolsky’s sign positive) and confirmed by histopathological analysis. Medications were prescribed as per indications and requirements. Oral hygiene instructions were given. No recurrence was observed at 1½ year of follow-up. Thus, this case serves to enhance our awareness of gingiva as a site at which systemic disease can manifests itself.
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Sutrisno, Sutrisno, and Almujadi Almujadi. "Pengaruh Kumur Air dan Povidone Iodine Sirih 1% Terhadap Status Gingiva pada Pasien Setelah Tindakan Scalling." Journal of Oral Health Care 6, no. 2 (2018): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29238/ohc.v6i2.337.
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In the scaling action will leave feeling pain, swollen gums, bright red color, sensitive and bleed easily. Usually the patient will be given an antiseptic that back healthy gums, such as povidone iodine 1%. Studies in the Faculty of Dentistry Indonesian some shows many medicinal plants native to Indonesia are efficacious for the teeth and mouth. Among them are betel efficacious anti-inflammatory antibacterial, antiseptic, and stop bleeding. This study aims to determine the effect of betel water gargle and mouthwash povidone iodine 1% of the gingival status in patients with post-scaling. To determine the effect of water gargle betel povidone iodine and 1% of the gingival status in patients with post-scaling. The research is a Quasi Experiment with One Group Pretest Posttest design. Samples taken were 30 people, divided into 2 groups of samples based on certain criteria (purposive sampling). Data analysis using t test. The result was no difference (segment unhealthy) before and after rinse your mouth with water betel and no difference (segment unhealthy) before and after rinse your mouth with povidone iodine 1%. No significant differences (segment unhealthy) after rinse your mouth with water after the betel or rinse your mouth with povidone iodine 1%.
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Romanenko, Y. G., and A. D. Matveeva. "Peculiarities of the Gingiva Cellular Composition and Functional Activity of the Epithelial Cells among the Children Patients with Chronic Gastritis and Duodenitis." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 29 (October 2016): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.29.54.
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At the children with chronic gastritis and duodenitis was revealed destroyed of morphological - functional property of gums with prevalence of degenerative component, which is manifested by appearance of basal and parabasal cells (0.3%), increasing of intermediate epithelial cells (84.7%), decreasing amount of surface nucleated epithelial cells (11.7%), and nuclear-free dead skin cells (4.3%). Majority of cells was with cytopathology shifts (18.2%), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (92.3%) and lymphocytes (20.5%). The data obtained in the research showed that 23 (21.5%) of samples, taken from children with chronic gastritis and duodenitis revealed cells in the early stages of differentiation, accumulation of leukocytes and fibrin, which demonstrates erosions of the gums in the epithelial layer. Adhesion of epithelial cells with Candida albicans at the children with chronic gastritis and duodenitis indicates about changes functional properties of the epithelial cells, growing on a background of the somatic pathology.
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Meena, Meenakshi, Ashish Yadav, Kriti Goyal, and CG Devaraj. "Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Gingival Overgrowth." Journal of Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences and Technology 2, no. 1 (2017): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10057-0033.
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ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives Chronic inflammatory gingival enlargement also called as chronic hyperplastic gingivitis is an enlargement of the gingiva as a result of chronic inflammation due to local or systemic factors; most important local factor appears to be the dental plaque and calculus. This case report aimed to present the clinical, histopathological features and treatment of inflammatory gingival enlargement which disturbed the esthetics and masticatory function of the patient. Materials and methods A 34-year-old male patient reported with a chief complaint of swelling and bleeding in the gums of teeth in maxillary and mandibular anterior region. The enlargement was firm and fibrotic accompanied by an inflammatory component probably due to inability to maintain adequate personal oral hygiene. Periodontal surgical therapy was performed for good esthetic outcome. Results and interpretation No recurrence was reported 6 months postsurgery. The importance of patient motivation and compliance during and after therapy as a critical factor in the success of treatment has also been highlighted through this case report. Conclusion Gingival overgrowth interferes with mastication and speech of the patient. A thorough diagnosis and treatment planning is essential. How to cite this article Devaraj CG, Yadav A, Sharma S, Meena M, Goyal K. Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Gingival Overgrowth. J Mahatma Gandhi Univ Med Sci Tech 2017;2(1):47-50.
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Tufail, Benish, Sajda Khuhawar, Faisal, Basit Ahmed Shaikh, Simran Raikinger, and Komal Talreja. "PREVALENCE OF GINGVITIS IN PATIENTS VISITING BIBI ASEEFA DENTAL COLLEGE, LARKANA." Professional Medical Journal 26, no. 07 (2019): 1172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2019.26.07.3793.
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Introduction: Oral health is an important portion of overall healthiness which is attained by virtuous oral hygiene. Most common oral disease is gingivitis and its prime etiological reason is plaque and as well as calculus deposition leading to bleeding gums. Energies need to be fixated on raising inhabitant’s consciousness of the importance of oral hygiene and on early diagnosis of gingival and periodontal problem. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of gingivitis in patients visiting Bibi Aseefa Dental College, Larkana. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Bibi Aseefa Dental College, Larkana. Period: From 4th March to 10th June 2018. Materials and Methods: 200 patients reporting to the outpatient department were involved in the study. The data was collected through questionnaire followed by examination of gingiva using gingival index of Loe and Silness with the help of dental mirror and probe. Data was analysed by Statistical Products and Service Solution (SPSS) version-16. Results: The males were 44.5% and females were 55.5%. Prevalence of gingivitis was 55%. Gingival status was evaluated as 36% mild, 15.5% moderate and 2% had severe type of gingivitis. 48% gingivitis was in males and 52% was in females and it was statistically not significant. Conclusion: Majority of patients who had complaint of gingivitis, were due to lack of maintenance of oral hygiene and those who maintain their oral hygiene were reported as normal health status.
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Snyman, Inus, Liam Robinson, André W. Van Zyl, and Willie FP Van Heerden. "Granulomatosis with polyangiitis - An oral medicine case book." South African Dental Journal 75, no. 9 (2020): 488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2519-0105/2020/v75no9a3.
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A 33-year-old female patient presented at a private specialist practice (Periodontics and Oral Medicine) with a main complaint of sore and bleeding gums, fever, headaches and sinus pain. The gingiva became irritated, red and swollen five weeks prior to the first consultation in July 2018.
 She was referred by her dentist one month after prescribing two consecutive courses of antibiotics and providing oral hygiene instructions to the patient, with no significant improvement. The first prescription was for Augmentin 375mg t.d.s. for 5 days and the second prescription two weeks later was for Amoxycillin 250 mg t.d.s. and Metronidazole 200mg t.d.s. for 5 days. The patient was also using a chlorhexidine mouth rinse.
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Seema, Kapil kumar, and Deepak Teotia. "A comprehensive review on buccal patches." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 13, no. 1 (2020): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.13.1.0308.
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Buccal Patches are the type of drug formulation that has normally a different course of administration through the buccal mucosa for drug delivery. The product is placed between upper gingiva (gums) and cheek to treat local and systemic conditions. Buccal patch have good accessibility to the membranes that line the oral cavity. These patches tend to help drug enter directly into the systemic circulation escaping hepatic first pass metabolism. This type of drug delivery method is considered useful for elevating the bioavailability of drugs. This review is a thorough study to apprehend the procedures involved in assessment of buccal patches and the modern approach towards this type of drug delivery. This article intends to analyze the overall profile of Buccal Patches and scope of future advances.
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Jacob, Akshara Mary, Nina Shenoy, and Rahul Bhandary. "Oral Hygiene Awareness and Effect of Orthodontic Treatment on Periodontal Health among Medical Students." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 07, no. 02 (2017): 031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1708707.
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Abstract Background: Orthodontic treatment helps in improving aesthetics, oral hygiene as well as functional occlusion. Also, importance of oral hygiene in orthodontic patients is always intensified to prevent any further periodontal disease. Regular oral hygiene maintenance is important for the maintenance of gingival health during and after orthodontic therapy as it helps in preservation of the health of gingiva as well as overall oral health. Objective: To assess the extent of oral hygiene awareness and impact of orthodontic treatment on of periodontal health, among medical students. Method: A cross sectional survey containing 19 questions was answered by 150 medical students who had undergone fixed Orthodontic treatment from various colleges in Mangalore, Karnataka. Results and Conclusion: The results of this survey showed that medical students have adequate knowledge of oral hygiene practices. Majority of medical students who had undergone orthodontic treatment showed increased bleeding from gums, increased sensitivity and difficulty in brushing and flossing indicating that orthodontic treatment does have impact on maintenance of oral hygiene. Thus, a thorough assessment of the periodontal health is recommended prior to orthodontic treatment. Equal emphasis should also be laid on the necessity of good oral hygiene and regular periodontal maintenance for the best outcome.
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Ceyhan, Derya, and Burcu Gucyetmez Topal. "An 18-Month-Old Child with Infantile Pompe Disease: Oral Signs." Case Reports in Dentistry 2017 (2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5685941.
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We aim to create an information platform by contributing orodental findings of Pompe disease to literature. An 18-month-old male patient with Pompe disease was referred to our clinic due to swelling of the gums. In first dental examination, a nonfluctuant, normal gingiva colored swelling at the right anterior region of maxilla was detected. His parents were recommended to perform finger massage to the region. Six months later, 51, 52, 62, and 74 numbered teeth had erupted, there was a fusion between 51 and 52 numbered teeth, 84 numbered tooth was seen to be erupted, and a swelling at the site of this tooth, similar to previous one, was present. Finger massage was recommended for this area as well, and the swelling was found to have decreased at the follow-up, one week later. Tooth eruption problems and developmental dental abnormalities should be included in the signs for Pompe disease.
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El Shenawy, Hanaa M., Sherine A. Nasry, Ahmed A. Zaky, and Mohamed A. Quriba. "Treatment of Gingival Hyperpigmentation by Diode Laser for Esthetical Purposes." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 3, no. 3 (2015): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2015.071.
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BACKGROUND: Gingival hyperpigmentation is a common esthetical concern in patients with gummy smile or excessive gingival display. Laser ablation has been recognized recently as the most effective, pleasant and reliable technique. It has the advantage of easy handling, short treatment time, hemostasis, decontamination, and sterilization effect.AIM: In the present study we wanted to explore the efficacy of a 980 nm wavelength diode laser in gingival depigmentation clinically by using both VAS and digital imaging method as means of assessment.METHODS: Diode laser ablation was done for 15 patients who requested cosmetic therapy for melanin pigmented gums. The laser beam delivered by fiberoptic with a diameter of 320 µm, the diode laser system has 980 nm wave lengths and 3 W irradiation powers, in a continuous contact mode in all cases, the entire surface of each pigmented maxillary and mandibular gingiva that required treatment was irradiated in a single session. Clinical examination and digital image analysis were done and the patients were followed up for 3 successive months.RESULTS: There was a statistically significant change in prevalence of bleeding after treatment, as none of the cases showed any signs of bleeding 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after ablation. No statistically significant change was observed in the prevalence of swelling after treatment The VAS evaluation demonstrated that only 4 patients complained of mild pain immediately after the procedure. No pain was perceived from the patients in the rest of the follow up period. There was no statistically significant change in prevalence of pain immediately after treatment compared to pain during treatment. There was a decrease in cases with mild pain after 1 week, 1 month as well as 3 months compared to pain during treatment and immediately after treatment.CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, the use of diode laser was shown to be a safe and effective treatment modality that provides optimal aesthetics with minimal discomfort in patients with gingival hyperpigmentation.
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Yacoub, Abdulraheem, and Gauranga Mahalwar. "Dentist to Oncologist: Gingival Hyperplasia in AML Accompanied By Periodontal Infection- Case Report." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 5187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.5187.5187.
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Abstract Introduction: Gingival hyperplasia is one of the earliest findings in AML (AFB subtypes M4 and M5). It represents a 5% frequency as the initial presenting complication of AML. Hyperplasia is believed to be due to leukemic infiltration or a secondary inflammatory response to local irritation of preexisting periodontal disease, or both. An impaired immune system following cellular dysplasia can progress to gingivostomatitis and periodontal infection (mainly due to Streptococci, gram negatives, herpes simplex, candida or rarely due to stomatococcus and aerococcus). Induction chemotherapy can hinder the healing process of the gingival lesion due to interference with the pathological response alongside leukemia induced changes. Case: A 69 year old male presented to his dentist with pain and gingival hyperplasia in the left maxilla which was treated with scaling of the gums. Following this, the patient developed worsened pain, which was treated with the extraction of 3 upper molars. The pain continued to worsen and the dentist prescribed a course of amoxicillin. Three weeks from his initial dentist visit, the patient went to his family physician for a routine checkup. Labs showed elevated leucocyte counts (54000/dl) and he was referred to hematology for a bone marrow evaluation. Physical examination of the oral cavity found hyperplasia of the gingiva with ulceration and necrosis of the left maxillary gingiva accompanied by severe halitosis and pain Bone marrow findings were consistent with AML with monocytic differentiation (51% blasts).According to AFB classification the AML fell in the M4 category. In collaboration with infectious disease consultation it was decided to treat oral infection and defer induction chemotherapy until the infection was controlled. The patient was started on ampicillin/sulbactam with routine antimicrobial prophylaxis, with resultant improvement in oral pain and halitosis. After 4 days of antibiotic therapy, the infection was controlled and chemotherapy with daunorubicin and cytarabine was started on day 5 of admission. Discussion : The case demonstrates the importance of early identification of gingival hyperplasia in AML (AFB classification M4 and M5), especially since it is one of the earliest signs of AML. The familiarization of dental health professionals with oral manifestation of systemic diseases can significantly reduce patient morbidity by early diagnosis and intervention. In such cases, during the course of chemotherapy, any spontaneous or provoked dental pain, swelling, or evidence of purulent discharge must be considered as an odontogenic infection until proven otherwise as the inflammatory response may be blunted due to myelosuppression. The clinical signs of erythema, swelling, and purulence are highly variable, and the absence of these features is insufficient to rule out infection. Figure 1 Figure 1. Figure 2 Figure 2. Figure 3 Figure 3. Disclosures Yacoub: Incyte: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Alexion: Honoraria.
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Sukekava, Flavia, Luiz Carlos Carmo Filho, Julia Helena Luiz, and Jaques Luiz. "Utilização do Blue®m no tratamento do líquen plano oral – relato de caso." Full Dentistry in Science 12, no. 46 (2021): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24077/2021;1246-cj4448.
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Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an autoimmune disease, one of the most prevalent in the mouth, which mainly affects women, leukoderma, between the third and sixth decades of life. Of unknown etiology, it may present with bilateral/symmetrical lesions, occurring throughout the mouth. The clinical characteristics range from white keratotic lesions to painful erosions and ulcerations, with reticular, atrophic, papular, erosive, bullous, and erythematous forms, depending on the time of evolution and location. Oxygen-releasing products are gaining ground in the dental market with the promise of aid in wound healing. The purpose of this case report was to associate these products in the treatment of a patient with OLP. The leukoderma female patient, 56 years old, sought dental care with a complaint of bleeding gums for years. On clinical examination, spontaneous gingival bleeding was observed in the anterior teeth region, excellent plaque control, and erythematous lesions in the cheek mucosa and anterior gingiva. Basic periodontal treatment and mouthwash with Blue®m was proposed for 2 weeks. In the reassessment, improvement was reported for 2 weeks and return to the bleeding condition. At this moment, an incisional biopsy was performed, and fragments were sent for laboratorial analysis, which found structures characteristic of OLP. The patient was instructed to maintain the standard of oral hygiene, to keep the mouthwash twice a day, associated with Blue®m oral gel over the lesions. After one-year follow-up, the patient continues to have no lesion return, no side effects, with significant improvement in quality of life.
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Batool, Husniah, Ahmed Nadeem, Muhammad Kashif, Faheem Shahzad, Romeeza Tahir, and Nadeem Afzal. "Salivary Levels of IL-6 and IL-17 Could Be an Indicator of Disease Severity in Patients with Calculus Associated Chronic Periodontitis." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8531961.
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Background/Purpose. Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of gums that causes loss of supporting structures of teeth, that is, gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. Levels of various cytokines in the serum, gingival tissues, and gingival crevicular fluid in patients with chronic periodontitis have been studied, but limited data are available on the level of cytokines in saliva. Therefore, a study was designed to determine levels of salivary IL-6 and IL-17 in patients with calculus associated chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods. It was a comparative, cross-sectional study that is comprised of 41 healthy controls and 41 calculus associated chronic periodontitis patients (CP patients). According to the degree of attachment loss, CP patients were subcategorized as mild (CAL 1-2 mm), moderate (CAL 3-4 mm), and severe (CAL > 5 mm) forms of periodontitis. Salivary levels of IL-6 and IL-17 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Results. Between healthy controls and CP patients (moderate and severe disease), a statistically significant difference was observed in the concentrations of IL-6 and IL-17. In CP patients, the highest mean ± SD of salivary IL-6 and IL-17 was observed in severe CP, followed by moderate and mild CP. Regarding level of IL-6, a statistically significant difference was observed between mild and severe disease and between moderate and severe subcategories of CP patients. Similarly, statistically significant difference was observed in the level of IL-17 between mild and moderate, mild and severe disease, and moderate and severe disease. Conclusion. The levels of salivary IL-6 and IL-17 were increased significantly in calculus associated CP patients as compared to healthy controls and these levels increased with the progression of CP. Clinical Significance. Salivary levels of IL-6 and IL-17 may help in the subcategorization of CP.
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Tonetto, Mateus Rodrigues, Shelon Cristina Souza Pinto, Matheus Coelho Bandeca, et al. "Crown Lengthening as Treatment for Altered Passive Eruption: Review and Case Report." World Journal of Dentistry 6, no. 3 (2015): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1338.
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ABSTRACT This case report relates a patient with altered passive eruption (APE) treated with surgical crown lengthening. There is a strong association between smile esthetics and periodontal tissues. ‘Gummy smile’ constitutes a relatively frequent esthetic disadvantage characterized by excessive display of the gums during upper lip smiling. One situation that can lead to gummy smile is APE. There are many important diagnostic factors connected with APE. These include making a correct diagnosis; considering facial and oral features before considering the most appropriate periodontal treatment. A 21-year-old female patient presented to the dental clinic expressing to be discontent with her smile, due to the display of gingiva when she smiles. Before choosing the adequate treatment, esthetics and periodontal factors were analyzed. In the present case report, surgical crown lengthening was the treatment chosen. Through a correct diagnosis and technique, it was possible to obtain harmony in the smile. Crown-lengthening surgery is an important choice of treatment, because it is a less invasive technique and it permits the establishment of an esthetical smile. How to cite this article Pinto SCS, Higashi C, Bonafé E, Pilatti GL, Santos FA, Tonetto MR, Lima SNL, Bandéca MC. Crown Lengthening as Treatment for Altered Passive Eruption: Review and Case Report. World J Dent 2015;6(3):178-183.
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Earar, Kamel, Ioan Sirbu, Ctristian Onisor, and Elena Luca. "Oral Rehabilitation on Implants and Introduction of Pathogenic Mechanisms in Relation to Oral Implants - Sugar Diabetes." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 10 (2019): 3750–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.10.7639.
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Dental implants are made of medical titanium and perfectly fit into human bone tissue; the dental implant can last a lifetime. Not beeing living organic structures, there are no nerve endings, neither at the implant level nor at the artificial crown level. The use of quality implants by an experienced implantologist, assisted by advanced technology, transforms the treatment with dental implants into the medical-surgical act with the highest success rate among dental and even medical treatments.Through the complete replacement of the tooth, including the root, can artificially reproduce the function of the natural tooth, with a strong and stable base. The implant crown, made of aesthetic materials (porcelain, zirconium) and anchored to it by means of the prosthetic abutment, will be surrounded by a healthy and aesthetic gum. Especially if the prosthetic abutment (the connecting element between the implant itself and the artificial crown) will be made of zirconium - natural light will cross ceramic layers, similar to enamel and dentine, offering a white of envy and glitter to the smile. Around the porcelain crowns (whole ceramics or zirconia ceramics) the gingiva will conform healthily, without the slightest sign of inflammation. These elements, the white of the teeth and the pink of the gums define the concept of dental aesthetics. The main problems that diabetic patients may encounter, are gingival inflammation and periodontal disease, dental mobility and tooth loss. When a dental implant is influenced by the type of diabetes, its failure rate is higher in patients with type 1 diabetes than in patients with type 2 diabetes. The study included a number of 56 patients, who presented themselves for performing an implant. Of these, 7 patients did not perform an implant. Diabetes mellitus defines a chronic metabolic disorder, which may have multiple etiopathogenesis, characterized by changes in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. Stability of the implant in the bone, immediately after implantation is crucial for the success of the treatment; this immediate stability is called primary stability and is purely mechanical in nature.
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Salmiah, Siti. "Perawatan Gigi Natal dengan General Anastesi pada Bayi Usia 3 Bulan : Laporan Kasus." Talenta Conference Series: Tropical Medicine (TM) 1, no. 1 (2018): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/tm.v1i1.68.
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Gigi natal dan neonatal merupakan kasus gigi yang tumbuh sejak bayi lahir atau selama 30 hari setelah bayi lahir. Kasus ini merupakan kelainan erupsi pada gigi desidui, dimana gigi erupsi sebelum atau lebih cepat dari waktunya. Insidensi gigi natal berkisar 1: 2000 sampai 1: 3000 angka kelahiran. Gigi natal dan neonatal biasanya tumbuh pada rahang bawah bagian depan sehingga menyebabkan masalah dalam pemberian ASI, karena gigi tersebut menyebabkan luka pada gingiva, mukosa oral, lidah bayi dan puting susu ibu. Selain itu, karena gigi belum terbentuk sempurna dan hanya berpegang pada tepi gusi menyebabkan gigi goyang. Hal ini dikhawatirkan gigi dapat terlepas dan tertelan sehingga dapat menyebakan gangguan pernafasan. Pada kasus ini, bayi lahir dengan gigi sudah erupsi pada rahang bawah bagian depan. Orangtua tidak langsung membawa bayi kedokter gigi dan membiarkan saja kondisi tersebut sampai bayi berusia 3 bulan dan gigi sudah menyebabkan pembengkakan dan ulkus digingiva anterior rahang bawah dan atas, dilabial rahang atas dan permukaan ujung lidah. Kondisi ini menyebabkan bayi tidak mau minum susu sehingga berat badannya turun. Perawatan pada gigi natal ini dilakukan ekstraksi dengan general anastesi karena kondisi bayi tidak memungkinkan untuk dikerjakan diunit dental praktek dokter gigi. Kesimpulannya perawatan gigi natal harus segera dilakukan sebelum menimbulkan masalah lebih lanjut pada bayi.
 Natal and neonatal teeth are teeth that appear since the infant was born or in the first 30 days after birth. This is an abnormal eruption in deciduous teeth, where the teeth erupt before or faster than the time. The incidence of natal teeth ranges from 1:2000 to 1:3000 birth rates. Natal and neonatal teeth usually appear on front lower jaw causing problems in breastfeeding because the teeth cause pain to the gingiva, oral cavity, infant's tongue and mother's nipples. In addition, because the teeth have not been fully formed and only held on to the edge of the gums, it causes the teeth shaky. It is feared that the teeth can be fell out and swallowed which can cause respiratory problems. In this case, the infant was born with erupted teeth in the front jaw. Parents did not take the infant to the dentist immediately and let the condition until the infant aged 3 months. The teeth caused swelling and ulcer in anterior gingiva of the lower and upper jaw, in the maxillary labialfrenum, and on the tip of the tongue. This condition caused the infant did not want to drink milk so that his weight dropped. General anesthesia for extraction was taken to treat the natal teeth because of impossible condition to take the infant to a dental practice unit. In conclusion, natal dental care had to be done immediately before causing further problems for infants.
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Liao, Pao-Hsin, Shiow-Ling Chen, Hung-Che Shih, and Ming-Yung Chou. "Induction of Apoptosis in Human Oral Cancer Cell Lines, OC2 and TSCCa, by Chingwaysan." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 33, no. 01 (2005): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x0500262x.
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Chingwaysan, a Chinese herbal formula, contains Cimicfugae Rhizoma, Rehmanniae Radixet Rhizoma, Moutan Radicis Cortex, Coptidis Rhizoma and Angelicae Sinensis Radix. This medicine is well-known for its curing power for ulcerated gums, toothaches, cheek boils and bleeding gingiva. However, no reports can be found on its application in the treatment of oral cancers. We are therefore interested in whether Chingwaysan is capable of causing abnormal apoptosis processes, and whether this condition can be rectified through Chingwaysan herb treatment. We used aqueous extract to treat OC2 and TSCCa cells (both are human oral cancer cell lines) with different Chingwaysan concentrations (0, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μl/ml). The MTT (3, (4, 5-dimethyl-thiazol) 2, 5-diphenyl-tetraxolium bromide) reduction assay was employed to quantify the differences in cell activity and viability. DNA ladder formation on agarose electrophoresis was also performed. The bax expression level was monitored using immunoblotting techniques. The patterns of the changes in expression were scanned and analyzed by NIH image 1.56 software. Taken together, drastic morphological changes, reduced cell viability and the presence of inter-nucleosomal DNA fragmentation all indicated that Chingwaysan is capable of inducing apoptosis in OC2 and TSCCa cell lines. Furthermore, the accumulation of wild type bax protein significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner upon treatment with Chingwaysan. In conclusion, Chingwaysan can induce apoptosis via a bax-dependent pathway in cells from these two particular oral cancer cell lines.
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Simonoska, Rusana. "Gingival cancer: 11 year follow-up at Karolinska University Hospital (2000-2010)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (2012): 5536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.5536.
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5536 Background: In Sweden, approximately 500-600 cases of oral cancer are diagnosed every year. These include cancer of the gingiva, retromolar trigonum, bucca, hard palate, tongue and floor of the mouth. Each year, around 15 cases of gingival cancer (GC) are diagnosed in the Stockholm region. The goal of this study was to study the onset of symptoms, treatment, prognosis, and sequelae of GC in order to optimize the treatment. Methods: The study consists of a retrospective review of medical records of all diagnosed cases of GC in Stockholm region between 2000-2010, identified through the ENT-clinic Karolinska Hospital patient database. Results: Our retrospective study comprised 156 patients diagnosed with GC. The average age was 72 years sharing equally between the sexes, 50% were smokers. 98% had a squamous cell carcinoma (scc). Presenting symptoms were often lump or ulceration in the gums, pain, bleeding or discomfort/misfit of dentures. Around 30% had premalignant lessons in the oral cavity before diagnosis. 3/4-th of all GC was localized in the lower jaw. 66% of the GC-patients presented as aT4 cancer. At presentation, 26% had a regional metastasis and of those 90% had their primary tumor in the lower jaw. Six cases had bilateral neck disease. 81% of the patients with regional metastasis had low to medium grade of scc differentiation of the primary tumor. 84% of all patients with regional metastasis had a T4 primary tumor. Neck dissection was performed in 38% (n=59). Of these 35 cases where staging neck, i.e. N0 at presentation and in 7 cases (20%) a positive neck disease was found. The risk for second primary was 15%. The overall 5-year survival was 24%. Conclusions: Advanced age and high number of T4 cancer at diagnosis partly explains the poor survival statistics. Almost 30% of the patients in our material have had premalignant lessons in the oral cavity before the cancer diagnosis and are at high risk for new tumors (second primary); therefore patients with GC should be followed up for at least 5 years, possibly longer in the presence of premalignant lessons. GC of the lower jaw is more likely to metastasize than GC of the upper jaw. Due to 20% occult metastasis occurrence in the staging neck cases, we recommend staging neck dissection for patients with GC.
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Silva, Christiane Mayara Couto Louzada Neves, Andrea Damas Tedesco, Davi Silva Barbirato, and Mariana Fampa Fogacci. "Periodontia, Estética Orofacial e o Tratamento Multidisciplinar do Sorriso Gengival: Relato de Caso." REVISTA FIMCA 4, no. 1 (2017): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37157/fimca.v4i1.11.
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Introdução: O sorriso gengival, ocorre durante a fala ou sorriso espontâneo, quando há aparência de mais de três milímetros de gengiva, tornando-se desarmônica a relação entre a proporção de dentes, lábios e gengivas. Nesses casos, o tratamento seria o aumento de coroa clínica, seguido ou não de aplicação de toxina botulínica do tipo A, dependendo do diagnóstico. Ferramentas como o Planejamento Digital do Sorriso e a Tomografia Computadorizada Cone Beam com afastadores labiais, são recursos atuais que possibilitam um bom e completo planejamento dos casos de sorriso gengival. Associando-se ambas as técnicas para o planejamento, o tratamento de correção do sorriso gengival torna-se mais simples e previsível. Objetivos: A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo reportar um caso clínico de sorriso gengival de etiologia múltipla, em que o planejamento e o tratamento foram multidisciplinares. Relato do Caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, 19 anos de idade, compareceu à Clínica de Odontologia da Faculdades Integradas Aparício Carvalho – FIMCA, com queixa de sorriso gengival, e desproporção de tamanho das coroas dos incisivos centrais superiores. Foram realizados anamnese, exame clínico e exame periodontal, tomografia computadorizada e planejamento digital do sorriso. Após minucioso planejamento foi inidicada a cirurgia de aumento de coroa clínica e a aplicação de toxina botulínica. Paciente, relatou satisfação pelo tratamento e novo sorriso. Conclusão: Quando se trata de estética do sorriso, é essencial um bom planejamento. O Planejamento Digital e a Tomografia Computadorizada Cone Beam com afastadores labiais são ferramentas fundamentais para os casos de sorriso gengival. Optar pelo tratamento multidisciplinar, avaliando a estética orofacial seré sempre mais seguro e com resultados precisos, previsíveis e satisfatórios. Introduction: The gummy smile, occurs during speech or spontaneous smile, when there is appearance of more than three millimeters of gingiva, making disharmonious the relation between the proportion of teeth, lips and gums. In these cases, the treatment would be the clinical crown increase, followed or not by the application of botulinum toxin type A, depending on the diagnosis. Tools such as Digital Smile Design and Cone Beam Computed Tomography with lip retractors are current features that enable good and complete planning of gummy smile cases. By associating both techniques in the planning, gingival smile correction treatment becomes simpler and predictable. Objectives: The present study aimed to report a clinical case of gummy smile of multiple etiology, in which planning and treatment were multidisciplinary. Case Report: A 19-year-old female patient attended the Dental Clinic of Faculdades Integradas Apari?cio Carvalho - FIMCA, with complaint of gummy smile, and disproportion of crown size of the upper central incisors. Anamnesis, clinical examination and periodontal examination, computed tomography and digital smile planning were performed. After careful planning, clinical crown augmentation surgery and the application of botulinum toxin were instituted. Patient reported satisfaction with treatment and new smile. Conclusion: When it comes to smile aesthetics, good planning is essential. Digital Smile Design and Cone Beam Computed Tomography with lip retractors are fundamental tools for gingival smile cases. Opting for multidisciplinary treatment, evaluating orofacial aesthetics will always be safer and will bring accurate, predictable and satisfactory results.
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Nandakumar, K., and T. Roshna. "Anterior Esthetic Gingival Depigmentation and Crown Lengthening: Report of a Case." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 6, no. 3 (2005): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-6-3-139.
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Abstract Excessive gingival display space and gingival hyperpigmentation are major concerns for a large number of patients visiting the dentist. Melanin hyperpigmentation usually does not present a medical problem, but patients usually complain of dark gums as unaesthetic. This problem is aggravated in patients with a “gummy smile” or excessive gingival display while smiling. Esthetic periodontal plastic surgery is especially rewarding in such individuals with compromised esthetics. A case is reported here on the cosmetic correction of “black gums” and “gummy smile.” Periodontal plastic surgery combining gingival depigmentation and esthetic crown lengthening was performed in a single appointment using scalpel surgical technique. The outline of steps involved in the surgical procedure is demonstrated and a brief review of the various gingival depigmentation techniques is depicted here. Citation Roshna T, Nandakumar K. Anterior Esthetic Gingival Depigmentation and Crown Lengthening: Report of a Case. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 August;(6)3:139-147.
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Almas, Khalid, Abdullah Al-Hawish, and Waheed Al-Khamis. "Oral Hygiene Practices, Smoking Habits, and Self-Perceived Oral Malodor Among Dental Students." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 4, no. 4 (2003): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-4-4-77.
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Abstract The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of oral hygiene practices and halitosis among undergraduate students from King Saud University, College of Dentistry. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed among all 481 students; 263 male and 218 female students. A questionnaire was developed to assess the self-reported perception of oral breath, awareness of bad breath, timing of bad breath, treatment received for bad breath, oral hygiene practices, caries and bleeding gums, dryness of the mouth, smoking and tea drinking habits, and tongue coating. The response rate was 77%. Forty four percent of male and 32% of female students reported the self-perception of breath odor. Self-treatment was sought by 12% male and 22% female. Six percent of males and 4% of females experienced bad breath interference at their work. Seventy-eight percent of male and 62% of female students experienced bad breath after waking up. Brushing was prevalent among 81% of male and 99% of female students. Both miswak (chewing sticks) and tooth brushing were used by 53% male and 83% female students. Fifty seven percent of male students and 44% of female students reported caries. Bleeding gingiva was experienced by 26% of males and 14% of females. Dry mouth was common among 14% of males and 17% of females, while smoking was prevalent among 13% of males and 2% of females. Tea drinking was common among 44% of males and 37% of females, while tongue coating was equally common among both males and females (21% and 20%), respectively. The results indicate female students had better oral hygiene practices, significantly less self-reported oral bad breath, and smoked less compared to male students. There was no difference in tongue coating among male and female students. Further research is needed to examine oral malodor clinically and objectively by the standard procedures available. Students should be motivated to be a health symbol and keeping their mouths free from oral malodor. Citation Almas K, Al-Hawish A, Al-Khamis W. Oral Hygiene Practices, Smoking Habits, and Self-Perceived Oral Malodor Among Dental Students. J Contemp Dent Pract 2003 November;(4)4:077-090.
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Kumar, R. Vinaya, Shriparna Biswas, Sruthi K. Nair, Madhuri Kotha, and BM Shivaprasad. "Free Gingival Graft: A Surgical Boon for Receding Gums." Journal of Health Sciences & Research 5, no. 2 (2014): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10042-1006.
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ABSTRACT Gingival recession is defined as displacement of the soft tissue margin apical to the cementoenamel junction. The esthetic demand together with reduction of root sensitivity and management of root caries or cervical abrasion are the main indications for root coverage. Available literature indicates that free gingival graft (FGG) is a reliable procedure for root coverage with a success rate ranging from 76 to 95.5%. In this case report, a 32-year-old female patient having Miller's Class III gingival recession in relation to 31 was treated using free gingival graft with satisfactory postoperative results. How to cite this article Biswas S, Nair SK, Kotha M, Kumar RV, Shivaprasad BM. Free Gingival Graft: A Surgical Boon for Receding Gums. J Health Sci Res 2014;5(2):25-28.
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Adhikari, Binod, Shaili Pradhan, and Ranjita Shrestha Gorkhali. "Gingival Depigmentation Using Scalpel Technique: A Case Report." Journal of Nepalese Society of Periodontology and Oral Implantology 1, no. 1 (2017): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnspoi.v1i1.23538.
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Excessive gingival pigmentation is a major esthetic concern for many people. Though, it is not a medical problem, many people complain of dark gums as unaesthetic. Gingival hyperpigmentation is believed to be a genetic trait in populations and is more appropriately termed physiologic or racial gingival pigmentation; a condition, which affects all races differently. Gingival pigmentation can be removed for esthetic reasons using methods like chemical cauterization, bur abrasion, scalpel surgery, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, gingival grafts and laser techniques. A case is reported here where surgical depigmentation was performed.
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Kurnia, Shafira. "The aesthetic management of gingival enlargement and hyperpigmentation in maxillary anterior region: a case report." Journal of Case Reports in Dental Medicine 1, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jcrdm.v1i1.82.
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Objective: To describe the aesthetic treatment stage of gingival enlargement with gingival hyperpigmentation. Determination of the type of action detail will assist many clinicians in diagnosis and treat gingival enlargement with hyperpigmentation.Methods: The 17-year-old male patient, coming with his enlarged gums. Patients claimed to have no hypertension, blood disorders, diabetes and hepatitis. After general check-up and early treatment, gingivectomy and gingival depigmentation were performed using scalpel no. 15c. The oral administration administered was 500mg tid amoxicillin and 500mg tid.prn mefenamic acid.Results: after gingivectomy has performed multiple diastema appears and suggested orthodontia treatment. Conclusion: The combination of gingivectomy treatment with gingival depigmentation may be performed simultaneously using a scalpel periodontal instrument.Keywords: Gingival enlargement, Gingival hyperpigmentation, Gingivectomy, Gingival depigmentation
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Balasooriya, BPLR, and KPP Peiris. "Clinical effectiveness of Sphatikadi Prathisarana in the management of Sheetada (Gingivitis)." Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 7, no. 1 (2021): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jahm.2021.7105.
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Oral diseases continue to be a major health problem in world-wide. In Ayurveda Sheethada, is one of Dantamulagatha (periodontal) disorder under the classification of Mukha roga (Oral diseases) as Susrutha Samhitha. Sheetada occurs due to vitiation of Kapha and Raktha dosa and can be correlated with marginal gingivitis on the basis of similarities of symptoms, involvement of anatomical structure, etiology and prognosis. Prevalence of Sheetada is higher among the elders though begins in early childhood. This study was focused to evaluate the effectiveness of Spatikadi prathisarana (massage or rub on the gums with mechanical pressure exerted in a specific direction with herbal powder) included in the text of Rajaushadasaraya for the management of Sheetada. Thirty patients were selected with individual written consent from the Shalakya OPD, Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka by using specific proforma. Two groups were randomly selected with irrespective of their sex, religion, habitat etc. Group A was treated with Spatikadi prathisarana and Group B was treated with Triphala Prathisarana as local application on gums. Rakthasrawa (bleeding gums), Krishnatha (discoloration), Shotha (oedema), Mukha daurgandhya (halitosis), Mrudutha (spongygums), Prakledatha (moistness) were considered as subjective criteria and as objective criteria improvement of Gingival Index (GI-S) and Gingival bleeding index (GBI-S) were studied before and after treatment. Statistically, Rakthasrava, Krishnatha, Shotha, Mukha Daurgandhya, Mrudutha were significantly reduced in group A as compare to Group B. As Objective Parameters Gingival Index (GI-S) and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI-S) were statistically significant in both groups. Follow up study further confirmed that the recurrence rate in Group A was significantly lower than Group B.
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Chahar, Shikha, and Anupriya Saxena. "Gingival hyperplasia: anaesthetic implications." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 1 (2017): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20175747.
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Gingival hyperplasia can be divided in four sub categories: Inflammatory, hereditary, drug induced and associated with systemic causes. It can be localized or generalized. Gingival hyperplasia can cause difficulty in swallowing, speech and mastication, delayed dentition and poor aesthetics. Maintenance of oral hygiene plays a major role in all varieties of gum hyperplasia especially in inflammatory types, which poses a great challenge to anaesthesiologists as the gums are friable, tender and prone to bleed. We report successful management of a child posted for gingivectomy under general anaesthesia.
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Ksembaev, Said, Dinar Busheev, Ilsiyar Valieva, Aiygul Khaliullina, and Lilia Khafizova. "MUCOSAL ABNORMALITIES AS AN ETIOPATHOGENETIC FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GINGIVAL RECESSION." Actual problems in dentistry 17, no. 2 (2021): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-20-17-2-14-18.
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Subject. A review of the literature devoted to the current problem of dentistry - mucogingival anomalies (small vestibule of the mouth, short frenulum of the lips, tongue, muco-alveolar cords) is presented. 
 Purpose of the study — study the materials of publications devoted to mucogingival anomalies as etiopathogenetic factors in the development of gingival recession.
 Methodology. In detail, in the light of modern ideas described mucogingival anomalies (shallow vestibule of the mouth, short frenulum of the lips, tongue, mucous-alveolar cords) and their effect on the development of gum recession. 
 Results. It has been established that a large role in the occurrence and development of gingival recession is played by the ratio of the size of the attached and free gums, which is normally equal to 5: 1, and in pathology — 1: 1. 
 The pathogenetic mechanism of the negative impact of mucogingival abnormalities is associated with the absence, first of all, of a sufficient width of the attached gums with a shallow vestibule of the mouth, which is a factor of constant chronic trauma to the gums with, leading to disturbances in microcirculation and tissue metabolism, resulting in resorption of bone structures, etermined radiographically.
 In the mechanism of gum recession, a significant role is also played by the pulling mucous-alveolar cords, shortened and massive frenum of the lips and tongue. 
 The main signs of arising ischemic disorders are anemization and mobility of the marginal gums when the lower or upper lip, cheeks, and tongue are abducted. 
 To prevent severe destructive lesions, it is necessary to timely identify and eliminate, with the help of vestibulo- or frenuloplasty operations, conditions conducive to functional chronic traumatization of the periodontal tissues. 
 Conclusions. The results of the review indicate that knowledge of the anatomical and topographic parameters of the vestibule and oral mucosa is necessary to prevent the development of gingival recession, prescribe timely and adequate treatment, predict and prevent complications.
 However, it should be recognized that this problem, in our opinion, continues to remain relevant to this day due to the lack of an integrated approach to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gum recession.
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Nanda, Tarun, Baljeet Singh, Parul Sharma, and Karandeep Singh Arora. "Cyclosporine A and amlodipine induced gingival overgrowth in a kidney transplant recipient: case presentation with literature review." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 5 (2019): e229587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-229587.
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Drug-induced gingival overgrowth is a condition caused by side effects of treatment with one of three types of drugs: phenytoin (used in epilepsy treatment), cyclosporine A (used in transplantology after allogenic organ transplants) and calcium channel blockers (used in the treatment of hypertension). Gingival overgrowth leads to inflammation within the gums and periodontium and can amplify the existing periodontal disease leading to tooth loss. Patients who have undergone kidney transplant are given immunosuppressants to prevent transplant rejection and mostly it is accompanied with calcium channel blockers to treat hypertension associated with kidney transplant. This article reports a case of recent gingival enlargement associated with cyclosporine A and amlodipine given to a kidney transplant patient from the past 11 years.
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Bhardwaj, Amit, Harpreet Singh Grover, and Sanjay Lal. "Gingival Depigmentation with Scalpel and Diode Laser." World Journal of Dentistry 3, no. 4 (2012): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1190.
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ABSTRACT The complaint of black gums is common particularly in patients having a very high smile line and possess esthetic problems for them. The degree of gingival pigmentation depends on melanoblastic activity. Various treatment options are in practice for depigmentation which includes scalpel gingivectomy, free gingival graft surgery, use of chemicals, such as 90% phenol and 95% alcohol, bur abrasion, electrosurgery, cryosurgery and lasers. Among the various techniques lasers offer a promising therapeutic option since it is simple, painless and predictable. Laser has been recognized as the most effective and reliable technique having many advantages as compared to other conventional treatment modalities. It provides a bloodless and painless surgery. Here, we report gingival depigmentation of 21-year-old female patient using scalpel and laser technique. How to cite this article Bhardwaj A, Grover HS, Lal S. Gingival Depigmentation with Scalpel and Diode Laser. World J Dent 2012;3(4):359-362.
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Rahman, Betul, and Sausan Al Kawas. "The relationship between dental health behavior, oral hygiene and gingival status of dental students in the United Arab Emirates." European Journal of Dentistry 07, no. 01 (2013): 022–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698991.
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ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of knowledge acquired in preventive aspects of dental education on dental students’ own health attitudes, oral hygiene and gingival status in the United Arab Emirates.Methods: To compare the self-reported oral health behavior of first year dental students in the University of Sharjah with their actual oral hygiene and gingival conditions, 93 volunteers who participated in the study completed the Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioral Inventory (HU-DBI) questionnaire. Subsequently a clinical examination for their Plaque Scores (Modified Quigley Hein Plaque Index) and Gingival Bleeding Index was performed by a calibrated dentist.Results: 29% of the participants reported bleeding gums; 83% were concerned by the color of their gums while 63% reported that it was impossible to prevent gum disease with brushing alone; and only 10% noticed some sticky white deposits on their teeth. However, approximately 92% were not in agreement that they would have false teeth when they grew older. 56% mentioned that they used dental floss regularly and 86% brushed twice daily or more. Male students had higher bleeding and plaque scores than female students. There appeared to be a significant relationship between plaque scores and HU-DBI responses; in addition to the significant relationship noted between recorded bleeding percentages and HU-DBI responses.Conclusion: Female students have shown better dental care behavior than male students. The dental students with better self-reported oral health attitudes were expected to have lower plaque scores but instead had moderate plaque and gingival bleeding scores. This indicates the need for more emphasis on preventive measures in oral health education. (Eur J Dent 2013;7:22-27)
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Bastos, João Luiz, José Leopoldo Ferreira Antunes, Antonio Carlos Frias, Maria da Luz Rosário de Souza, Karen Glazer Peres, and Marco Aurélio Peres. "Color/race inequalities in oral health among Brazilian adolescents." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 12, no. 3 (2009): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-790x2009000300003.
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This study assessed oral health outcomes (perceived dental treatment need, untreated dental caries, gingival bleeding, periodontal pockets, and pain in teeth and gums), in relation to color/race inequalities among adolescents in each Brazilian region. The database included dental examination and interview of 16,833 15-19-year-old adolescents, surveyed by the Brazilian health authority, from May 2002 to October 2003, in accordance with international diagnostic criteria standardized by the World Health Organization. Prevalence ratios estimated by Poisson regression, and controlled by socioeconomic status and access to fluoridated piped water, assessed oral health differentials among color/race groups and country's regions. Except for periodontal pockets, prevalence figures were higher in the North and Northeast: perceived dental treatment needs, untreated dental caries, gingival bleeding at probing and pain in teeth and gums varied between 80-83%, 75-76%, 38-43%, and 17-18%, respectively, in these regions. Adolescents living in the Southeast - the richest Brazilian region - presented a better general profile of oral health than their counterparts living in the remaining regions; they had a lower prevalence of untreated dental caries (54%) and unfavorable gingival status (29%). However, the Southeast presented color/race inequalities in all oral health outcomes, with a poorer profile systematically affecting browns or blacks, depending on the oral health condition under consideration. These results reinforce the need for expanding the amplitude of health initiatives aimed at adolescent oral health. Socially appropriate health programs should concurrently aim at the reduction of levels of oral disease and its inequalities.
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Sharma, Ambika, Chakshu Aggarwal, Vijay P. Mathur, and Divesh Sardana. "Severe Gingival Enlargement with Coexisting Erosive Lichen Planus in Severe Chronic Periodontitis Patient." Case Reports in Dentistry 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/538538.
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Plaque induced gingival enlargement is most commonly seen and when encountered simultaneously with erosive lichen planus poses a challenge to the treating dentist. Prognosis of one condition may influence the prognosis of another condition. The presented case highlights the significance of proper diagnosis and the management of simultaneously occurring gingival lesions. A 49-year-old hypertensive female presented with painful enlarged bleeding and suppurating gums with burning sensation on eating food along with long-term usage of antihypertensive drug amlodipine known for its gingival enlargement effect. All these multiple factors led to diagnostic dilemma. Effective management of the gingival enlargement was done by using electrocautery to rehabilitate the functions and esthetics of the patient. Gingival condition was also complicated by the presence of coexisting lichen planus which was predominantly erosive for which topical corticosteroid, antifungal, and antimicrobial agents were prescribed. Eight-month follow-up did not show recurrence of gingival enlargement. Electrocautery is an effective tool for the gingivectomy in severe inflammatory type of gingival enlargement because of rapid postoperative hemostasis. For the management of erosive lichen planus, long-term use of topical corticosteroids is an effective approach. Maintenance of oral hygiene and regular follow-ups are essential for these conditions.
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Junquera, Luis M., Eduardo Lombardia, Ettore Lupi, and Manuel F. Fresno. "Multiple and Synchronous Peripheral Giant Cell Granulomas of the Gums." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 111, no. 8 (2002): 751–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940211100817.
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The presence of multiple giant cell lesions in the maxillofacial region is suggestive of hyperparathyroidism or neurofibromatosis. A case of synchronous, multiple peripheral giant cell granulomas is reported, bilaterally affecting the mandibular gums and also the upper right maxillary gingival mucosa, without concomitant systemic disease. Only 2 cases of central giant cell granulomas, and no cases of peripheral giant cell granulomas exhibiting similar characteristics, have been reported in the literature to date.
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L., Anindita, Aris Aji K., and Arcadia Sulistijo J. "Laporan Kasus: Manifestasi Oral Penderita Hipertensi berupa Ginggival Enlargement." STOMATOGNATIC - Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi 17, no. 2 (2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/stoma.v17i2.25219.
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Hypertension presents an increase in blood pressure following the oral manifestations, such as gingival enlargement. A 42-year-old woman came to the General Sudirman University Dental and Oral Hospital complaining of enlarged front gums seven years ago. The patient had a history of hypertension and regularly consumed drugs, amlodipine 5 mg. Extraoral examination revealed no lymphadenopathy and no swelling of the head and neck area. Intraoral examination revealed a gingival enlargement involving the papilla to the gingival margin present on the entire upper and lower labial gingival surface. The patient's diagnosis was gingival enlargement caused by gingival enlargement due to the use of amlodipine. Gingival enlargement has been noted with long-term or high-dose amlodipine use. The mechanism of amlodipine in causing gingival enlargement is through the role of fibroblasts with abnormal susceptibility to the drug, resulting in increased levels of protein synthesis, especially collagen. The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines occurs through an increase in interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 in the inflamed gingival tissue due to the gingival fibrogenic response to drugs. Therapies were DHE and scaling and root planning as phase I in periodontal treatment. Plaque elimination is vital to reduce gingival inflammation that may occur. Substitution of the drug amlodipine may be needed if there is no improvement. Based on case reports, hypertension patients who took amlodipine could have gingival enlargement. The therapy given was plaque elimination in the form of DHE and Scaling and regular check-ups with the dentist.
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Yunita Sari, Ema, Norkhafizah Saddki, and Azizah Yusoff. "Association between Perceived Oral Symptoms and Presence of Clinically Diagnosed Oral Diseases in a Sample of Pregnant Women in Malaysia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (2020): 7337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197337.
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The integration of oral health into primary health care denotes the important role of medical counterparts as the front liners in antenatal care to help screen mothers for oral symptoms and refer them to dentists accordingly. However, the validity of self-perceived oral health status is inconclusive. This study determined the association between self-perceived oral symptoms and the presence of clinically diagnosed oral diseases in a sample of pregnant women. A total of 192 pregnant women participated in this cross-sectional study. Clinical oral examinations were performed to record dental caries experience, gingival health and periodontal health. The women were also asked about their oral symptoms. Most women had at least one oral symptom (84.9%): cavitated tooth (62.0%), bad breath (38.5%), bleeding gums (28.6%), and toothache (22.9%). About half of the women had untreated dental caries (58.9%), and the odds were significantly higher in women who complained of having cavitated tooth. About half of the women had moderate to severe gingivitis (53.7%), and the odds were significantly higher in women who complained of bleeding gums. About half had periodontal pockets (46.3%), and the odds were higher in women who complained of bleeding gums and bad breath although lower in women who complained of swollen gums. In conclusion, the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease among pregnant women in this study were relatively high. The presence of untreated dental caries, moderate and severe gingivitis, and periodontal pockets were significantly associated with their corresponding oral symptoms.
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Golshah, Amin, Shahla Mirzaeei, Nafiseh Nikkerdar, and Fatemeh Ghorbani. "Gingivitis Effectiveness of Emulgel Containing 2% Resveratrol in Orthodontic Patients: An 8-Week Randomized Clinical Trial." International Journal of Dentistry 2021 (March 29, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6615900.
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Background. Treatment of gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment is done through different methods. Anti-inflammatory agents present in toothpaste or mouthwash are applied spontaneously by patients or used as professional treatment protocols. The present study aimed to investigate the gingivitis effectiveness of Emulgel containing 2% resveratrol in orthodontic patients. Methods. The study was conducted in three groups, namely, experimental, placebo, and control. In the experimental group, participants used an Emulgel containing 2% resveratrol. In the placebo group, subjects used an identical Emulgel without the active components in the test formulations. After brushing their teeth, the participants learned how to use 5 ml of Emulgel on the gums and massage every night for 30 s. In the control group, subjects were instructed to massage their gums for 30 s every night without any product. Evaluated criteria included bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival index (GI), hyperplastic index (HI), and probing pocket depth (PPD). Result. During 4 and 8 weeks of the study, the PPD score in the control group did not change significantly but decreased in both groups. Also, there was a decrease in the PPD score in the experimental group compared to the placebo and control groups. Similarly, in the experimental group, continuous use of Emulgel containing 2% resveratrol reduced the HI and GI scores significantly at 4 and 8 weeks after the start of the study. Here, the decrease in GI and HI scores in the experimental group was higher than that of the other groups. Conclusions. The Emulgel containing 2% resveratrol is effective in improving gingival health in orthodontic patients and can lower gingival inflammation over 8 weeks. This trial is registered with the Iranian registry of clinical trials (https://irct.ir/) IRCT20130812014333N91.
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Gatilo, I. A., T. L. Kobylkina T.L., and M. G. Perikova. "Experience in the use of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid in the treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis." Stomatology for All / International Dental review, no. 2021 2 95 (June 2021): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35556/idr-2021-2(95)33-37.
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As a rule, periodontal diseases are accompanied by marginal recession of the gums, loss of attachment and exposure of the roots of the teeth. Traditional drugs for injection treatment are being replaced by modern drugs based on high molecular weight hyaluronic acid, which are successfully and highly efficiently used for local therapy of inflammatory and destructive periodontal diseases. In order to restore the volume of soft tissues in the interdental spaces, eliminate recessions and bleeding of the gingival margin, a preparation of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid “Revident +” was used, which was injected into the base of the gingival papilla at a distance of 2—3 mm from its top with the bevel of the needle upwards. To assess gingival bleeding, the PBI (papilla bleeding index) index was used, which is a sensitive indicator of the severity of gingival inflammation. The magnitude of gingival recession before and after treatment was assessed according to its severity: mild — up to 3 mm, moderate — 3—5 mm, and severe — 6 and more mm. Examination of periodontal patients before and 1.5 months after the application of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid in the composition of the Revident + preparation showed that the degree of gingival bleeding according to PBI decreased significantly after the third visit from 4 to 2 and from 3 to 1, respectively. The degree of gingival recession in the area of the anterior group of teeth decreased by an average of 2.1 mm, in the area of premolars — by 2.5 mm, and in the area of molars — by 2.8 mm.
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Cakic, Sasa. "Gingival crevicular fluid in the diagnosis of periodontal and systemic diseases." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 137, no. 5-6 (2009): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0906298c.
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Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) can be found in the physiologic space (gingival sulcus), as well as in the pathological space (gingival pocket or periodontal pocket) between the gums and teeth. In the first case it is a transudate, in the second an exudate. The constituents of GCF originate from serum, gingival tissues, and from both bacterial and host response cells present in the aforementioned spaces and the surrounding tissues. The collection and analysis of GCF are the noninvasive methods for the evaluation of host response in periodontal disease. These analyses mainly focus on inflammatory markers, such as prostaglandin E2, neutrophil elastase and ?-glucuronidase, and on the marker of cellular necrosis - aspartat aminotransferase. Further, the analysis of inflammatory markers in the GCF may assist in defining how certain systemic diseases (e.g., diabetes mellitus) can modify periodontal disease, and how peridontal disease can influence certain systemic disorders (atherosclerosis, preterm delivery, diabetes mellitus and some chronic respiratory diseases). Major factors which influence the results obtained from the analyses of GCF are not only the methods of these analyses, but the method of GCF collection as well. As saliva collection is less technique-sensitive than GCF collection, some constituents of saliva which originate from the GCF can be analyzed as more amenable to chairside utilization.
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Tsuchida, Sachio, Mamoru Satoh, Masaki Takiwaki, and Fumio Nomura. "Current Status of Proteomic Technologies for Discovering and Identifying Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers for Periodontal Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 1 (2018): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20010086.
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Periodontal disease is caused by bacteria in dental biofilms. To eliminate the bacteria, immune system cells release substances that inflame and damage the gums, periodontal ligament, or alveolar bone, leading to swollen bleeding gums, which is a sign of gingivitis. Damage from periodontal disease can cause teeth to loosen also. Studies have demonstrated the proteomic approach to be a promising tool for the discovery and identification of biochemical markers of periodontal diseases. Recently, many studies have applied expression proteomics to identify proteins whose expression levels are altered by disease. As a fluid lying in close proximity to the periodontal tissue, the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is the principal target in the search for periodontal disease biomarkers because its protein composition may reflect the disease pathophysiology. Biochemical marker analysis of GCF is effective for objective diagnosis in the early and advanced stages of periodontal disease. Periodontal diseases are also promising targets for proteomics, and several groups, including ours, have applied proteomics in the search for GCF biomarkers of periodontal diseases. This search is of continuing interest in the field of experimental and clinical periodontal disease research. In this article, we summarize the current situation of proteomic technologies to discover and identify GCF biomarkers for periodontal diseases.