Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gunshot residues

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Gunshot residues'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Gunshot residues"

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Sagara, H. M., S. A. Schliebe, and M. C. Kong. "Pyrotechnic Residues in Gunshot Residue Analysis." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100117649.

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Particle analysis by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x- ray analysis is one of the current methods used in crime laboratories to aid law enforcement in identifying individuals who have recently fired or handled a firearm. During the discharge of a firearm, the high pressure caused by the detonation of the cartridge materials forces a portion of the generated gases through leaks in the firing mechanism of the weapon. These gases contain residues of smokeless powder, primer mixture, and contributions from the projectile itself. The condensation of these hot gases form discrete, micrometer-sized particles, which can be collected, along with dry skin cells, salts, and other hand debris, from the hands of a shooter by a simple adhesive lift technique. The examination of the carbon-coated adhesive lifts consist of time consuming systematic searches for high contrast particles of spherical morphology with the characteristic elemental composition of antimony, barium and lead. A detailed list of the elemental compositions which match the criteria for gunshot residue are discussed in the Aerospace report.
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Thornton, John I. "Close Proximity Gunshot Residues." Journal of Forensic Sciences 31, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 12310J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs12310j.

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Takic, Milos. "Forensic exspertise of gunshot residues." Bezbednost, Beograd 58, no. 1 (2016): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost1601167t.

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Taudte, Regina Verena, Alison Beavis, Lucas Blanes, Nerida Cole, Philip Doble, and Claude Roux. "Detection of Gunshot Residues Using Mass Spectrometry." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/965403.

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In recent years, forensic scientists have become increasingly interested in the detection and interpretation of organic gunshot residues (OGSR) due to the increasing use of lead- and heavy metal-free ammunition. This has also been prompted by the identification of gunshot residue- (GSR-) like particles in environmental and occupational samples. Various techniques have been investigated for their ability to detect OGSR. Mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to a chromatographic system is a powerful tool due to its high selectivity and sensitivity. Further, modern MS instruments can detect and identify a number of explosives and additives which may require different ionization techniques. Finally, MS has been applied to the analysis of both OGSR and inorganic gunshot residue (IGSR), although the “gold standard” for analysis is scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microscopy (SEM-EDX). This review presents an overview of the technical attributes of currently available MS and ionization techniques and their reported applications to GSR analysis.
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Lonsdale, Wade, Magdalena Wajrak, and S. Ridgway. "Onsite Measurement of Lead in Gunshot Residues Using Linear Sweep Voltammetry." Modern Environmental Science and Engineering 1, no. 4 (December 20, 2015): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/mese(2333-2581)/04.01.2015/005.

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Arai, Hiroyuki, and Jun Nakamura. "Identification of Smokeless Powder Gunshot Residues." Japanese journal of science and technology for identification 1, no. 1 (1996): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3408/jasti.1.53.

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Duarte, A., L. M. Silva, C. T. de Souza, E. M. Stori, L. A. Boufleur, L. Amaral, and J. F. Dias. "Elemental quantification of large gunshot residues." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 348 (April 2015): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2014.11.116.

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Üner, H. B., and A. Özaslan. "Gunshot residues of blank firing pistols." Trace Elements and Electrolytes 22, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/tep22268.

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Stich, Susanne, Delphine Bard, Leo Gros, H. Walter Wenz, Jack Yarwood, and Ken Williams. "Raman microscopic identification of gunshot residues." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 29, no. 9 (September 1998): 787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4555(199809)29:9<787::aid-jrs301>3.0.co;2-h.

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Lindström, Anne-Christine, Noelyn Hung, Warwick Duncan, and Jules Kieser. "Detection of gunshot residues (GSR) on a self-inflicted gunshot wound." Pathology 46, no. 3 (April 2014): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pat.0000000000000083.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gunshot residues"

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Wallace, James Smyth. "Firearms discharge residues." Thesis, Open University, 1997. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57720/.

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The three introductory chapters are intended to summarise the available knowledge prior to the experimental work and to provide useful background information for chemists, with little or no understanding of firearms, who are required to undertake the chemical aspects of firearms casework examination. Chapter 1 provides a much condensed outline of the historical development of firearms and ammunition, with emphasis on ignition systems up to the development of the percussion primer and self contained ammunition. The second chapter presents a comprehensive literature search on the chemical nature of modem ammunition and firearms, with particular attention to priming compositions and projectiles. The final introductory chapter deals with the nature and properties of firearms discharge residues and outlines the most important developments in the search for a satisfactory detection and identification method. The objective of the experimental work is to record experience gained from the 26 year terrorist campaign in Northern Ireland and to use such experience, coupled with further research and development, to substantially improve existing procedures for firearms and explosives residue detection. The experimental work conducted is detailed in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 deals primarily with the Particle Analysis method for the detection and identification of firearms discharge residue, particular attention being directed towards the particle classification system and discharge residue from mercury fulminate and Sintox primed ammunition. Chapter 6 covers suspect handling procedures and contamination avoidance and makes recommendations for permanent improvements in and regular monitoring of the environment in which suspects are sampled. Chapter 7 outlines the development of a method for the detection of the organic constituents of firearms discharge residues, which is compatible with existing inorganic firearms discharge residue and organic explosive residue detection techniques and which enables all suspects to be routinely screened for inorganic and organic firearms discharge residue and organic explosives residue. The final chapter summanses the conclusions, recommendations and comments arising from the work.
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Ho, Yen-Cheng. "New approaches to forensic analysis using Raman spectroscopy : portable instruments, gunshot residues and inks." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.676519.

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In recent years, Raman spectroscopy has become popular in forensic science. However, most of the work in this area has used laboratory-based, research grade instruments. The aim of this thesis was to establish new methods for forensic Raman analysis which would be suitable for use in laboratories and at crime scenes using commercial portable Raman instruments. Although these systems could potentially enable forensic field analysis, they have been designed with very limited sampling options, typically with very short focal length excitation/collection optics. This makes it difficult to actually use them as intended at crime scenes due to problems locating and focusing on the samples. Here, a new sampling arrangement which involved changing the optical assemblies for excitation/collection and incorporation of a webcam for sample viewing was designed was constructed and tested. This gave a modified system that was actually usable as a handheld device. A new method for analysis of propellant and organic gunshot residue based on a combination of macroscopic observation of particle morphology and Raman spectroscopy for composition analysis was developed. The main obstacle in this work was fluorescence. However, washing with a 95:5 methanol:ethanol mixture removed the fluorescent interference from most propellants so Raman spectroscopy could be used to identify the chemical components of propellants/organic GSR particles and distinguish them from background particles. Raman spectroscopy has also been successfully employed to identify the main pigments/dyes in pen inks and to discriminate between them. Blue gel and liquid ink pens were examined using 633 and 785 nm excitation, it was found that the discrimination given by either of these excitation wavelengths was similar to the combination of both. In addition, the best way to discriminate between the pens was to combine normal Raman measurements on the pigment based inks with SERS on the dye-based systems.
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Tarifa, Anamary. "Fast Detection and Chemical Characterization of Gunshot Residues by CMV-GC-MS and LIBS." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2264.

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Gunshot residue (GSR) is the term used to describe the particles originating from different parts of the firearm and ammunition during the discharge. A fast and practical field tool to detect the presence of GSR can assist law enforcement in the accurate identification of subjects. A novel field sampling device is presented for the first time for the fast detection and quantitation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV) is a headspace sampling technique that provides fast results (< 2 min. sampling time) and is reported as a versatile and high-efficiency sampling tool. The CMV device can be coupled to a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) instrument by installation of a thermal separation probe in the injection port of the GC. An analytical method using the CMV device was developed for the detection of 17 compounds commonly found in polluted environments. The acceptability of the CMV as a field sampling method for the detection of VOCs is demonstrated by following the criteria established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) compendium method TO-17. The CMV device was used, for the first time, for the detection of VOCs on swabs from the hands of shooters, and non-shooters and spent cartridges from different types of ammunition (i.e., pistol, rifle, and shotgun). The proposed method consists in the headspace extraction of VOCs in smokeless powders present in the propellant of ammunition. The sensitivity of this method was demonstrated with method detection limits (MDLs) 4-26 ng for diphenylamine (DPA), nitroglycerine (NG), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), and ethyl centralite (EC). In addition, a fast method was developed for the detection of the inorganic components (i.e., Ba, Pb, and Sb) characteristic of GSR presence by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Advantages of LIBS include fast analysis (~ 12 seconds per sample) and good sensitivity, with expected MDLs in the range of 0.1-20 ng for target elements. Statistical analysis of the results using both techniques was performed to determine any correlation between the variables analyzed. This work demonstrates that the information collected from the analysis of organic components has the potential to improve the detection of GSR.
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Alrashidi, Mohammad Ibrahim. "The use of surface functionalised silica nano-particulate powders for the identification of gunshot residues from fingerprints." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2014. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/10423/.

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Gunshot residue (GSR) mixture consists of partially burned particles of propellant and characteristic particles of elements originating from the primer, bullet, propellant and some additives in the propellant. Since Harrison and Gillory [1] drew forensic scientists’ attention to the fact that GSR contained trace amounts of inorganic compounds such as lead, barium and antimony, a number of analytical techniques have been tested trying to find and establish sensitive, selective and reliable methods to identify and analyse gunshot residues. The standard procedure for the analysis of gunshot residues involves imaging these small metallic particles using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and subsequent compositional analysis using Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX). This study focuses on the analysis organic compounds in GSR. It is motivated by the increasing need to overcome the problems with the analysis of lead-free ammunitions. A comprehensive literature review was performed in order to determine the most commonly encountered organic compounds in GSR. These compounds include diphenylamine, methylcentralite, ethylcentralite, nitroglycerine, 2-nitrodiphenylamine and 4-nitrodiphenylamine. It has been clearly demonstrated using standard materials and appropriate calibration curves that gas chromatograph and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is capable of providing limits of detection that are consistent with the concentrations of the key organic constituents found in gunshot residues. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the relative concentrations of seven key components can be used to provide branding information on the shotgun cartridges. A strong relationship was found between the chemical composition of fired and unfired powder. Therefore, it is possible to differentiate between two ammunition brands through the analysis of the organic constituents. Traditional fingerprint powders such as titanium dioxide, aluminium, carbon black, iron oxide, lycopodium spores and rosin are used to enhance fingerprint left at the scene of crime. More recently nanoparticles have been demonstrated to be highly effective for the enhancement of the fingerprints [2]. Silica nano-particulates of defined size and shape were synthesised and functionalised with two different functional groups (phenyl and long chain hydrocarbon) using a Tri- phasic Reverse Emulsion (TPRE) method. These nano-particulates were characterised using scan electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), elemental analysis, particles size analyser, BET surface area and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These powders were used as an effective agent to visualise latent fingerprints on different surfaces. Furthermore, they have been utilised to absorb any organic materials within the fingerprint from the discharged of weapon. Analyses of the adsorbed organic residues were performed using GC/MS and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the synthesised silica nano-particulate fingerprint powder gave better result in term of their ability to absorb organic materials in GSR and enhance the visualisation of the latent fingerprint compared to a single commercial powder.
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Freitas, João Carlos Dias de. "Identificação de assinaturas químicas em resíduos de disparos de arma de fogo em diferentes alvos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-15092011-151017/.

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A ciência forense moderna caminha lado a lado com a pesquisa científica. Os cientistas forenses se deparam diariamente com vários casos que requerem a análise de resíduos provenientes de disparos de arma de fogo (gunshot residues - GSR). Este trabalho contempla o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para determinar assinaturas químicas de disparos de arma de fogo, medindo-se as concentrações de Pb, Ba e Sb presentes nos resíduos provenientes destes disparos depositados nas proximidades do orifício de entrada de projéteis, baseada na técnica de espectrometria de massas de alta resolução com fonte de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS). Foram realizados disparos em cinco tipos de tecidos-alvos e coletados testemunhos em regiões próximas ao orifício de entrada dos projéteis. Os resultados demonstraram que o método possibilitou identificar e distinguir os resíduos de revólver calibre .38 ao de pistolas calibres .40 e 9 mm. O uso de gráficos ternários como ferramenta de análise dos dados coletados, permitiu identificar padrões específicos de distribuição de amostras em branco e dos resíduos depositados após disparos de revólveres e pistolas. A metodologia possibilitou a atribuição da origem dos disparos por meio de confirmação dos resíduos coletados também das mãos dos atiradores. Como conseqüência a metodologia representa um grande avanço nos procedimentos da polícia e visa adicionar uma contribuição valiosa às investigações forenses.
The modern forensic science goes hand in hand with scientific research. The forensic scientists are faced every day with many cases requiring the analysis of residues from firing gun (gunshot residues GSR). This works describes the development of a methodology to determine chemical signatures of shots from a firearm, by measuring the concentrations of Pb, Ba e Sb in the residues from these shots deposited near the entrance hole of bullets, based on the technique with high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HRICP-MS). Shots were performed on five types of target-fabrics and collected testimonies from regions close to the entrance hole of projectiles. The results showed that the method enabled us to identify and distinguish the residues of the .38 caliber revolver and pistols .40 and 9mm caliber. The use of ternary graphs as a tool for data analysis helped to identify specific patterns of distribution of blank samples and gunshot residues deposited after firing revolvers and pistols. The methodology enabled the assignment of the origin of the shot through the confirmation of the residues collected also from the hands of shooters. As a result the methodology in police procedures and aims to add a valuable contribution to forensic investigations.
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Rocha, Ernesto Diaz. "Análise de riscos toxicológicos e ambientais na exposição ocupacional aos resíduos de armas de fogo (GRS/firing ranges): Uma proposta de normalização." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-17022016-155451/.

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Diariamente milhares de profissionais da área de segurança utilizam armas de fogo, quer em ações de combate a criminalidade; quer em treinamentos obrigatórios que a atividade exige. Apesar disso a quantidade de informação sobre os riscos à saúde desses profissionais devido da exposição aos resíduos de disparos, especialmente quando são usadas armas de grosso calibre, ainda é escassa. Este trabalho pretendeu trazer uma contribuição às discussões sobre o tema com uma proposta de normalização para ser observada no planejamento dos procedimentos de treinamento e atividades desses profissionais. Para tanto foram estudados dois grupos de profissionais: o primeiro, profissionais militares da Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo durante intensas jornadas de treinamento com esforço físico e grande numero de disparos com armas de fogo de grosso calibre O segundo grupo envolvendo peritos criminais do núcleo de balística do Instituto de Criminalística da Secretaria de Segurança do Estado de São Paulo. Foram utilizadas amostras de materiais biológicos (sangue, urina e saliva) e amostras do ar dos ambientes fechados onde estas rotinas de trabalho ocorrem. No caso dos profissionais militares, os níveis dos metais monitorados no ar variaram de acordo com o tipo de arma e munição utilizada, sendo ultrapassado o limite de tolerância estabelecido na NR-15 (100 μg/m3) após o uso de espingarda (216 μg/m3). A média e desvio padrão dos níveis de chumbo no sangue antes (3,3 μg/dL ± 0,7) e depois (18,2 μg/dL ± 5,1) do curso indicam que ouve um aumento importante num curto período de tempo, também houve aumento nos níveis de chumbo e antimônio na urina. No segundo caso de exposição ocupacional aos resíduos de disparo no núcleo dos peritos balísticos se verificou uma baixa quantidade de resíduos no ambiente de trabalho, se comparado com o Limite de Tolerância preconizado na norma NR-15, e uma baixa quantidade de chumbo no sangue (3,9 μg/dL ± 0,8) se comparado com o Índice Biológico Maximo Permitido IBMP (60 μg/dL) estabelecido na NR-7, sem embargo quando comparado o grupo de balísticos com o grupo controle (1,8 μg/dL ± 0,7) estabeleceu se uma diferença. O estudo dos cenários de exposição permitiu gerar uma proposta para trabalho seguro nestes ambientes e recomendações para o desenho e uso de estantes fechados de disparo. Os câmbios que se introduzam nos costumes e comportamentos dos profissionais levaram uma diminuição do risco associado ao uso de armas de fogo nestes estantes. As conclusões do presente trabalho contribuem para a adequação das medidas de proteção dos trabalhadores de segurança, e na adequação da legislação relativa aos limites de tolerância e índices bilógicos empregados no controle de saúde ocupacional.
Daily thousands of military officers from security forces use fire arms, sometimes in actions against crime or in mandatory training seasons. Despite of this, there is a few information about the risk associated with firing ranges, especially when heavy weapons are used in a hard training seasons with hard physical work and elevated number of rounds, the security forces might be under risk of intoxication. Other types of exposure with less frequency and intensity, but using a high lead containing ammunition and different types of weapons, like in the ballistics forensic cases are not yet sufficiently studied. Data from these types of occupational exposure in these environments are important in order to establish safety working procedures. The goal in this research is to study the occupational exposure in the police department and the ballistics laboratories in personal who are under the risk of this exposure in their routinely daily work and during the training courses in the Sao Paulo´s Military Police Department. In order to reach this, some biological materials were sampled (blood, urine and saliva) as well as air samples from the environment in the firing ranges during routinely daily work. In the two studied cases the monitored airborne lead varied in accordance with the type of weapon and ammunition used, and was ultra passed the limit of exposure established in the norm NR-15 (100 μg/m3) after the shot gun was used during the training season (216 μg/m3). The average and standard deviation of lead content in blood before (3,3 μg/dL ± 0,7) and after (18,2 μg/dL ± 5,1) de training season shows a significant rise of the lead levels in a very short period of time. An increment of the lead and antimony levels in urine was demonstrated. The other studied case, in the ballistics laboratory showed minor increments of lead in blood and airborne residues when compared with the limits established in the norm NR- 7 (60 μg/dL) but when compared in a cohort study the data lead to establish a significant difference between the exposed group from the ballistics and the control group. These results let us to design a proposal to safely work in these environments and to give the recommendations in the engineering design of the indoor ranges. The implemented changes will lead to minimize the risk associated with the use of weapons and lead containing ammunitions. The conclusions of the present work contribute to adequateness of the related legislation and the tolerance limits of exposure used in the occupational health practice.
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Luiz, Vitor Hugo Marques [UNESP]. "Desenvolvimento de procedimentos e métodos analíticos no campo forense aplicando os princípios da química verde." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136238.

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Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos para a determinação quantitativa de furosemida e bumetanida em amostras de urina utilizando espectroscopia por reflectância difusa (para a furosemida) e por imagem por scanner com quantificação através do histograma de cores utilizando o padrão RGB (para ambas). Envolve também o desenvolvimento de um método quantitativo para a detecção de chumbo em resíduos de armas de fogo (GSR) nas mãos de atiradores utilizando membranas de celulose bacteriana como substrato de coleta, visando o descobrimento do tempo de disparo. Também foi realizada a quantificação de chumbo em amostras de tintura para cabelos utilizando método previamente desenvolvido, visando detecção da adulteração destes produtos e controle de qualidade. Estuda também a potencialidade do uso das membranas de celulose bacteriana para a coleta de impressões digitais. Os métodos desenvolvidos consistem na reação da furosemida (FUR) com o regente cromogênico paradimetilaminocinamaldeído (p-DAC) 0,70% e ácido clorídrico (HCl) 1,72 mol L-1 em papel de filtro qualitativo com barreiras hidrofóbicas, com detecção espectrofotométrica e por histograma de cores; na reação do íon chumbo(II) (Pb2+) com rodizonato de sódio (ROD) 0,16% em meio micelar de dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) 5 mmol L-1 em membranas de celulose bacterianas, com detecção espectrofotométrica e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV); na reação de bumetanida (BMT) com o reagente p-DAC 0,6% e HCl 0,26 mol L-1 em papel de filtro qualitativo com barreiras hidrofóbicas, com detecção por histograma de cores e na coleta de impressões digitais utilizando membrana de celulose bacteriana impregnadas com ninidrina, nitrato de prata ou óxido de zinco, dos quais o nitrato de prata e a ninidrina atuaram como agentes de coleta razoáveis. Todas as concentrações foram otimizadas por planejamentos quimiométricos. As reações foram realizadas na forma de spot test, envolvendo a formação de um produto colorido em 545 nm para o chumbo, em 585 nm para a furosemida e 520 nm para a bumetanida. As curvas analíticas foram contruídas a partir de soluções padrões dos respectivos analitos. Os métodos desenvolvidos para a bumetanida e para a furosemida foram aplicados em amostras de urina sintética e natural fortificadas e os resultados obtidos foram comparados estatisticamente com métodos comparativos. A validação dos métodos foi realizada por adição de padrão e recuperação e por comparação de métodos, no caso da FUR e da BMT, obtendo-se recuperações entre 98,0 e 115,3% para os métodos de quantificação da furosemida e entre 93,0 e 102,0% para o método de quantificação da bumetanida. O método de coleta de GSR é baseado na utilização de membranas finas de celulose bacteriana desenvolvidas pelo Grupo de Materiais Fotônicos do IQ-UNESP.Para os GSR foram realizadas 40 coletas totais em tempos de coleta após o disparo (diferentes e conhecidos), sendo sua comparação realizada através das curvas analíticas, mostrando ser possível a detecção do tempo de disparo com uma margem de erro de aproximadamente 5 minutos. Os resultados foram comparados estatisticamente e os valores obtidos a partir de testes estatísticos mostraram que os métodos podem ser usados para análises de rotina em laboratórios forenses.
This work describes the development of analytical methods for the quantitative determination of furosemide and bumetanide in urine samples using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (for furosemide) and scanning imaging with quantification by color histogram using RGB color pattern (for both). It involves also the development of a quantitative method for the detection of lead in gunshot residues (GSR) in the hands of the shooters using bacterial cellulose membranes as substrate collection, aiming the discovery of shooting time. It is also done the quantification of lead in progressive hair lotions samples using a previously developed method, aiming the detection of products adulterations and quality control. It also studies the potentiality of the usage of bacterial cellulose membranes for the collection of fingerprints. The developed methods are consisted in the reaction of furosemide (FUR) with the cromogenic reagent p-dimethylamino cinnamaldehyde (p-DAC) 0.70% and hydrochloric acid (HCl) 1.72 mol L-1 in qualitative filter papers with hydrophobic barrier, with spectrophotometric detection and by color histogram; in the reaction of lead(II) ion (Pb2+) with sodium rhodizonate (ROD) 0.16% in micellar medium of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 5 mmol L-1 in bacterial cellulose membranes with spectrophotometric detection and by scanning electron microscopy; in the reaction of bumetanide (BMT) with the reagent p-dimethylamino cinnamaldehyde (p-DAC) 0.6% and hydrochloric acid (HCl) 0.27 mol L-1 in qualitative filter papers with hydrophobic barrier with color histogram detection an in the collect of fingerprints using bacterial cellulose membranes impregnated with ninhydrine, silver nitrate or zinc oxide, of which the silver nitrate and ninhydrin acted as reasonable collection agents. All concentrations were optimized through chemometrics designs. The reactions were carried out as spot test, involving the formation of a colored product at 545 nm for lead, in 585 nm for furosemide and in 520 nm for bumetanide. Analytical curves were built from standard solutions of the respective analytes. The methods developed for furosemide and bumetanide were applied in fortified synthetic and natural urine samples and the results obtained were compared statistically with comparative methods. The validation of the methods were performed by standard addition and recovery and by comparison of methods, for FUR and BMT, yielding recoveries between 98.0 and 115.3% for furosemide quantification methods and between 93.0 and 102.0% for the quantification method for bumetanide. GSR collection method is based on the use of thin membranes of bacterial cellulose developed by Photonic Materials Group IQ-UNESP. For GSR, 40 total collections were carried out in known and different times of collection after shooting times and their comparison through analytical curves were done, showing the possibility of the detection of the shooting time with an error of 5 minutes, approximately. The results were statistically compared and the values obtained from statistical tests showed that the methods can be used for routine analysis in forensic laboratories.
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Goudsmits, E. "Chemical profiling of ballistic materials : analysis of organic gunshot residue." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2018. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/8454/.

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Gunshot residue (GSR) is a complex chemical mixture that is created during the discharge of a firearm. Its detection and interpretation play a crucial role in the investigation of firearm incidents. Current GSR analysis is limited to inorganic GSR (IGSR), however, the evidential value could be strengthened by inclusion of organic GSR (OGSR). The present study aims to address this potential by proposing a categorisation system for relevant OGSR compounds and developing a methodology for the collection, extraction and analysis of both organic and inorganic GSR from a single sample. The organic composition of more than 50 propellant powders has been determined and compared against more than 200 propellant compositions reported in the literature. This work has resulted in a three-tier categorisation system for OGSR compounds, which together with the current IGSR classification will provide unequivocal identification of GSR materials with the possibility of discriminating between GSR from different ammunition types. Evaluation of MonoTrap extraction showed that this is an effective pre-concentration technique for the characterisation of propellants. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), however, was the superior method for the extraction of OGSR compounds from various sampling media, including swabs and stubs. The optimised methodology involves GSR collection using carbon adhesive stubs followed by SPME gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of OGSR and subsequent scanning electron microscopy – energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX) analysis for IGSR. This protocol has resulted in the detection of both characteristic IGSR and categorised organic compounds, demonstrating the ability to obtain a full chemical profile from a single sample. Detection of both first and second tier organic compounds provides complementary compositional information that could be used to discriminate between samples. Furthermore, this methodology requires no changes to the current sampling and IGSR analysis protocols and addresses the limited storage time of OGSR. Since GC-MS instruments are readily available in most analytical laboratories, implementation of the proposed protocol is feasible.
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Christopher, Matthew E. "Development of ion beam analysis methods for the characterisation of gunshot residue." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.581802.

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This thesis investigates the feasibility of using ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques for the characterisation of gunshot residue (GSR) in forensic casework. GSR-is an important type of trace evidence used to link suspects to shooting incidents. The current forensic procedure for GSR analysis utilises scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X -ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), but this lacks sensitivity to important trace elements when compared with IBA. In this thesis, the development of a new protocol for GSR analysis by IBA is described, including a robust particle relocation method, an efficient spectral fitting process and the implementation of a background subtraction procedure. Canonical discriminant function analysis (CDP A) is employed to demonstrate the ability of IBA to discriminate between different brands of ammunition in a way not currently possible using existing GSR casework methodologies. A database of results for GSR particles collected from cartridge cases and hands is presented along with a discussion as to how it would be best utilised in a casework scenario. An investigation into how IBA can be applied to lead-free ammunitions is also presented. These ammunitions are known to produce particles that are problematic for forensic examiners to positively identify as being GSR. IBA is shown to increase the evidential value of such particles due to the higher sensitivity of IBA when compared with SEM-EDS. IBA is shown to offer improved discrimination between all types of ammunition using methods that would not require any alteration to well- established sample collection and preparation procedures.
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Salles, Maiara Oliveira. "Desenvolvimento de sensor eletroquímico para monitoramento de chumbo em resíduos de disparos de armas de fogo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-13102011-090913/.

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Duas metodologias distintas foram desenvolvidas para a determinação de chumbo em Resíduos de Disparos de Armas de Fogo (RDAF) utilizando microeletrodo de ouro. Na primeira delas, a superfície eletródica foi modificada com filme de bismuto em meio alcalino (pH = 13) e na outra as análises foram realizadas com microeletrodo não modificado em meio ácido com cloreto. Os RDAF foram coletados do alvo atingido pela bala e das mãos do atirador. Dos alvos, foi recortada uma região próxima ao orifício feito pela bala. Já para remoção dos RDAF das mãos do atirador, foi utilizado um algodão embebido em solução de EDTA 2% (m/v). Os resíduos foram submetidos a um processo de extração que consistiu em adicionar 10 mL de solução de HNO3 10% (m/m) ao frasco contendo o alvo ou o algodão com os RDAF. Em seguida, a mistura foi submetida ao ultrassom por 2 horas a uma temperatura de 60°C. As amostras provenientes dos alvos foram analisadas com o microeletrodo de ouro modificado com bismuto em meio alcalino por voltametria de redissolução anódica. Com essa metodologia, obteve-se um limite de detecção (3σ/sensibilidade) de 12,5 nmol L-1, uma faixa linear entre 40 e 6700 nmol L-1 e um desvio padrão relativo de 3,4% (n = 12). Foi possível analisar amostras provenientes de duas armas diferentes (pistola 9 mm e revólver 0.38 polegadas) e três munições distintas (normal, spl® e CleanRange®). Constatou-se um aumento da quantidade de chumbo presente nos resíduos à medida que o atirador se aproxima do alvo e que os valores dependem da arma e munição utilizadas. Com a outra metodologia as análises foram realizadas na própria solução extratora, com adição de cloreto, sem qualquer modificação da superfície eletródica. Neste caso, o limite de detecção (3σ/sensibilidade) encontrado foi de 1,7 nmol L-1, a faixa linear ficou entre 10 e 100 nmol L-1 e o desvio padrão relativo de 10 medidas foi 2,5%. Foram analisados resíduos provenientes das mãos dos atiradores de quatro diferentes armas (revólver 0.38 polegadas, espingardas calibre 12, 22 e 38) e de seis diferentes munições (CleanRange®, normal, semi-enjaquetada, 3T®, Eley® e CBC®). Os resultados obtidos com a metodologia proposta foram comparados com aqueles oriundos de análise por espectroscopia de absorção atômica e houve concordância em um nível de confiança de 95%. Foi também realizada uma análise quimiométrica das soluções contendo os RDAF. Os resultados mostraram a possibilidade de discriminação em relação à arma e munição utilizadas. Os filmes formados nas superfícies eletródicas foram estudados utilizando o Microscópio Eletroquímico de Varredura (SECM), a Microbalança Eletroquímica de Cristal de Quartzo (MECQ) e o Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura (MEV). A deposição dos filmes de bismuto, chumbo e bismuto/chumbo em meio alcalino ocorre de forma heterogênea e esses filmes reagem com oxigênio e ferricianeto. Em meio ácido, a presença do cloreto na solução de depósito do filme de chumbo provoca aumento na rugosidade do filme, com consequente melhoria no sinal analítico. Também se observou que o cloreto facilita o processo de redissolução do filme de chumbo.
Two different methodologies were developed to analyze lead from gunshot residues (GSR) with a gold microelectrode: modification of the electrode surface with a bismuth film in alkaline solution (pH = 13) and use of an unmodified gold microelectrode in acidic media with chloride. GSR were collected from cloth targets and shooters\' hand after test firing. From the targets, a region close to the bullet hole was cutted off. GSR were removed from the shooters\' hand using a cotton swab embedded in a 2% (m/v) EDTA solution. The target and the cotton swab were placed in a steril vial containing 10 mL of a 10% (m/m) HNO3 solution to extract the GSR. Then, all vials were placed in the ultrasound for 2 hours at 60°C. Samples from the targets were analyzed with a gold microelectrode modified with a bismuth film in alkaline solution by anodic stripping voltammetry with a detection limit of 12.5 nmol L-1 (3σ/slope), linear range between 40 and 6700 nmol L-1 and a relative standard deviation of 3.4% (n = 12). Two different handguns (pistoll 9 mm and a revolver 0.38 inches) and tree different ammunition (normal, spl® and CleanRange®) were analyzed and the lead amount was dependent on the gun and ammunition used in the tests. An increase in the amount of lead from the GSR was observed as the distance between the shooter and the target decreased. Lead analyses were also performed in the extraction solution with bare gold microelectrodes in the presence of chloride ions. In this case, the detection limit was 1.7 nmol L-1 (3σ/slope), the linear range lied between 10 and 100 nmol L-1 and the relative standard deviation for 10 measurements was 2.5%. GSR residues form four different guns (revolver 0.38 inches, 12 caliber pump, a repeating rifle 0.38 and a semi automatic .22 caliber rifle) and six different ammunitions (CleanRange®, normal, semi jacketed, 3T®, Eley® and CBC®) were analyzed. The results obtained with the proposed methodology were compared with those from atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis and the paired t-test student indicated that there was no significant difference between the results obtained with both methods at a 95% confidence level. A chemometric analysis was also performed and the results showed the possibility to discriminate the guns and the ammunitions used. Metallic flms formed onto the electrode surface were studied by using Scanning Electrochemial Microscopy (SECM), Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). The deposition of bismuth, lead and bismuth/lead films in alkaline solution is heterogeneous and the films react with oxygen and ferricyanide. In acidic media, the presence of chloride ions in the depositing solution causes an increase in the film roughness and facilitates the lead film dissolution
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Books on the topic "Gunshot residues"

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Wallace, James Smyth. Chemical analysis of firearms, ammunition, and gunshot residue. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 2008.

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Chemical Analysis of Firearms, Ammunition, and Gunshot Residue (International Forensic Science and Investigation). CRC, 2008.

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Schwoeble, A. J., and David L. Exline. Current Methods in Forensic Gunshot Residue Analysis. Taylor & Francis Group, 2000.

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Schwoeble, A. J., and David L. Exline. Current Methods in Forensic Gunshot Residue Analysis. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420042573.

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Current Methods in Forensic Gunshot Residue Analysis. CRC, 2000.

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Wallace, James Smyth. Chemical Analysis of Firearms, Ammunition, and Gunshot Residue. CRC Press, 2018.

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Smyth Wallace, James. Chemical Analysis of Firearms, Ammunition, and Gunshot Residue. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420069716.

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Black, Oscar, and James Cizdziel. Forensic Analysis of Gunshot Residue, 3D-Printed Firearms, and Gunshot Injuries: Current Research and Future Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2019.

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Chemical Analysis of Firearms, Ammunition, and Gunshot Residue, Second Edition. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315153254.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gunshot residues"

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Corless, C. E. "Analysis of Organic Gunshot Residues." In Advances in Analysis and Detection of Explosives, 101–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0639-1_11.

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King, R. M. "The Work of the Explosives & Gunshot Residues Unit of the Forensic Science Service (UK)." In Advances in Analysis and Detection of Explosives, 91–100. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0639-1_10.

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Romolo, Francesco Saverio. "Advances in Analysis of Gunshot Residue." In Emerging Technologies for the Analysis of Forensic Traces, 183–202. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20542-3_13.

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Wang, Joseph, and Aoife M. O'Mahony. "Electrochemical Detection of Gunshot Residue for Forensic Analysis." In Forensic Science, 103–24. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527693535.ch6.

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Charles, Sébastien. "End User Commentary on Advances in Analysis of Gunshot Residue." In Emerging Technologies for the Analysis of Forensic Traces, 203–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20542-3_14.

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Basu, S. "The Mechanism of Gunshot Residue Deposition and Its Probing Characteristics to Reconstruct Shootings." In Electron Microscopy in Forensic, Occupational, and Environmental Health Sciences, 1–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5245-7_1.

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Pitts, K. M., and S. W. Lewis. "Gunshot Residues." In Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409547-2.14538-x.

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Lewis, S. W., K. M. Agg, S. J. Gutowski, and P. Ross. "FORENSIC SCIENCES | Gunshot Residues." In Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, 430–36. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-369397-7/00204-1.

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Pfefferli, Peter W. "Gunshot Residues (GSR) Evidence." In Forensic Evidence Field Guide, 171–76. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-420198-9.00022-4.

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"Detection of Gunshot Residues." In Practical Aspects of Criminal & Forensic Investigations. CRC Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420048377.ch12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gunshot residues"

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Meillier, C., V. Achard, P. Deliot, T. Dartigalongue, A. Desmarais, and C. Giacometti. "Gunshot residues analysis by endmembers extraction method on hyperspectral images." In 2013 5th Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/whispers.2013.8080660.

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Spathis, V., and M. C. Price. "Experiments using a light gas gun to investigate the impact melting of gunshot residue analogues." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-030.

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Abstract In this set of experiments, the versatility of the University of Kent's light gas gun was utilised to obtain a selection of corroborative data regarding the formation and impact of metallic gunshot residues onto high purity silicon wafers. The results from the two experiments are presented. The first experiment investigated how the formation of metallic residues varied as gunshot residue analogues traversed through air under a range of pressures from 0.056 millibar (5.6 Pa) to 1 bar (100 kPa), using solely the energy released during primer ignition; the second involved firing a metallic powder mix of pre-determined composition (via a split-sabot) under vacuum at two velocities- 500 ms-1 and 2000 ms-1. This ensured that there was no ignition or heating of the powders, unlike the first experiment, and so the morphology of the particles collected would be solely due to impact. The residues on the substrates were then analysed using a cold Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscope (FEG) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) detector. By separating the ignition process of the primers from the residue impacts, it allows for a closer look into the formation of these particles and helps determine whether their varied morphologies are due to the heating caused during the activation and combustion of the primer or whether its due to impact melting. This information can aid in the understanding of metallic particle formation in different pressure environments and give insight into the physical state of firearm residues when they impact a surface. Hydrocode modelling was also incorporated to corroborate the results observed during these experiments and gave results which mimicked the experimental data.
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Deliot, Ph, B. Corcelle, V. Achard, Th Dartigalongue, A. Desmarais, and C. Giacometti. "Preliminary results to define an active multispectral imager for gunshot residues patterns visualization." In 2012 4th Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/whispers.2012.6874252.

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Goode, Scott, Christopher R. Dockery, Michael F. Bachmeyer, Alexander A. Nieuwland, and Stephen L. Morgan. "Detecting gunshot residue by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy." In Laser Induced Plasma Spectroscopy and Applications. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/libs.2002.fb2.

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Halim, Mohamed Izzharif Abdul, Umi Kalthom Ahmad, Yew Chong Hooi, and Halila Jasmani. "Analysis of gunshot residue deposited on cloth target." In 2010 International Conference on Science and Social Research (CSSR). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cssr.2010.5773720.

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White, Robert S., and William J. Mershon. "Probative value of gunshot residue on victims of shootings and comparison of gunshot residue results with modern technology versus older testing of samples." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Michael T. Postek, Dale E. Newbury, S. Frank Platek, David C. Joy, and Tim K. Maugel. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.884506.

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Janssen, Martin, Amalia Stamouli, and Alwin Knijnenberg. "Exploration of mXRF analysis of gunshot residue from cartridge cases." In SPIE Scanning Microscopies, edited by Michael T. Postek, Dale E. Newbury, S. Frank Platek, and Tim K. Maugel. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2197028.

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Trimpe, Michael A. "Scientific working group on gunshot residue (SWGGSR): a progress report." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Michael T. Postek, Dale E. Newbury, S. Frank Platek, David C. Joy, and Tim K. Maugel. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.887503.

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White, Thomas R. "Developing a quality assurance program for gunshot primer residue analysis." In SPIE Scanning Microscopies, edited by Michael T. Postek, Dale E. Newbury, S. Frank Platek, and Tim K. Maugel. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2073770.

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Rashid, Rumiza Abd, Nur'Atiqah Arifuddin, and Nazni Wasi Ahmad. "Blowfly, Chrysomya megacephala as an alternative specimen in determination of gunshot residue." In 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications (ISBEIA). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbeia.2012.6422946.

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