Journal articles on the topic 'Guo dong zheng'

[1] Chen Li, Wang Li-Ping, Zeng Zhi-Xiang, Xu Tao. Surf Coat Technol, 2006,201:599-605. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.12.008 [2] Wei X Y, Zhu Z G, Prewett P D, Jiang K. Microelectron Eng, 2007,84:1256-1259. doi:10.1016/j.mee.2007.01.218 [3] Thiemig Denny, Lange Ronny, Bund Andreas. Electrochim Acta, 2007,52:7362-7371. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2007.06.009 [4] Chang L M, An M Z, Guo H F, Shi S Y. Appl Surf Sci, 2006,53:2132-2137. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.04.018 [5] Feng Q Y, Li T J, Zhang Z T, Zhang J, Liu M, Jin J Z. Surf Coat Technol, 2007,201:6247-6252. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.11.019 [6] Du L Z, Xu B S, Dong S Y. Wear, 2004,257:1058–1063. doi:10.1016/j.wear.2004.07.003

The paper is the first of a series, which aims to present a consistent interpretation of the suprageneric taxa of fossil beetles in the current century and their generic and species composition. Order Coleoptera is considered in composition of the superorder Coleopteroidea Handlirsch, 1903 (= Coleopterida sensu Boudreaux, 1979, nec Pearse, 1936) together with orders Skleroptera and Strepsiptera, and also with the family Umenocoleidae of unclear position. This paper includes the archostematan superfamilies Coleopseoidea and Cupedoidea of the infraorder Cupediformia, i.e., Coleopseidae (one genus and one species), Tshekardocoleidae (12 genera, 15 species), Labradorocoleidae (one genus, one species), Permocupedidae (together with Taldycupedinae, stat. nov., 24 genera and 54 species) and Cupedidae (three subfamilies, 49 genera, 253 species). The preliminary information on structure of the larva of Tshekardocoleidae from Tshekarda is done. There are also described the new taxa: genus Afrotaldycupes Kirejtshuk, gen. nov. with the type species: genus Taldycupes africanus Ponomarenko in Ponomarenko & Mostovski, 2005 [Afrotaldycupes africanus comb. nov.] and Afrotaldycupes lidgettoniensis (Ponomarenko in Ponomarenko & Mostovski, 2005), comb. nov. [Taldycupes]; genus Allophalerus Kirejtshuk, gen. nov. with the type species: Tetraphalerus aphaleratus Ponomarenko, 1969 [Allophalerus aphaleratus comb. nov.], and also with Allophalerus antiquus (Ponomarenko, 1964), comb. nov. [Tetraphalerus], Allophalerus bontsaganensis (Ponomarenko, 1997), comb. nov. [Tetraphalerus], Allophalerus incertus (Ponomarenko, 1969), comb. nov. [Tetraphalerus], Allophalerus latus (Tan, Ren et Shih, 2007), comb. nov. [Tetraphalerus], Allophalerus maximus (Ponomarenko, 1968), comb. nov. [Tetraphalerus], Allophalerus okhotensis (Ponomarenko, 1993), comb. nov. [Tetraphalerus], Allophalerus tenuipes (Ponomarenko, 1964), comb. nov. [Tetraphalerus], Allophalerus verrucosus (Ponomarenko, 1966), comb. nov. [Tetraphalerus]; genus Bukhkalius Kirejtshuk et Jarzembowski, gen. nov. with the type species: Tetraphalerus lindae Jarzembowski, Wang et Zheng, 2017 [Bukhkalius lindae comb. nov.]; genus Burmocoleus Kirejtshuk, gen. nov. with the type species: Burmocoleus prisnyi sp. nov. and Burmocoleus zhiyuani (Liu, Tan, Ślipiński, Jarzembowski, Wang, Ren et Pang, 2017), comb. nov. [Brochocoleus]; genus Cionocups Kirejtshuk, gen. nov. with the type species: Cionocups manukyani sp. nov.; genus Echinocups Kirejtshuk et Jarzembowski, gen. nov. with the type species: Notocupes neli Tihelka, Huang et Cai, 2020 [Echinocups neli comb. nov.], and also Echinocups ohmkuhnlei (Jarzembowski, Wang et Zheng, 2020), comb. nov. [Notocupes] and Echinocups denticollis (Jiang, Li, Song, Shi, Liu, Chen et Kong, 2020), comb. nov. [Notocupes]; genus Jarzembowskops Kirejtshuk, gen. nov. with the type species: Brochocoleus caseyi Jarzembowski, Wang et Zheng, 2016 [Jarzembowskops caseyi comb. nov.]; genus Lobanovia Kirejtshuk, gen. nov. with the type species: Simmondsia permiana Ponomarenko, 2013 [Lobanovia permiana comb. nov.]; genus Pintolla Kirejtshuk, gen. nov. with the type species: Kaltanicupes ponomarenkoi Pinto, 1987 [Pintolla ponomarenkoi comb. nov.]; genus Polyakius Kirejtshuk, gen. nov. with the type species: Polyakius alberti Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. and Polyakius pubescens Kirejtshuk, sp. nov.; Clessidromma zengi Kirejtshuk, sp. nov.; Cupes golovatchi Kirejtshuk, sp. nov.; Cupes legalovi Kirejtshuk, sp. nov.; Cupes lutzi Kirejtshuk, sp. nov.; Cupes nabozhenkoi Kirejtshuk, sp. nov.; Cupes wedmannae Kirejtshuk, sp. nov.; Mallecupes prokini Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. and Omma janetae Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. The new synonymy is established for the generic names Clessidromma Jarzembowski, Wang et Zheng, 2017 and Lepidomma Jarzembowski, Wang et Zheng, 2019, syn. nov. The rank of Cainomerga A. Kirejtshuk, Nel et P. Kirejtshuk, 2016 is elevated from subgeneric to generic. Also other new combinations are proposed: Cainomerga brevicornis (A. Kirejtshuk, Nel et P. Kirejtshuk, 2016), comb. nov. [Mesocupes], Cainomerga fraterna (A. Kirejtshuk, Nel et P. Kirejtshuk, 2016), comb. nov. [Mesocupes], Cainomerga immaculata (Piton, 1940: 194), comb. nov. [Zonabris, Mesocupes], Cainomerga palaeocenica (A. Kirejtshuk, Nel et P. Kirejtshuk, 2016), comb. nov. [Mesocupes], and Cainomerga ponti (A. Kirejtshuk, Nel et P. Kirejtshuk, 2016), comb. nov. [Mesocupes], Clessidromma tianae (Jarzembowski, Wang et Zheng, 2019), comb. nov. [Lepidomma], Diluticupes applanatus (Tan et Ren, 2009), comb. nov. [Brochocoleus], Diluticupes crowsonae (Jarzembowski, Yan, Wang et Zhang. 2013), comb. nov. [Brochocoleus], Diluticupes magnus (Tan et Ren, 2009), comb. nov. [Brochocoleus], Diluticupes minor (Ponomarenko, 2000), comb. nov. [Brochocoleus], Diluticupes validus (Tan et Ren, 2009), comb. nov. [Brochocoleus], Diluticupes yangshuwanziensis (Jarzembowski, Yan, Wang et Zhang. 2013), comb. nov. [Brochocoleus], Monticupes curtinervis (Tan, Ren et Shih, 2007), comb. nov. [Tetraphalerus], Monticupes decorosus (Tan, Wang, Ren et Yang, 2012), comb. nov. [Tetraphalerus], Odontomma sulcatum (Tan, Ren et Shih, 2007), comb. nov. [Brochocoleus], Omma ancistrodontum (Tan, Wang, Ren et Yang, 2012), comb. nov. [Pareuryomma], Omma grande (Ponomarenko, 1964), comb. nov. [Tetraphalerus], Omma longicolle (Ponomarenko, 1997), comb. nov. [Tetraphalerus], Pareuryomma angustum (Tan, Ren et Shich, 2007), comb. nov. [Brochocoleus], Pareuryomma magnum (Tan et Ren, 2009), comb. nov. [Brochocoleus], Zygadenia aliena (Tan et Ren, 2006), comb. nov. [Ovatocupes], Zygadenia baojiatunensis (Hong 1992), comb. nov. [Chengdecupes], Zygadenia brachycephala (Ponomarenko, 1994), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia caduca (Ponomarenko, 1969), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia caudata (Ponomarenko, 1966), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia cellulosa (Ponomarenko, 1969), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia crassa (Ponomarenko, 1969), comb. nov., [Notocupes], Zygadenia cyclodontus (Tan, Ren, Shih et Ge, 2006), comb. nov. [Amblomma, Notocupes], Zygadenia dischdes (Zhang, 1986), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Notocupes dundulaensis (Ponomarenko, 1994), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia elegans (Ponomarenko, 1994), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia epicharis (Tan, Ren et Liu, 2005), comb. nov. [Amblomma, Notocupes], Zygadenia eumeura (Tan, Ren et Liu, 2005), comb. nov. [Amblomma, Notocupes], Zygadenia excellens (Ponomarenko, 1966), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia exigua (Ponomarenko, 1994), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia foersteri (Ponomarenko, 1971), comb. nov. [Procarabus, Notocupes], Zygadenia homora (Lin, 1986), comb. nov. [Conexicoxa, Notocupes], Zygadenia issykkulensis (Ponomarenko, 1969), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia jurassica (Hong 1983), comb. nov. [Chengdecupes], Zygadenia kezuoensis (Hong 1987), comb. nov. [Chengdecupes], Zygadenia khasurtuiensis (Strelnikova, 2019), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia khetanensis (Ponomarenko, 1993), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia kirghizica (Ponomarenko, 1969), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia laeta (Lin, 1976), [Tetraphalerus], Zygadenia laiyangensis (Hong et Wang, 1990), comb. nov. [Forticupes, Notocupes], Zygadenia lapidaria (Ponomarenko, 1968), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia laticella (Ponomarenko, 1969), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia lata (Ponomarenko, 1969), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia lenta (Ren, Lu, Guo et Ji, 1995), comb. nov. [Tetraphalerus], Zygadenia lini (Ponomarenko, Yan, Wang et Zhang, 2012), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia longicollis (Ponomarenko, 1994), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia ludongensis (Wang et Liu, 1996), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia minuscula (Tan, Ren, Shih et Ge, 2006), comb. nov. [Amblomma, Notocupes], Zygadenia mongolica (Ponomarenko, 1994), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia nigrimonticola (Ponomarenko, 1968), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia oxypyga (Ponomarenko, 1969), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia patula (Ponomarenko, 1985), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia pingi (Ponomarenko et Ren, 2010), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia porrecta (Tan, Ren, Shih et Ge, 2006), comb. nov. [Amblomma, Notocupes], Zygadenia protensa (Tan, Ren, Shih et Ge, 2006), comb. nov. [Amblomma, Notocupes], Zygodenia psilata (Tan, Ren et Liu, 2005), comb. nov. [Amblomma, Notocupes], , Zygadenia pulchra Ponomarenko, 1968, comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia reticulata (Oppenheim, 1888), comb. nov. [Procarabus, Notocupes], Notocupes rostrata (Ponomarenko, 1969), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia rudis (Tan, Ren et Liu, 2005), comb. nov. [Amblomma, Notocupes], Zygadenia shiluoensis (Hong 1984), comb. nov. [Chengdecupes], Zygadenia sogutensis (Ponomarenko, 1969), comb. nov., Zygadenia stabilis (Tan, Ren et Liu, 2005), comb. nov. [Amblomma, Notocupes], Zygadenia tenuis (Ponomarenko, 1969), comb. nov. [Notocupes], Zygadenia tripartita (Oppenheim, 1888), comb. nov. [Procarabus, Notocupes], Zygadenia tuanwangensis (Hong et Wang, 1990), comb. nov. [Picticupes, Notocupes], Zygadenia valida (Lin, 1976), comb. nov. [Sinocupes, Notocupes], Zygadenia vitimensis (Ponomarenko, 1966), comb. nov. [Notocupes].

The circular economy is a mode of economic development centered on high efficient and cyclic utilization of resources, characterized by low input, high efficiency and low emission. “3R” is the most basic practical operating principle of circular economy. The circular economy integrates the cleaner production and the cyclic utilization of wastes. The green MICE has become one of the important industries of developing circular economy. Ping Hu (2006), Ming-Gui Sun (2006), Wei-Dong He (2009), etc. defined the green MICE respectively. As for the literature review on the researches of green MICE, the foreign scholars and countries focus on the construction of guides to the MICE (Meeting) and of ecological venues, such as Cathy Crisci (2009), the US “Meeting Industry Committee”(2003), Canada National Environment Research Council and Green Meeting Committee, Germany, the UK, France, etc. While in China, we focus on the research of green MICE’s development and approach of practice, such as Ming-Gui Sun & Hong-Yuan Zhang (2006), Cheng Yan (2007), Mei-Liang Cai (2008) and Wei-Dong He (2009), etc. Concluded from the literature review, the research of evaluation system of green MICE will be the future task.

Li, G., Zhang, Z.-S., Gao, H.-Y., Liu, P., Dong, S.-T., Zhang, J.-W. and Zhao, B. 2012. Effects of nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics of leaves from two different stay-green corn ( Zea mays L.) varieties at the grain-filling stage. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 671–680. The effects of nitrogen on the photosynthetic characteristics of two different stay-green corn (Zea mays L.) at the grain-filling stage were studied. Using a stay-green inbred line (Q319) and a non-stay-green inbred line (HZ4) as materials, using fast chlorophyll fluorescence-induction kinetics and 820 nm light-absorption curves, we analyzed the influences of nitrogen supplementation on photosystem I (PS I) and photosystem II (PS II). The results show that nitrogen fertilization has significant effects on promoting the net photosynthetic rate (P n ) in leaves at the grain-filling stage and on single-plant grain yield at the harvest stage (P<0.05) in Q319, whereas there is no significant effect in HZ4. Analyses performed using JIP-Test showed that nitrogen fertilization significantly increased electron donor and acceptor performance in the reaction center of PS II (P<0.05). The increased performance of the electron transport chain at a point after the electron acceptor in the PS II reaction center was greater in Q319 than in HZ4, reducing excessive excitation energy production in PS II and significantly improving the coordination between PS II and PS I. Although the performance of the electron transport chain after the electron acceptor in the PS II reaction center was increased in HZ4, the increase was not substantial enough to improve the coordination between PS II and PS I; therefore, P n and grain yield were still significantly lower than those of Q319.

Can Gio mangrove forest (CGM) is located downstream of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), situated between an estuarine system of Dong Nai - Sai Gon river and a part of Vam Co river. The CGM is the largest restored mangrove forest in Vietnam and the UNESCO’s Mangrove Biosphere Reserve. The CGM has been gradually facing to numeric challenges of global climate change, environmental degradation and socio-economic development for the last decades. To evaluate sediment quality in the CGM, we collected 13 cores to analyze for sediment grain size, organic matter content, and trace element concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn. Results showed that trace element concentrations ranged from uncontaminated (Cd, Cu, and Zn) to very minor contaminated (Cr, Ni, and Pb). The concentrations were gradually influenced by suspended particle size and the mangrove plants.ReferencesAnh M.T., Chi D.H., Vinh N.N., Loan T.T., Triet L.M., Slootenb K.B.-V., Tarradellas J., 2003. Micropollutants in the sediment of Sai Gon – Dong Nai rivers: Situation and ecological risks. Chimia International Journal for Chemistry, 57, 09(0009–4293), 537–541.Baruddin N.A., Shazili N.A., Pradit S., 2017. Sequential extraction analysis of heavy metals in relation to bioaccumulation in mangroves, Rhizophora mucronata from Kelantan delta, Malaysia. AACL Bioflux, 10(2), 172-181. Retrieved from www.bioflux.com/aacl.Bravard J.-P., Goichot M., Tronchere H., 2014. An assessment of sediment transport processes in the lower Mekong river based on deposit grain size, the CM technique and flow energy data. Geomorphology, 207, 174-189.Cang L.T., Thanh N.C. 2008. Importing and exporting sediment to and from mangrove forest at Dong Trang estuary, Can Gio district, Ho Chi Minh city. Science & Technology Development, 11(04), 12-18.Carignan J., Hild P., Mevelle G., Morel J., Yeghicheyan D., 2001. Routine analyses of trace elements in geological samples using flow injection and low-pressure on-line liquid chromatography coupled to ICP-MS: A study of geochemical reference materials BR, DR-N, UB-N, AN-G and GH. The Journal of Geo standard and Geoanalysis, 187-198.Carlson P.R., Yarbro L.A., Zimmermann C.F., Montgomery J.R., 1983. Pore water chemistry of an overwash mangrove island. Academy Symposium: Future of the Indian River System, 46(3/4), 239-249. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24320336.Chatterjee M., Canário J., Sarkar S.K., Branco V., Godhantaraman N., Bhattacharya B.D., Bhattacharya A., 2012. Biogeochemistry of mercury and methylmercury in sediment cores from Sundarban mangrove wetland, India—a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Environ Monit Assess, 184, 5239–5254.Claudia R., Huy N.V., 2004. Water allocation policies for the Dong Nai river basin in Viet Nam: An integrated perspective. EPTD Discussion Paper, 127, 01-52.Folk R.L., Ward W.C., 1957. Brazos River bar: A study in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 27(1), 3-26.Furukawaa K., Wolanski E., Mueller H., 1997. Currents and sediment transport in mangrove forests. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 44, 301-310.Hai H.Q., Tuyen N.N., 2011. Coastal Erosion of Can Gio district Ho Chi Minh City due to the global climate change. The journal of development of technology and science, 14, 17-28.HCM SO S.O., 2015. Annual statistic data in 2015 for HCM city. Ho Chi Minh city: Statistic office of HCM city.HCMC, 2017. Decision No. 3901 on approving the areas of forest and land in HCM city in 2016. Ho Chi Minh: The people's committee of HCM city.Herut B., Sandler A., 2006. Normalization methods for pollutants in marine sediments: review and recommendations for the Mediterranean. Haifa 31080: Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research: IOLR Report H18/2006.Hong P.N., San H.T., 1993. Mangroves of Vietnam: Chapter VI Human impacts on the mangrove ecosystem. Bangkok 10501: IUCN - The International Union for Conservation of Nature, ISBN: 2-8317-0166-x.Hubner R., Astin K.B., Herbert R.J., 2009. Comparison of sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) for the assessment of metal contamination in marine and estuarine environments. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 11, 713–722.IAEA, 2003. Collection and preparation of bottom sediment samples for analysis of radionuclides and trace elements. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA-TECDOC-1360, ISBN 92–0–109003–X.Jingchun L., Chongling Y., Ruifeng Z., Haoliang L., Guangqiu Q., 2008. Speciation changes of Cd in mangrove (Kandelia Candel L.) rhizosphere sediments. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 231-236. Doi:10.1007/s00128-007-9351-z.Kalaivanan R., Jayaprakash M., Nethaji S., Arya V., Giridharan L., 2017. Geochemistry of Core Sediments from Tropical Mangrove Region of Tamil Nadu: Implications on Trace Metals. Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change, ISSN: 2157-7617., 8(1.1000385), 1-10. Doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000385.Kathiresan K., Saravanakumar K., Mullai P., 2014. Bioaccumulation of trace elements by Avicennia marina. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 2(11), 888-894.Kitazawa T., Nakagawa T., Hashimoto T., Tateishi M., 2006. Stratigraphy and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of a Quaternary sequence along the Dong Nai River, southern Vietnam. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27, 788–804.Lacerda L.D., 1998. Trace metals of biogeochemistry and diffuse pollution in mangrove (M. Vannucci, Ed.) Mangrove ecosystem occassional papers (ISSN: 0919-1348), 2, 1-72.Laura H., Probsta A., Probsta J.L., Ulrich E., 2003. Heavy metal distribution in some French forest soils: evidence for atmospheric contamination. The Science of Total Environment, 195-210.Li R., Li R., Chai M., Shen X., Xu H., Qiu G., 2015. Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk in Futian mangrove forest sediment in Shenzhen Bay, South China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 101, 448–456.Long E., Morgan L.G., 1990. The potential for biological effects of sediment-sorted contaminants tested in the national status and trends program. Seattle, Washington: NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OMA 52.Long E.R., Field L.J., MacDonald D.D., 1998. Predicting toxicity in marine sediments with numerical sediment quality guidelines. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17, 714–727. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.5620170428/abstract;jsessionid=C5264A1AD0.7ACCA9B4EF9A088BE2EDE9.f04t04Long E.R., MacDonald D.D., Smith S.L., Calder F.D., 1995. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentration in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental management, 19, 81-97.Maiti S.K., Chowdhury A., 2013. Effects of Anthropogenic Pollution on Mangrove Biodiversity: A Review. Journal of Environmental Protection, 4, 1428-1434.Marchand C., Allenbach M., Lallier-Verges E., 2011. Relation between heavy metal distribution and organic matter cycling in mangrove sediments (Conception Bay, New Caledonia). Geoderma, Elsevier, 160 (3-4), 444-456.Mohd F.N., Nor R.H., 2010. Heavy metal concentrations in an important mangrove species, Sonneratia caseolaris, in Peninsular Malaysia. Environment Asia, 3, 50-53.Muller G., 1979. Schwermetalle in den Sedimenten des Rheins - Veränderungen seit 1971. Umschau, 778-783.Nam V.N., 2007. Restoration of Can Gio mangrove forest: Its structure and function in comparison between the ecosytems of plantion and nature mangrove forest. Workshop on the thesis between Germany and Vietnam.Nickerson N.H., Thibodeau F.R., 1985. Association between pore water sulfide concentrations and the distribution of mangroves. Biogeochemistry, 1, 183-192.Ong Che R.G., 1999. Concentration of 7 Heavy Metals in Sediments and Mangrove Root Samples from Mai Po, Hong Kong. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 39, 269-279.Passega R., 1957. Texture as characteristics of clastic deposition. Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists.Passega R., 1964. Grain size representation by CM patterns as a geological tool. J Sediment Petrol, 34, 830–847.Phuoc V.L., An D.T., Cang L.T., Chung B.N., Tien N.V., 2010. Study the sediment dynamics in Can Gio mangrove forest (Nang Hai site, Ho Chi Minh city). Ho Chi Minh city: The final report of National University Ho Chi Minh city, No. B2009-18-36.Pumijumnong N., Danpradit S., 2016. Heavy metal accumulation in sediments and mangrove forest stems from Surat Thani province, Thailand. The Malaysian forester, 79(1&2), 212-228.QCVN43:2012/BTNMT, 2012. QCVN43:2012/BTNMT: National technical regulation on the sediment quality, Ha Noi: Ministry of natural resources and environment of Vietnam.Qiao S., Shi X., Fang X., Liu S., Kornkanitnan N., Gao J., Yu Y., 2015. Heavy metal and clay mineral analyses in the sediments of Upper Gulf of Thailand and their implications on sedimentary provenance and dispersion pattern. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 114, 488–496.Rollinson H. R., 1993. Using geochemical data for evaluation, presentation and interpretation. UK: Longman Group UK Limited ISBN-0-582-06701-4.Spalding M., Blasco F., Field C., 2010. World atlas of mangrove. Cambridge: Earthscan in UK and US, ISBN: 978-1-84407-657-4.Strady E., Dang V.B., Némery J., Guédron S., Dinh Q.T., Denis H., Nguyen P.D., 2016. Baseline seasonal investigation of nutrients and trace metals in surface waters and sediments along the Saigon River basin impacted by the megacity of HCM, Viet Nam. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 1-18. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7660-7.Tam N.F., Wong Y.S., 1996. Retention and distribution of heavy metals in mangrove soils receiving wastewater. Environment pollution, 94(5), 283-291.Thomas N., Lucas R., Bunting P., Hardy A., Rosenqvist A., Simard M., 2017. Distribution and drivers of global mangrove forest change, 1996– 2010. PLoS ONE, 12(6): e0179302, 1-14. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179302.Thuy H.T., Loan T.T., Vy N.N., 2007. Study on environmental geochemistry of heavy metals in urban canal sediments of Ho Chi Minh city. Science and Technology Development, 10(01), 1-9.Toan T.T., Bay N.T., 2006. A study on the tendency of accretion and erosion in Can Gio coastal zone. Vietnam-Japan estuary workshop, 184-194.Tri N.H., Hong P.N., Cuc L.T., 2000. Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve Ho Chi Minh city, Ha Noi, Viet Nam. Ha Noi: Hanoi University Publisher.Truong T.V., 2007. Planning for water source of Dong Nai river basin. Retrieved from Water Resources Planning: http://siwrp.org.vn/tin-tuc/quy-hoach-tai-nguyen-nuoc-luu-vuc-song-dong-nai_143.html.Tuan L.D., Oanh T.T., Thanh C.V., Quy N.D., 2002. Can Gio mangrove biosphere reserve. HCM city, Vietnam: Agriculture Publisher.Tue N.T., Quy T.D., Amono A., 2012. Historical profiles of trace element concentrations in Mangrove sediments from the Ba Lat estuary, Red river, Vietnam. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, ISSN 0049-6979, 223(3), 1315-1330.Twilley R., Chen R., Hargis T., 1992. Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implications to carbon budget of tropical coastal ecosystems. Water, Air & Soil pollution, Netherland, 64, 265-288.UN Environment Program, 2006. Methods for sediment sampling and analysis. Palermo (Sicily), Italy: United Nation Environment Program.UNESCO, 2000. List of Biosphere reserves approved by MAB committee belonging to UNESCO. Retrieved from United Nations, Educational, Scientific, Cultural Organization (UNESCO): http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/asia-and-the-pacific.Vandenberghe N., 1975. An evaluation of CM patterns for grain size studies of fine grained sediments. Sedimentology, 22, 615-622.Vinh B.T., Ichiro D., 2012. Erosion mechanism of cohesive river bank and bed of Soai Rap river (Ho Chi Minh city). J. Sci. of the Earth, 34(2), 153-161.Wang J., Du H., Xu Y., Chen K., Liang J., Ke H., Cai M., 2016. Environmental and Ecological Risk Assessment of Trace Metal Contamination in Mangrove Ecosystems. BioMed Research International, Article ID 2167053, 1-14. Doi:10.1155/2016/2167053.Wedepohl K.H., 1995. The composition of the continental crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(7), 1217-1232.Woodroffe C., Rogers K., McKee K., Lovelock C., Mendelssohn I., Saintilan N., 2016. Mangrove sedimentation and response to relative sea level rise. The Annual Review of Marine Science, 8, 243-266.Zhang J., Liu C.L., 2002. Riverine Composition and Estuarine Geochemistry of Particulate Metals in China-Weathering Features, Anthropogenic Impact and Chemical Fluxes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 54(6), 1051-1070.Zhang W., Feng H., Chang J., Qu J., Xie H., Yu L., 2009. Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Yangtze River intertidal zone: An assessment from different indexes. Environmental Pollution, 157, 1533-1543.Zheng W.-j., Xiao-yong C., Peng L., 1997. Accumulation and biological cycling of heavy metal elements in Rhizophora stylosa mangroves in Yingluo Bay, China. Marine ecology progress series, 159, 293-301.

Summary The fluid-flow mechanism of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in porous media by alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding is investigated by measuring the production performance, pressure, and saturation distributions through the installed differential-pressure transducers and saturation-measurement probes in a physical model of a vertical heterogeneous reservoir. The fluid-flow variation in the reservoir is one of the main mechanisms of EOR of ASP flooding, and the nonlinear coupling and interaction between pressure and saturation fields results in the fluid-flow variation in the reservoir. In the vertical heterogeneous reservoir, the ASP agents flow initially in the high-permeability layer. Later, the flow direction changes toward the low- and middle-permeability layers because the resistance in the high-permeability layer increases on physical and chemical reactions such as adsorption, retention, and emulsion. ASP flooding displaces not only the residual oil in the high-permeability layer but also the remaining oil in the low- and middle-permeability layers by increasing both swept volume and displacement efficiency. Introduction Currently, most oil fields in China are in the later production period and the water cut increases rapidly, even to more than 80%. Waterflooding no longer meets the demands of oilfield production. Thus, it is inevitable that a new technology will replace waterflooding. The new technique of ASP flooding has been developed on the basis of alkali-, surfactant-, and polymer-flooding research in the late 1980s. ASP flooding uses the benefits of the three flooding methods simultaneously, and oil recovery is greatly enhanced by decreasing interfacial tension (IFT), increasing the capillary number, enhancing microscopic displacing efficiency, improving the mobility ratio, and increasing macroscopic sweeping efficiency (Shen and Yu 2002; Wang et al. 2000; Wang et al. 2002; Sui et al. 2000). Recently, much intensive research has been done on ASP flooding both in China and worldwide, achieving some important accomplishments that lay a solid foundation for the extension of this technique to practical application in oil fields (Baviere et al. 1995; Thomas 2005; Yang et al. 2003; Li et al. 2003). In previous work, the ASP-flooding mechanism was studied visually by using a microscopic-scale model and double-pane glass models with sand (Liu et al. 2003; Zhang 1991). In these experiments, the water-viscosity finger, the residual-oil distribution after waterflooding, and the oil bank formed by microscopic emulsion flooding were observed. In Tong et al. (1998) and Guo (1990), deformation, threading, emulsion (oil/water), and strapping were observed as the main mechanisms of ASP flooding in a water-wetting reservoir, while the interface-producing emulsion (oil/water), bridging between inner pore and outer pore, is the main mechanism of ASP flooding in an oil-wetting reservoir. For a vertical heterogeneous reservoir, ASP flooding increases displacement efficiency by displacing residual oil through decreased IFT, simultaneously improving sweep efficiency by extending the swept area in both vertical and horizontal directions. Some physical and chemical phenomena, such as emulsion, scale deposition, and chromatographic separation, occur during ASP flooding (Arihara et al. 1999; Guo 1999). Because ASP flooding in porous media involves many complicated physicochemical properties, many oil-recovery mechanisms still need to be investigated. Most research has been performed on the microscopic displacement mechanism of ASP flooding, while the fluid-flow mechanism in porous media at the macroscopic scale lacks sufficient study. In this paper, a vertical-heterogeneous-reservoir model is established, and differential-pressure transducers and saturation-measuring probes are installed. The fluid-flow mechanism of increasing both macroscopic sweep efficiency and microscopic displacement efficiency is studied by measuring the production performance and the variation of pressure and saturation distributions in the ASP-flooding experiment. An experimental database of ASP flooding also is set up and provides an experimental base for numerical simulation.

A preliminary study to determine the group of compound contained in the ethanolic extract of mahagony (Swietenia mahagoni L. Jacq.) seeds and its inhibitory activity to a-glucosidase enzyme has been done. The information from this study will be used in the further investigation about the specific constituents related to the bioactivity. The seed was grounded and then extracted with ethanol by maceration technique. The crude extract was separated with liquid-liquid extraction by using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as the solvents. The best eluent for isolation, chloroform:ethanol (1:1), was determined by thin layer chromatography while alumina as stationary phase. The isolation step with column chromatography gave two types of isolates, yellow and colorless isolate. In order to get information about the compound, the crude extract was subjected to phytochemical assignment and the isolate with the better activity was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. The inhibitory activity for the yellow isolate with IC50 as 19.345 ppm was better than the colorless isolate. Therefore, the IR spectroscopy assay was subjected to the yellow isolate. Based on the comparison IR spectra with literatures, it has suggested that the yellow isolate contains tetranortriterpenoid or limonoid group.Keywords: Swietenia mahagoni L. Jacq., diabetes type 2, a-glucosidase, tetranortriterpenoidREFERENCE World Health Organization. Global report on diabetes. http://www.who.int. Accessed on 18 July 2017.Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2014. Situasi dan analisis diabetes. Jakarta: Pusat Data dan Informasi Kemenkes RI.Dutta, M., Raychaudhuri, U., Chakroborty, R., and Maji, D. 2011. Role of diet and plants on diabetic patients - a critical appraisal. Science and Culture. 77 (3–4).Eid, A.M.M., Elmarzugi, N.A., and El-Enshasy, H.A. 2013. A Review on the phytopharmacological effect of Swietenia macrophylla, Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 5 (3): 47-53.Bera, T.K., Chatterjee, K., Jana, K., Ali, K.M., De, D., Maiti, M., and Ghosh, D. 2012. Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative effect of hydro-methanolic (2:3) extract of the seed of Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rat: an approach through pancreas. Genomic Medicine, Biomarkers, and Health Sciences. 4: 107-117.Li, D.D, Chen, J.H, Chen, Q, Li, G.W, Chen, J, and Yue, J.M. 2005. Swietenia mahagony extract shows agonistic activity to PPAR-γ and gives ameliorative effects on diabetic db/db mice. Acta Pharmacol Sinica. 26 (2): 220-222.Sathish, R., Natarajan, K., and Selvakumar, S. 2010. Antidiabetic activity of Swietenia mahagoni seed powder in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Research J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2(4): 296-299.Wresdiyati, T., Sa’diah, S., and Winarto, A., Febriyani, V. 2015. Alpha-glucosidase inhibition and hypoglycemic activities of Sweitenia mahagoni seed extract. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences. 22 (2): 73-78.Sukardiman, Riza, N.F., Rakhmawati, Studiawan, H., Mulja, H.S., and Rahman, A. 2013. Hypoglycemic activity of 96% ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata Nees. and Swietenia mahagoni Jacq. combination, E-Journal Planta Husada,. 1.Masitha, M. 2011. Skrining aktivitas penghambatan enzim α-glukosidase dan penapisan fitokimia dari beberapa tanaman obat yang digunakan sebagai antidiabetes di indonesia. Skripsi. FMIPA UI.Aliyan, A.H. 2012. Uji penghambatan aktivitas alfa-glukosidase dan identifikasi golongan senyawa kimia dari fraksi aktif ekstrak biji mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King). Skripsi. FMIPA UI.Ibrahim, M.A., Koorbanally, N.A., and Islam, M.S. 2014. Antioxidative activity and inhibition of key enzymes linked to type-2 diabetes (a-glucosidase and a-amylase) by Khaya senegalensis. Acta Pharm. 64: 311–324.Harborne, J. B. 1984. Phytochemical methods: a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. New York: Chapman and Hall.Kadota, S., Marpaung, L., Tohru, K., and Ekimoto, H. 1990. Constituents of the seeds of Switenia mahagoni JACQ. I. isolation, structures, and 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance signal assignments of new tetranorterpenoids related to swietenine and swietenolide. Che. Pharm. Bull. 38(3): 639–651.Rahman, A. K. M. S., Chowdhury, A. K. A., Ali, H.A., Raihan, S.Z, Ali, M.S., Nahar, L., and Sarker, S.D. 2009. Antibacterial activity of two limonoids from Swietenia mahagoni against multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. J Nat Med. 63: 41–45.Yadav, L.D.S. 2005. Organic spectroscopy. Allahabad: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Dewanjee, S., Maiti, A., Das, A.K., Mandal, S.C., and Dey, S.P. 2009. Swietenine: a potential oral hypoglycemic from swietenia macrophylla seed. Fitoterapia. 80: 249–251.Maiti, A., Dewanjee, S., and Sahu, R. 2009. Isolation of hypoglycemic phytoconstituent from Swietenia macrophylla Seeds, Phytother. Res. 23: 1731–1733.Marliana, S.D., Suryanti, V., and Suyono. 2005. Skrining fitokimia dan analisis kromatografi lapis tipis komponen kimia buah labu siam (Sechium edule Jacq. Swartz.) dalam ekstrak etanol, Biofarmasi. 3 (1): 26-31.Nurhayati, Siadi, K., and Harjono. 2012. Pengaruh konsentrasi natrium benzoat dan lama penyimpanan pada kadar fenolat total pasta tomat, Indo. J. Chem. Sci. Vol. 1 (2): 158-163.Siadi, K. 2012. Ekstrak bungkil biji jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas) sebagai biopestisida yang efektif dengan penambahan larutan NaCl. Jurnal MIPA. 35 (1): 80-81.Klein, D.R. 2012. Organic chemistry. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.Pavia, D.L., Lampman, G.M., and Kriz, G.S. 2001. Introduction to spectroscopy. London: Thomson Learning.Minaeva, V.A., Minaev, B.F., Baryshnikov, G.V., Romeyko, O.M., and Pittelkow, M. 2013. The FTIR spectra of substituted tetraoxa[8]circulenes and their assignments based on DFT calculations, Vibrational Spectroscopy. 65: 147–158.Mootoo, B.S., Ali, A, Motilal, R, Pingal, R, Ramlal, A, Khan, A, Reynolds, W.F, and McLean, S. 1999. Limonoids from Swietenia macrophylla and S. aubrevilleana. J. Nat. Prod. 62: 1514-1517.Lin, B.D., Yuan, T., Zhang, C.R., Dong, L., Zhang, B., Wu, Y., and Yue, J.M. 2009. Structurally diverse limonoids from the fruits of Swietenia mahagoni. J. Nat. Prod. 72: 2084–2090.Cheng, Y.B., Chien, Y.T., Lee, J.C., Tseng, C.K., Wang, H.C., Lo, W., Wu, Y.H., Wang, S.Y., Wu, Y.C., and Chang, F.R. 2014. Limonoids from the seeds of Swietenia macrophylla with inhibitory activity against dengue virus 2. J. Nat. Prod. dx.doi.org/10.1021/np5002829.Zhang, W.M., Liu, J.Q., Deng, Y.Y., Xia, J.J., Zhang, R.N., Li, Z.R., and Qiu, M.H. 2014. Diterpenoids and limonoids from the leaves and twigs of Swietenia mahagoni. Nat. Prod. Bioprospect. 4:53–57.Ma, Y.Q., Jiang, K., Deng, Y., Guo, L., Wan, Y.Q., and Tan, C.H. 2017. Mexicanolide-type limonoids from the seeds of Swietenia macrophylla, Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, DOI: 10.1080/1028-6020.2017.1335715.Zang, Y., amd Xu, H. 2017. Recent progress in the chemistry and biology of limonoids. RSC Adv. 7: 35191–35220.Tan, Q.G., and Luo, X.D. 2011. Meliaceous limonoids: chemistry and biological activities. Chem. Rev., 111, 7437–7522.Fang, X., Di, Y. T, and Hao, X. J. 2011. The advances in the limonoid chemistry of the Meliaceae family. Current Organic Chemistry. 15: 1363-1391.Taylor, D. A. H. The chemistry of the limonoids from meliaceae. https://link.spri-nger.com/book-series/126. Accessed on 21 July 2017.Zang, Y., amd Xu, H. 2017. Recent progress in the chemistry and biology of limonoids. RSC Adv. 7: 35191–35220.

The optical setup for holographic projection on the scatterings in fluorescent liquids is presented. Such media can be used as volumetric screens for near-eye holographic displays, solving the problem of speckle noise and very small exit pupils in existing setups. Three different oils (canola, olive and engine oil) with 532 nm laser and tonic water with 405 nm laser are used for projecting holographic fields, the quality of such images is investigated. The laser wavelength is cut out from acquisition on a camera and only filtered fluorescent light is observed. The best and brightest results are obtained with engine oil. Full Text: PDF ReferencesX. Li, C. P. Chen, H. Gao, et al. "Video-Rate Holographic Display Using Azo-Dye-Doped Liquid Crystal", Journal of display technology 10(6), 438-443 (2014). CrossRef X. Li, Z. Song, F. Li, X. Dong, W. Liu, "79‐3: Video‐rate Holographic Display in ZnSe layer‐assisted Quantum Dot Doped Liquid Crystal with High‐photorefractive Sensitivity", SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. Vol. 48. No. 1. 2017, CrossRef Sasaki, Takeo, et al. "Real-time dynamic hologram in photorefractive ferroelectric liquid crystal with two-beam coupling gain coefficient of over 800 cm–1 and response time of 8 ms", Applied Physics Letters 6(2) (2013) CrossRef N. Tsutsumi, K. Kinashi, A. Nomura, W. Sasaki, "Quickly Updatable Hologram Images Using Poly(N-vinyl Carbazole) (PVCz) Photorefractive Polymer Composite", Materials 5.8: 1477-1486 (2012) CrossRef M. Makowski, "Simple holographic projection in color", et al. Optics express 20.22: 25130-25136 (2012) CrossRef A. Yagi, M. Imura, Y, Kuroda, O. Oshiro, "360-degree fog projection interactive display", SIGGRAPH Asia 2011 Emerging Technologies. ACM, (2011) CrossRef C.H. Hsu, K. L. Hua, W. H. Cheng. "Omni-Tube: a low-cost portable omnidirectional interactive 3D display", SIGGRAPH Asia 2012 Posters. ACM, (2012) CrossRef Z. Zeng, H. Zheng, X. Lu, H. Gao, Y. Yu, "Dynamic holographic three-dimensional projection based on liquid crystal spatial light modulator and cylindrical fog screen", Opt Rev (2015) 22: 853 CrossRef I. Rakkolainen, "Feasible mid-air virtual reality with the immaterial projection screen technology", 3DTV-Conference, Tampere (2010) CrossRef S. Yanfeng, et al. "A multi-plane optical see-through holographic three-dimensional display for augmented reality applications", Optik 157: 190-196 (2018) CrossRef G. Li, D. Lee, Y. Jeong, J. Cho, B. Lee, "Holographic display for see-through augmented reality using mirror-lens holographic optical element", Opt. Lett. 41(11), 2486-2489 (2016) CrossRef C. L. Lin, Y. Z. Su, M. W. Hung, K. C. Huang "Augmented reality system", Proc. SPIE 7798, Applications of Digital Image Processing XXXIII, 779826 (2010) CrossRef A. Maimone, A. Georgiou, J. S. Kollin, "Holographic near-eye displays for virtual and augmented reality", ACM Trans. Graph. 36, 4, 1-16 (2017) CrossRef M. Quinten, Optical properties of nanoparticle systems: Mie and beyond (John Wiley & Sons 2010). CrossRef J.-W. Liaw, S.-W. Tsai, H.-H. Lin, T.-C. Yen, B.-R. Chen, "Wavelength-dependent Faraday–Tyndall effect on laser-induced microbubble in gold colloid", Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 113(17), 2234-2242 (2012), CrossRef T. Mu et al. "Classification of edible oils using 532 nm laser-induced fluorescence combined with support vector machine", Anal. Methods 5, 6960 (2013) CrossRef T. Mu et al. "Classification of Motor Oil Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Phosphorescence", Analytical Letters 49:8, 1233-1239 (2015) CrossRef V. Rostampour, M. J. Lynch, "Quantitative Techniques To Discriminate Petroleum Oils Using LED-induced Fluorescence", WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 95, 265 262 (2006) CrossRef F. Wyrowski and O. Bryngdahl, "Iterative Fourier-transform algorithm applied to computer holography", Opt. Soc. Am. A 5(7), 1058-1065 (1988) CrossRef

BackgroundEfficacy of cancer vaccines requires the induction of tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) to effectively clear established tumors. Orchestration of antigen presentation, co-stimulatory signaling, and innate cytokine signals are necessary steps for tumor-specific T-cell activation. The ONM-500 nanovaccine platform1-2 utilizes a novel pH-sensitive polymer that forms an antigen-encapsulating nanoparticle and functions both as a carrier for antigen delivery of both peptide and protein antigens to dendritic cells and acts as an adjuvant, activating the stimulator on interferon genes (STING) pathway and generating a CD8+ CTL response. Peptide antigens have translational challenges due to complex formulations and/or HLA-type-specific antigen sequence recognition, processing and presentation. Full-length protein antigens alleviate HLA subtype limitation, allowing coverage of multi-immunogenic T cell epitopes in patients. Pairing ONM-500 adjuvant with the full-length E6 and E7 oncoproteins from human papillomavirus (HPV) cancers shows great potential to treat HPV-associated cancer in patients.MethodsBased on the previously demonstrated STING-dependent T cell activation by ONM-500 [1], the nanovaccine was formulated with full-length HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins (recombinant), and the nanoparticle properties and antigen loading were characterized. In vivo lymph node accumulation following subcutaneous administration was evaluated using fluorescent nanovaccines. Direct binding of ONM-500 to recombinant human STING (CTD) was evaluated using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) compared to the endogenous ligand 2’,3’-cGAMP. Antitumor efficacy was evaluated in multiple syngeneic tumor models, including the TC-1 model which overexpresses HPV16 E6 and E7 with the ONM-500 vaccine in combination with anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor. Long-term anti-tumor memory was evaluated in a follow-up rechallenge study after 60 days in tumor-free animals.ResultsCharacterization of ONM-500 nanovaccine shows reproducible particle chemi-physical properties and antigen loading. The nanoparticle size substantiates the effective lymph node accumulation for antigen cross-presentation in dendritic cells following subcutaneous administration. ITC studies with human STING demonstrated effective binding by ONM-500 adjuvant. The nanovaccine anti-tumor efficacy was previously demonstrated in melanoma, colorectal, and HPV-associated syngeneic tumor models. In TC-1 tumors, ONM-500 nanovaccine containing full-length E6/E7 protein showed 100% overall survival at 55 days (figure 1). Tumor growth inhibition was also improved over E7 antigen peptide formulated nanovaccine. A rechallenge study demonstrated long-term antigen-specific anti-tumor memory response.Abstract P857 Figure 1ConclusionsONM-500 STING-activating nanovaccines effectively deliver antigens in vivo to lymph nodes to elicit antigen-specific CTL response. The anti-tumor efficacy in multiple tumor models demonstrates the potential of ONM-500 as a general STING agonist cancer vaccine platform, and full-length E6/E7 incorporated ONM-500 is being developed for HPV-associated cancers.Ethics ApprovalAll animal procedures were performed with ethical compliance and approval by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (Protocol No. 2017-101954) and Pennsylvania State College of Medicine (Protocol No. 47682).ReferencesLuo M, Wang H, Wang Z, Cai H, Lu Z, Li Y, Du M, Huang G, Wang C, Chen X, Porembka MR, Lea J, Frankel AE, Fu YX, Chen ZJ, Gao J. A STING-activating nanovaccine for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Nanotechnol 2017; 12:648–654.Luo M, Liu Z, Zhang X, Han C, Samandi LZ, Dong C, Sumer BD, Lea J, Fu YX, Gao J. Synergistic STING activation by PC7A nanovaccine and ionizing radiation improves cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2019; 28:154–160.

The effect of photon processing (FO) on the formation of a heterojunction in the TiO2/QD’sCdS interface obtained by applying separately synthesized CdS quantum dots to the TiO2 film in the rutile phase has been studied. The changes of luminescence spectra and absorption of the investigated samples after this treatment discovered. It is shown that the separation of charge carriers occurs only after irradiation of samples with a powerful light pulse of a xenon lamp.
 
 REFERENCES
 
 Kapilashrami M., Zhang Y. , Liu Y.-S., Hagfeldt A., Guo J. Probing the Optical Property and Electronic Structure of TiO2 Nanomaterials for Renewable Ener gy Applications. Chem. Rev., 2014, v. 114, pp. 9662–9707. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5000893
 Dang T. C., Pham D. L., Le H. C., Pham V. H. TiO2/CdS nanocomposite fi lms: fabrication, characterization, electronic and optical properties. Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2010, v. 1, p. 015002. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6254/1/1/015002
 Qian X., Qin D., Bai Y., Li T., Tang X., Wang E., Dong S., Photosensitization of TiO2 nanoparticulate thin fi lm electrodes by CdS nanoparticles. J. Solid State Electrochem., 2001, v. 5, pp. 562–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100080000179
 Baker D. R., Kamat P. V. Photosensitization of TiO2 nanostructures with CdS quantum dots: Particulateversus tubular support architectures. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2009, v. 19, pp. 805–811. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200801173
 Cheng S., Fu W., Yang H., Zhang L., Ma J., Zhao H., Sun M., Yang L. Photoelectrochemical performance of multiple semiconductors (CdS/CdSe/ZnS) cosensitized TiO2 photoelectrodes. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2012, v. 116, pp. 2615–2621. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp209258r
 Khlyap H. Physics and technology of semiconductor thin fi lm-based active elements and devices. Bentham Science Publisher, 2012. https://doi.org/10.2174/97816080502151090101
 Milnes A. G., Feucht D. L. Hetero junctions and metal-semiconductor junctions. Academic Press, 418 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-498050-1.X5001-6
 Ievlev V. M., Latyshev A. N., Kovneristyi Y. K., Turaeva T. L., Vavilova V. V., Ovchinnikov O. V., Selivanov V. N., Serbin O. V. Mechanism of the photonic activation of solid-phase processes. High Energy Chem., 2005, v. 39, pp. 397–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10733-005-0078-2
 Ievlev V. M., Kushchev S. B., Latyshev A. N., Ovchinnikov O. V., Leonova L. Y, Solntsev K. A., Soldatenko S. A., Smirnov M. S., Sinelnikov A. A., Vozgorkov A. M., Ivikova M. A. Relation of absorption band edge of rutile fi lms and their structure. Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res., 2014, v. 5, pp. 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1134/s2075113314010055
 Korolev N. V., Smirnov M. S., Ovchinnikov O. V, Shatskikh T.S. Energy structure and absorption spectra of colloidal CdS nanocrystals in gelatin matrix. Phys. E Low-Dimensional Syst. Nanostructures, 2015, v. 68, pp. 159–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2014.10.042.
 Ghazzal M. N., Wojcieszak R., Raj G., Gaigneaux E.M. Study of mesoporous cds-quantumdot-sensitized TiO2 fi lms by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and afm. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol, 2014, v. 5, pp. 68–76. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.6
 Ahire R. R., Sagade A. A., Deshpande N. G., Chavhan S. D., Sharma R., Singh F. Engineering of nanocrystalline cadmium sulfi de thin fi lms by using swift heavy ions. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys., 2007, v. 40, pp. 4850–4854. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/40/16/014
 Ekimov A., Onushchenko A.A. Size quantization of the electron energy spectrum in a microscopic semiconductor crystal. JETP Lett., 1984, v. 40, pp. 1136–1139.
 Rolo A. G., Stepikhova M. V., Filonovich S. A., Ricolleau C., Vasilevskiy M. I., Gomes M. J. M. Microstructure and photoluminescence of CdS-doped silica fi lms grown by RF magnetron sputtering. Phys. Status Solidi Basic Res., 2002, v. 232, pp. 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3951(200207)232:1<44::AIDPSSB44> 3.0.CO;2-4
 Smyntyna V., Skobeeva V., Malushin N. The nature of emission centers in CdS nanocrystals, Radiat. Meas., 2007, v. 42, pp. 693–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.01.068
 Ehemba A. K., Socé M. M., Domingo J. J., Cisse S., Dieng M. Optimization of the properties of the back surface fi eld of a Cu (In, Ga) Se2 thin fi lm solar cell. American Journal of Energy Research, 2017, v. 5(2), pp. 57–62. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajer-5-2-5
 

Summary The dynamical equations for multiphase flow in porous media are highly nonlinear and the number of variables required to characterize the medium is usually large, often two or more variables per simulator gridblock. Neither the extended Kalman filter nor the ensemble Kalman filter is suitable for assimilating data or for characterizing uncertainty for this type of problem. Although the ensemble Kalman filter handles the nonlinear dynamics correctly during the forecast step, it sometimes fails badly in the analysis (or updating) of saturations. This paper focuses on the use of an iterative ensemble Kalman filter for data assimilation in nonlinear problems, especially of the type related to multiphase ow in porous media. Two issues are key:iteration to enforce constraints andensuring that the resulting ensemble is representative of the conditional pdf (i.e., that the uncertainty quantification is correct). The new algorithm is compared to the ensemble Kalman filter on several highly nonlinear example problems, and shown to be superior in the prediction of uncertainty. Introduction For linear problems, the Kalman filter is optimal for assimilating measurements to continuously update the estimate of state variables. Kalman filters have occasionally been applied to the problem of estimating values of petroleum reservoir variables (Eisenmann et al. 1994; Corser et al. 2000), but they are most appropriate when the problems are characterized by a small number of variables and when the variables to be estimated are linearly related to the observations. Most data assimilation problems in petroleum reservoir engineering are highly nonlinear and are characterized by many variables, often two or more variables per simulator gridblock. The problem of weather forecasting is in many respects similar to the problem of predicting future petroleum reservoir performance. The economic impact of inaccurate predictions is substantial in both cases, as is the difficulty of assimilating very large data sets and updating very large numerical models. One method that has been recently developed for assimilating data in weather forecasting is ensemble Kalman filtering (Evensen 1994; Houtekamer and Mitchell 1998; Anderson and Anderson 1999; Hamill et al. 2000; Houtekamer and Mitchell 2001; Evensen 2003). It has been demonstrated to be useful for weather prediction over the North Atlantic. The method is now beginning to be applied for data assimilation in groundwater hydrology (Reichle et al. 2002; Chen and Zhang 2006) and in petroleum engineering (Nævdal et al. 2002, 2005; Gu and Oliver 2005; Liu and Oliver 2005a; Wen and Chen 2006, 2007; Zafari and Reynolds 2007; Gao et al. 2006; Lorentzen et al. 2005; Skjervheim et al. 2007; Dong et al. 2006), but the applications to state variables whose density functions are bimodal has proved problematic (Gu and Oliver 2006). For applications to nonlinear assimilation problems, it is useful to think of the ensemble Kalman filter as a least squares method that obtains an averaged gradient for minimization not from a variational approach but from an empirical correlation between model variables (Anderson 2003; Zafari et al. 2006). In addition to providing a mean estimate of the variables, a Monte Carlo estimate of uncertainty can be obtained directly from the variability in the ensemble.

BackgroundImmune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized cancer treatment. However, long-term benefits are only achieved in a small fraction of patients. Understanding the mechanisms underlying ICB activity is key to improving the efficacy of immunotherapy. A major limitation to uncovering these mechanisms is the limited number of responders within each ICB trial. Integrating data from multiple studies of ICB would help overcome this issue and more reliably define the immune landscape of durable responses. Towards this goal, we formed the TimIOs consortium, comprising researchers from the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer Sparkathon TimIOs Initiative, the Parker Institute of Cancer Immunotherapy, the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, and the Institute for Systems Biology. Together, we aim to improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with defined outcomes to ICB, by building on our joint and multifaceted expertise in the field of immuno-oncology. To determine the feasibility and relevance of our approach, we have assembled a compendium of publicly available gene expression datasets from clinical trials of ICB. We plan to analyze this data using a previously reported pipeline that successfully determined main cancer immune-subtypes associated with survival across multiple cancer types in TCGA.1MethodsRNA sequencing data from 1092 patients were uniformly reprocessed harmonized, and annotated with predefined clinical parameters. We defined a comprehensive set of immunogenomics features, including immune gene expression signatures associated with treatment outcome,1,2 estimates of immune cell proportions, metabolic profiles, and T and B cell receptor repertoire, and scored all compendium samples for these features. Elastic net regression models with parameter optimization done via Monte Carlo cross-validation and leave-one-out cross-validation were used to analyze the capacity of an integrated immunogenomics model to predict durable clinical benefit following ICB treatment.ResultsOur preliminary analyses confirmed an association between the expression of an IFN-gamma signature in tumor (1) and better outcomes of ICB, highlighting the feasibility of our approach.ConclusionsIn line with analysis of pan-cancer TCGA datasets using this strategy (1), we expect to identify analogous immune subtypes characterizing baseline tumors from patients responding to ICB. Furthermore, we expect to find that these immune subtypes will have different importance in the model predicting response and survival. Results of this study will be incorporated into the Cancer Research Institute iAtlas Portal, to facilitate interactive exploration and hypothesis testing.ReferencesThorsson V, Gibbs DL, Brown SD, Wolf D, Bortone DS, Yang T-H O, Porta-Pardo E. Gao GF, Plaisier CL, Eddy JA, et al. The Immune Landscape of Cancer. Immunity 2018; 48(4): 812–830.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.023.Auslander N, Zhang G, Lee JS, Frederick DT, Miao B, Moll T, Tian T, Wei Z, Madan S, Sullivan RJ, et al. Robust Prediction of Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy in Metastatic Melanoma. Nat. Med 2018; 24(10): 1545. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0157-9.

Imaging buried geological boundaries is one of a major objective during the interpretation of magnetic field data in Geophysics. Therefore, edge detection and edge enhancement techniques assist a crucial role on this aim. Most of the existing edge detector methods require to obtain special points such as in general the maxima of the resulting image. One of the useful tools in estimating edges from magnetic data is the tilt angle of the analytical signal amplitude due to its value slightly dependence on the direction of magnetization. In this study, the maxima of the tilt angle of analytical signal amplitudes of the magnetic data was determined by a curvature-based method. The technique is based on fitting a quadratic surface over a 3×3 windows of the grid for locating any appropriate critical point that is near the centre of the window. The algorithm is built in Matlab environment. The feasibility of the algorithm is demonstrated in two cases of synthetic data as well as on real magnetic data from Tu Chinh-Vung May area. The source code is available from the authors on request.ReferencesAkpınar Z., Gürsoy H., Tatar O., Büyüksaraç A., Koçbulut F., Piper, JDA., 2016. Geophysical analysis of fault geometry and volcanic activity in the Erzincan Basin, Central Turkey, Complex evolution of a mature pull-apart basin. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 116, 97-114. Beiki M., 2010. Analytic signals of gravity gradient tensor and their application to estimate source location, Geophysics, 75(6), 159-174.Blakely R. J., and Simpson R.W., 1986. Approximating edges of source bodies from magnetic or gravity anomalies, Geophysics, 51, 1494-1498.Chen An-Guo, Zhou Tao-Fa, Liu Dong-Jia, Zhang Shu, 2017. Application of an enhanced theta-based filter for potential field edge detection: a case study of the LUZONG ORE DISTRICT, Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 60(2), 203-218.Cooper G.RJ., 2014. Reducing the dependence of the analytic signal amplitude of aeromagnetic data on the source vector direction, Geophysics, 79, 55-60.Cordell L., 1979. Gravimetric Expression of Graben Faulting in Santa Fe Country and theEspanola Basin, New Mexico. In Ingersoll, R.V., Ed., Guidebook to Santa Fe Country, New Mexico Geological Society, Socorro, 59-64.Cordell L and Grauch V.J.S., 1985. Mapping Basement Magnetization Zones from Aeromagnetic Data in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, The Utility of Regional Gravity and Magnetic Anomaly Maps, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, 181-197.Hsu S.K., Coppense D., Shyu C.T., 1996. High- resolution detection of geologic boundaries from potential field anomalies: An enhanced analytic signal technique, Geophysics, 61, 1947-1957.Le D.C., Application of seismic exploration methods to identify geological structural characteristics supporting for hydrocarbon potential assessment in TuChinh - Vung May basin, Ph.D. Thesis, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology.Li X., 2006. Understanding 3D analytic signal amplitude: Geophysics, 71(2), 13-16.Miller H.G. and Singh V., 1994. Potential Field Tilt a New Concept for Location of Potential Field Sources, Journal of Applied Geophysics, 32, 213-217.Nabighian M.N., 1972. The analytic signal of two-dimensional magnetic bodies with polygonal cross-section: Its properties and use of automated anomaly interpretation, Geophysics, 37, 507-517.Nguyen N.T., Bui V.N., Nguyen T.T.H., 2014. Determining the depth to the magnetic basement and fault systems in Tu Chinh - Vung May area by magnetic data interpretation, Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 14(4a), 16-25.Nguyen X.H, San T.N, Bae W., Hoang M.C, 2014. Formation mechanism and petroleum system of tertiary sedimentary basins, offshore Vietnam, Energy Sources, Part A, 36, 1634-1649.Phillips J.D., Hansen R.O. and Blakely R.J., 2007. The use of curvature in potential-field interpretation, Exploration Geophysics, 38(2), 111-119.Rao D.B., and Babu N.R., 1991. A rapid method for three-dimensional modeling of magnetic anomalies, Geophysics, 56(11), 1729-1737.Roest W.R., Verhoef J., and Pilkington M., 1992. Magnetic interpretation using the 3-D analytic signal, Geophysics, 57, 116-125.Tran N., 2017. Sediment geology of Vietnam, VNU Press.Tran T.D., Tran N., Nguyen T.H., Dinh X.T., Pham B.N., Nguyen T.T., Tran T.T.T.N., Nguyen T.H.T., 2018. The Miocenedepositional geological evolution of Phu Khanh, Nam Con Son and Tu Chinh - Vung May basins in Vietnam continental shelf, VNU Journal of Science: Earth and Environmental Sciences, 34(1), 112-135.Vo T.S., Le H.M., Luu V.H., 2005. Three-dimensional analytic signal method and its application in interpretation of aeromagnetic anomaly maps in the Tuan Giao region, Proceedings of the 4th geophysical scientific and technical conference of Vietnam, Publisher of Science and Engineering 2005.Wijns C, Perez C and Kowalczyk P, 2005, Theta map: Edge detection in magnetic data, Geophysics, 70, 39-43.

В статье приведены результаты исследования процесса гидратирования водной фазы обратных эмульсий нефти природным газом с высоким содержанием метана (более 90 об.%). Целью работы являлось исследование кинетики кристаллизации эмульсий нефти при образовании в их среде гидратов природного газа с помощью метода дифференциальной сканирующей калориметрии (ДСК).Объектами исследования являлись обратные эмульсии нефти, содержащие 20, 40, 60 и 80 мас.% воды. Для изучения кинетики гидратирования эмульсий нефти газом был использован метод ДСК в условиях квази-равновесного эксперимента.Показана применимость модели Колмогорова–Джонсона–Мела–Аврами (КДМА) при описании процесса кристаллизации обратных эмульсий нефти в условиях квази-изотермического ДСК-эксперимента. Определены кинетические показатели модели КДМА в эмульсиях для процессов превращения капель воды в лед, а также их гидратирования природным газом. Показано, что в системе «природный газ-нефть-вода» процесс льдообразованияхарактеризуется высокими значениями показателя Аврами (n > 3) и степени свободы (l = 3), а процесс образования гидрата природного газа – низким показателем Аврами (n < 3) и средними показателями степени свободы (l = 1–3).Показано, что в непрерывной водной фазе гидраты природного газа формируются путем мгновенногозародышеобразования в виде отдельных одномерных кристаллов, а в нефти – гидраты нуклеируют с постоянной скоростью и, в зависимости от содержания воды, растут в виде разрозненных кристаллитов, корки или сферолитов. Полученные результаты исследований позволяют углубить уровень знаний о кинетике и механизмах гидратирования эмульсий нефти, и могут быть использованы в качестве дополнения к научным основам создания новых технологийсовместной транспортировки нефти и гидратированного в ней природного газа.
 
 
 
 
 ЛИТЕРАТУРА
 1. Carroll J. Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers.Oxford, UK: Gulf Professional Publishing;2020. 392 р.2. Maninder K., Zhenyuan Y., Praveen L. A Reviewof clathrate hydrate nucleation. Sustainable Chemistry& Engineering. 2017;5(12): 11176–11203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b032383. Straume E. O., Morales R., Sum A. K. Perspectiveson gas hydrates cold flow technology. Energy &Fuels. 2019;33(1): 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b028164. Ribeiro C. P., Lage P. L. C. Modelling of hydrateformation kinetics: State-of-the-art and future directions.Chemical Engineering Science. 2008;63(8):2007–2034. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2008.01.0145. Englezos P., Kalogerakis N. E., Dholabhai P. D.,Bishnoi P. R. Kinetics of gas hydrate formation frommixtures of methane and ethane. Chemical EngineeringScience. 1987;42(11): 2659–2666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(87)87016-16. Song G., Li Y., Wang W., Zhao P., Jiang K., Ye X.Experimental study of hydrate formation in oil-watersystems using a high-pressure visual autoclave. AIChEJournal. 2019;65(9): e16667. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.166677. Liu Z., Song Y., Liu W., Lang C., Zhao J., Li Y.Formation of methane hydrate in oil–water emulsiongoverned by the hydrophilic and hydrophobic propertiesof non-ionic surfactants. Energy & Fuels.2019;33(6): 5777–5784. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b010468. Talatori S., Barth T. Rate of hydrate formationin crude oil/gas/water emulsions with different watercuts. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering.2012;80(1): 32–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2011.10.0109. Avrami M. Kinetics of phase change. II Transformation-time relations for random distribution ofnuclei. Journal of Chemical Physics. 1940;8(2): 212–224.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.175063110. Palodkar A. V., Mandal S., Jana A. K. Modelinggrowth kinetics of gas hydrate in porous media: Experimentalvalidation. Energy & Fuels. 2016;30(9):7656–7665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b0139711. Susilo R., Ripmeester J. A., Englezos P. Methaneconversion rate into structure H hydrate crystals fromice. AIChE Journal. 2007;53(9): 2451–2460. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.1126812. Naeiji P., Varaminian F. Differential scanningcalorimetry measurements and modeling of methane +THF hydrate growth kinetics based on non-equilibriumthermodynamics. Journal of Molecular Liquids.2018;263: 22–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.04.10713. Choupin T., Fayolle B., Régnier G., Paris C.,Cinquin J., Brule B. A more reliable DSC-based methodologyto study crystallization kinetics: Applicationto poly(ether-ketone-ketone) (PEKK) copolymers.Polymer. 2018;155: 109–115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.06014. Tan C., Zhu J., Wang Z., Zhang K., Tian X.,Cai W. The crystallization kinetics of Co doping onNi–Mn–Sn magnetic shape memory alloy thin films.RSC Advances. 2018;8(45): 25819–25828. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra04618b15. Derkach S. R., Kolotova D. S., Simonsen G.,Simon S. C., Sjöblom J., Andrianov A. V., Malkin A. Y.Kinetics of crystallization of aqueous droplets in water-in-crude oil emulsions at low temperatures. Energy& Fuels. 2018;32(2): 2197–2202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b0345716. Liu Z., Liu W., Lang C., Li Y., Yang M., Zhao J.,Song Y. DSC studies of methane hydrate formationand dissociation in water-in-mineral oil emulsions.In: Proc. 16th International Heat Transfer Conference(IHTC-16). 2018, 10–15 August, Beijing, China: 2018.p. 1607–1613. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1615/ihtc16.cat.02345317. Drelich A., Dalmazzone C., Pezron I., Liggieri L.,Clausse D. DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry)used to follow the evolution of W/O emulsions versustime on ground and in space in the ISS. Oil & GasSciences and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies Nou-velles. 2018;73(16): 1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst/201800318. Leister N., Karbstein H. Evaluating the stabilityof double emulsions – A review of the masurementtechniques for the systematic investigation of instabilitymechanisms. Colloids and Interfaces. 2020;4(8):1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids401000819. Koryakina V.V., Ivanova I.K., Semenov M.E.,Rozhin I.I., Fedorova A.F., Shits E.Y. Specific featuresof the growth, composition, and content of natural gashydrates synthesized in inverted oil emulsions. RussianJournal of Applied Chemistry. 2017;90(8): 1258–1265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/s107042721708011020. Dill E. D., Folmer J. C. W., Martin J. D. Crystalgrowth simulations to establish physically relevantkinetic parameters from the empirical Kolmogorov–Johnson–Mehl–Avrami Model. Chemistry of Materials.2013;25(20): 3941–3951. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cm402751x21. 2. Сакович Г. В. Замечания о некоторыхуравнениях кинетики реакций с участием твердыхвеществ, применяемых в настоящее время. Ученыезаписки Томского университета. 1955; 26: 103–110.22. 3. Гройсман А. Г. Теплофизические свойствагазовых гидратов. Новосибирск: Наука, 1985. 95 с.23. 4. Principles and Applications of ThermalAnalysis. Ed. P. Gabbott. Oxford, UK: BlackwellPublishing Ltd.; 2008. 464 p.24. Ruitenberg G., Woldt E., Petford-Long A. K.Comparing the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorovequations for isothermal and linear heating conditions.Thermochimica Acta. 2001;378(1–2): 97–105. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6031(01)00584-625. Stoporev A. S., Manakov A. Yu., Kosyakov V. I.,Shestakov V. A., Altunina K. A., Strelets L. A. Nucleationof methane hydrate in water-in-oil emulsions:role of the phase boundary. Energy & Fuels. 2016;30(5):3735–3741. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b0227926. Kislitsin A. A., Drachuk A. O., Molokitina N. S.,Podenko L. S. Diffusion model of methane hydrateformation in “Dry Water”. Russian Journal of PhysicalChemistry A. 2020;94(2): 405–411. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/s003602442002017x27. Kodama T., Ohmura R. Crystal growth ofclathrate hydrate in liquid water in contact withmethane + ethane + propane gas mixture. Journal ofChemical Technology & Biotechnology. 2014; 89(12):1982–1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.429228. Adamova T. P., Stoporev A. S., Manakov A. Y.Visual studies of methane hydrate formation on thewater – oil boundaries. Crystal Growth & Design.2018;18(11): 6713–6722. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.8b0098629. Dong S., Liu C., Han W., Li M., Zhang J., Chen G.The effect of the hydrate antiagglomerant on hydratecrystallization at the oil–water interface. ACS Omega.2020;5(7): 3315–3321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b0339530. Guo D., Ou W., Ning F., Fang B., Liu Z., Fang X.,He Z. The effects of hydrate formation and dissociationon the water-oil interface: Insight into the stability ofan emulsion. Fuel. 2020;266: 116980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116980

This paper presents some results of rainfall forecast in the monsoon onset period in South Vietnam, with the use of ensemble Kalman filter to assimilate observation data into the initial field of the model. The study of rainfall forecasts are experimented at the time of Southern monsoon outbreaks for 3 years (2005, 2008 and 2009), corresponding to 18 cases. In each case, there are five trials, including satellite wind data assimilation, upper-air sounding data assimilation, mixed data (satellite wind+upper-air sounding data) assimilation and two controlled trials (one single predictive test and one multi-physical ensemble prediction), which is equivalent to 85 forecasts for one trial. Based on the statistical evaluation of 36 samples (18 meteorological stations and 18 trials), the results show that Kalman filter assimilates satellite wind data to forecast well rainfall at 48 hours and 72 hours ranges. With 24 hour forecasting period, upper-air sounding data assimilation and mixed data assimilation experiments predicted better rainfall than non-assimilation tests. The results of the assessment based on the phase prediction indicators also show that the ensemble Kalman filter assimilating satellite wind data and mixed data sets improve the rain forecasting capability of the model at 48 hours and 72 hour ranges, while the upper-air sounding data assimilation test produces satisfactory results at the 72 hour forecast range, and the multi-physical ensemble test predicted good rainfall at 24 hour and 48 hour forecasts. The results of this research initially lead to a new research approach, Kalman Filter Application that assimilates the existing observation data into input data of the model that can improve the quality of rainfall forecast in Southern Vietnam and overall country in general.References Bui Minh Tuan, Nguyen Minh Truong, 2013. Determining the onset indexes for the summer monsoon over southern Vietnam using numerical model with reanalysis data. VNU Journal of Science, 29(1S), 187-195.Charney J.G., 1955. The use of the primitive equations of motion in numerical prediction, Tellus, 7, 22.Cong Thanh, Tran Tan Tien, Nguyen Tien Toan, 2015. Assessing prediction of rainfall over Quang Ngai area of Vietnam from 1 to 2 day terms. VNU Journal of Science, 31(3S), 231-237.Courtier P., Talagrand O., 1987. Variational assimilation of meteorological observations with the adjoint vorticity equations, Part II, Numerical results. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 1329.Daley R., 1991. Atmospheric data analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Elementi M., Marsigli C., Paccagnella T., 2005. High resolution forecast of heavy precipitation with Lokal Modell: analysis of two case studies in the Alpine area. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 5, 593-602.Fasullo J. and Webster P.J., 2003. A hydrological definition of India monsoon onset and withdrawal. J. Climate, 16, 3200-3211.Haltiner G.J., Williams R.T., 1982. Numerical prediction and dynamic meteorology, John Wiley and Sons, New York.Hamill T.M., Whitaker J.S., Snyder C., 2001. Distance-dependent filtering of background error covariance estimates in an ensemble Kalman filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2776.He J., Yu J., Shen X., and Gao H., 2004. Research on mechanism and variability of East Asia monsoon. J. Trop. Meteo, 20(5), 449-459.Hoang Duc Cuong, 2008. Experimental study on heavy rain forecast in Vietnam using MM5 model. A report on the Ministerial-level research projects on science and technology, 105p.Houtekamer P.L., Mitchell H.L., Pellerin G., Buehner M., Charron M., Spacek L., Hansen B., 2005. Atmospheric data assimilation with an ensemble Kalman filter: Results with real observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 604.Houtekamer P.L., Mitchell H.L., 2005. Ensemble Kalman filtering, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131C, 3269-3289.Hunt B.R., Kostelich E., Szunyogh I., 2007. Efficient data assimilation for spatiotemporal chaos: a local ensemble transform Kalman filter. Physica D., 230, 112-126.Kalnay E., 2003. Atmospheric modeling, data assimilation and predictability. Cambridge University Press, 181.Kalnay et al., 2008. A local ensemble transform Kalman filter data assimilation system for the NCEP global model. Tellus A, 60(1), 113-130.Kato T., Aranami K., 2009. Formation Factors of 2004 Niigata-Fukushima and Fukui Heavy Rainfalls and Problems in the Predictions using a Cloud-Resolving Model. SOLA. 10, doi:10.2151/sola.Kieu C.Q., 2010. Estimation of Model Error in the Kalman Filter by Perturbed Forcing. VNU Journal of Science, Natural Sciences and Technology, 26(3S), 310-316.Kieu C.Q., 2011. Overview of the Ensemble Kalman Filter and Its Application to the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. VNU Journal of Science, Natural Sciences and Technology, 27(1S), 17-28.Kieu C.Q., Truong N.M., Mai H.T., and Ngo Duc T., 2012. Sensitivity of the Track and Intensity Forecasts of Typhoon Megi (2010) to Satellite-Derived Atmosphere Motion Vectors with the Ensenble Kalman filter. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 29, 1794-1810.Kieu Thi Xin, 2005. Study on large-scale rainfall forecast by modern technology for flood prevention in Vietnam. State-level independent scientific and technological briefing report, 121-151.Kieu Thi Xin, Vu Thanh Hang, Le Duc, Nguyen Manh Linh, 2013. Climate simulation in Vietnam using regional climate nonhydrostatic NHRCM and hydrostatic RegCM models. Vietnam National University, Hanoi. Journal of Natural sciences and technology, 29(2S), 243-25.Krishnamurti T.N., Bounoa L., 1996. An introduction to numerical weather prediction techniques. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FA.Lau K.M., Yang S., 1997. Climatology and interannual variability of the Southeast Asian summer monsoon. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 14,141-162.Li C., Qu X., 1999. Characteristics of Atmospheric Circulation Associated with Summer monsoon onset in the South China Sea. Onset and Evolution of the South China Sea Monsoon and Its Interaction with the Ocean. Ding Yihui, and Li Chongyin, Eds, Chinese Meteorological Press, Beijing, 200-209.Lin N., Smith J.A., Villarini G., Marchok T.P., Baeck M.L., 2010. Modeling Extreme Rainfall, Winds,and Surge from Hurricane Isabel, 25. Doi: 10.1175/2010WAF2222349.Lu J., Zhang Q., Tao S., and Ju J., 2006. The onset and advance of the Asian summer monsoon. Chinese Science Bulletin, 51(1), 80-88.Matsumoto J., 1997. Seasonal transition of summer rainy season over Indochina and adjacent monsoon region. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 14, 231-245.Miyoshi T., and Kunii M., 2012. The Local Ensenble Transform Kalman Filter with the Weather Rearch and Forecasting Model: Experiments with Real Observation. Pure Appl. Geophysic, 169(3), 321-333. Miyoshi T., Yamane S., 2007. Local ensemble transform Kalman filtering with an AGCM at a T159/L48 resolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 3841-3861.Nguyen Khanh Van, Tong Phuc Tuan, Vuong Van Vu, Nguyen Manh Ha, 2013. The heavy rain differences based on topo-geographical analyse at Coastal Central Region, from Thanh Hoa to Khanh Hoa. J. Sciences of the Earth, 35, 301-309.Nguyen Minh Truong, Bui Minh Tuan, 2013. A case study on summer monsoon onset prediction for southern Vietnam in 2012 using the RAMS model. VNU Journal of Science, 29(1S), 179-186.Phillips N.A., 1960b. Numerical weather prediction. Adv. Computers, 1, 43-91, Kalnay 2004.Phillips N., 1960a. On the problem of the initial data for the primitive equations, Tellus, 12, 121126.Phuong Nguyen Duc, 2013. Experiment on combinatorial Kalman filtering method for WRF model to forecast heavy rain in central region in Vietnam. The Third International MAHASRI/HyARC Workshop on Asian Monsoon and Water Cycle, 28-30 August 2013, Da Nang, Viet Nam, 217-224.Richardson L.F., 1922. Weather prediction by numerical process. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Reprinted by Dover (1965, New York).Routray, Mohanty U.C., Niyogi D., Rizvi S.R., Osuri K.K., 2008. First application of 3DVAR-WRF data assimilation for mesoscale simulation of heavy rainfall events over Indian Monsoon region. Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1555.Schumacher, R. S., C. A. Davis, 2010. Ensemble-based Forecast Uncertainty Analysis of Diverse Heavy Rainfall Events, 25. Doi: 10.1175/2010WAF2222378.Snyder C., Zhang F., 2003. Assimilation of simulated Doppler radar observations with an Ensemble Kalman filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1663.Szunyogh I., Kostelich E.J., Gyarmati G., Kalnay E., Hunt B.R., Ott E., Satterfield E., Yorke J.A., 2008. A local ensemble transform Kalman filter data assimilation system for the NCEP global model. Tellus A., 60, 113-130.Tanaka M., 1992. Intraseasonal oscillation and the onset and retreat dates of the summer monsoon east, southeast Asia and the western Pacific region using GMS high cloud amount data. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 70, 613-628.Tan Tien Tran, Nguyen Thi Thanh, 2011. The MODIS satellite data assimilation in the WRF model to forecast rainfall in the central region. VNU Journal of Science, Natural Sciences and Technology, 27(3S), 90-95.Tao S., Chen L., 1987. A review of recent research on East summer monsoon in China, Monsoon Meteorology. C. P. Changand T. N. Krishramurti, Eds, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 60-92.Tippett M.K., Anderson J.L., Bishop C.H., Hamill T.M., Whitaker J.S., 2003. Ensemble square root filters. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1485.Thuy Kieu Thi, Giam Nguyen Minh, Dung Dang Van, 2013. Using WRF model to forecast heavy rainfall events on September 2012 in Dong Nai River Basin. The Third International MAHASRI/HyARC Workshop on Asian Monsoon and Water Cycle, 28-30 August 2013, Da Nang, Viet Nam, 185-200.Xavier, Chandrasekar, Singh R. and Simon B., 2006. The impact of assimilation of MODIS data for the prediction of a tropical low-pressure system over India using a mesoscale model. International Journal of Remote Sensing 27(20), 4655-4676. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160500207302. Wang B., 2003. Atmosphere-warm ocean interaction and its impacts on Asian-Australian monsoon variation. J. Climate, 16(8), 1195-1211.Wang B. and Wu R., 1997. Peculiar temporal structure of the South China Sea summer monsoon. J. Climate., 15, 386-396.Wang L., He J., and Guan Z., 2004. Characteristic of convective activities over Asian Australian ”landbridge” areas and its possible factors. Act a Meteorologic a Sinica, 18, 441-454.Wang, B., and Z. Fan, 1999. Choice of South Asian Summer Monsoon Indices. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Sci., 80, 629-638.Webster P.J., Magana V.O., Palmer T.N., Shukla J., Tomas R.A., Yanai M., Yasunari T., 1998. Monsoons: Processes, predictability, and teprospects for prediction, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14451-14510.Wilks Daniel S., 1997. Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences. Ithaca New York., 59, 255.Whitaker J.S., Hamill T.M., 2002. Ensemble data assimilation without perturbed observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1913.Wu G., Zhang Y., 1998. Tibetan plateau forcing and the timing of the monsoon onset over South Asia and the South China Sea. Mon.Wea.Rev., 126, 913-927.Zhang Z., Chan J.C.L., and Ding Y., 2004. Characteristics, evolution and mechanisms of the summer monsoon onset over Southeast Asia. J.Climatology, 24, 1461-1482.http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html and http://tropic.ssec.wisc.edu/archive/

Получены сорбенты на основе природного материала глауконита для сбора нефти и нефтепродуктов с разных поверхностей. Глауконит относится к алюмосиликатным минералам и широко используется для очистки воды и почвы от различных поллютантов. Классификация позволила отобрать фракцию глауконита с размером частиц 0.045–0.1 мм, которая наиболее эффективна при сорбции нефтепродуктов. Для этого проводилась термическая активация и модифицирование сорбента органическими соединениями. Термообработка образцов глауконита осуществлялась при температурах 100, 600 и 1000 °С. Для придания ему гидрофобных свойств модифицировалистеариновой кислотой. При контакте сорбентов с водой (продолжительность 92 часа) установлено, что при массовой доле стеариновой кислоты 5 масс. % наблюдаются наименьшие потери массы у всех трех образцов. Краевой угол смачивания для сорбентов больше 90°, что привело к изменению состояния его поверхности. Полученные образцы не смачиваются водой и могут долгое время находиться на ее поверхности. Взаимодействие нефти и гидрофобного сорбента показало,что через семь минут частицы сорбента проникают в нефть, которая также имеет гидрофобную поверхность и может сорбировать на ней поверхностно-активное вещество, нанесенное на сорбент, что свидетельствует о сродстве стеариновой кислоты к нефти. Гранулированный сорбент, термически активированный при температуре 1000 °С и модифицированный целлюлозосодержащим компонентом, в течение 2 минут сорбировал нефть. Использование данного модификатора увеличило пористость сорбента, что и повлияло на скорость сорбции.
 
 
 
 ЛИТЕРАТУРА
 1. Carmody O., Frost R., Xi Y., Kokot S. Surface characterisation of selected sorbent materials for commonhydrocarbon fuels. Surface Science. 2007;601: 2066–2076. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2007.03.0042. Ань К., Фазылова Д., Назирова А., Зенитова Л., Янов В. Пенополиуретан, наполненный хитозаном — сорбент для ликвидации нефтяных загрязнений. Экология и промышленность России.2019;23(5): 37–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-5-37-413. Калинина Е., Глушанкова И., Рудакова Л., Сабиров Д. Получение модифицированного сор-бента на основе шламов содового производства для ликвидации разливов нефти и нефтепродуктовс поверхности воды. Экология и промышленность России. 2018;22(5): 30–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2018-5-30-354. Домрачева В., Трусова В., Остапчук Д. Очистка сточных вод от нефтепродуктов с использованием углеродных сорбентов и отходов пенополимеров. Экология и промышленность России.2017;21(11): 25–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2017-11-25-295. Nurliyana Che Mohamed Hussein S., Hidayati Othman N.,Dollah A., Nazihah Che Abdul Rahim A.,Shuhadah Japperi N., Syamimi Mohd Asymawi Ramakrishnan N. Study of acid treated mixed sawdust asnatural oil sorbent for oil spill. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2019;19(4): 1382–1389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.1566. Cao S., Dong T., Xu G., Wang F. Oil spill cleanup by hydrophobic natural fi bers. Journal of Natural Fibers.2017;14(5): 727–735. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2016.12778207. Kizil S., Bulbul Sonmez H. Oil loving hydrophobic gels made from glycerol propoxylate: Effi cient andreusable sorbents for oil spill clean-up. Journal of Environmental Management. 2017;196: 330–339. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.0168. Wang J., Wang A., Wang W. Robustly superhydrophobic/superoleophilic kapok fi ber withZnO nanoneedles coating: Highly effi cient separation of oil layer in water and capture of oil droplets in oilin-water emulsions. Industrial Crops and Products.2017;108: 303–311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.06.0599. Hoang P. H., Hoang A. T., Chung N. H., Dien L. Q., Nguyen X. P., Pham X. D. The effi cient lignocellulosebased sorbent for oil spill treatment from polyurethane and agricultural residue of Vietnam. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects.2018;40(3): 312–319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2017.141539710. Bandura L., Woszuk A., Kołodynska D. Franus W. Application of mineral sorbents for removal ofpetroleum substances: a review. Minerals. 2017;7(3): 37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/min703003711. Adebajo M. O., Frost R. L., Kloprogge J. T., Carmody O., Kokot S. Porous materials for oil spillcleanup. A review of synthesis and absorbing properties. Journal of Porous Materials. 2003;10(3): 159–170.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:102748411706512. Грачева Н. В., Желтобрюхов В. Ф., Селезнева Н. А. Сорбция эмульгированных нефтепродуктов из сточных вод модифицированной опокой. Вестник Волгоградского государственного архитектурно-строительного университета. Серия: Строительство и архитектура. 2019;74: 80–87.Режим доступа: http://vgasu.ru/attachments/1_74_.pdf13. Hubbe M. A. New horizons for use of cellulosebased materials to adsorb pollutants from aqueoussolutions. Lignocellulose. 2013;2(2): 386–411. Режим доступа: http://lignocellulose.sbu.ac.ir/Issue%2005/Ligno100_Hubbe_Cellulose-Based%20Materials%20to%20Adsorb%20Pollutants_386-411_PDF.pdf14. Prathap A., Sureshan K. M. Organogelator– сellulose composite for practical and eco-friendlymarine oil-spill recovery. Angewandte Chemie. 2017;129(32): 9405–9409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.20170469915. Zhang H., Li Y., Xu Y., Lu Z., Chen L., Huang L., Fan M. Versatile fabrication of superhydrophobic andultralight cellulose based aerogel for oil spillage cleanup. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics.2016;18(40): 28297–28306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP04932J16. Liu H., Geng B., Chen Y., Wang H. Review on the aerogel-type oil sorbents derived fromnanocellulose. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2017;5(1): 49–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b0230117. Bidgoli H., Mortazavi Y., Khodadadi A. A. A functionalized nano-structured cellulosic sorbentaerogel for oil spill cleanup: Synthesis and characterization. Journal of Hazardous Materials.2019;366: 229–239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.08418. Wang Z., Saleem J., Barford J. P., McKay G. Preparation and characterization of modifi ed ricehusks by biological delignifi cation and acetylation for oil spill cleanup. Environmental Technology. 2018;41(15): 1980–1991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2018.155272519. Laitinen O., Suopajдrvi T., Цsterberg M., Liimatainen H. Hydrophobic, superabsorbing aerogelsfrom choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent pretreated and silylated cellulose nanofibrils forselective oil removal. ACS Appl. Interfaces. 2017;9(29): 25029–25037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b0630420. Wang Y., Chen A., Peng M., Tan D., Liu X., Shang C., Luo S., Peng L. Preparation andcharacterization of a fluorizated kaolin–modified melamine sponge as an absorbent for effi cient andrapid oil/water separation. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019;217: 308–316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.25321. Gao H., Sun P., Zhang Y., Zeng X., Wang D., Zhang Y., Wang W. A two-step hydrophobic fabricationof melamine sponge for oil absorption and oil / water separation. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2018;339: 147–154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.02.02222. Oribayo O., Pan Q., Feng X., Rempel G. L. Hydrophobic surface modifi cation of FMSS and its applicationas effective sorbents for oil spill clean-ups and recovery. AIChe Journal. 2017;63(9): 4090–4102.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.1576723. Anuzyte E., Vaisis V. Natural oil sorbents modifi cation methods for hydrophobicity improvement.Energy Procedia. 2018;147: 295–300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.09524. Patowary M., Pathak K., Ananthakrishnan R. A facile preparation of superhydrophobic and oleophilicprecipitated calcium carbonate sorbent powder for oil spill clean-ups from water and land surfaces.RSC Advances. 2015;5(97): 79852–79859. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA13847G25. Юдаков А. А., Ксеник Т. В., Перфильев А. В., Молчанов В. П.. Гидрофобно-модифицированныесорбенты для очистки нефтесодержащих вод. Вестник ДВО РАН. 2009;2: 59–63. Режим доступа:https://socionet.ru/d/spz:cyberlenin-ka:1540:14725834/http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/gidrofobno-modifi tsirovannye-sorbenty-dlya-ochistkineftesoderzhaschih-vod 26. Wang Y., Feng Y., Yao J. Construction of hydrophobic alginate-based foams induced by zirconiumionsfor oil and organic solvent cleanup. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2019;533: 182–189. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.07327. Фокина Н. В. Перспективы использования сорбентов различной модификации при очисткеприродных сред от нефтепродуктов в условиях Кольского Севера. Вестник МГТУ. 2019;22(1):101–108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2019-22-1-101-108 10128. Prokof’ev V. Yu., Razgovorov P. B., Zakharov O. N., Gordina N. E. Study of pore texture of sorbentsbased on kaolin clay. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2011;84(11): 1866–1870. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S107042721111005X29. Wahi R., Chuah L. A., Choong T. S. Y., Ngaini Z., Nourouzi M. M. Oil removal from aqueous state bynatural fi brous sorbent: An overview. Separation and Purifi cation Technology. 2013;113: 51–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2013.04.01530. Bhardwaj N., Bhaskarwar A. N. A review on sorbent devices for oil-spill control. EnvironmentalPollution. 2018;243: 1758–1771. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.14131. Moazed H., Viraraghavan T. Coalescence / fi ltration of an oil-in-water emulsion in a granular organo-clay / anthracite mixture bed. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 2002;138: 253–270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:101558101117232. Wei Q. F., Mather R. R., Fotheringham A. F., Yang R. D. Evaluation of nonwoven polypropylene oilsorbents in marine oil-spill recovery. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003;46(6): 780–783. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00042-033. Pagnucco R., Phillips M. L. Comparative effectiveness of natural by-products and syntheticsorbents in oil spill booms. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018;225: 10–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.09434. Нифталиев С. И., Перегудов Ю. С. , Мокшина Н. Я., Мэжри Р., Саранов И. А. Влияние терми-ческой активации глауконита на его влаго- и нефтеёмкость. Экология и промышленность России.2019;23(7): 42–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-7-42-47

В последние годы высокими темпами проводятся исследования, связанные с поиском и изучением механизма действия новых и применяющихся в медицине ноотропных средств. Представляют интерес исследования, связанные с поиском новых комбинированных лекарственных средств ноотропного действия на основе субстанций D-гамма-пантотената кальция и янтарной кислоты, обладающих нейрометаболическими, атигипоксическими и адаптогенными свойствами. Целью настоящего исследования являлись разработка и обоснование оптимальных составов и технологий изготовления таблеток, обладающих ноотропным действием, и стандартизация предложенных лекарственных форм, содержащих пантогам и янтарную кислоту.Способ приготовления таблеточной смеси: все компоненты отвешивали в необходимом количестве, в ступку вносили пантогам, затем янтарную кислоту и растирали до однородного белого порошка. Прессование таблеток проводили на ручном прессе при давлении 120 мн/м2. Нанесение покрытия осуществлялось на лабораторной установке псевдоожиженного слоя с одной форсункой в перфорированном барабане объёмом 1000 мл. Полученные таблетки оценивали согласно требованиям по Государственной Фармакопее XIII, XIV. Сравнение таблеток пантогама сянтарной кислотой, полученных методом прямого прессования и влажного гранулирования, показало, что метод прямого прессования позволяет получать таблетки с хорошими физико-механическими показателями и биодоступностью. Для количественного определения пантогама в таблетках разработаны методики, основанные на кислотно-основном титровании, спектрофотометрическом определении. Проведена валидация методики количественного определения янтарной кислоты в лекарственных формах.На основании изучения физико-химических, технологических свойств субстанций и вспомогательных веществ обоснованы и разработаны составы и технология получения таблеток, содержащих пантогам и янтарную кислоту. Установлено, что при совместном присутствии пантогама и янтарной кислоты в таблетках происходят твердофазные взаимодействия. Разработаны методы качественного и количественного анализа лекарственных форм, содержащих пантогам, янтарную кислоту, основанные на комплексонометрическом титровании и высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии. Процедура валидации определения янтарной кислоты методом высокоэффективнойжидкостной хроматографии в разработанных лекарственных формах показала обоснованность предложенной методики.
 
 
 
 
 ЛИТЕРАТУРА
 1. Воронков А. В., Поздняков Д. И., Нигарян С. А. Церебропротективное действие некоторых фенолокислот в условиях экспериментальной ишемии головного мозга. Фармация и фармакология. 2019;7(6): 332–339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19163/2307-9266-2019-7-6-332-3382. Cornelis E., Gorus E., Beyer I., Bautmans I., De Vriendt P. Early diagnosis of mild cognitive impairmentand mild dementia through basic and instrumental activities of daily living: development of a new evaluationtool. PLoS Med. 2017;14(3): e1002250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.10022503. Wang P., Wang W., Hu Y., Li Y. Prolonged soluble epoxide hydrolase reactivity in brain endothelial cellsis associated with long cognitive deficits in sepsis. Molecular Neurobiology. 2020;57(6): 2846–2855. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-01925-24. Sun M. K. Potential therapeutics for vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Current Neuropharmacology.2018,16(7): 1036–1044. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X156661710161647345. Lowry E., Puthusseryppady V., Coughlan G., Jeffs S., Hornberger M. Path integration changes as acognitive marker for vascular cognitive impairment? - A pilot study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.2020;21(14): 131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.001316. Beggiato S., Borelli A. C., Ferraro L., Tanganelli S., Antonelli T., Tomasini M. C. Palmitoylethanolamideblunts amyloid-b42-induced astrocyte activation and improves neuronal survival in primary mousecortical astrocyte-neuron co-cultures. J. Alzheimer’s Disease. 2018;61(1): 389–399. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-1706997. Moretti R., Caruso P., Storti B., Saro R., Kassabian B., Sala A., Giannini A., Gazzin S. Behavior insubcortical vascular dementia with sight pathologies: visual hallucinations as a consequence of precociousgait imbalance and institutionalization. Neurological Sciences. 2020;14: 131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04445-y8. Chen N., Yang M., Guo J., Zhou M., Zhu C., He L. Cerebrolysin for vascular dementia. Cochrane Databaseof Systematic Reviews. 2019;11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD0089009. Solleiro-Villavicencio H., Rivas-Arancibia S. Effect of chronic oxidative stress on neuroinflammatoryresponse mediated by CD4+T cells in neurodegenerative diseases. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience.2018;12: 114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2018.0011410. Воронков А. В., Шабанова Н. Б., Воронкова М. П., Лысенко Т. А. Изучение дозозависимогоцеребротропного эффекта производного пиримидина под шифром PIR-9 на фоне экспериментальной ишемии головного мозга крыс. Фармация и фармакология. 2018;6(6): 548–567. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19163/2307-9266-2018-6-6-548-56711. Muzyko E. A., Tkacheva G. A., Perfilova V. N., Matvienko L. S., Naumenko L. V., Vasil’eva O. S., TyurenkovI. N. Bulletin of experiment effects of gaba derivatives on anxious and compulsive behavior inoffspring of rats with experimental preeclampsia. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine.2020;168(4): 457–464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-020-04731-x12. Wilms W., Woźniak-Karczewska M., Corvini P. F., Chrzanowski Ł. Nootropic drugs: Methylphenidate,modafinil and piracetam – Population use trends, occurrence in the environment, ecotoxicity andremoval methods. Chemosphere. 2019;233: 771–785. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemo-sphere.2019.06.01613. Fekete S., Hiemke C., Gerlach M. Dose-related concentrations of neuro-/psychoactive drugs expectedin blood of children and adolescents. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2019;42(2): 315–324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.000000000000068514. Saad C. Y., Fogel J., Rubinstein S. Awareness and knowledge among internal medicine resident trainees for dose adjustment of analgesics and neuropsychotropic medications in CKD. South Med J. 2018;111(3): 155–162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14423/smj.000000000000078115. Woźniak-Karczewska M., Čvančarová M., Chrzanowski Ł., Kolvenbach B., Corvini P. F., CichockaD. N. Isolation of two ochrobactrum sp. strains capable of degrading the nootropic drug – Piracetam.New Biotechnology. 2018;43: 37–43. DOI: https://doi.org/110.1016/j.nbt.2017.07.00616. Заваденко Н. Н., Суворинова Н. Ю., Заваденко А. Н. Синдром дефицита внимания с гиперактивностью у детей: эффективность фармакотерапии гопантеновой кислотой. Вопросы практической педиатрии. 2018;13(2): 11–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20953/1817-7646-2018-2-11-1817. Воронина T. A., Литвинова С. A. Фармакологические эффекты и клиническое применениепрепаратов пантогам и пантогам актив. Журн. неврологии и психиатрии им. С. С. Корсакова.2017;117(8): 132–139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201711781132-13918. Заваденко Н. Н., Гузева В. И., Гайнетдинова Д. Д., Давыдова Л. А., Заваденко А. Н., Романова Т. А. Фармакотерапия задержки психомоторного развития у детей 6–12 мес, рожденных недоношенными и перенесших гипоксически-ишемиче-ское поражение головного мозга (двойное слепое сравнительное многоцентровое плацебо-контролируемоеисследование). Журн. неврологии и психиатрии им. С. С. Корсакова. 2019;119(10): 30–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20191191013019. Stylianou E., Pateraki C., Ladakis D., Cruz-Fernández M., Latorre-Sánchez M., Coll C.,Koutinas A. Evaluation of organic fractions of municipal solid waste as renewable feedstock for succinicacid production. Biotechnology for Biofuels. 2020;13(1): 13:72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-020-01708-w20. Jiang M., Ma J., Wu M., Liu R., Liang L., Xin F., Zhang W., Jia H., Dong W. Progress of succinic acidproduction from renewable resources: Metabolic and fermentative strategies. Bioresource Technology.2017;245: 1710–1717. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.20921. Четверикова А. Г., Каныгина О. Н., Алпысбаева Г. Ж., Юдин А. А., Сокабаева С. С. Инфракраснаяспектроскопия как метод определения структурных откликов природных глин на СВЧ-воздействие. Конденсированные среды и межфазные границы. 2019;21(3): 446–454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2019.21/115522. Середин П. В., Голощапов Д. Л., Кашкаров В. М., Никитков К. А., Бартенев В. Н., Ипполитов Ю. А., Vongsvivut J. P. Применение синхротронной ИК-микроспектроскопии для анализа интеграции биомиметических композитов с нативнойтвердой тканью зуба человека. Конденсированные среды и межфазные границы. 2019;21(2): 262–277.DOI: https://doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2019.21/76423. Ельцова Н. О., Будко Е. В. Применение ВЭЖХ совместно с оптическими и термическими мето-дами в комплексном анализе межкомпонентных взаимодействий фармацевтических композиций.Сорбционные и хроматографические процессы. 2019;19(4): 474–480. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17308/sorpchrom.2019.19/786

The achievement of children's quality of life is undoubtedly linked to the development of positive habits that will continue to be practiced in future lives. This can be done by developing awareness and behavior of a balanced clean and healthy lifestyle. The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in the PHBS ability of children. Various efforts have been made so that children with intellectual disabilities can maintain their cleanliness. The efforts made by the teacher are still not maximal so that the delivery of information about PHBS must be completed by another method, namely demonstration. This research was conducted at SDLB 127710 Pematangsiantar5 with an action research method that refers to the Kurt Lewin model. Data collection techniques used purposive sampling and data analysis with the Wilcoxon test. The results showed an increase in understanding of the PHBS of children with intellectual disabilities able to learn SDLB 127710 Pematangsiantar through the demonstration method. This is evidenced by the increase in the score, where the initial assessment was obtained (59%), while in the first cycle, the average score was good (69.9%). In short, the understanding of children with intellectual disabilities being able to learn about PHBS is increased by using the demonstration method. 
 Keywords: Intellectual Disability Children, PHBS program, Demonstration methods
 References
 Agarwal, R. (2017). Importancia de la atención primaria de salud en la sociedad. International Journal of Health Sciences, 1(1), 5–9.
 Aiello, A. E., Coulborn, R. M., Perez, V., & Larson, E. L. (2008). Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 98(8), 1372–1381. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124610
 Arip, M. pdfo., & Emilyani, D. (2018). Strategy to improve knowledge, attitude, and skill toward clean and healthy life behaviour. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(3), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.29332/ijssh.v2n3.222
 Basheer, A., Hugerat, M., Kortam, N., & Hofstein, A. (2017). The effectiveness of teachers’ use of demonstrations for enhancing students’ understanding of and attitudes to learning the oxidation-reduction concept. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(3), 555–570. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00632a
 Bloomfield, S. F., Aiello, A. E., Cookson, B., O’Boyle, C., & Larson, E. L. (2007). The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers. American Journal of Infection Control, 35(10 SUPPL. 1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.001
 Cavanaugh, L. K. (n.d.). Intellectual Disabilities (D. L. Porretta (Ed.); 6 th). Human Kinetics.
 Chang, Y. J., Lee, M. Y., Chou, L. Der, Chen, S. F., & Chen, Y. C. (2011). A Mobile Wetness Detection System Enabling Teachers to Toilet Train Children with Intellectual Disabilities in a Public School Setting. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 23(6), 527–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-011-9243-3
 Cummings, S., Bridgman, T., & Brown, K. G. (2016). Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewin’s legacy for change management. Human Relations, 69(1), 33–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726715577707
 Dirjen P2P Kemkes RI. (2019). Rencana Aksi Program Pencegahan Dan Pengendalian Penyakit 2015-2019 ( Revisi I - 2018 ). Rencana AKSI Program P2P 2015-2019, 2019, 86.
 Flanagan, D. P., Alfonso, V. C., & Hale, J. B. (2010). The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fourth Edition in Neuropsychological Practice. Handbook of Pediatric Neuropsychology, January, 397–414.
 Giridharan, K., & Raju, R. (2017). Impact of Teaching Strategies: Demonstration and Lecture Strategies and Impact of Teacher Effect on Academic Achievement in Engineering Education. International Journal of Educational Sciences, 14(3), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/09751122.2016.11890491
 Hooman, N., Safaii, A., Valavi, E., & Amini-Alavijeh, Z. (2013). Toilet training in Iranian children: A cross-sectional study. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 23(2), 154–158.
 Hung, J.-W., Chang, Y.-J., & Han, W.-Y. (2016). Game technology to increase range of motion for adolescents with cerebral palsy: a feasibility study. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijdhd-2016-0026
 Kang, Y. S., & Chang, Y. J. (2019). Using a motion-controlled game to teach four elementary school children with intellectual disabilities to improve hand hygiene. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(4), 942–951. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12587
 Kementerian, & Indonesia, R. (2011). Profil Kesehatan Indonesia. Kemenenterian Kesehatan RI.
 Kesehatan, K. (2011). PHBS di Sekolah. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
 Ketut Sudiana, I., Adiputra, N., & Budi Adnyana, P. (2020). Integrative Health Thematic Strategy Increases Learning Outcomes and Students ’Clean and Healthy Living Behaviors. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1503(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1503/1/012050
 Koh, W. M., Bogich, T., Siegel, K., Jin, J., Chong, E. Y., Tan, C. Y., Chen, M. I. C., Horby, P., & Cook, A. R. (2016). The epidemiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in Asia: A systematic review and analysis. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 35(10), e285–e300. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000001242
 Kroeger, K., & Sorensen, R. (2010). A parent training model for toilet training children with autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(6), 556–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01286.x
 Laporan Akuntabilitas Kinerja Kementerian Kesehatan tahun 2014. (n.d.).
 Lee, R. L. T., & Lee, P. H. (2014). To evaluate the effects of a simplified hand washing improvement program in schoolchildren with mild intellectual disability: A pilot study. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(11), 3014–3025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.07.016
 Lee, R. L. T., Leung, C., Tong, W. K., Chen, H., & Lee, P. H. (2015). Comparative efficacy of a simplified handwashing program for improvement in hand hygiene and reduction of school absenteeism among children with intellectual disability. American Journal of Infection Control, 43(9), 907–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2015.03.023
 Levato, L. E., Aponte, C. A., Wilkins, J., Travis, R., Aiello, R., Zanibbi, K., Loring, W. A., Butter, E., Smith, T., & Mruzek, D. W. (2016). Use of urine alarms in toilet training children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 53–54, 232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.02.007
 Noah Ekeyi, D. (2013). Effect of Demonstration Method of Teaching on Students’ Achievement in Agricultural Science. World Journal of Education, 3(6), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5430/wje.v3n6p1
 Pedoman Umum Program Indonesia Sehat dengan Pendekatan Keluarga. (2015). Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
 Purba, N., Handini, M. C. H., & Yetti, E. (2018). Development of Media Vocabulary Cards to Improve the Speech Competence of Children with Intellectual Disabilities. 6.
 Puspita, W. A., Sulistyorini, M. P., & Wibowo, B. (2020). Learning Clean, Healthy and Safe Life Behavior in Inclusive Early Childhood Education. 454(Ecep 2019), 270–274. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200808.053
 Putri, R. M., Rosdiana, Y., & Nisa, A. C. (2019). Application of Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) From The Household Knowledge and Attitude Study. Journal Of Nursing Practice, 3(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.30994/jnp.v3i1.64
 Rosenberg, N. E., Schwartz, I. S., & Davis, C. A. (2010). Evaluating the utility of commercial videotapes for teaching hand washing to children with autism. Education and Treatment of Children, 33(3), 443–455. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.0.0098
 Ruan, F., Yang, T., Ma, H., Jin, Y., Song, S., Fontaine, R. E., & Zhu, B. P. (2011). Risk factors for hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina and the preventive effect of hand-washing. Pediatrics, 127(4). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-1497
 Shen, K., Yang, Y., Wang, T., Zhao, D., Jiang, Y., Jin, R., Zheng, Y., Xu, B., Xie, Z., Lin, L., Shang, Y., Lu, X., Shu, S., Bai, Y., Deng, J., Lu, M., Ye, L., Wang, X., Wang, Y., & Gao, L. (2020). Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: experts’ consensus statement. World Journal of Pediatrics, 16(3), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00343-7
 Steenkamp, L., Williams, M., Ronaasen, J., Feeley, A., Truter, I., & Melariri, P. (2020). Handwashing knowledge and practices among caregivers of pre-school children in underprivileged areas of Nelson Mandela Bay. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 0(0), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2020.1769336
 van Nunen, K., Kaerts, N., Wyndaele, J. J., Vermandel, A., & van Hal, G. V. (2015). Parents’ views on toilet training (TT): A quantitative study to identify the beliefs and attitudes of parents concerning TT. Journal of Child Health Care, 19(2), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367493513508232
 Walpole, R. E. (1955). Pengantar Statistika. Gramedia.

This study uses an in silico screening docking model to evaluate the ACE2 inhibitory activity of natural compounds and drugs. The study collected 49 compounds and evaluated the ACE2 inhibitory effect in silico. The study results show that 11 out of the 49 compounds had stronger inhibitory activity on ACE2 than MLN-4760. Lipinski’s rule of five criteria and predictive pharmacokinetic-toxicity analysis show that eight compounds including quercetin, galangin, quisinostat, fluprofylline, spirofylline, RS 504393, TNP and GNF-5 had drug-likeness. These compounds could be potential drug for the Covid-19 treatment.
 Keywords
 SARS-CoV-2S, Covid-19, ACE2, molecular docking, in silico.
 References
 [[1] C. Wang, P.W. Horby, F.G. Hayden, G.F. Gao. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The Lancet 395(10223) (2020) 470.[2] WHO. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. WHO, 2020.[3] N. Chen, M. Zhou, X. Dong, J. Qu, F. Gong, Y. Han, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet 395(10223) (2020) 507.[4] J. Yang, Y. Zheng, X. Gou, K. Pu, Z. Chen, Q. Guo, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 94 (2020) 91.[5] R. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, P. Niu, B. Yang, H. Wu, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet 395(10224) (2020) 565.[6] R. Hilgenfeld. From SARS to MERS: crystallographic studies on coronaviral proteases enable antiviral drug design. The FEBS journal 281(18) (2014) 4085.[7] D. Wrapp, N. Wang, K.S. Corbett, J.A. Goldsmith, C.L. Hsieh, O. Abiona, et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science (New York, NY) 367(6483) (2020) 1260.[8] P.A. Rota, M.S. Oberste, S.S. Monroe, W.A. Nix, R. Campagnoli, J.P. Icenogle, et al. Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science (New York, NY) 300(5624) (2003) 1394.[9] M. Donoghue, F. Hsieh, E. Baronas, K. Godbout, M. Gosselin, N. Stagliano, et al. A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9. Circulation research 87(5) (2000) E1.[10] H. Zhang, Z. Kang, H. Gong, D. Xu, J. Wang, Z. Li, et al. The digestive system is a potential route of 2019-nCov infection: a bioinformatics analysis based on single-cell transcriptomes. bioRxiv (2020) 2020.01.30.927806.[11] Y. Zhao, Z. Zhao, Y. Wang, Y. Zhou, Y. Ma, W. Zuo. Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-nCov. bioRxiv (2020) 2020.01.26.919985.[12] E.I. Bahbah, A. Negida, M.S. Nabet. Purposing Saikosaponins for the treatment of COVID-19. Med Hypotheses 140 (2020) 109782.[13] I.W. Cheung, S. Nakayama, M.N. Hsu, A.G. Samaranayaka, E.C. Li-Chan. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory activity of hydrolysates from oat (Avena sativa) proteins by in silico and in vitro analyses. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 57(19) (2009) 9234.[14] T. Joshi, T. Joshi, P. Sharma, S. Mathpal, H. Pundir, V. Bhatt, et al. In silico screening of natural compounds against COVID-19 by targeting Mpro and ACE2 using molecular docking. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 24(8) (2020) 4529.[15] S. Shahid, A. Kausar, M. Khalid, S. Tewari, T. Alghassab, T. Acar, et al. analysis of binding properties of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 through in silico molecular docking, 2018.[16] K. Teralı, B. Baddal, H.O. Gülcan. Prioritizing potential ACE2 inhibitors in the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from a molecular mechanics-assisted structure-based virtual screening experiment. J Mol Graph Model 100 (2020) 107697.[17] M. Muchtaridi, M. Fauzi, N.K. Khairul Ikram, A. Mohd Gazzali, H.A. Wahab. Natural Flavonoids as Potential Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Inhibitors for Anti-SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 25(17) (2020) 3980.[18] M.J. Huentelman, J. Zubcevic, J.A. Hernández Prada, X. Xiao, D.S. Dimitrov, M.K. Raizada, et al. Structure-based discovery of a novel angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitor. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex : 1979) 44(6) (2004) 903.[19] S. Choudhary, Y.S. Malik, S. Tomar. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Inhibitors by Drug Repurposing Using in silico Structure-Based Virtual Screening Approach. Front Immunol 11((2020) 1664.[20] C.A. Lipinski. Lead-and drug-like compounds: the rule-of-five revolution. Drug Discovery Today: Technologies 1(4) (2004) 337.[21] B. Jayaram, T. Singh, G. Mukherjee, A. Mathur, S. Shekhar, V. Shekhar, Eds. Sanjeevini: a freely accessible web-server for target directed lead molecule discovery. Proceedings of the BMC bioinformatics; 2012. Springer (Year).[22] D.E. Pires, T.L. Blundell, D.B. Ascher. pkCSM: predicting small-molecule pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties using graph-based signatures. Journal of medicinal chemistry 58(9) (2015) 4066.[23] P. Towler, B. Staker, S.G. Prasad, S. Menon, J. Tang, T. Parsons, et al. ACE2 X-ray structures reveal a large hinge-bending motion important for inhibitor binding and catalysis. The Journal of biological chemistry 279(17) (2004) 17996.[24] N.A. Dales, A.E. Gould, J.A. Brown, E.F. Calderwood, B. Guan, C.A. Minor, et al. Substrate-based design of the first class of angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) inhibitors. Journal of the American Chemical Society 124(40) (2002) 11852.[25] P. Pandey, J.S. Rane, A. Chatterjee, A. Kumar, R. Khan, A. Prakash, et al. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of COVID-19 with naturally occurring phytochemicals: an in silico study for drug development. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics (2020) 1.[26] C.A. Lipinski. Lead- and drug-like compounds: the rule-of-five revolution. Drug discovery today Technologies 1(4) (2004) 337.[27] R.O. Barros, F.L. Junior, W.S. Pereira, N.M. Oliveira, R.M. Ramos. Interaction of drug candidates with various SARS-CoV-2 receptors: An in silico study to combat COVID-19. Journal of Proteome Research (2020).

07–373Cutting, L. E. (Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, USA; cutting@kennedykrieger.org), A. M. Clements, S. L. Rimrodt, J. R. Abel, J. G. Blankner, S. H. Mostofsky, J. J. Pekar & M. B. Denckla, Sex differences in cerebral laterality of language and visuospatial processing. Brain and Language (Elsevier) 98.2 (2006), 150–158.07–374Fiebach, Christian J. (U California, Berkeley, USA; fiebach@uni-heidelberg.de), Jesse Rissman & Mark D'Esposito, Modulation of inferotemporal cortex activation during verbal working memory maintenance. Neuron (Cell Press) 51.2 (2006), 251–261.07–375Kobayashi, Chiyoko (Cornell U, New York, USA; ck227@cornell.edu), Gary H. Glover & Elise Temple, Cultural and linguistic influence on neural bases of ‘Theory of Mind’: An fMRI study with Japanese bilinguals. Brain and Language (Elsevier) 98.2 (2006), 210–220.07–376Xue, Gui, Chuansheng Chen, Zhen Jin & Qi Dong (Beijing Normal U, Beijing, China; dongqi@bnu.edu.cn), Cerebral asymmetry in the fusiform areas predicted the efficiency of learning a new writing system. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (MIT Press) 18.6 (2006), 923–931.

Dianthus chinensis is widely cultivated for ornamental and medicinal use in China (Guo et al. 2017). The plant has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of urinary problems such as strangury and diuresis (Han et al. 2015). In June and July 2020, powdery mildew-like signs and symptoms were seen on leaves of D. chinensis cultivated on the campus of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot city, Inner Mongolia Province, China. White powder-like masses occurred in irregular shaped lesions on both leaf surfaces and covered up to 50% of leaf area. Some infected leaves were deformed on their edges and some leaf senescence occurred. More than 40 % of plants (n = 180) exhibited these signs and symptoms. Conidiophores (n = 50) of the suspect fungus were unbranched and measured 70 to 140 µm long × 6 to 10 µm wide and had foot cells that were 25 to 48 µm long. Conidia (n = 50) were produced singly, elliptical to cylindrical shaped, 30 to 45 µm long × 12 to 19 µm wide, with length/width ratio of 2.0 to 3.2, and lacked fibrosin bodies. No chasmothecia were found. Based on these morphological characteristics, the fungus was tentatively identified as an Erysiphe sp. (Braun and Cook 2012). Fungal structures were isolated from diseased leaves and genomic DNA of the pathogen extracted utilizing the method described by Zhu et al. (2019). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified by PCR employing the primers PMITS1/PMITS2 (Cunnington et al. 2003) and the amplicon sequenced by Invitrogen (Shanghai, China). The sequence for the powdery mildew fungus (deposited into GenBank under Accession No. MW144997) showed 100 % identity (558/558 bp) with E. buhrii (Accession No. LC009898) that was reported on Dianthus sp. in Japan (Takamatsu et al. 2015). Pathogenicity tests were done by collecting fungal conidia from infected D. chinensis leaves and brushing them onto leaves of four healthy plants. Four uninoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated and uninoculated plants were placed in separate growth chambers maintained at 19 ℃, 65 % humidity, with a 16 h/8 h light/dark period. Nine-days post-inoculation, powdery mildew disease signs appeared on inoculated plants, whereas control plants remained asymptomatic. The same results were obtained for two repeated pathogenicity experiments. The powdery mildew fungus was identified and confirmed as E. buhrii based on morphological and molecular analysis. An Oidium sp. causing powdery mildew on D. chinensis previously was reported in Xinjiang Province, China (Zheng and Yu 1987). This, to the best of our knowledge, is the first report of powdery mildew caused by E. buhrii on D. chinensis in China (Farr and Rossman 2020). The sudden occurrence of this destructive powdery mildew disease on D. chinensis may adversely affect the health, ornamental value and medicinal uses of the plant in China. Identifying the cause of the disease will support efforts for its future control and management.

06–416Ding, Guosheng (Beijing Normal U, China), Perry Conrad, Peng Danling, Ma Lin, Li Dejun, Shu Shiyong, Luo Qian, Xu Duo & Yang Jing, Neural mechanisms underlying semantic and orthographic processing in Chinese–English bilinguals. NeuroReport (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 14.12 (2003), 1557–1562.06–417Elston-Güttler, Kerrie E. (Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; guettler@cbs.mpg.de), Silke Paulmann & Sonja A. Kotz, Who's in control? Proficiency and L1 influence on L2 processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (MIT Press) 17.10 (2005), 1593–1610.06–418Gollan, Tamar H. (U Califonia, San Diego, USA; tgollan@ucsd.edu), Marina P. Bonanni & Rosa I. Montoya, Proper names get stuck on bilingual and monolingual speakers' tip of the tongue equally often. Neuropsychology (American Psychological Association) 19.3 (2005), 278–287.06–419Hernandez, Arturo (U Houston, USA), Ping Li & Brian MacWhinney, The emergence of competing modules in bilingualism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences (Elsevier) 9.5 (2005), 220–225.06–420Mahendra Nidhi, Elena Plante (U Arizona, USA; eplante@email.arizona.edu), Joel Magloire, Lisa Milman & Theodore P. Trouard, fMRI variability and the localization of languages in the bilingual brain. NeuroReport (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 14.9 (2003), 1225–1228.06–421Mildner, Vesna (U Zagreb, Croatia; vesna.mildner@ffzg.hr), Davor Stanković & Marina Petković, The relationship between active hand and ear advantage in the native and foreign language. Brain and Cognition (Elsevier) 57.2 (2005), 158–161.06–422Minagawa-Kawai, Yasuyo (National Institute for Japanese Language, Tokyo, Japan), Koichi Mori, Yataka Sato & Toshizo Koizumi, Differential cortical responses in second language learners to different vowel contrasts. NeuroReport (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 15.5 (2004), 899–903.06–423Mueller, Jutta L. (Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; muellerj@cbs.mpg.de), Anja Hahne, Yugo Fujii & Angela D. Friederici, Native and non-native speakers' processing of a miniature version of Japanese as revealed by ERPs. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (MIT Press) 17.8 (2005), 1229–1244.06–424Ojima, Shiro (U Essex, UK; sojima@nips.ac.jp), Hiroki Nakata & Ryusuke Kakigi, An ERP study of second language learning after childhood: Effects of proficiency. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (MIT Press) 17.8 (2005), 1212–1228.06–425Oran, Revital (U Haifa, Israel; zviab@construct.haifa.ac.il) &Zvia Breznitz, Reading processes in L1 and L2 among dyslexic as compared to regular bilingual readers: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Journal of Neurolinguistics (Elsevier) 18.2 (2005), 127–151.06–426Peltola, Maija S. (U Turku, Finland; maija.peltola@utu.fi), Minna Kuntola, Henna Tamminen, Heikki Hämäläinen & Olli Aaltonen, Early exposure to non-native language alters preattentive vowel discrimination. Neuroscience Letters (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 388.3 (2005), 121–125.06–427Perani, Daniela (Vita Salute San Raffaele U, Milan, Italy; daniela.perani@hsr.it) & Jubin Abutalebi, The neural basis of first and second language processing. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (Elsevier) 15.2 (2005), 202–206.06–428Rodríguez-Fornells, Antoni (Otto-von-Guericke U, Magdeburg, Germany), Arie van der Lugt, Michael Rotte, Belinda Britti, Hans-Jochen Heinze & Thomas F. Münte, Second language interferes with word production in fluent bilinguals: Brain potential and functional imaging evidence. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (MIT Press) 17.3 (2005), 422–433.06–429Thierry, Guillaume (U Wales, Bangor, UK) & Jing Yan Wu, Electrophysiological evidence for language interference in late bilinguals. NeuroReport (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 15.10 (2004), 1555–1558.06–430Van Borsel, John (Gent U Hospital, Belgium; john.vanborsel@ugent.be), Reinilde Sunaert & Sophie Engelen, Speech disruption under delayed auditory feedback in multilingual speakers. Journal of Fluency Disorders (Elsevier) 30.3 (2005), 201–217.06–431Xue, Gui, Qi Dong (Beijing Normal U, China), Zhen Jin, Lei Zhang & Yue Wang, An fMRI study with semantic access in low proficiency second language learners. NeuroReport (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 15.5 (2004), 791–796.06–432Zhang, Yang (U Washington, USA; yazhang@u.washington.edu), Patricia K. Kuhl, Toshiaki Imada, Makoto Kotani & Yoh' ichi Tohkura, Effects of language experience: Neural commitment to language-specific auditory patterns. NeuroImage (Elsevier) 26.3 (2005), 703–720.

Concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in settled house dust and road dust samples collected from a core urban area of Hanoi. Levels of PAHs ranged from 830 to 3500 (median 2000) ng/g in house dust, and from 1400 to 4700 (median 1700) ng/g in road dust. Concentrations of PAHs in dust samples of this study were within the moderate range as compared with those from other countries in the world. Toxic equivalents to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP-EQs) in our samples ranged from 81 to 850 (median 330) ng BaP-EQ/g with principal contributors as BaP and dibenz[a,h]anthracene, which accounted for 69% to 93% of BaP-EQs. In almost all the samples, proportions of high-molecular-weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs with 4–6 rings) were higher than those of low-molecular-weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs with 2–3 rings), suggesting emission sources from combustion processes rather than direct contamination by petrogenic sources. Traffic activities were estimated as important sources of PAHs in the studied areas, for example, vehicular exhaust and tire debris.
 Keywords: PAHs, house dust, road dust, traffic emission, urbanization.
 References
 [1] K. Srogi, Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review, Environ. Chem. Let. 5 (2007) 169-195. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10311-007-0095-0.[2] K.H. Kim, S.A. Jahan, E. Kabir, R.J.C. Brown, A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environ. Int. 60 (2013) 71–80. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.019.[3] E. Stogiannidis, R. Laane, Source characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by using their molecular indices: an overview of possibilities. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 234 (2015) 49–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10638-0_2.[4] H.I. Abdel-Shafy, M.S.M. Mansour, A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impacts, effect on human health and remediation. Egypt. J. Pet. 25 (2016) 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.011.[5] ATSDR, 1995. Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. https://www.atsdr.cdc. gov/toxprofiles/tp69.pdf.[6] M.T. Anh, L.M. Triet, J.J. Sauvain, J. Tarradellas, PAH contamination levels in air particles and sediments of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 63 (1999) 728–735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128 9901040.[7] T.T. Hien, L.T. Thanh, T. Kameda, N. Takenaka, H. Bandow, Distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with particle size in urban aerosols at the roadside in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Atmos. Environ. 41 (2007) 1575–1586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv. 2006.10.045.[8] M. Kishida, K. Imamura, N. Takenaka, Y. Maeda, P.H. Viet, H. Bandow, Concentrations of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter and the gaseous phase at roadside sites in Hanoi, Vietnam. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 81 (2008) 174–179. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00128-008-9450-5. [9] H.Q. Anh, K. Tomioka, N.M. Tue, L.H. Tuyen, N.K. Chi, T.B. Minh, P.H. Viet, S. Takahashi, A preliminary investigation of 942 organic micro-pollutants in the atmosphere in waste processing and urban areas, northern Vietnam: levels, potential sources, and risk assessment. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 167 (2019) 354–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.026.[10] C.V. Hung, B.D. Cam, P.T.N Mai, B.Q. Dzung, Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in municipal sewage sludge from a river in highly urbanized metropolitan area in Hanoi, Vietnam: levels, accumulation pattern and assessment of land application. Environ. Geochem. Health 37 (2015) 133–146. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10653-014-9635-2.[11] C.T. Pham, N. Tang, A. Toriba, K. Hayakawa, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particles and soil at a traffic site in Hanoi, Vietnam. Polycycl. Aromat. Comp. 35 (2015) 355–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406 638.2014.903284.[12] H.Q. Anh, K. Tomioka, N.M. Tue, G. Suzuki, T.B. Minh, P.H. Viet, S. Takahashi, Comprehensive analysis of 942 organic micro-pollutants in settled dusts from northern Vietnam: pollution status and implications for human exposure. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag. 21 (2019) 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s101 63-018-0745-2.[13] L.H. Tuyen, N.M. Tue, G. Suzuki, K. Misaki, P.H. Viet, S. Takahashi, S. Tanabe, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediated activities in road dust from a metropolitan area, Hanoi-Vietnam: contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and human risk assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 491-492 (2014) 246–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014. 01.086.[14] L.H. Tuyen, N.M. Tue, S. Takahashi, G. Suzuki, P.H. Viet, A. Subramanian, K.A. Bulbule, P. Parthasarathy, A. Ramanathan, S. Tanabe, Methylated and unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from Vietnam and India: occurrence, distribution and in vitro toxicity evaluation. Environ. Pollut. 194 (2014) 272–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol. 2014.07.029.[15] H.Q. Anh, T.M. Tran, N.T.T. Thuy, T.B. Minh, S. Takahashi, Screening analysis of organic micro-pollutants in road dusts from some areas in northern Vietnam: a preliminary investigation on contamination status, potential sources, human exposures, and ecological risk. Chemosphere 224 (2019) 428–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chemosphere.2019.02.177.[16] H.T.T. Thuy, T.T.C. Loan, T.H. Phuong, The potential accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in phytoplankton and bivalves in Can Gio coastal wetland, Vietnam. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25 (2018) 17240–17249. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11356-018-2249-y.[17] P.C. Van Metre, B.J. Mahler, J.T. Wilson, PAHs underfoot: contaminated dust from coal-tar sealcoated pavement is widespread in the United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (2009) 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1021/es802119h.[18] L. Liu, A. Liu, Y. Li, L. Zhang, G. Zhang, Y. Guan, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with road deposited solid and their ecological risk: Implications for road stormwater reuse. Sci. Total Environ. 563–564 (2016) 190–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.114.[19] X. Zheng, Y. Yang, M. Liu, Y. Yu, J.L. Zhou, D. Li, PAH determination based on a rapid and novel gas purge-microsyringe extraction (GP-MSE) technique in road dust of Shanghai, China: Characterization, source apportionment, and health risk assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 557–558 (2016) 688–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2016.03.124.[20] T.T. Dong, B.K. Lee, Characteristics, toxicity, and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust of Ulsan, Korea. Chemosphere 74 (2009) 1245–1253. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.035.[21] R. Khanal, H. Furumai, F. Nakajima, C. Yoshimura, Carcinogenic profile, toxicity and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons accumulated from urban road dust in Tokyo, Japan. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 165 (2018) 440–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ecoenv.2018.08.095.[22] N. Soltani, B. Keshavarzi, F. Moore, T. Tavakol, A.R. Lahijanzadeh, N. Jaafarzadeh, M. Kermani, Ecological and human health hazards of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust of Isfahan metropolis, Iran. Sci. Total Environ. 505 (2015) 712–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.097.[23] B.A.M. Bandowe, M.A. Nkansah, Occurrence, distribution and health risk from polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs and azaarenes) in street dust from a major West African Metropolis. Sci. Total Environ. 553 (2016) 439-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2016.02.142.[24] T.C. Nguyen, P. Loganathan, T.V. Nguyen, S. Vigneswaran, J. Kandasamy, D. Slee, G. Stevenson, R. Naidu, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road-deposited sediments, water sediments, and soils in Sydney, Australia: Comparisons of concentration distribution, sources and potential toxicity. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 104 (2014) 339–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.03.010. [25] C. Y. Kuo, H.C. Chen, F.C. Cheng, L.R. Huang, P.S. Chien, J.Y. Wang, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in household dust near diesel transport routes. Environ. Geochem. Health 34 (2012) 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-011-9392-4.[26] W. Wang, F.Y. Wu, J.S. Zheng, M.H. Wong, Risk assessments of PAHs and Hg exposure via settled house dust and street dust, linking with their correlations in human hair. J. Hazard. Mater. 263 (2013) 627–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat. 2013.10.023.[27] N. Ali, I.M.I. Ismail, M. Khoder, M. Shamy, M. Alghamdi, M. Costa, L.N. Ali, W. Wang, S.A.M.A.S. Eqani, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust samples from cities of Jeddah and Kuwait: levels, sources and non-dietary human exposure. Sci. Total Environ. 573 (2016) 1607–1614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2016.09.134.[28] M.Y. Civan, U.M. Kara, Risk assessment of PBDEs and PAHs in house dust in Kocaeli, Turkey: levels and sources. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23 (2016) 23369–23384. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s11356-016-7512-5.[29] A. Maragkidou, S. Arar, A. Al-Hunaiti, Y. Ma, S. Harrad, O. Jaghbeir, D. Faouri, K. Hämeri, T. Hussein, Occupational health risk assessment and exposure to floor dust PAHs inside an educational building. Sci. Total Environ. 579 (2017) 1050–1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016. 11.055. [30] I.C. Yadav, N.L. Devi, J. Li, G. Zhang, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in house dust and surface soil in major urban regions of Nepal: implication on source apportionment and toxicological effect. Sci. Total Environ. 616–617 (2018) 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.313.[31] R. Boonyatumanond, M. Murakami, G. Wattayakorn, A. Togo, H. Takada, Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust in a tropical Asian mega-city, Bangkok, Thailand. Sci. Total Environ. 384 (2007) 420−432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv. 2007.06.046.[32] I. Sadiktsis, C. Bergvall, C. Johansson, R. Westerholm, Automobile tire–a potential source of highly carcinogenic dibenzopyrenes to the environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (2012) 3326−3334. https://doi.org/10.1021/es204257d.[33] M. Howsam, K.C. Jones, Sources of PAHs in the environment. In: Neilson, A.H. (Ed.), The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 3 Part I PAHs and Related Compounds. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (1998) 137–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49697-7_4.[34] I.C.T. Nisbet, P.K. Lagoy, Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 16 (1992) 290–300. https://doi.org/10. 1016/0273-2300(92)90009-X.[35] B. Pieterse, E. Felzel, R. Winter, B. van der Burg, A. Brouwer, PAH-CALUX, an optimized bioassay for AhR-mediated hazard identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as individual compounds and in complex mixtures. Environ. Sci. Technol 47 (2013) 11651–11659. https://doi.org/10.1021/es403810w.[36] M.B. Yunker, R.W. Macdonald, R. Vingarzan, R. H. Mitchell, D. Goyette, S. Sylvestre, PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Org. Geochem. 33 (2002) 489–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00002-5.[37] M. Saha, A. Togo, K. Mizukawa, M. Murakami, H. Takada, M.P. Zakaria, N.H. Chiem, B.C. Tuyen, M. Prudente, R. Boonyatumanond, S.K. Sarkar, B. Bhattacharya, P. Mishra, T.S. Tana, Sources of sedimentary PAHs in tropical Asian waters: differentiation between pyrogenic and petrogenic sources by alkyl homolog abundance. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 58 (2009) 189–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.04.049.

In post-socialist China, gender norms are marked by rising divorce rates (Kleinman et al.), shifting attitudes towards sex (Farrer; Yan), and a growing commercialisation of sex (Zheng). These phenomena have been understood as indicative of market reforms unhinging past gender norms. In the socialist period, the radical politics of the time moulded women as gender neutral even as state policies emphasised their feminine roles in maintaining marital harmony and stability (Evans). These ideas around domesticity bear strong resemblance to pre-socialist understandings of womanhood and family that anchored Chinese society before the Communists took power in 1949. In this pre-socialist understanding, women were categorised into a hierarchy that defined their rights as wives, mothers, concubines, and servants (Ebrey and Watson; Wolf and Witke). Women who transgressed these categories were regarded as potentially dangerous and powerful enough to break up families and shake the foundations of Chinese society (Ahern). This paper explores the extent to which understandings of Chinese femininity have been reconfigured in the context of China’s post-1979 development, particularly after the 2000s.The popular television dramas Chinese Style Divorce (2004, Divorce), Dwelling Narrowness (2009, Dwelling), and Divorce Lawyers (2014, Lawyers) are set against this socio-cultural backdrop. The production of these shows is regulated by the China State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television (SARFT), who has the power to grant or deny production and distribution permits. Post-production, the dramas are sold to state-owned television stations for distribution (Yu 36). Haiqing Yu summarises succinctly the state of Chinese media: “Chinese state manipulation and interference in the media market has seen the party-state media marketized but not weakened, media control decentralized but not reduced, and the media industry commercialized but not privatized” (42). Shot in one of the biggest cities in Shandong, Qingdao, Divorce focuses on Doctor Song Jianping and his schoolteacher wife Lin Xiaofeng and the conflicts between Song and Lin, who quits her job to become a stay-at-home mom after her husband secures a high-paying job in a foreign-invested hospital. Lin becomes paranoid and volatile, convinced that their divorced neighbour Xiao Li is having an affair with Song. Refusing to explain the situation, Song is willing to give her a divorce but fights over guardianship of their son. In the end, it is unconfirmed whether they reconcile or divorce. Divorce was recognised as TV Drama of the Year in 2004 and the two leads also won awards for their acting. Reruns of the show continue to air. According to Hui Faye Xiao, “It is reported that many college students viewed this TV show as a textbook on married life in urban settings” (118). Dwelling examines the issue of skyrocketing housing prices and the fates of the Guo sisters, Haizao and Haiping, who moved from rural China to the competitive economically advanced metropolis. Haiping is obsessed with buying an apartment while her younger sister becomes the mistress of a corrupt official, Song Siming. Both sisters receive favours from Song, which leads to Haiping’s success in purchasing a home. However, Haizao is less fortunate. She has a miscarriage and her uterus removed while Song dies in a car accident. Online responses from the audience praise Dwelling for its penetrating and realistic insights into the complex web of familial relationships navigated by Chinese people living in a China under transformation (Xiao, “Woju”). Dwelling was taken off the air when a SARFT official criticised the drama for violating state-endorsed “cultural standards” in its explicit discussions of sex and negative portrayals of government officials (Hung, “State” 156). However, the show continued to be streamed online and it has been viewed and downloaded more than 100 million times (Yu 34). In Lawyers, Luo Li and Chi Haidong are two competing divorce lawyers in Beijing who finally tie the knot. Chi was a happily married man before catching his wife with her lover. Newly divorced, he moves into the same apartment building as Luo and the drama focuses on a series of cases they handle, most of which involve extramarital affairs. Lawyers has been viewed more than 1.6 billion times online (v.qq.com) and received the China Huading award for “favourite television drama” in 2015. Although these dramas contain some conventional elements of domestic melodramas, such as extramarital affairs and domestic disputes, they differ from traditional Chinese television dramas because they do not focus on the common trope of fraught mother-in-law and daughter-in-law relationships.Centred on the politics of family ethics, these hugely popular dramas present the transformation in gender norms as a struggle between post-socialist and pre-socialist understandings of femininity. On the one hand, these dramas celebrate the emergence of a post-socialist femininity that is independent, economically successful, and sexually liberated, epitomising this new understanding of womanhood in the figures of single women and mistresses. On the other hand, the dramas portray these post-socialist women in perpetual conflict with wives and mothers who propound a pre-socialist form of femininity that is sexually conservative and defined by familial relationships, and is economically less viable in the market economy. Focusing on depictions of femininity in these dramas, this paper offers a comparative analysis into the extent to which gender norms have been reconfigured in post-socialist China. It approaches these television dramas as a pedagogical device (Brady) and pays particular attention to the ways through which different categories of women interrogated their rights as single women, mistresses, wives, and mothers. In doing so, it illuminates the politics through which a liberal post-socialist femininity unleashed by market transformation is controlled in order to protect the integrity of the family and maintain social order. Post-Socialist Femininity Unleashed: Single Women and Mistresses A woman’s identity is inextricably linked to her marital status in Chinese society. In pre-socialist China, women relied on men as providers and were expected to focus on contributing to her husband’s family (Ebrey and Watson; Wolf and Witke). This pre-socialist positioning of women within the private realm of the family, though reinterpreted, continued to resonate in the socialist period when women were expected to fulfil marital obligations as wives and participate in the public domain as revolutionaries (Evans). While the pressure to marry has not disappeared in post-socialist China, as the derogatory term “leftover women” (single women over the age of 27) indicates, there are now more choices for single women living in metropolitan cities who are highly educated and financially independent. They can choose to remain single, get married, or become mistresses. Single women can be regarded as a threat to wives because the only thing holding them back from becoming mistresses is their morals. The 28-year-old “leftover woman” Luo Li (Lawyers) is presented as morally superior to single women who choose to become mistresses (Luo Meiyuan and Shi Jiang) and therefore deserving of a happy ending because she breaks up with her boss as soon as she discovers he is married. Luo Li quits to set up a law firm with her friend Tang Meiyu. Both women are beautiful, articulate, intelligent, and sexually liberated, symbolising unleashed post-socialist femininity. Part of the comic relief in Lawyers is the subplot of Luo’s mother trying to introduce her to “eligible” bachelors such as the “PhD man” (Episodes 20–21). Luo is unwilling to lower her standards to escape the stigma of being a “leftover woman” and she is rewarded for adhering to her ideals in the end when she convinces the marriage-phobic Chi Haidong to marry her after she rejects a marriage proposal from her newly divorced ex-lover. While Luo Li refuses to remain a mistress, many women do not subscribe to her worldview. Mistresses have existed throughout Chinese history in the form of concubines and courtesans. A wealthy and powerful man was expected to have concubines, who were usually from lower socio-economic backgrounds (Ebrey and Watson; Liu). Mistresses, now referred to as xiaosan, have become a heated topic in post-socialist China where they are regarded as having the power to destroy families by transgressing moral boundaries. Some argue that the phenomenon is a result of the market-driven economy where women who desire a financially stable life use their sexuality to seek rich married men who lust for younger mistresses as symbols of power. Ruth Y.Y. Hung characterises the xiaosan phenomenon as a “horrendous sex trade [that is] a marker of neoliberal market economies in the new PRC” (“Imagination” 100). A comparison of the three dramas reveals a transformation in the depiction of mistresses over the last decade. While Xiao Li (Divorce) is never “confirmed” as Song Jianping’s mistress, she flirts with him and crosses the boundaries of a professional relationship, posing a threat to the stability of Song’s family life. Although Haizao (Dwelling) is university-educated and has a stable, if low-paying job, she chooses to break up with her earnest caring fiancé to be the mistress of the middle-aged Song Siming who offers her material benefits in the form of “loans” she knows she will never be able to repay, a fancy apartment to live in, and other “gifts” such as dining at expensive restaurants and shopping at big malls. While the fresh-faced Haizao exhibits a physical transformation after becoming Song’s mistress, demonstrated through her newly permed hair coupled with an expensive red coat, mistresses in Lawyers do not change in this way. Dong Dahai’s mistress, the voluptuous Luo Meiyuan is already a successful career woman who flaunts her perfect makeup, long wavy hair, and body-hugging dresses (Episodes 12–26). She exudes sexual confidence but her relationship is not predicated on receiving financial favours in return for sexual ones. She tells Dong’s wife that the only “third person” in a relationship is the “unloved” one (Episode 15). Another mistress who challenges old ideas of the power dynamic of the rich man and financially reliant young woman is the divorced Shi Jiang, Tang Meiyu’s former classmate, who becomes the mistress of Tang’s husband (Cao Qiankun) without any moral qualms, even though she knows that her friend is pregnant with his child. A powerful businesswoman, Shi is the owner of a high-end bar that Cao frequents after losing his job. Unable to tell his wife the truth, he spends most days wandering around and is unable to resist Shi’s advances because she claims to have loved him since their university days and that she understands him. In this relationship, Shi has taken on the role traditionally assigned to men: she is the affluent powerful one who is able to manipulate the downtrodden unemployed man by “lending” him money in his time of need, offering him a job at her bar (Episode 17), and eventually finding him a new job through her connections (Episodes 23–24). When Cao leaves home after Tang finds out about the affair, Shi provides him with a place to stay (Episode 34). Because the viewers are positioned to root for Tang due to her role as the female lead’s best friend, Shi is immediately set up as one of the villains, although she is portrayed in a more sympathetic light after she reveals to Cao that she was forced to give up her son to her ex-husband in America (who cheated on her) in order to finalise her divorce (Episode 29).The portrayal of different mistresses in Lawyers signals a transformation in the representation of gender compared to Divorce and Dwelling, because the women are less naïve than Haizao, financially well-off because of their business acumen, and much more outspoken and determined to fight for what they want. On the surface these women are depicted as more liberated and free from gender hierarchies and sexual oppression. Hung describes xiaosan as “an active if constrained agent . . . whose new mode of life has become revealingly defensible and publicly acceptable in socioeconomic terms that reflect the moral changes that follow economic reforms” (“State” 166). However, the closure of these storylines suggest that although more complex reasons for becoming a mistress have been explored in the new drama, mistresses are still regarded as a threat to social stability and therefore punished, challenging Hung’s argument about the “acceptability” of mistresses in post-socialist China. Post-Socialist Femininity Restrained: Wives and MothersCountering these liberal forms of post-socialist femininity are portrayals of righteous wives and exemplary mothers. These depictions articulate a moral positioning grounded in pre-socialist and socialist understandings of a woman’s place in Chinese society. These portrayals of moral women check the transgressive powers of single women and mistresses with the potential to break families up. More importantly, they remind the audience of desired gender norms that retain the integrity of the family and anchor a society undergoing rapid transformation.The three dramas portray wives who are stridently righteous in their confrontations with women they perceive as a threat to their families. These women find moral justification for the violence they inflict on transgressors from cultural understandings of their rights as wives. Lin Xiaofeng (Divorce) repeatedly challenges Xiao Li to explain the “logic” underlying her actions when she discovers that Xiao accompanied Song Jianping to a wedding (Episode 14). The “logic” Lin refers to is a cultural understanding that it is her right as wife to accompany Song to public events and not Xiao’s. By transgressing this moral boundary, Xiao accords Lin the moral authority to cast doubt on her abilities as a doctor in a public confrontation. It also provides moral justification for Lin to slap Xiao when she suggests that Lin is an embarrassment to her husband, an argument that underscores Lin’s failure and challenges her moral authority as wife. Jiang Miaomiao (Dwelling) draws on similar cultural understandings when she appears at the apartment Haizao shares with Song Siming (Episode 33). Jiang positions herself in the traditional role of a wife as a household manager (Ebrey) whose responsibilities include paying Song’s mistresses. She puts Haizao into a subordinate position by arguing that since Haizao is less than a mistress and slightly better than a prostitute, she is not worth the money Song has given her. When Haizao refuses to return the money a tussle ensues, causing Haizao to have a miscarriage. Likewise, Miao Jinxiu (Lawyers) draws on similar cultural understandings of a wife’s position when she laments popular arguments that depict mistresses such as Luo Meiyuan as usurping the superior position of wives like herself who are less attractive and able to navigate the market economy. Miao describes these arguments as “inverting black into white” (Episode 19). She publicly humiliates Luo by throwing paint on her at a charity event (Episode 17) and covers Luo’s car with posters labelling Luo a “slut,” “prostitute,” and “shameless” (Episode 18). Miao succeeds in “winning” her husband back. The public violence Miao inflicts on Luo and her success in protecting her marriage are struggles to reinforce the boundaries defining the categories of wife and mistress as these limits become increasingly challenged in China. In contrast to the violent strategies that Lin, Jiang, and Miao adopt, Tang Meiyu resists Shi Jiang’s destructive powers by reminding her errant husband of the emotional warmth of their family. She asks him, “Do you still remember telling me what the nicest sound is at home?” For Cao, the best sounds are Tang’s laughter, their baby’s cries, the sound of the washing machine, and the flushing of their leaky toilet (Episode 43). The couple reconciles and even wins a lottery that cements their “happy ending.” By highlighting the warmth of their family, Tang reminds Cao of her rightful place as wife, restrains Shi from breaking up the couple, and protects the integrity of the family. It is by drawing on deeply entrenched cultural understandings of the rights of wives that these women find the moral authority to challenge, restrain, and control the transgressive powers of mistresses and single women. The dramas’ portrayals of mothers further reinforce the sense that there is a need to restrain liberal forms of post-socialist femininity embodied by errant daughters who transgress the moral boundaries of the family. Lin Xiaofeng’s mother (Divorce) assumes the role of the forgiving wife and mother. She not only forgives Lin’s father for having an affair but raises Lin, her husband’s love child, as her own (Episode 23). On her deathbed, she articulates the values underlying her acceptance of this transgression, namely that one needs to be “a little kinder, more tolerant, and a little muddleheaded” when dealing with matters of the family. Her forgiveness bears fruit in the form of the warm companionship and support she enjoys with Lin’s father. This sends a strong pedagogical message to the audience that it is possible for a marriage to remain intact if one is willing to forgive. In contrast, Haizao’s mother (Dwelling) adopts the role of the disciplinary mother. She attempts to beat Haizao with a coat hanger when she finds out that her daughter is pregnant with Song Siming’s child (Episode 31). She describes Haizao’s decision as “the wrong path” and is emphatic that abortion is the only way to right this wrong. She argues that abortion will allow her daughter to start life anew in a relationship she describes as “open and aboveboard,” which will culminate in marriage. When Haizao rejects her mother’s disciplining, her lover dies in a car accident and she has a miscarriage. She loses her ability to speak for two months after these double tragedies and pays the ultimate price, losing her reproductive abilities. Luo Li’s mother (Lawyers), Li Chunhua, extends this pedagogical approach by adopting the role of public counsellor as a talk show host. Li describes Luo’s profession as “wicked” because it focuses on separating the family (Episode 9). Instead, she promotes reconciliation as an alternative. She counsels couples to remain together by propounding traditional family values, such as the need for daughters-in-law to consider the filial obligations of sons when managing their relationship with their mothers-in-law (Episode 25). Her rising ratings and the effectiveness of her strategy in bringing estranged couples like Miao Jinxiu and Dong Dahai back together (Episode 26) challenges the transgressive powers of mistresses by preventing the separation of families. More importantly, as with Haizao’s and Lin’s mothers, the moral force of Li’s position and the alternatives to divorce that she suggests draw on pre-socialist and socialist understandings of family values that underscore the sanctity of marriage to the audience. By reminding errant daughters of deeply embedded cultural standards of what it means to be a woman in Chinese society, these mothers are moral exemplars who restrain the potentiality of daughters becoming mistresses. ConclusionMarket reforms have led to a transformation in understandings of womanhood in post-socialist China. Depictions of mistresses and single women as independent, economically successful, and sexually liberated underscores the emergence of liberal forms of post-socialist femininity. Although adept at navigating the new market economy, these types of post-socialist women threaten the integrity of the family and need to be controlled. Moral arguments articulated by wives and mothers restrain the potentially destructive powers of post-socialist womanhood by drawing on deeply embedded understandings of the rights of women shaped in pre-socialist China. It is by disciplining liberal forms of post-socialist femininity such that they fit back into deeply embedded gender hierarchies that social order is restored. By illuminating the moral politics undergirding relationships between women in post-socialist China, the dramas discussed underscore the continued significance of television as a pedagogical device through which desired gender norms are popularised. These portrayals of the struggles between liberal forms of post-socialist femininity and conservative pre-socialist understandings of womanhood as lived in everyday life serve to communicate the importance of protecting the integrity of the family and maintaining social stability in order for China to continue to pursue development. ReferencesAhern, Emily. “The Power and Pollution of Chinese Women.” Women in Chinese Society. Eds. Margery Wolf et al. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1975. 193–214. Brady, Anne-Marie. Marketing Dictatorship: Propaganda and Thought Work in Contemporary China. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. China Huading Award. “Top 100 TV Series Satisfaction Survey.” 9 Aug. 2015. Chinese Style Divorce. Writ. Wang Hailing. Dir. Shen Yan. Beijing Jindun Xintong Film & Television Culture, 2004. Divorce Lawyers. Writ. Chen Tong. Dir. Yang Wenjun. JSTV, 2014. Dwelling Narrowness. Writ. Liu Liu, Teng Huatao, Cao Dun. Dir. Teng Huatao. Shanghai Media Group, 2009. Ebrey, Patricia. The Inner Quarters: Marriage and the Lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993.Ebrey, Patricia, and Rubie Watson, eds. Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society. Berkeley: U of California P, 1991. Evans, Harriet. Women and Sexuality in China: Dominant Discourses of Female Sexuality since 1949. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997. Farrer, James. Opening Up: Youth Sex Culture and Market Reform in Shanghai. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2002. Hung, Ruth Y.Y. “The State and the Market: Chinese TV Serials and the Case of Woju (Dwelling Narrowness).” boundary 2 38.2 (2011): 155–187. ———. “Imagination in the Box: Woju’s Realism and the Representation of Xiaosan.” Television, Sex and Society: Analyzing Contemporary Representations. Eds. Basil Glynn et al. New York: Continuum, 2012. 89–105. Kleinman, Arthur, et al. “Introduction: Remaking the Moral Person in a New China.” Deep China: What Anthropology and Psychiatry Tell Us about China Today. Eds. Arthur Kleinman et al. Berkeley: U of California P, 2011. 1–35.Liu, Jieyu. “Gender and Sexuality.” Understanding Chinese Society. 2nd ed. Ed. Xiaowei Zang. London: Routledge, 2016. 53–66. Wolf, Margery, and Roxane Witke, eds. Women in Chinese Society. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1975. Xiao, Fuxing. “Woju Is a Sting Aimed at Reality.” ChinaNews.com.cn, 19 Nov. 2009. Xiao, Hui Faye. Marital Strife in Contemporary Chinese Literature and Visual Culture. Seattle: U of Washington P, 2014. Yu, Haiqing. “Dwelling Narrowness: Chinese Media and Their Disingenuous Neoliberal Logic.” Continuum 25.1 (2011): 33–46. Yan, Yunxiang. Private Life under Socialism: Love, Intimacy, and Family Change in a Chinese Village, 1949–1999. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003. Zheng, Tiantian. Red Lights: The Lives of Sex Workers in Postsocialist China. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2009.

The aim of this research is to calculate and measure the level of trade facilitation of ASEAN countries. The research selected 5 indicators of trade facilitation including infrastructure, customs environment, e-commerce, policies environment and financial environment to measure the degree of trade facilitation of ASEAN countries and use the Gravity model to empirically analyze the effect of trade facilitation ASEAN countries to trade between Vietnam - ASEAN. The study shows that trade facilitation profoundly affects Vietnam's export and import flow. Based on the analysis results, the paper has suggested some recommendations to boost Vietnam’s trade facilitation.
 Keywords
 Trade facilitation, trade, gravity model of trade, ASEAN
 References
 [1] Wilson J. S., Mann C. L., and Otsuki T., Trade Facilitation and Economic Development: A New Approach to Measuring the Impact [J]. World Bank Economic Review 2003, 17(3): 367-389. [2] T. Hertel, T. Mirza. 2009. "The Role of Trade Facilitation in South Asian Economic Integration.". Study on Intraregional Trade and Investment in South Asia. ADB. [3] Tạp chí kinh tế đối ngoại – Đại học ngoại thương. Thuận lợi hóa thương mại và hài hòa chính sách logistics tại các quốc gia Asean, tạp chí kinh tế đối ngoại -Đại học ngoại thương), Số 63 (03/2014).[4] Trịnh Thị Thu Hương, Phan Thị Thu Hiền. Hiệp định thuận lợi hóa thương mại WTO cơ hội và thách thức đối với Việt Nam, Tạp chí kinh tế đối ngoại - Đại học ngoại thương, Số 71 (03/2015).[5] H. Nordås, R. Piermartini. “Infrastructure and trade”. WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD, 2004.[6] J. Felipe, U. Kumar, “The Role of Trade Facilitation in Central Asia: A Gravity Model”. The Levy Institute Working Paper, No. 628, 2010. [7] C.N.Kumar. “Prospects of Regional Economic Cooperation in South Asia”. Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012, 101-115. [8] APEC’s Trade Facilitation Action Plan: AMid-TermAssessment[R]. 2004[9] TINBERGEN J. Shaping the world economy: A suggestions for an international economic policy [M]. New Pork: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1962.[10] POYHONEN P.A., tentative model for the volume of trade between countries [J]. Weltwirtschatlliches Archiv, 1963, 90(1): 93100.[11] APEC. Assessing APEC Trade Liberalization and Facilitation: 1999 update[R], Economic Committee, Sigapore, 1999, 11.[12] Shepherd B, Wilson JS, Trade Facilitation in ASEAN Member Countries: Measuring progress and assessing priorities [J]. Social ScienceE lectronic Publishing, 2009, 20 (4) : 367-383.[13] Itakura, K. (2014). Impact of liberalization and improved connectivity and facilitation in ASEAN, Journal of Asian Economics, 35, 2-11.[14] APEC’s Trade Facilitation Action Plan: AMid-TermAssessment [R]. 2004.[15] Zhang Ya Bin. Thuận lợi hóa thương mại các nước thuộc vành đai con đường tơ lụa và tiềm năng thương mại của Trung Quốc. Tạp chí kinh tế Trung Quốc, 2016(5):112-122.[16] Ran Qi Zhao,Yang Dan Ping. Nghiên cứu thực chứng ảnh hưởng của thuận lợi hóa thương mại các nước EU đến thương mại Trung Quốc.Tạp chí kỹ thuật và quản lý, 2018(2): 33-40.[17] Gao Zhi Gang, Song Ya Dong. Ảnh hưởng của thuận lợi hóa thương mại các nước thuộc vành đai con đường đến thương mại Trung Quốc.Tạp chí khoa học xã hội Quý Châu, 2018 (7): 100-108.

ObjectiveThe objectives of this study are to evaluate the current animal rabies surveillance system in the state and suggest recommendations.IntroductionRabies is a zoonotic, neglected viral disease. Every 10 minutes, the world loses a life, especially children, to dog-mediated rabies. Yet it is 100% preventable. Africa, including Nigeria, has major share of the disease. Eradication of human rabies relies majorly on control of rabies in animals and this cannot be achieved without good surveillance system of the disease in animal, especially dogs. There is little or no information as to whether the surveillance system in Nigeria is effective.MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of all rabies cases reported in the 10 government and 5 registered private veterinary health facilities in the 16 LGAs of the state. We extracted 44 cases of rabies in all, between review period of 2012-2017. We also interviewed 25 key stakeholders in the system using Key Informant Interview (KII) and questionnaires. We followed the steps stated in CDC guideline for evaluation of public health surveillance system to assess the key attributes and components of the system, and analysed the data using Microsoft Excel.ResultsTwo (20%) of the government and only one in five private veterinary health facilities had records on rabies cases. All reported cases of suspected rabies involved dog bites. The confirmatory status of 32 (72.7%) of the suspected cases were unknown. Six (37.5%) LGAs did not have access to any veterinary health facility. Average of 1 technical staff per veterinary facility was seen. Overall, the system was useful and flexible. It was fairly simple, acceptable and representative. Both sensitivity and predictive Value Positive (PVP) were less than 1% while the timeliness, data quality and stability were poorConclusionsThe surveillance system was performing below optimal level. There is need for improvement in the animal rabies surveillance system to achieve elimination of human rabies in Nigeria.ReferencesAdedeji, A. O., Okonko, I. O., Eyarefe, O. D., Adedeji, O. B., Babalola, E. T., and Ojezele, M. O. (2010). An overview of rabies - History , epidemiology , control and possible elimination. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 4(22), 2327–2338.Aliyu, T. (2010). Prevalence of Rabies Virus Antigens in Apparently Healthy Dogs in Yola , Nigeria. Researcher, 2(2), 1–14.Ameh, V. O., Dzikwi, A. A., and Umoh, J. U. (2014). Assessment of Knowledge , Attitude and Practice of Dog Owners to Canine Rabies in Wukari Metropolis , Taraba State Nigeria. Global Journal of Health Science, 6(5), 226–240.Burgos-Cáceres, S., and Sigfrido. (2011). Canine Rabies: A Looming Threat to Public Health. Animals, 1(4), 326–342.Dutta, J. K., and Dutta, T. K. (1994). Rabies in endemic countries. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 308(6927), 488–9.Ehimiyein, A. M., and Ehimiyein, I. O. (2014). Rabies– Its Previous and Current Trend as an Endemic Disease of Humans and Mammals in Nigeria. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Science, 2(2320), 137–149.El-moamly, A. (2014). Immunochromatographic Techniques : Benefits for the Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections. Austin Chromatography, 1(4), 1–8.Fekadu, M. (1993). Canine rabies. Journal of Veterinary Research, 60, 421–427.Kasempimolporn, S., Saengseesom, W., Huadsakul, S., Boonchang, S., and Sitprija, V. (2011). Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test strip for detection of Rabies virus in dog saliva samples. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 23(6), 1197-1201.Muriuki J, Thaiyah A, Mbugua S, Kitaa J and Kirui. G. (2016). Knowledge,Attitude and Practices on Rabies and Socio-economic Value of Dog Keeping in isumu and Siaya countries, Kenya. International Jornal of Veterinary Science, 5(1), 29–33.National Population Commission. (2009). 2006 population and housing census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Official Gazette of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 96(2), 1.Ogunkoya, A. ., Aina, O. ., Adebayo, O. ., Oluwagbenga, A. ., Tirmidhi, A. ., Audu, S. and Garba, A. (2012). Rabies Antigen Spread Amongst Apparently Healthy Dogs in Nigeria : A Review. Rita Brazil, 8(October), 74.OIE: World Organization for Animal Health. (2012). OIE Global Conference on Rabies Control: OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health. on-rabies-control/OIE: World Organization for Animal Health. (2014). Dog vaccination: the key to end dog-transmitted human rabies : OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health.Otolorin, G. R., Umoh, J. U., Dzikwi, A. A., and Anglais, A. E. (2014). Prevalence of Rabies Antigen in Brain Tissue of Dogs Slaughtered for Human Consumption and Evaluation of Vaccination of Dogs Against Rabies in Aba , Abia State Nigeria. World J Public Health Sciences, 3(1), 5–10.Panda, S., Mitra, J., Chowdhury, S., and Sarkar, S. N. (2016). Detection Of Rabies Viral Antigen In Cattle By Rapid Immunochromtographic Diagnostic Test. Explor Anim Medical Res, 6(1), 119–122.Sharma, P., Singh, C. K., and Narang, D. (2015). Comparison of immunochromatographic diagnostic test with heminested r everse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for detection of rabies virus from brain samples of various species. Veterinary World, 8(2), 135–138.Singh, C K; Kaw, A; Bansal, K; Dandale, M and Pranoti, S. (2012). Approaches for antemortem diagnosis of rabies 1. CIBTech Journal of Biotechnology, 1(1), 1–16.Takayama, N. (2008). Rabies: A preventable but incurable disease. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, 14(1), 8–14.Wang, H., Feng, N., Yang, S., Wang, C., Wang, T., Gao, Y. and Xia, X. (2010). A rapid immunochromatographic test strip for detecting rabies virus antibody. Journal of Virological Methods, 170(1–2), 80–5.WHO. (2016). WHO | Rabies. WHO.Wu, X., Hu, R., Zhang, Y., Dong, G. and Rupprecht, C. E. (2009). Reemerging rabies and lack of systemic surveillance in People’s Republic of China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(8), 1159–64.

I have decided to launch a campaign against the skyscraper, that hideous, mediocre form of architecture…. Today we only have an empty version of it, only competing in height.— Rem Koolhaas, “Kool Enough for Beijing?”Figure 1: The CCTV Headquarters—A Courtyard in the Air. Cher Coad, 2020.Introduction: An Anomaly within an Anomaly Construction of Beijing’s China Central Television Headquarters (henceforth CCTV Headquarters) began in 2004 and the building was officially completed in 2012. It is a project by the Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) headed by Rem Koolhaas (1944-), who has been called “the coolest, hippest, and most cutting-edge architect on the planet”(“Rem Koolhaas Biography”). The CCTV Headquarters is a distinctive feature of downtown Beijing and is heavily associated in the Western world with 21st-century China. It is often used as the backdrop for reports from the China correspondent for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), Bill Birtles. The construction of the CCTV Headquarters, however, was very much an international enterprise. Koolhaas himself is Dutch, and the building was one of the first projects the OMA did outside of America after 9/11. As Koolhaas describes it: we had incredible emphasis on New York for five years, and America for five years, and what we decided to do after September 11 when we realized that, you know, things were going to be different in America: [was] to also orient ourselves eastwards [Koolhaas goes on to describe two projects: the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia and the CCTV Headquarters]. (Rem Koolhaas Interview) Problematically, Koolhaas claims that the building we created for CCTV could never have been conceived by the Chinese and could never have been built by Europeans. It is a hybrid by definition. It was also a partnership, not a foreign imposition…. There was a huge Chinese component from the very beginning. We tried to do a building that conveys that it has emerged from the local situation. (Fraioli 117) Our article reinterprets this reading. We suggest that the OMA’s “incredible emphasis” on America—home of the world’s first skyscraper: the Home Insurance Building built in 1885 in Chicago, Illinois—pivotally spills over into its engagement with China. The emergence of the CCTV Headquarters “from the local situation”, such as it is, is more in spite of Koolhaas’s stated “hybrid” approach than because of it, for what’s missing from his analysis of the CCTV Headquarters’ provenance is the siheyuan or classical Chinese courtyard house. We will argue that the CCTV Headquarters is an anomaly within an anomaly in contemporary Beijing’s urban landscape, to the extent that it turns the typologies of both the (vertical, American) skyscraper and the (horizontal, Chinese) siheyuan on a 90 degree angle. The important point to make here, however, is that these two anomalous elements of the building are not of the same order. While the anomalous re-configuration of the skyscraper typology is clearly part of Koolhaas’s architectural manifesto, it is against his architectural intentionality that the CCTV Headquarters sustains the typology of the siheyuan. This bespeaks the persistent and perhaps functional presence of traditional Chinese architecture and urbanism in the building. Koolhaas’s building contains both starkly evident and more secretive anomalies. Ironically then, there is a certain truth in Koolhaas’s words, beneath the critique we made of it above as an example of American-dominated, homogenising globalisation. And the significance of the CCTV Headquarters’ hybridity as both skyscraper and siheyuan can be elaborated through Daniel M. Abramson’s thesis that a consideration of unbuilt architecture has the potential to re-open architecture to its historical conditions. Roberto Schwarz argues that “forms are the abstract of specific social relationships” (53). Drawing on Schwarz’s work and Abramson’s, we conclude that the historical presence—as secretive anomaly—of the siheyuan in the CCTV Headquarters suggests that the building’s formal debt to the siheyuan (more so than to the American skyscraper) may continue to unsettle the “specific social relationship” of Chinese to Western society (Schwarz 53). The site of this unsettlement, we suggest, is data. The CCTV Headquarters might well be the most data-rich site in all of China—it is, after all, a monumental television station. Suggestively, this wealth of airborne data is literally enclosed within the aerial “courtyard”, with its classical Chinese form, of the CCTV Headquarters. This could hardly be irrelevant in the context of the geo-politics of globalised data. The “form of data”, to coin a phrase, radiates through all the social consequences of data flow and usage, and here the form of data is entwined with a form always already saturated with social consequence. The secretive architectural anomaly of Koolhaas’s building is thus a heterotopic space within the broader Western engagement with China, so much of which relates to flows and captures of data. The Ubiquitous Siheyuan or Classical Chinese Courtyard House According to Ying Liu and Adenrele Awotona, “the courtyard house, a residential compound with buildings surrounding a courtyard on four (or sometimes three) sides, has been representative of housing patterns for over one thousand years in China” (248). Liu and Awotona state that “courtyard house patterns could be found in many parts of China, but the most typical forms are those located in the Old City in Beijing, the capital of China for over eight hundred years” (252). In their reading, the siheyuan is a peculiarly elastic architectural typology, whose influence is present as much in the Forbidden City as in the humble family home (252). Prima facie then, it is not surprising that it has also secreted itself within the architectural form of Koolhaas’s creation. It is important to note, however, that while the “most typical forms” of the siheyuan are indeed still to be found in Beijing, the courtyard house is an increasingly uncommon sight in the Chinese capital. An article in the China Daily from 2004 refers to the “few remaining siheyuan” (“Kool Enough for Beijing?”). That said, all is not lost for the siheyuan. Liu and Awotona discuss how the classical form of the courtyard house has been modified to more effectively house current residents in the older parts of Beijing while protecting “the horizontal planning feature of traditional Beijing” (254). “Basic design principles” (255) of the siheyuan have supported “a transition from the traditional single-household courtyard housing form to a contemporary multi-household courtyard housing form” (254). In this process, approaches of “urban renewal [involving] demolition” and “preservation, renovation and rebuilding” have been taken (255). Donia Zhang extends the work of Liu and Awotona in the elaboration of her thesis that “Chinese-Americans interested in building Chinese-style courtyard houses in America are keen to learn about their architectural heritage” (47). Zhang’s article concludes with an illustration that shows how the siheyuan may be merged with the typical American suburban dwelling (66). The final thing to emphasise about the siheyuan is what Liu and Awotona describe as its “special introverted quality” (249). The form is saturated with social consequence by virtue of its philosophical undergirding. The coincidence of philosophies of Daoism (including feng-shui) and Confucianism in the architecture and spatiality of the classical Chinese courtyard house makes it an exceedingly odd anomaly of passivity and power (250-51). The courtyard itself has a highly charged role in the management of family, social and cultural life, which, we suggest, survives its transposition into novel architectural environments. Figure 2: The CCTV Headquarters—Looking Up at “The Overhang”. Cher Coad, 2020. The CCTV Headquarters: A New Type of Skyscraper? Rem Koolhaas is not the only architect to interrogate the standard skyscraper typology. In his essay from 1999, “The Architecture of the Future”, Norman Foster argues that “the world’s increasing ecological crisis” (278) is in part a function of “unchecked urban sprawl” (279). A new type of skyscraper, he suggests, might at least ameliorate the sprawl of our cities: the Millennium Tower that we have proposed in Tokyo takes a traditional horizontal city quarter—housing, shops, restaurants, cinemas, museums, sporting facilities, green spaces and public transport networks—and turns it on its side to create a super-tall building with a multiplicity of uses … . It would create a virtually self-sufficient, fully self-sustaining community in the sky. (279) Koolhaas follows suit, arguing that “the actual point of the skyscraper—to increase worker density—has been lost. Skyscrapers are now only momentary points of high density spaced so far apart that they don’t actually increase density at all” (“Kool Enough for Beijing?”). Foster’s solution to urban sprawl is to make the horizontal (an urban segment) vertical; Koolhaas’s is to make the vertical horizontal: “we’ve [OMA] come up with two types: a very low-rise series of buildings, or a single, condensed hyperbuilding. What we’re doing with CCTV is a prototype of the hyperbuilding” (“Kool Enough for Beijing?”). Interestingly, the “low-rise” type mentioned here brings to mind the siheyuan—textual evidence, perhaps, that the siheyuan is always already a silent fellow traveller of the CCTV Headquarters project. The CCTV Headquarters is, even at over 200 metres tall itself, an anomaly of horizontalism amidst Beijing’s pervasive skyscraper verticality. As Paul Goldberger reports, “some Beijingers have taken to calling it Big Shorts”, which again evokes horizontality. This is its most obvious anomaly, and a somewhat melancholy reminder of “the horizontal planning feature of traditional Beijing” now mutilated by skyscrapers (Liu and Awotona 254). In the same gesture, however, with which it lays the skyscraper on its side, Koolhaas’s creation raises into the air the shape of the courtyard of a classical Chinese house. To our knowledge, no one has noticed this before, let alone written about it. It is, to be sure, a genuine courtyard shape—not merely an archway or a bridge with unoccupied space between. Pure building entirely surrounds the vertical courtyard shape formed in the air. Most images of the building provide an orientation that maximises the size of its vertical courtyard. To this extent, the (secret) courtyard shape of the building is hidden in plain sight. It is possible, however, to make the courtyard narrow to a mere slit of space, and finally to nothing, by circumnavigating the building. Certain perspectives on the building can even make it look like a more-or-less ordinary skyscraper. But, as a quick google-image search reveals, such views are rare. What seems to make the building special to people is precisely that part of it that is not building. Furthermore, anyone approaching the CCTV Headquarters with the intention of locating a courtyard typology within its form will be disappointed unless they look to its vertical plane. There is no hint of a courtyard at the base of the building. Figure 3: The CCTV Headquarters—View from “The Overhang”. Cher Coad, 2020.Figure 4: The CCTV Headquarters—Looking through the Floor of “The Overhang”. Cher Coad, 2020.Visiting the CCTV Headquarters: A “Special Introverted Quality?” In January 2020, we visited the CCTV Headquarters, ostensibly as audience members for a recording of a science spectacular show. Towards the end of the recording, we were granted a quick tour of the building. It is rare for foreigners to gain access to the sections of the building we visited. Taking the lift about 40 floors up, we arrived at the cantilever level—known informally as “the overhang”. Glass discs in the floor allow one to walk out over nothingness, looking down on ant-like pedestrians. Looking down like this was also to peer into the vacant “courtyard” of the building—into a structure “turned or pushed inward on itself”, which is the anatomical definition of “introverted” (Oxford Languages Dictionary). Workers in the building evinced no great affection for it, and certainly nothing of our wide-eyed wonder. Somebody said, “it’s just a place to work”. One of this article’s authors, Patrick West, seemed to feel the overhang almost imperceptibly vibrating beneath him. (Still, he has also experienced this sensation in conventional skyscrapers.) We were told the rumour that the building has started to tilt over dangerously. Being high in the air, but also high on the air, with nothing but air beneath us, felt edgy—somehow special—our own little world. Koolhaas promotes the CCTV Headquarters as (in paraphrase) “its own city, its own community” (“Kool Enough for Beijing?”). This resonated with us on our visit. Conventional skyscrapers fracture any sense of community through their segregated floor-upon-floor verticality; there is never enough room for a little patch of horizontal urbanism to unroll. Within “the overhang”, the CCTV Headquarters felt unlike a standard skyscraper, as if we were in an urban space magically levitated from the streets below. Sure, we had been told by one of the building’s inhabitants that it was “just a place to work”—but compared to the bleak sterility of most skyscraper work places, it wasn’t that sterile. The phrase Liu and Awotona use of the siheyuan comes to mind here, as we recall our experience; somehow, we had been inside a different type of building, one with its own “special introverted quality” (249). Special, that is, in the sense of containing just so much of horizontal urbanism as allows the building to retain its introverted quality as “its own city” (“Kool Enough for Beijing?”). Figure 5: The CCTV Headquarters—View from “The Overhang”. Cher Coad, 2020.Figure 6: The CCTV Headquarters—Inside “The Overhang”. Cher Coad, 2020. Unbuilt Architecture: The Visionary and the Contingent Within the present that it constitutes, built architecture is surrounded by unbuilt architecture at two interfaces: where the past ends; where the future begins. The soupy mix of urbanism continually spawns myriad architectural possibilities, and any given skyscraper is haunted by all the skyscrapers it might have been. History and the past hang heavily from them. Meanwhile, architectural programme or ambition—such as it is—pulls in the other direction: towards an idealised (if not impossible to practically realise) future. Along these lines, Koolhaas and the OMA are plainly a future-directed, as well as self-aware, architectural unit: at OMA we try to build in the greatest possible tolerance and the least amount of rigidity in terms of embodying one particular moment. We want our buildings to evolve. A building has at least two lives—the one imagined by its maker and the life it lives afterward—and they are never the same. (Fraioli 115) Koolhaas makes the same point even more starkly with regard to the CCTV Headquarters project through his use of the word “prototype”: “what we’re doing with CCTV is a prototype of the hyperbuilding” (“Kool Enough for Beijing?”). At the same time, however, as the presence of the siheyuan within the architecture of the CCTV Headquarters shows, the work of the OMA cannot escape from the superabundance of history, within which, as Roberto Schwarz claims, “forms are the abstract of specific social relationships” (53). Supporting our contentions here, Daniel M. Abramson notes that unbuilt architecture implies two sub-categories … the visionary unbuilt, and the contingent … . Visionary schemes invite a forward glance, down one true, vanguard path to a reformed society and discipline. The contingent unbuilts, conversely, invite a backward glance, along multiple routes history might have gone, each with its own likelihood and validity; no privileged truths. (Abramson)Introducing Abramson’s theory to the example of the CCTV Headquarters, the “visionary unbuilt” lines up with Koolhaas’ thesis that the building is a future-directed “prototype”. while the clearest candidate for the “contingent unbuilt”, we suggest, is the siheyuan. Why? Firstly, the siheyuan is hidden in plain sight, within the framing architecture of the CCTV Headquarters; secondly, it is ubiquitous in Beijing urbanism—little wonder then that it turns up, unannounced, in this Beijing building; thirdly, and related to the second point, the two buildings share a “special introverted quality” (Liu and Awotona 249). “The contingent”, in this case, is the anomaly nestled within the much more blatant “visionary” (or futuristic) anomaly—the hyperbuilding to come—of the Beijing-embedded CCTV Headquarters. Koolhaas’s building’s most fascinating anomaly relates, not to any forecast of the future, but to the subtle persistence of the past—its muted quotation of the ancient siheyuan form. Our article is, in part, a response to Abramson’s invitation to “pursue … the consequences of the unbuilt … [and thus] to open architectural history more fully to history”. We have supplemented Abramson’s idea with Schwarz’s suggestion that “forms are the abstract of specific social relationships” (53). The anomaly of the siheyuan—alongside that of the hyperbuilding—within the CCTV headquarters, opens the building up (paraphrasing Abramson) to a fuller analysis of its historical positioning within Western and Eastern flows of globalisation (or better, as we are about to suggest, of glocalisation). In parallel, its form (paraphrasing Schwarz) abstracts and re-presents this history’s specific social relationships. Figure 7: The CCTV Headquarters—A Courtyard of Data. Cher Coad, 2020.Conclusion: A Courtyard of Data and Tensions of Glocalisation Koolhaas proposes that the CCTV Headquarters was “a partnership, not a foreign imposition” and that the building “emerged from the local situation” (Fraioli 117). To us, this smacks of Pollyanna globalisation. The CCTV Headquarters is, we suggest, more accurately read as an imposition of the American skyscraper typology, albeit in anomalous form. (One might even argue that the building’s horizontal deviation from the vertical norm reinforces that norm.) Still, amidst a thicket of conventionally vertical skyscrapers, the building’s horizontalism does have the anomalous effect of recalling “the horizontal planning feature of traditional Beijing” (Liu and Awotona 254). Buried within its horizontalism, however, lies a more secretive anomaly in the form of a vertical siheyuan. This anomaly, we contend, motivates a terminological shift from “globalisation” to “glocalisation”, for the latter term better captures the notion of a lack of reconciliation between the “global” and the “local” in the building. Koolhaas’s visionary architectural programme explicitly advances anomaly. The CCTV Headquarters radically reworks the skyscraper typology as the prototype of a hyperbuilding defined by horizontalism. Certainly, such horizontalism recalls the horizontal plane of pre-skyscraper Beijing and, if faintly, that plane’s ubiquitous feature: the classical courtyard house. Simultaneously, however, the siheyuan has a direct if secretive presence within the morphology of the CCTV Headquarters, even as any suggestion of a vertical courtyard is strikingly absent from Koolhaas’s vanguard manifesto. To this extent, the hyperbuilding fits within Abramson’s category of “the visionary unbuilt”, while the siheyuan aligns with Abramson’s “contingent unbuilt” descriptor. The latter is the “might have been” that, largely under the pressure of its ubiquity as Beijing vernacular architecture, “very nearly is”. Drawing on Schwarz’s idea that “forms are the abstract of specific social relationships”, we propose that the siheyuan, as anomalous form of the CCTV Headquarters, is a heterotopic space within the hybrid global harmony (to paraphrase Koolhaas) purportedly represented by the building (53). In this space thus formed collides the built-up historical and philosophical social intensity of the classical Chinese courtyard house and the intensities of data flows and captures that help constitute the predominantly capitalist and neo-liberalist “social relationship” of China and the Western world—the world of the skyscraper (Schwarz). Within the siheyuan of the CCTV Headquarters, globalised data is literally enveloped by Daoism and Confucianism; it is saturated with the social consequence of local place. The term “glocalisation” is, we suggest, to be preferred here to “globalisation”, because of how it better reflects such vernacular interruptions to the hegemony of globalised space. Forms delineate social relationships, and data, which both forms and is formed by social relationships, may be formed by architecture as much as anything else within social space. Attention to the unbuilt architectural forms (vanguard and contingent) contained within the CCTV Headquarters reveals layers of anomaly that might, ultimately, point to another form of architecture entirely, in which glocal tensions are not only recognised, but resolved. Here, Abramson’s historical project intersects, in the final analysis, with a worldwide politics. Figure 8: The CCTV Headquarters—A Sound Stage in Action. Cher Coad, 2020. References Abramson, Daniel M. “Stakes of the Unbuilt.” Aggregate Architectural History Collaborative. 20 July 2020. <http://we-aggregate.org/piece/stakes-of-the-unbuilt>.Foster, N. “The Architecture of the Future.” The Architecture Reader: Essential Writings from Vitruvius to the Present. Ed. A. Krista Sykes. New York: George Braziller, 2007: 276-79. Fraioli, Paul. “The Invention and Reinvention of the City: An Interview with Rem Koolhaas.” Journal of International Affairs 65.2 (Spring/Summer 2012): 113-19. Goldberger, Paul. “Forbidden Cities: Beijing’s Great New Architecture Is a Mixed Blessing for the City.” The New Yorker—The Sky Line. 23 June 2008. <https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/06/30/forbidden-cities>.“Kool Enough for Beijing?” China Daily. 2 March 2004. <https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-03/02/content_310800.htm>. Liu, Ying, and Adenrele Awotona. “The Traditional Courtyard House in China: Its Formation and Transition.” Evolving Environmental Ideals—Changing Way of Life, Values and Design Practices: IAPS 14 Conference Proceedings. IAPS. Stockholm, Sweden: Royal Institute of Technology, 1996: 248-60. <https://iaps.architexturez.net/system/files/pdf/1202bm1029.content.pdf>.Oxford Languages Dictionary. “Rem Koolhaas Biography.” Encyclopedia of World Biography. 20 July 2020. <https://www.notablebiographies.com/news/Ge-La/Koolhaas-Rem.html>. “Rem Koolhaas Interview.” Manufacturing Intellect. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2003. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oW187PwSjY0>.Schwarz, Roberto. Misplaced Ideas: Essays on Brazilian Culture. New York: Verso, 1992. Zhang, Donia. “Classical Courtyard Houses of Beijing: Architecture as Cultural Artifact.” Space and Communication 1.1 (Dec. 2015): 47-68.