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Journal articles on the topic 'Gut-brain axis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 October 2024

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1

Bhatia, Reeshika. "Gut - Brain Axis: A Driver in Neurodegenerative Disease." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 13, no. 9 (September 5, 2024): 1091–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr24918142930.

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2

TATLI, Esin, Asuman KAPLAN ALGIN, Hatice Aslı BEDEL, and Coşkun USTA. "Gut-Brain Axis." Journal of Traditional Medical Complementary Therapies 1, no. 2 (2018): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/jtracom.2018-61683.

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3

Huh, Jun. "GUT-brain axis." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 429 (October 2021): 117637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2021.117637.

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4

Grčić, Antonijo, Jadranka Varljen, Edvard Bedoić, Natalia Kučić, Dijana Detel, and Lara Batičić. "Gut-brain axis." Medicina Fluminensis 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21860/medflum2022_271148.

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Crijevno-mozgovna os predstavlja termin za dvosmjernu komunikaciju između središnjeg živčanog sustava i živčanog sustava crijeva koja kontrolira homeostazu gastrointestinalnog trakta i povezuje ga s emocionalnim i kognitivnim područjima mozga. U ovoj složenoj komunikaciji sudjeluju i simpatički i parasimpatički autonomni živčani sustav, hipotalamusno-hipofizno-nadbubrežna os, a novija istraživanja navode i važnu ulogu mikrobiote crijeva. Jedna od ključnih komponenti crijevno-mozgovne osi jest vagalni živac koji prikuplja informacije s aferentnih vlakana od unutrašnjih organa koje zatim šalje do mozga, a eferentnim vlaknima pokreće odgovarajući živčani refleks tako što šalje povratnu informaciju od mozga prema unutrašnjim organima. Na ovaj način vagalni živac povezuje različite sustave što omogućuje njihovu dvosmjernu komunikaciju. Novija istraživanja pokazala su kako mikrobiota crijeva ima važnu ulogu u crijevno-mozgovnoj osi s obzirom na mogućnost lučenja neurotransmitera i metabolita koji stimuliraju živčane reflekse u središnjem živčanom sustavu i živčanom sustavu crijeva. Osim što mogu utjecati povoljno na crijevno-mozgovnu os, mogu imati i nepovoljan utjecaj koji je primijećen kod neuropsiholoških i gastrointestinalnih poremećaja. Istraživanja na mikrobioti crijeva omogućila su bolje razumijevanje crijevno-mozgovne osi te postala tema daljnjih istraživanja, kao i meta za razvoj novih terapijskih metoda.

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5

Romijn, Johannes A., Eleonora P. Corssmit, Louis M. Havekes, and Hanno Pijl. "Gut???brain axis." Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 11, no. 4 (July 2008): 518–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mco.0b013e328302c9b0.

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6

Camilleri, Michael, and Carlo Di Lorenzo. "Brain-Gut Axis." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 54, no. 4 (April 2012): 446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0b013e31823d34c3.

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7

Khlevner, Julie, Yeji Park, and Kara Gross Margolis. "Brain–Gut Axis." Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 47, no. 4 (December 2018): 727–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2018.07.002.

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8

Farajirad, Mohammad. "The Gut-Brain Axis: How the Microbiome may Influence Brain Tumors, A Narrative Review." International Journal of Surgery & Surgical Techniques 7, no. 2 (2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ijsst-16000192.

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Aim: To review the current literature and demonstrate the potential relationship between gut microbiome and brain tumor. Methods: A comprehensive search of the available literature was conducted using the PubMed, Google Scholar, OVID, Embase and other database to identify studies investigating the relationship between the gut microbiome and brain cancer. The search was limited to articles published in English between 2010 and 2022. Conclusion: While the research on the relationship between the gut microbiome and brain cancer is limited, the studies that have been conducted suggest that there may be a connection. The gut microbiome has been shown to play roles in a number of diseases, and some evidence suggests that it may also be involved in the development and progression of brain cancer. The gut microbiome may suggest a new method for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of brain cancer and further research in this area has the potential to lead to new and innovative strategies for managing this disease.

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9

Wang, Hong-Xing, and Yu-Ping Wang. "Gut Microbiota-brain Axis." Chinese Medical Journal 129, no. 19 (October 2016): 2373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.190667.

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10

Mayer, Emeran A., Karina Nance, and Shelley Chen. "The Gut–Brain Axis." Annual Review of Medicine 73, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): 439–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042320-014032.

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Preclinical evidence has firmly established bidirectional interactions among the brain, the gut, and the gut microbiome. Candidate signaling molecules and at least three communication channels have been identified. Communication within this system is nonlinear, is bidirectional with multiple feedback loops, and likely involves interactions between different channels. Alterations in gut–brain–microbiome interactions have been identified in rodent models of several digestive, psychiatric, and neurological disorders. While alterations in gut–brain interactions have clearly been established in irritable bowel syndrome, a causative role of the microbiome in irritable bowel syndrome remains to be determined. In the absence of specific microbial targets for more effective therapies, current approaches are limited to dietary interventions and centrally targeted pharmacological and behavioral approaches. A more comprehensive understanding of causative influences within the gut–brain–microbiome system and well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to translate these exciting preclinical findings into effective therapies.

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11

Lee, Ayoung, Ju Yup Lee, Sung Won Jung, Seung Yong Shin, Han Seung Ryu, Seung-Ho Jang, Joong Goo Kwon, and Yong Sung Kim. "Brain–Gut–Microbiota Axis." Korean Journal of Gastroenterology 81, no. 4 (April 25, 2023): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4166/kjg.2023.028.

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12

Mohajeri, M. "Brain Aging and Gut–Brain Axis." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020424.

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In the last decade, the microbiome in general and the gut microbiome in particular have been associated not only to brain development and function, but also to the pathophysiology of brain aging and to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), depression, or multiple sclerosis (MS) [...]

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13

de Clercq, Nicolien C., Myrthe N. Frissen, Albert K. Groen, and Max Nieuwdorp. "Gut Microbiota and the Gut-Brain Axis." Psychosomatic Medicine 79, no. 8 (October 2017): 874–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000000495.

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14

Sikiric, Predrag, Slaven Gojkovic, Ivan Krezic, Ivan Maria Smoday, Luka Kalogjera, Helena Zizek, Katarina Oroz, et al. "Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 May Recover Brain–Gut Axis and Gut–Brain Axis Function." Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 5 (April 30, 2023): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph16050676.

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Conceptually, a wide beneficial effect, both peripherally and centrally, might have been essential for the harmony of brain–gut and gut–brain axes’ function. Seen from the original viewpoint of the gut peptides’ significance and brain relation, the favorable stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 evidence in the brain–gut and gut–brain axes’ function might have been presented as a particular interconnected network. These were the behavioral findings (interaction with main systems, anxiolytic, anticonvulsive, antidepressant effect, counteracted catalepsy, and positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms models). Muscle healing and function recovery appeared as the therapeutic effects of BPC 157 on the various muscle disabilities of a multitude of causes, both peripheral and central. Heart failure was counteracted (including arrhythmias and thrombosis), and smooth muscle function recovered. These existed as a multimodal muscle axis impact on muscle function and healing as a function of the brain–gut axis and gut–brain axis as whole. Finally, encephalopathies, acting simultaneously in both the periphery and central nervous system, BPC 157 counteracted stomach and liver lesions and various encephalopathies in NSAIDs and insulin rats. BPC 157 therapy by rapidly activated collateral pathways counteracted the vascular and multiorgan failure concomitant to major vessel occlusion and, similar to noxious procedures, reversed initiated multicausal noxious circuit of the occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome. Severe intracranial (superior sagittal sinus) hypertension, portal and caval hypertensions, and aortal hypotension were attenuated/eliminated. Counteracted were the severe lesions in the brain, lungs, liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. In particular, progressing thrombosis, both peripherally and centrally, and heart arrhythmias and infarction that would consistently occur were fully counteracted and/or almost annihilated. To conclude, we suggest further BPC 157 therapy applications.

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15

Suri, Manjula. "Aging and gut brain axis." MOJ Gerontology & Geriatrics 6, no. 2 (April 21, 2021): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojgg.2021.06.00269.

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16

Reininghaus, Eva. "NUTRITION AND GUT-BRAIN AXIS." European Neuropsychopharmacology 51 (October 2021): e36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.07.083.

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17

Hu, Bingren, and AwadheshK Arya. "Brain–gut axis after stroke." Brain Circulation 4, no. 4 (2018): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/bc.bc_32_18.

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18

Santisteban, Monica M., Seungbum Kim, Carl J. Pepine, and Mohan K. Raizada. "Brain–Gut–Bone Marrow Axis." Circulation Research 118, no. 8 (April 15, 2016): 1327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.116.307709.

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19

Stern, Peter. "Dissecting the gut-brain axis." Science 361, no. 6408 (September 20, 2018): 1211.13–1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.361.6408.1211-m.

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Rousseau, G. "GUT-BRAIN AXIS AND BEHAVIOUR." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition 63, no. 1S (July 2016): S41—S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mpg.0000489599.89171.73.

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21

Cooper, Ashley. "Understanding the gut–brain axis." Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology 3, no. 12 (December 2018): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(18)30348-0.

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22

Martin, Clair R., Vadim Osadchiy, Amir Kalani, and Emeran A. Mayer. "The Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis." Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology 6, no. 2 (2018): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.04.003.

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23

Choudhary, Arbind Kumar, and Yeong Lee. "Dysregulated microbiota-gut-brain axis." Nutrition & Food Science 47, no. 5 (September 11, 2017): 648–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-03-2017-0034.

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Purpose This paper aims to summarize the available literatures, specifically in the following areas: metabolic and other side effects of aspartame; microbiota changes/dysbiosis and its effect on the gut-brain axis; changes on gut microbiota as a result of aspartame usage; metabolic effects (weight gain and glucose intolerance) of aspartame due to gut dysbiosis; and postulated effects of dysregulated microbiota-gut-brain axis on other aspartame side-effects (neurophysiological symptoms and immune dysfunction). Design/methodology/approach Aspartame is rapidly becoming a public health concern because of its purported side-effects especially neurophysiological symptom and immune dysregulation. It is also paradoxical that metabolic consequences including weight gain and impaired blood glucose levels have been observed in consumers. Exact mechanisms of above side-effects are unclear, and data are scarce but aspartame, and its metabolites may have caused disturbance in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Findings Additional studies investigating the impact of aspartame on gut microbiota and metabolic health are needed. Originality/value Exact mechanism by which aspartame-induced gut dysbiosis and metabolic dysfunction requires further investigation.

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Cryan, John F., Kenneth J. O'Riordan, Caitlin S. M. Cowan, Kiran V. Sandhu, Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen, Marcus Boehme, Martin G. Codagnone, et al. "The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis." Physiological Reviews 99, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 1877–2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00018.2018.

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The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, the past 15 yr have seen the emergence of the microbiota (the trillions of microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one of the key regulators of gut-brain function and has led to the appreciation of the importance of a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This axis is gaining ever more traction in fields investigating the biological and physiological basis of psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, and neurodegenerative disorders. The microbiota and the brain communicate with each other via various routes including the immune system, tryptophan metabolism, the vagus nerve and the enteric nervous system, involving microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, and peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence microbiota composition in early life, including infection, mode of birth delivery, use of antibiotic medications, the nature of nutritional provision, environmental stressors, and host genetics. At the other extreme of life, microbial diversity diminishes with aging. Stress, in particular, can significantly impact the microbiota-gut-brain axis at all stages of life. Much recent work has implicated the gut microbiota in many conditions including autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models have been paramount in linking the regulation of fundamental neural processes, such as neurogenesis and myelination, to microbiome activation of microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing and will greatly enhance the field. Future studies will focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying the microbiota-gut-brain axis and attempt to elucidate microbial-based intervention and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.

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Sharma, Markanday, Jyoti Prakash, Prateek Yadav, Kalpana Srivastava, and Kaushik Chatterjee. "Gut–brain axis: Synergistic approach." Industrial Psychiatry Journal 30, no. 3 (2021): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.328835.

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Micic, Dr. "Obesity and Gut-Brain Axis." Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest) 19, no. 2 (2023): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4183/aeb.2023.234.

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Arneth, Borros M. "Gut–brain axis biochemical signalling from the gastrointestinal tract to the central nervous system: gut dysbiosis and altered brain function." Postgraduate Medical Journal 94, no. 1114 (July 19, 2018): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2017-135424.

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BackgroundThe gut–brain axis facilitates a critical bidirectional link and communication between the brain and the gut. Recent studies have highlighted the significance of interactions in the gut–brain axis, with a particular focus on intestinal functions, the nervous system and the brain. Furthermore, researchers have examined the effects of the gut microbiome on mental health and psychiatric well-being.The present study reviewed published evidence to explore the concept of the gut–brain axis.AimsThis systematic review investigated the relationship between human brain function and the gut–brain axis.MethodsTo achieve these objectives, peer-reviewed articles on the gut–brain axis were identified in various electronic databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, CIHAHL, Web of Science and PsycINFO.ResultsData obtained from previous studies showed that the gut–brain axis links various peripheral intestinal functions to brain centres through a broad range of processes and pathways, such as endocrine signalling and immune system activation. Researchers have found that the vagus nerve drives bidirectional communication between the various systems in the gut–brain axis. In humans, the signals are transmitted from the liminal environment to the central nervous system.ConclusionsThe communication that occurs in the gut–brain axis can alter brain function and trigger various psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and depression. Thus, elucidation of the gut–brain axis is critical for the management of certain psychiatric and mental disorders.

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Muhammad, Fahim, Bufang Fan, Ruoxi Wang, Jiayan Ren, Shuhui Jia, Liping Wang, Zuxin Chen, and Xin-An Liu. "The Molecular Gut-Brain Axis in Early Brain Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 15389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315389.

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Millions of nerves, immune factors, and hormones in the circulatory system connect the gut and the brain. In bidirectional communication, the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the gut-brain axis (GBA), wherein microbial metabolites of the gut microbiota regulate intestinal homeostasis, thereby influencing brain activity. Dynamic changes are observed in gut microbiota as well as during brain development. Altering the gut microbiota could serve as a therapeutic target for treating abnormalities associated with brain development. Neurophysiological development and immune regulatory disorders are affected by changes that occur in gut microbiota composition and function. The molecular aspects relevant to the GBA could help develop targeted therapies for neurodevelopmental diseases. Herein, we review the findings of recent studies on the role of the GBA in its underlying molecular mechanisms in the early stages of brain development. Furthermore, we discuss the bidirectional regulation of gut microbiota from mother to infant and the potential signaling pathways and roles of posttranscriptional modifications in brain functions. Our review summarizes the role of molecular GBA in early brain development and related disorders, providing cues for novel therapeutic targets.

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Malagelada, Juan R. "The Brain-Gut Team." Digestive Diseases 38, no. 4 (2020): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000505810.

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Background: Interactions between brain and gut have been suspected for centuries but our understanding of the neural centers and neurohormonal links that establish bidirectional regulatory communication between these 2 body systems has advanced significantly in the last decades. The label “brain-gut axis” designates a useful but deceivingly simple concept, since the mechanistic complexity of brain-gut interaction is enormous. Summary: The significance of the brain-gut axis is perhaps best conceived as “a team” since both systems are physiologically coordinated to ensure a healthy status. However, under pathophysiological conditions, the axis also contributes substantially to distort homeostasis. For instance, normal signals emanating from the gut may be inappropriately received and interpreted by the central nervous system that responds by inadequately recruiting other brain structures and generate both symptoms and commands that disturb normal gut activity. Key Messages: Thus, at each end and in the brain-gut connecting routes, there is the potential for altering perceived and unperceived sensations and further impinging on normal function.

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Xie, Xiaodi, Lei Wang, Shanshan Dong, ShanChun Ge, and Ting Zhu. "Immune regulation of the gut-brain axis and lung-brain axis involved in ischemic stroke." Neural Regeneration Research 19, no. 3 (July 20, 2023): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.380869.

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Abstract Local ischemia often causes a series of inflammatory reactions when both brain immune cells and the peripheral immune response are activated. In the human body, the gut and lung are regarded as the key reactional targets that are initiated by brain ischemic attacks. Mucosal microorganisms play an important role in immune regulation and metabolism and affect blood-brain barrier permeability. In addition to the relationship between peripheral organs and central areas and the intestine and lung also interact among each other. Here, we review the molecular and cellular immune mechanisms involved in the pathways of inflammation across the gut-brain axis and lung-brain axis. We found that abnormal intestinal flora, the intestinal microenvironment, lung infection, chronic diseases, and mechanical ventilation can worsen the outcome of ischemic stroke. This review also introduces the influence of the brain on the gut and lungs after stroke, highlighting the bidirectional feedback effect among the gut, lungs, and brain.

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Parikh, Rakesh M., Banshi Saboo, Viswanathan Mohan, Abdul Basit, Amit Gupta, Jayant K. Panda, Mithun Bhartia, and Pinar Topsever. "Glucagon in the gut – brain axis." Journal of Diabetology 14, Supplement 1 (2023): S42—S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jod.jod_103_23.

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Abstract The intricate relationship between the gut and the brain has long captured the imagination of scientists, philosophers, and clinicians alike. Over the past few decades, research has unveiled a complex and bidirectional communication network that connects these seemingly distinct organs, giving rise to the concept of the gut–brain axis. This axis represents a dynamic and multifaceted system through which the gut and the brain exchange signals, impacting not only digestive processes but also a wide array of physiological and neurological functions. From influencing appetite and mood to playing a role in metabolic regulation, the gut–brain axis has emerged as a crucial nexus in understanding human health and well-being. This chapter delves into the intricate mechanisms that underlie the gut–brain axis, exploring its components and pathways with a special focus on the role played by glucagon. By unraveling the mysteries of this axis, we gain valuable insights into how our body’s diverse systems collaborate to maintain a delicate balance and how disturbances within this axis can contribute to a range of health conditions.

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Amaan, Arif, Garg Prekshi, and Srivastava Prachi. "Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: AI Insights." Insights in Biology and Medicine 8, no. 2 (June 28, 2024): 001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.ibm.1001027.

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Microbiome-gut-brain axis represents a complex, bidirectional communication network connecting the gastrointestinal tract and its microbial populations with the central nervous system (CNS). This complex system is important for maintaining physiological homeostasis and has significant implications for mental health. The human gut has trillions of microorganisms, collectively termed gut microbiota, which play important roles in digestion, immune function, and production of various metabolites. Some current research shows that these microorganisms strongly influence the brain function and behaviour of individuals, forming the basis of the microbiome-gut-brain axis. The communication between gut microbiota and the brain occurs via multiple pathways: neural pathway (e.g., vagus nerve), endocrine pathway (e.g., hormone production), immune pathway (e.g., inflammation modulation), and metabolic pathway (e.g., production of short-chain fatty acids). Dysbiosis, or imbalance of gut microbiota, has been linked to mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorders, etc, offering new perspectives on their etiology and potential therapeutic interventions. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool in interpreting the complexities of the microbiome-gut-brain axis. AI techniques, such as machine learning and deep learning, enable the integration and analysis of large, multifaceted datasets, uncovering patterns and correlations that can be avoided by traditional methods. These techniques enable predictive modeling, biomarker discovery, and understanding of underlying biological mechanisms, enhancing research efficiency and covering ways for personalized therapeutic approaches. The application of AI in microbiome research has provided valuable insights into mental health conditions. AI models have identified specific gut bacteria linked to disease, offered predictive models, and discovered distinct microbiome signatures associated with specific diseases. Integrating AI with microbiome research holds promise for revolutionizing mental health care, offering new diagnostic tools and targeted therapies. Challenges remain, but the potential benefits of AI-driven insights into microbiome-gut-brain interactions are immense and offer hope for innovative treatments and preventative measures to improve mental health outcomes.

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Kraus, Melina, Mesut Cetin, and Feyza Aricioglu. "The microbiota and gut-brain axis." Journal of Mood Disorders 6, no. 3 (2016): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20161004082122.

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Evrensel, Alper, Barış Önen Ünsalver, and Mehmet Emin Ceylan. "Neuroinflammation, Gut-Brain Axis and Depression." Psychiatry Investigation 17, no. 1 (January 25, 2020): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2019.08.09.

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Agirman, Gulistan, and Elaine Y. Hsiao. "SnapShot: The microbiota-gut-brain axis." Cell 184, no. 9 (April 2021): 2524–2524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.022.

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Kharchenko, Yu V., H. I. Titov, D. H. Kryzhanovskyi, M. P. Fedchenko, H. P. Chernenko, V. V. Filipenko, and V. A. Miakushko. "Stress and the Gut-Brain Axis." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 7, no. 4 (August 30, 2022): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs07.04.137.

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The purpose of the review was to study the effects of stress on the gut microbiota. Results and discussion. The gut microbiota forms a complex microbial community that has a significant impact on human health. The composition of the microbiota varies from person to person, and it changes throughout life. It is known that the microbiome can be altered due to diet, various processes, such as inflammation and/or stress. Like all other areas of medicine, microbiology is constantly growing. The gut microbiota lives in a symbiotic relationship with the human host. It is now believed to interact with almost all human organs, including the central nervous system, in the so-called «gut-brain-microbiome axis». Recently, a growing level of research is showing that microbes play a much bigger role in our lives than previously thought, and can have a myriad of effects on how we behave and think, and even on our mental health. The relationship between the brain and the microbiota is bidirectional and includes endocrine, neuronal, immune, and metabolic pathways. The microbiota interacts with the brain through various mechanisms and mediators, including cytokines, short-chain fatty acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters. According to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis imbalance theory, hormonal imbalances are closely related to psychiatric illness, anxiety, and stress disorders. Therefore, the gut microbiome is closely related to the development and functioning of this axis. The microbiota can influence neurotransmitter levels in a variety of ways, including the secretion of gamma-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, and can even regulate serotonin synthesis. These neurotransmitters can influence the hormonal status of the body, and the hormones themselves can influence the formation of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiota. Accordingly, a change in the composition of the intestinal microbiota may be responsible for modifying the hormonal levels of the human body. The endocrine environment in the gut can also be modulated through the neuro-enteroendocrine system. Conclusion. Today, it is known that microbiota changes can be associated with several disorders of the nervous system, such as neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory processes. Research in recent decades has shown that disorders of the nervous system and mood disorders are associated with changes in the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain. Therefore, understanding the role of microbiota in the development and functioning of the brain is of great importance

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Obrenovich, Mark, and V. Prakash Reddy. "Special Issue: Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis." Microorganisms 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020309.

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Blackmer-Raynolds, Lisa D., and Timothy R. Sampson. "The gut-brain axis goes viral." Cell Host & Microbe 30, no. 3 (March 2022): 283–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2022.02.013.

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Evrensel, Alper, Barış Önen Ünsalver, and Mehmet Emin Ceylan. "GUT-Brain Axis and Psychiatric Disorders." Current Psychiatry Reviews 14, no. 3 (December 7, 2018): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573400514666180829104945.

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Duncan, Ian D., and Jyoti J. Watters. "Remyelination and the gut−brain axis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 50 (November 25, 2019): 24922–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918897116.

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Ross, Stephanie Maxine. "Gut-Brain Axis and Stress Regulation." Holistic Nursing Practice 33, no. 5 (2019): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hnp.0000000000000346.

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Mayer, Emeran A., Kirsten Tillisch, and Arpana Gupta. "Gut/brain axis and the microbiota." Journal of Clinical Investigation 125, no. 3 (February 17, 2015): 926–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci76304.

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Bienenstock, John, Wolfgang Kunze, and Paul Forsythe. "Microbiota and the gut–brain axis." Nutrition Reviews 73, suppl 1 (July 14, 2015): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuv019.

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Kirchgessner, Annette L. "Orexins in the Brain-Gut Axis." Endocrine Reviews 23, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv.23.1.0454.

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Wayman, Christina. "Microbes and the gut–brain axis." Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology 1, no. 3 (November 2016): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30124-8.

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Nemani, Katlyn, Reza Hosseini Ghomi, Beth McCormick, and Xiaoduo Fan. "Schizophrenia and the gut–brain axis." Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 56 (January 2015): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.08.018.

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Kurnik, Magdalena, Krzysztof Gil, Magdalena Bialas, Veronika Aleksandrovych, Andrzej Bugajski, and Piotr Thor. "Exogenous salsolinol influences gut-brain axis." Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 22 (January 2016): e186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.10.474.

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Ross, Stephanie Maxine. "Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, Part 1." Holistic Nursing Practice 31, no. 2 (2017): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hnp.0000000000000203.

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Dixit, Anubhuti, and Varsha Singh. "The brain-gut axis of longevity." Aging 12, no. 18 (September 27, 2020): 17754–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/aging.103996.

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Taheri, Sima, and Morteza Khomeiri. "Psychobiotics and Brain-Gut Microbiota Axis." Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30699/ijmm.13.1.1.

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