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Journal articles on the topic "Guyana – Climate"

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Cottereau, Julien. "La brume de poussières sahariennes aux Antilles françaises et en Guyane." La Météorologie, no. 110 (2020): 034. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2020-0068.

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Devant l'importance des enjeux en termes de climat, de santé publique ou d'activités économiques, la brume de poussières fait l'objet d'un intérêt croissant avec de nombreuses recherches menées depuis maintenant plusieurs décennies. Les régions ultramarines françaises des Antilles et de la Guyane sont particulièrement exposées aux poussières désertiques issues du Sahara. Celles-ci sont composées de divers éléments, notamment minéraux, pouvant favoriser les impacts sanitaires néfastes de certains virus et bactéries. La brume de poussières revêt un intérêt particulier dans la prévision opérationnelle, en raison de son rôle sur la convection atmosphérique, dont la compréhension, l'observation et la modélisation nécessitent d'être approfondies. Nous mettons en exergue la fréquence de ce phénomène aux Antilles et en Guyane, dépendant majoritairement de la variabilité naturelle du climat et des oscillations climatiques, mais pouvant également être en partie lié à l'impact de certaines activités humaines (comme la désertification). Given its importance in terms of climate, public health or economic activities, dust haze is subject to a growing interest with a lot of research carried out for several decades now. The French overseas regions of the Antilles and Guyana are particularly exposed to desert dust from the Sahara, which carries various elements, in particular minerals, and can favour the harmful health impacts of certain viruses and bacteria. Dust haze is of particular interest in operational forecasting because of its role in convection, which requires further understanding, observation and modeling. Through this article, we highlight the frequency of this phenomenon in the French West Indies and Guyana, depending mainly on the natural variability of climate and the climate oscillations, but which can also be partly linked to the impact of certain human activities (such as desertification).
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Hickey, Catherine, and Tony Weis. "The challenge of climate change adaptation in Guyana." Climate and Development 4, no. 1 (January 2012): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2012.661036.

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Hook, Andrew. "Following REDD+: Elite agendas, political temporalities, and the politics of environmental policy failure in Guyana." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 4 (September 20, 2019): 999–1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619875665.

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This article follows the journey of Guyana’s Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) programme, from its promising emergence in 2009 as an ambitious, Norway-funded scheme worth US$250m to its near-abandonment by all actors ten years later. It is based on primary fieldwork conducted in Guyana in 2016 and 2017 and a deep review of the theoretical and empirical literature on REDD+ policy processes and the Norway–Guyana agreement. The article shows how, contrary to the mainstream understanding of environmental policy as a disinterested search for a rational, scientific solution, decisions governing REDD+ policy in Guyana were rather shaped throughout by the political objectives and calculations of a small number of opportunistic elite actors. It further shows how even the modest incarnation of REDD+ in Guyana (which ended up resembling more of a results-based aid programme than a Payment for Ecosystem Services scheme) was continually affected by political factors beyond the control of policy managers. These included fluctuations in the world gold price that led to an increase in mining activity and deforestation, the departure of a key international investor which caused the collapse of the flagship REDD+-funded Amaila Falls hydropower project, and legislative gridlock in Guyana generated by a hung Parliament. While not suggesting that REDD+ (or similar Payment for Ecosystem Services schemes) can never work, the article nonetheless illustrates the ways in which political objectives and unforeseen events can overwhelm substantive policy efforts towards fighting climate change. The findings also illustrate the dangers of prioritizing short-term ‘success stories’ over longer-term and more consultative environmental policy processes.
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Vaughn, Sarah E. "Disappearing Mangroves: The Epistemic Politics of Climate Adaptation in Guyana." Cultural Anthropology 32, no. 2 (May 12, 2017): 242–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14506/ca32.2.07.

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This article details the epistemic politics that shape the climate adaptation of sea defense in Guyana. Rethinking the material arrangements of expertise in the Anthropocene, I track the work of a group of technoscientific experts participating in the Guyana Mangrove Restoration Project (GMRP). In an attempt to redesign sea defense around mangrove ecosystems, GMRP participants recognize that climate adaptation is not solely dependent on their well-intentioned efforts. As research objects, mangroves are not only forms of evidence but also tools that guide expert action and distinctions in day-to-day labor. Moreover, mangroves draw out the explicit contingencies of modeling, placing expert groups in tension with one another as each seeks to advance their own ideas for mangrove protection, management, or change. I show that this relational ontology is emblematic of climate-adaptation policy’s broader operative logics, or what I call inverse performativity. This is a process whereby an unruly world forces one expert group to seek help from others, building a new ecology of expertise to adapt to a changing climate. Impermanent and wondrous, mangroves urge us to think more creatively about vulnerability to climate change and the kinds of practices that inspire knowledge about it.
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Goslee, Katherine M., Timothy R. H. Pearson, Blanca Bernal, Sophia L. Simon, and Hansrajie Sukhdeo. "Comprehensive Accounting for REDD+ Programs: A Pragmatic Approach as Exemplified in Guyana." Forests 11, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121265.

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Completeness is an important element for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) accounting to ensure transparency and accountability. However, including a full accounting for all emission sources in a REDD+ program is often resource-intensive and cost-prohibitive, especially considering that some emission sources comprise far less than 10% of total emissions and are thus considered insignificant according to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidance. This is evident in forest reference emission level (FREL)/forest reference level (FRL) submissions to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Of the 50 countries that have submitted FRELs to date, only half of them include degradation in their FRELs even though degradation is often a significant source of emissions. Half of the countries that do include degradation use satellite imagery without necessarily specifying degrading activities or separating anthropogenic activities. Guyana provides an example of an approach that enables inclusion of all emission sources while considering the significance of each when developing an accounting approach. Since submitting its FREL in 2014, Guyana has made stepwise improvements to its emission estimates so that the country is now able to report on all deforestation and degradation activities resulting in emissions, whether significant or not. Based on the example of Guyana’s efforts, the authors recommend a simple approach to move towards complete accounting in a cost-effective manner. This approach can be scaled to other countries with other activities that results in greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Such complete accounting allows for higher accountability in REDD+ systems and can lead to greater effectiveness in reducing emissions.
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Roopsind, Anand, Brent Sohngen, and Jodi Brandt. "Evidence that a national REDD+ program reduces tree cover loss and carbon emissions in a high forest cover, low deforestation country." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 49 (November 18, 2019): 24492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904027116.

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Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is a climate change mitigation policy in which rich countries provide payments to developing countries for protecting their forests. In 2009, the countries of Norway and Guyana entered into one of the first bilateral REDD+ programs, with Norway offering to pay US$250 million to Guyana if annual deforestation rates remained below 0.056% from 2010 to 2015. To quantify the impact of this national REDD+ program, we construct a counterfactual times-series trajectory of annual tree cover loss using synthetic matching. This analytical approach allows us to quantify tree cover loss that would have occurred in the absence of the Norway-Guyana REDD+ program. We found that the Norway-Guyana REDD+ program reduced tree cover loss by 35% during the implementation period (2010 to 2015), equivalent to 12.8 million tons of avoided CO2 emissions. Our analysis indicates that national REDD+ payments attenuated the effect of increases in gold prices, an internationally traded commodity that is the primary deforestation driver in Guyana. Overall, we found strong evidence that the program met the additionality criteria of REDD+. However, we found that tree cover loss increased after the payments ended, and therefore, our results suggest that without continued payments, forest protection is not guaranteed. On the issue of leakage, which is complex and difficult to quantify, a multinational REDD+ program for a region could address leakage that results from differences in forest policies between neighboring countries.
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Jaipaul, Jonathan D., Devya Hemraj, and Samantha Providence-Forrester. "The Effects of Rising Water Temperatures on Poecilia reticulata Native to Guyana." Book of Abstracts: Student Research 1 (November 4, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52377/dprl8943.

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The coastal region of Guyana is predicted to experience an increase in annual temperature. Climate change trends indicate that the mean minimum and maximum temperatures will rise above the climatological average. This change in mean temperatures will alter the favourable conditions within coastal ecosystems, which can affect biodiversity. One such at-risk organism is the Guppy (Poecilia reticulata), a species that is particularly sensitive to temperature variations within their habitats.
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Mycoo, Michelle A. "Autonomous household responses and urban governance capacity building for climate change adaptation: Georgetown, Guyana." Urban Climate 9 (September 2014): 134–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2014.07.009.

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Vaughn, Sarah E. "Imagining the Ordinary in Participatory Climate Adaptation." Weather, Climate, and Society 9, no. 3 (June 16, 2017): 533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-16-0118.1.

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Abstract This article examines the ways Red Cross training in vulnerability capacity assessment (VCA) structures people’s understandings of the ordinary. This examination is situated within the context of Georgetown, Guyana, after disastrous flooding in 2005 led the Red Cross to deploy VCAs as a method for participatory climate adaptation. The article focuses on the circulation of narratives about the ordinary, which are used by VCA trainees to cultivate ethical responses to flood hazards and the use of water management equipment. It is argued that participatory climate adaptation can be understood as not simply a mode of governance, but rather as a model for reimagining the ordinary. While other scholarship on participatory climate adaptation addresses how daily life is informed by the political and ideological dynamics of such projects, this article focuses on the ordinary from the view of “mobile” climate adaptation technologies. From this perspective, VCA trainees take action but often times rely on sheer intuition to create knowledge practices in an attempt to navigate crisis in the everyday. In turn, they learn that while the VCA may nourish alternative forms of expertise, it is no easy or fool-proof solution for climate adaptation.
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Lakenarine, Rovindra, Diana Seecharran, and Mark Ram. "Impacts of Climate Change on Farmers and their Adaptive Strategies along the Essequibo Coast, Guyana." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 10, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): p9861. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.10.02.2020.p9861.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Guyana – Climate"

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Mahdu, Omchand. "The Impacts of Climate Change on Rice Production and Small Farmers' Adaptation: A Case of Guyana." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89087.

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Prior research has concluded that climate change is having an overall negative impact on rice production worldwide. The vast majority of climate change impacts on rice production result from fluctuations in precipitation and temperature, which lead to flooding, water scarcity, and increases in insects and pests, diseases, and weeds. As a small developing country, Guyana is highly vulnerable to climate change despite its insignificant contribution to global warming. Guyana heavily relies on rice cultivation for food, employment, and export earnings. While generally increasing, rice yields have fluctuated over the last two decades. For example, in 2016, rice yields declined by 12.7 percent due to a drought. This dissertation explores the relationship between fluctuating yields and climate change, and how farmers are adapting. Of particular importance are the impacts of climate change on small farmers (those cultivating less than 4.45 hectares or 11 acres) and their ability to successfully adapt. Small farmers are especially vulnerable to a changing climate because they often lack the necessary knowledge, support, and resources to effectively respond and adapt. Given the large percentage of rice farmers engaging in small-scale production in Guyana, this study investigates the impacts of climate variability on rice production and the extent to which the production and productivity of small farmers are affected. It also identifies the coping strategies small farmers employ to combat the effects of climate change and the extent to which these strategies are successful. Given that climate change is expected to vary across different regions of the world, the first aim of this study is to show how the climate in Guyana has changed. At the country level, evidence from descriptive statistics, a linear trend model, and a two-sample t-test shows that minimum and maximum temperatures have increased over the last 111 years. The aggregate data is less clear on changes in precipitation over the last 111 years. However, analysis of farm-level data provides strong evidence of shifts in rainfall patterns. Among 189 small farmers interviewed, 182 (96.3%) perceived changes in rainfall patterns, 170 (89.9%) perceived changes in temperature, 169 (89.4%) perceived changes in extreme weather events, 185 (97.9%) perceived changes in insects and pests, 73 (38.6%) perceived changes in diseases, and 168 (88.9%) perceived changes in weeds. Changes in precipitation have included an increase in intensity and out of season rainfall, which has impacted harvesting due to poor dams, wet fields, and the lodging of plants. The primary responses farmers have adopted include adjusting planting dates based on water availability and the cultivation of different rice varieties. Changes in temperature have resulted in hotter days, accelerating the evaporation of water from fields. In response, farmers replenish water in their fields, when available. Excess rainfall and resulting flooding, drought, and heavy winds have been the primary extreme weather events observed. Excess rainfall and associated flooding submerges, uproots, and/or kills young plants. The lodging of plants due to heavy winds and flooding has been the main impact. In response to flooding, farmers have pumped water out of their fields. There is very little that farmers can do in response to heavy winds. The primary change in insects and pests reported by farmers has been an increase in paddy bug infestations, which cause damage to the grains resulting in lower quality and quantity at harvest. As a result, farmers are engaging in more preventative spraying. An increase in brown spot disease was also reported. Brown spots are primarily found on the leaves, damaging and/or stunting the growth of the plants by reducing the amount of food they manufacture through photosynthesis. Farmers have responded by engaging in preventative spraying and the rotation of fungicides. Increases in red rice and duckweed have been the major changes in weeds observed. Both weeds compete with rice for space, sunlight, nutrients, and water. Additionally, red rice reduces the quality and by extension the price farmers receive. Farmers are responding by spraying more herbicide and using a contact chemical to burn red rice. Multivariate analysis of farm-level data found that land tenure, tractor ownership, membership in an agricultural organization(s), secondary non-agricultural income, and farms located in regions two and four have positive correlations with annual yields. Perceived changes in rainfall, farm size, livestock ownership, participation in rice extension training, and household members help with rice farming were found to have negative correlations with annual yields. Policy recommendations to improve rice production and farmers' resilience include improving research and development capacity; tax exemption for agricultural inputs and equipment; improving extension services; improving the management of irrigation systems and water resources; enhanced access to credit, insurance, and subsidies; improving weather forecasting and climate monitoring; and improving the management of drainage infrastructure. The analytical framework used in this research produced a rich dataset and interesting results that are important to our understanding of farm-level impacts and responses to climate change. As such, it may prove useful for studying climate change impacts in other developing countries that have similar characteristics and face similar risks from climate change as Guyana.
Doctor of Philosophy
The vast majority of climate change impacts on rice production result from variations in rainfall and temperature that lead to flooding, water shortage, and increases in insects and pests, diseases, and weeds. Guyana is highly exposed to climate change. More importantly, the country relies heavily on rice farming for food, employment, and foreign income. Of particular importance are the impacts of climate change on small farmers (growing less than 4.45 hectares) and their ability to successfully adapt. Small farmers are especially helpless because they often lack the necessary knowledge, support, and resources to effectively respond and adapt. Given the large percentage of rice farmers engaged in small-scale production in Guyana, this study explores the impacts of climate variability on rice production and the extent to which the production and output of small farmers are affected. Analysis of farm-level data shows that changes in rainfall have included an increase in intensity and out of season rainfall which has affected harvesting due to poor farm-to market roads, wet fields, and lodging of plants. The main responses involved adjusting planting dates based on water availability and the cultivation of different rice varieties. Changes in temperature resulted in hotter days which increased the loss of water from the field. In response, farmers replenish water in their fields, when available. Excess rainfall and resulting flooding, drought, and heavy winds have been the main extreme weather events observed. Excess rainfall and associated flooding submerges, uproots, and/or kills young plants. The lodging of plants due to heavy winds and flooding has been the main impact. In response to flooding, farmers have pumped water out of their fields. There is very little that farmers can do in response to heavy winds. An increase in paddy bug infestations damaged the grains resulting in lower grain quality while an increase in red rice and duckweed increased the competition for space, sunlight, nutrients, and water. Farmers engaged in more defensive spraying and used a contact chemical to burn red rice.
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Bourreau, Damien. "Etude de faisabilité d'un lamellé-collé endémique en Guyane française." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0484/document.

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Une étude de faisabilité de poutres en bois lamellé-collé a été menée en Guyane Française en utilisant les essences locales. Le but est de déterminer les paramètres de collage assurant la bonne résistance mécanique des assemblages par lamellation et par aboutage, nécessaires à la fabrication de poutres en bois lamellé-collé en climat tropical. Trois essences de bois abondantes de différentes densités ont été sélectionnées. Les adhésifs de types Mélamine-Urée-Formol et Résorcinol-Phénol-Formol ont été utilisées. Les paramètres de collage considérés sont : le grammage, le temps d’assemblage fermé et la pression.En utilisant les normes Européennes, plusieurs campagnes de tests ont été conduites sur des échantillons normalisés. Concernant le collage par lamellation, des tests élémentaires de délamination et de cisaillement des joints de colle ont été réalisés. Le test de délamination consiste en deux cycles d’immersion dans l’eau sous pression et de séchage, il induit de sévères variations d’humidité du bois susceptibles de créer des ouvertures des joints de colles. Le collage par aboutage est réalisé sur des poutres normalisées aboutées. Les entures sont obtenues grâce à un outillage standard communément utilisé pour les résineux. Les résultats ont mis en évidence l’influence des propriétés du bois et des paramètres de collage sur la résistance du joint et la résistance mécanique du produit. En effet, les paramètres du bois, tels que la densité, la rétractibilité et l’imprégnation, ont une forte influence sur le collage, en particulier sur la pression et le grammage nécessaires à la production d’un produit commercialisable. Il apparait qu’un bois de densité moyenne et poreux nécessite un grammage et une pression élevés comparé à un bois de densité élevée qui nécessite des valeurs moindres. Aussi, l’influence d’autres paramètres de fabrication, tels que le rabotage, l’encollage double face et simple face ainsi que l’épaisseur des lamelles, a été établie. Par contre il semblerait que le matériel communément utilisé pour l’aboutage des résineux n’est pas adapté aux feuillus tropicaux. En final, des paramètres de collage ont été validés pour la fabrication de lamellé-collé endémique en Guyane Française et une étude du coût de production d’une poutre lamellé-collé standard a identifié les conditions économiques d’une fabrication en Guyane Française
A feasibility study of glued-laminated timber beams was carried out in French Guiana using local wood species. The aim of the study was to evaluate the gluing parameters that could ensure good mechanical properties for the manufactured glued-laminated beams in tropical climates. Three abundant wood species with different specific gravity were selected for the study. Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde and Resorcinol-Phenol-Formaldehyde resins were used for gluing. The three gluing parameters considered are: adhesive spread rate, closing assembly time and gluing pressure.Using European standards, several laboratory tests were performed on normalized samples. The evaluation of a successful lamella’s gluing was done by using elementary tests of delamination and shearing. A delamination test consists of two cycles of water immersion at high pressure and drying which induces severe hygroscopic variation in wood thus causing joints opening. The finger-joints are made using a standard tool usually used for cutting softwoods. The performed tests revealed the influence of wood properties and the gluing parameters on the joint resistance and the mechanical properties of the product. Results show that wood properties such as specific gravity, shrinkage coefficient, and permeation, have a high degree of influence on the gluing step especially on the gluing pressure and on the adhesive spread rate needed to produce a commercial product. Furthermore, wood with medium specific gravity needs more adhesive and more pressure than the one with high specific gravity. Additionally, the effects of other manufacturing parameters, such as planning, double or simple side glue spreading and lamellae thicknesses, on the glue joint resistance were demonstrated. Finally, the common tools used for softwoods are not adapted to making the finger joints with tropical hardwoods.In conclusion, optimal gluing parameters for manufacturing glued-laminated timber beams in French Guiana were established and an economical study using standard glued-laminated timber beams revealed the economic conditions under which a successful manufacturing of these local beams can be implemented in French Guiana
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Vallée, Vincent. "Changements à long terme de la structure et de la diversité des peuplements de poissons de fond du plateau continental de Guyane Functional richness and turnover patterns reveal assembly rules structuring marine fish communities on the continental shelf of French Guiana Diversity recovery and temperature induced species shift in tropical marine fish communities after a trawling fishery collapse Local and regional assembly rules on a long time period in marine fish communities on the continental shelf of French Guiana." Thesis, Guyane, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020YANE0004.

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Dans le contexte actuel de surpêche et de réchauffement climatique, il est nécessaire d’adopter une gestion écosystémique des ressources halieutiques. Ce travail de thèse apporte des éléments de réponse à cette problématique en se penchant sur le cas de la pêcherie crevettière guyanaise et de son impact sur les communautés de poissons associées. Comme dans la plupart des régions tropicales, les eaux côtières de Guyane se sont réchauffées d’environ 1°C entre 1990 et 2017. En revanche, comme dans peu d’endroits au monde, la pression de pêche s’est quasiment effondrée sur cette même période. Ce cas d’étude est donc une bonne opportunité pour comprendre la réaction des communautés de poissons de cette région tropicale après une diminution progressive et à grande échelle de la pression de pêche dans un contexte de réchauffement climatique. Les résultats de ce travail montrent que les facteurs environnementaux jouent un rôle dominant dans la structuration des communautés de poissons marins en Guyane. Les analyses montrent notamment des augmentations de certains indicateurs de diversité, une augmentation du spectre des tailles maximales théoriques des espèces et une augmentation de la redondance fonctionnelle qui est un facteur clé pour la stabilité des peuplements. Ces éléments témoignent d’une restructuration des communautés et mettent en avant leur capacité à retrouver un état riche et stable en une période relativement courte d’une douzaine d’années voire moins. On observe néanmoins une tropicalisation des communautés qui pose des questions sur l’évolution future de la diversité des écosystèmes tropicaux au regard des différents scénarios climatiques
In the actual context of overfishing and climate change we need to develop an ecosystem-based management of fisheries. This thesis work will try to bring answers to this issue by analyzing community assembly and the impact of French Guiana’s fishery on fish communities. As most of tropical regions, coastal waters in French Guiana have been subjected to an increase in temperature around 1°C between 1990 and 2017. However, as for only a few regions in the world, fishing pressure has collapsed in French Guiana during the same period. This case study is therefore a good opportunity to understand how tropical fish communities have responded to a progressive decreasing fishing pressure on a large scale and under climate change constraints. The aim of this work is to provide useful information for tropical fisheries with similar characteristics which tend to a more efficient ecosystem-based management with lower fishing pressure. The study showed that the environment plays a dominant role in community structure and that it has become more important over time. Results showed also significant increases in several diversity indices and an increase in theoretical maximum size spectra of surveyed fish which indicates a restructuring of communities. This recovery is associated with an increase of functional redundancy which is a key factor for the stability of ecosystems. Global results showed a great recovery capacity towards a richer and more stable state of communities in a relatively short period of time around 10 years
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Flamand, Claude. "Etude des déterminants climatiques et environnementaux de la dengue en Guyane française." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS256.

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Première des maladies infectieuses jugées comme prioritaire en Guyane, la dengue fait l’objet d’une forte mobilisation des pouvoirs publics. L’amélioration des connaissances relatives aux facteurs climatiques et environnementaux qui influencent la dengue est un préalable indispensable pour le développement de modèles de prédiction nécessaires pour anticiper et adapter les mesures de gestion aux différentes échelles du département. Cette thèse poursuit un double objectif : i) analyser aux différentes échelles de la Guyane (département, territoires, communes), l’effet des facteurs climatiques et environnementaux sur la dynamique des épidémies de dengue et ii) développer des modèles de prédiction des épidémies. A cet égard, des outils statistiques, de fouille de données et de modélisation complémentaires on été utilisés pour étudier l’influence des facteurs climatiques et environnementaux sur la dynamique de la dengue. Un modèle de prévision climatique des épidémies à l'échelle du départeent, présentant une bonne valeur prédictive a été développé. Ce modèle prédit une épidémie pour 2016
Dengue is the most prioritized infectious disease in French Guiana with an intense mobilization of public health authorities. In this context, the improvement of knowledge on the climatic, environmental and demographic determinants of dengue transmission is a necessary condition to the development of epidemic prediction model for the planning of control activities at each level of organization of the territory. This thesis had two objectives: i) assess the effect of climatic and environmental factors on dengue spread; ii) develop prediction models of epidemic to anticipate and plan prevention and control activities. We used complementary statistical, data mining and modeling tools to show that climatic and environmental factors interplay with dengue incidence differently at different territory scales. A predictive model with a good performance was developped considering the whole territory of French Guiana. This model indicates that a dengue epidemic is likely to occur in 2016
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Jagadesh, Soushieta. "Biogeography of Emerging Infectious Diseases In search for the hotspots of Disease X: A biogeographic approach to mapping the predictive risk of WHO’s Blueprint Priority Diseases Emerging human infectious diseases of aquatic origin: a comparative biogeographic approach using Bayesian spatial modelling Global emergence of Buruli Ulcer Spatial variations between Leishmania species: A biogeographic approach to mapping the distribution of Leishmania species in French Guiana Mapping priority neighborhoods: A novel approach to cluster identification in HIV/AIDS population." Thesis, Guyane, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020YANE0007.

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La récente pandémie de Covid19 nous rappelle, si cela était encore nécessaire, que la propagation des maladies infectieuses ignore les frontières géographiques. Les changements combinés de biodiversité locale et l’utilisation des terres, l’augmentation de la connectivité internationale par le transport et le commerce ainsi que la menace imminente du changement climatique a accru le risque d’émergence et de réémergence des maladies infectieuses (EMI). Jusqu’à présent la réponse des politiques de santé publique a été la surveillance passive sans toutefois s’avérer réellement efficace dans la prévention et le contrôle des épidémies. Le choix qui a été fait ici est celui d’une nouvelle approche anticipative, par identification des zones à haut risques d’EMI en se basant sur la détection des facteurs environnementaux les plus favorisant. Parmi ces facteurs on trouve la conversion des terres, la diminution drastique de la biodiversité ou encore le changement climatique. Ainsi la méthode biogéographique a permis d’étudier et d’analyser les EMI à travers différents groupes de taxons de pathogènes comme les bactéries, les virus, les protozoaires et les champignons. L’étude a été portée globalement, ainsi que localement, en Guyane Française, un territoire français d’outre-mer situé en Amérique du Sud. Dans les deux cas, à travers les différents groupes de pathogènes, les risques d’inondation, les récentes conversions de parcelles de forêts en terres agro-minières et l’augmentation du minimum de température due au changement climatique se sont avérés être des facteurs significatifs dans l’émergence globale et locale des maladies infectieuses étudiées. Les principaux résultats de cette thèse sont les suivantes :1. Une approche biogéographique de modélisation de la distribution des EMI en utilisant les bases de données existantes sur les cas cliniques, l’imagerie satellite et un modèle statistique non conventionnel est efficace pour détecter précocement les régions à risque, permettre d’améliorer la prévention, et contrôler leur diffusion.2. Il est possible d’anticiper les EMI en identifiant et en gérant précocement les facteurs favorisant ayant un lien direct avec l’anthropisation de l’environnement
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights that the spread of infectious diseases goes beyond geographical boundaries. Simultaneous changes in local biodiversity and land use, the increasing international connectivity through human transport and trade and the imminent threat of climate change have increased the risk of the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases. The current public health response to emerging infectious diseases (EID) by passive surveillance has proven largely ineffective in preventing and controlling disease outbreaks. The way toward is to “get ahead of the curve” by identifying potential hotspots of disease emergence and detecting the environmental triggers such as land transformation, biodiversity loss and climate change. I used a biogeographic approach to study and analyze disease emergence across different taxonomic pathogen groups such as bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal, globally and in French Guiana, a French Overseas territory located in South America. I found that regions at risk of floods, recent conversion of forest to agricultural lands and increasing minimum temperature (i.e. temperature at night) caused by cli mate change were drivers for disease emergence locally and globally across the different pathogen groups. The main findings of the PhD thesis are the following:1. Biogeographic approach to mapping the distribution of EIDs with using existing human cases data, remote sensing imagery and unconventional statistical models is effective to “get ahead of the curve” in the detection of regions at risk and the management of EIDs.2. EIDs are not unprecedented but predictable by identifying and managing the triggers of disease emergence, which have a direct link with the anthropization of the environment
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6

Cailleaud, Emilie. "Cycles du carbone et de l’azote et émissions de gaz à effet de serre (CH4, CO2 et N2O) du lac de barrage de Petit Saut et du fleuve Sinnamary en aval du barrage (Guyane Française)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30379.

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Les eaux continentales sont des sources de méthane (CH4), de dioxyde de carbone (CO2)et de protoxyde d’azote (N2O). Dans le but de préciser leur importance dans le bilan global des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), de nombreuses études ont été réalisées afin de quantifier les différents flux de carbone et d’azote les parcourant. Ces flux sont perturbés par la mise en place de barrages sur le lit des fleuves. Peu d’études présentent des bilans de carbone et d’azote complets (apports, exports, flux vers l’atmosphère et enfouissement) pour les lacs de barrages, et elles concernent uniquement des écosystèmes boréaux et tempérés. Suite à la création d’un barrage, de la matière organique (MO) est mise en eau (sols et forêts), elle se dégrade rapidement les premières années suivant la mise en eau puis plus lentement par la suite. L’état de dégradation de la MO et la principale source de GES dans un lac de barrage près de 20 ans après la mise en eau sont souvent méconnus. L’étude réalisée 18 ans après la mise en eau du lac de Petit Saut (Guyane Française) est la première étude où les principaux éléments des cycles du carbone et de l’azote d’un lac de barrage hydroélectrique, et de son fleuve en aval, situé en climat équatorial et dont la création a entraîné la mise en eau de forêt primaire, sont étudiés près de 20 ans après la mise en eau. Cette étude se base sur (i) la mesure mensuelle de la qualité des eaux et des concentrations en carbone et azote en amont, dans, et en aval du lac de barrage, (ii) la mesure et/ou le calcul des différents flux de GES vers l’atmosphère, (iii) des données de la signature isotopique et de l’état de dégradation de la MO en amont, dans, et en aval du lac, (iv) des prélèvements de sédiments et de troncs d’arbres ennoyés en 1994 et (v) des incubations d’eau du fleuve, de sédiments et de troncs d’arbres du lac. L’ensemble des données collectées au cours des 12 mois de campagnes réalisées en 2012 - 2013 nous a permis de déterminer que (i) les sols inondés sont toujours des sources significatives de GES contrairement aux troncs d’arbres ennoyés, (ii) dans le lac 84 % des émissions de CH4 et 51 % des émissions de CO2 ont lieu dans la zone littorale (< 10 m de profondeur), (iii) 54 % du CO2 produit dans le fleuve en aval provient de la dégradation de la MO apportée par le lac. Cette étude nous a aussi permis de réaliser des bilans de carbone et d’azote à Petit Saut et un bilan des émissions de chacun des GES émis (CH4, CO2, N2O) près de 20 ans après la mise en eau
Inland waters are sources of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O). In order to define their importance in the global balance of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, numerous studies have been conducted to quantify the different fluxes of the carbon and nitrogen browsing them. These fluxes are modified by the creation of dams on river beds. Few studies present full carbon and nitrogen balances (inputs, outputs, fluxes to the atmosphere and sequestration) for reservoirs, and they concern only boreal and temperate ecosystems. The creation of a dam floods organic matter (OM) (soils and forests), which is rapidly degraded the first years following the impoundment and thereafter more slowly. The state of degradation of the OM and the main source of GHG in a reservoir nearly 20 years after impoundment are often unknown. The study conducted 18 years after the impoundment of the Petit Saut Reservoir (French Guiana) is the first study where the main elements of carbon and nitrogen cycles of an hydroelectric reservoir, and its river downstream, located in equatorial climate and which creation resulted in the flooding of primary forest, are studied nearly 20 years after impoundment. This study is based on (i) a monthly measurement of water quality and carbon and nitrogen concentrations upstream, in, and downstream of the reservoir, (ii) measurements and/or calculations of the different fluxes of GHG through the atmosphere, (iii) data of the isotopic signature and of the state of degradation of OM upstream, in, and downstream of the reservoir, (iv) sediments and 1994’s flooded tree trunks sampling and (v) incubations of downstream river water, sediments and tree trunks from the reservoir. All the data collected during the 12 months of campaigns carried out in 2012 - 2013 allowed us to determine that (i) flooded soils are still significant sources of GHG unlike flooded tree trunks, (ii) in the reservoir 84 % of CH4 emissions and 51 % of CO2 emissions occur in the littoral zone (< 10 m depth), (iii) 54 % of the CO2 produced in the river downstream of the dam come from the degradation of the OM provided by the reservoir. This study also allowed us to achieve carbon and nitrogen balances in Petit Saut and emission balance of each GHG emitted (CH4, CO2, N2O) nearly 20 years after impoundment
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7

Aubry-Kientz, Mélaine. "Quelle sera la réponse des forêts tropicales humides à l’augmentation des températures et aux changements de pluviométrie ? : Modéliser la dynamique forestière pour identifier les processus sensibles en Guyane française." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0802/document.

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En 2013, Le Groupe d'experts Intergouvernemental sur l'Evolution du Climat (GIEC) publie son cinquième rapport concernant les changements climatiques. Il y est souligné que le réchauffement climatique est sans équivoque, et que de nouvelles émissions de gaz à effet de serre impliqueront une poursuite du réchauffement et des changements affectant toutes les composantes du système climatique. En région tropicale, une hausse de la température, ainsi qu'une intensification des événements de sécheresse et de pluviométrie extrêmes sont à prévoir. C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit ce travail, dont le but est d'étudier la réponse de la forêt tropicale à ces changements climatiques prédits en Guyane Française. Pour ce faire, j'ai utilisé les données du dispositif de suivi forestier de Paracou pour construire un modèle de dynamique individuel basé sur les traits fonctionnels des arbres. Un modèle de mortalité a d'abord été réalisé puis couplé à un modèle de croissance.Le modèle couplé ainsi construit permet de modéliser la croissance et la mortalité des arbres sur un pas de temps de 2 ans tout en tenant compte de leur ontogénie et de leurs traits fonctionnels. Ce modèle a d'abord été appliqué aux essences commerciales de Guyane Française en forêt naturelle et exploitée en y ajoutant un indice de stress hydrique. Ceci permet de montrer que le stress hydrique fait baisser la croissance et augmenter la mortalité, tandis que l'exploitation a l'effet inverse. Malgré le signal commun, différentes réponses sont observées selon les espèces. Le modèle a ensuite été appliqué à la communauté en forêt naturelle pour identifier les drivers climatiques et les processus impactés. Il ressort que la croissance est impactée par le stress hydrique et la température, et que la mortalité est impactée par le stress hydrique et la pluviométrie totale.Ces résultats ont enfin permis de construire un modèle complet de dynamique forestière climat dépendant, et de simuler l'évolution d'une communauté pendant un siècle selon différents scénarios correspondant aux prédictions du GIEC. Les simulations mettent en évidence une très forte diminution de la croissance, ainsi qu'une plus faible diminution de la mortalité. Ceci entraine une diminution notable de la surface terrière, du diamètre quadratique et de la biomasse fraiche. Une analyse de sensibilité montre que ces changements sont principalement dus à l'augmentation sévère des températures prédites pour le siècle à venir. Des pistes de réflexion sur les enjeux de modélisation et les échelles considérées sont proposées en discussion de ce travail
In 2013 the intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc) publishes its fifth report. This report underlines that an increase of temperature and a strengthening of drought and extreme rainfall are expected in tropical regions. This work was made in this context of climate changes, and aimed to study the response of the rainforest to predicted climate changes. To do this, i used the data from the study site of Paracou French Guiana to build an individual based dynamics model based on the functional traits of trees. This model was first applied to species with a commercial interest in French Guiana, in natural and logged forest and adding a water stress index as predictor. Water stress decreases growth and increases mortality, while logging had the opposite effect. The model was then applied to the community in natural forest for identifying potential climate drivers and impacted processes. Growth is impacted by the water stress and temperature and mortality is imp acted by the water stress and the total rainfall. These results allowed us to build a climate dependent model of forest dynamics and to run simulations of the evolution of a community under different scenarios for the next century. Simulations showed a decrease of growth and a small decrease of mortality. This resulted in a substantial decrease of basal area, squared diameter and fresh biomass
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Diallo, Mouhamet. "Estimation et prédiction de l’ensoleillement en zone intertropicale Improving the Heliosat-2 Method for Surface Solar Irradiation Estimation Under Cloudy Sky Areas Assessing GFS and IFS global weather preduction and numerical model forecast accuracy in the intertropical zone and for tropical climates Calibration of WRF irradiance in French Guiana and comparison with AROME forecasts." Thesis, Guyane, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018YANE0009.

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La Guyane est un territoire d’outre-mer, situé en zone intertropicale (ZIT). Cette zone est le lieu de phénomènes de convections intenses. De ce fait, l’énergie solaire incidente au sol est très variable ce qui constitue un frein à son exploitation à grande échelle. La question de recherche étudiée dans ce manuscrit est : comment peut-on améliorer les estimations et prédictions de rayonnement au sol en ZIT de façon à augmenter le taux de pénétration dans le réseau électrique de cette énergie renouvelable intermittente ? Afin de répondre à cette question, nous avons utilisé deux outils. Le code Héliosat-II (HII) et le modéle de prévisions météorologiques Weather and research forecast (WRF). Nous avons utilisé ces outils de manière à améliorer les estimations et prévisions de rayonnement global au sol (IGH) dans la ZIT. La première partie de ce manuscrit présente le contexte de la thèse. La seconde présente une modification d’H-II permettant d’améliorer les estimations d’IGH par une modélisation explicite de l’absorption de nuages. Ces estimations améliorées donnent ainsi des outils décisionnels permettant de situer au mieux une centrale solaire en fonction du potentiel solaire du site et des systèmes services avoisinants. La seconde partie traite dans un premier temps de la précision des prévisions des modèles globaux IFS et GFS (i.e integrated forecast system, global forecast system GFS) en ZIT. Ces produits téléchargés sont validés par comparaison avec des mesures in situ de trois pays situés dans la ZIT et caractérisés par des climats tropicaux. Cette étude permet de combler un vide dans l’étude des prévisions d’IGH des modèles globaux en ZIT. Nous proposons ensuite une méthode générique permettant de calibrer le modèle WRF en ZIT. Cette méthodologie vise à limiter le nombre de simulations à effectuer en sélectionnant et en faisant varier uniquement les paramètres ayant le plus d’influence sur le rayonnement au sol en ZIT. Pour valider cette méthodologie nous avons comparé les prévisions d’IGH du modelé WRF calibré avec celle du modelé AROME ainsi qu’avec des mesures in situ en Guyane. La quatrième partie présente l’utilisation d’une méthode hybride ensembliste variationnelle d’assimilation de donnée permettant d’améliorer les prévisions de rayonnements en ZIT. Cette méthode initialement utilisée pour améliorer la description de phénomènes convectifs extrêmes tels que prévision de la trajectoire des cyclones est pour la première fois appliquée pour améliorer les prévisions d’IGH. Cette méthodologie appliquée à la ZIT fournie alors des prévisions améliorées d’IGH permettant ainsi une gestion améliorée de centrale solaire
French Guiana is a French territory located in the inter-tropical zone (ITZ). The ITZ is an area with highly variable dynamic in which we encounter significant amounts of convective clouds. Consequently the solar energy available at the ground is highly variable. This variability causes economical and technical challenges to fully exploit this resource. This thesis dissertation aims to answer the following scientific issue: How could the solar irradiance be assessed and forecast accurately in the ITZ to increase the penetration rate of this intermittent renewable energy into the electricity grid? To answer this scientific issue, we use two tools: Heliosat-II (H-II) and Weather and research forecast (WRF). We used these tools in order to produce improved GHI estimates in the inter-tropical zone. The first chapter introduces the thesis and the research issue. The second chapter presents a modification to H-II; with this modification H-II can account for cloud absorption. The GHI estimates from modified H-II provide therefore tools for decision making in the ITZ. These tools allow one identifying the most suitable locations to install solar facilities in the ITZ with respect to both solar potential and surrounding facilities that favor grid stability. In the third chapter we study first the accuracy in the ITZ of the GHI forecasts from integrated forecast system (IFS) and global forecast system (GFS) numerical weather prediction model (NWP). We validate the accuracy of these downloaded products by comparison with ground measurements from three countries located in the ITZ that have tropical climate. This study aims to fill the gap with regard to the accuracy of global NWP model in the ITZ. Second we propose a methodology to calibrate WRF to produce improved GHI forecasts in the ITZ. The goal is to restrain and select the minimum number of simulations to run, to obtain improved GHI forecasts compared to a non-calibrated model. This methodology to calibrate WRF is validated in French Guiana by comparison with the GHI forecasts of AROME NWP model and ground measurements. The fourth chapter deals with the use of an hybrid 3D variational (3D-Var) ensemble transform Kalman filter (ENTKF) to further improve the GHI forecasts of calibrated WRF in the ITZ. This methodology originally used in the tracking of extreme convection events such as cyclones is applied for the first time for GHI forecasts. This methodology applied to the ITZ therefore allows obtaining improved GHI forecasts which makes easier monitoring the electricity production from solar facilities
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Wagner, Fabien. "La réponse des forêts tropicales humides aux variations climatiques : évolution de la structure et de la dynamique des peuplements forestiers guyanais." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0481/document.

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L'importance des forêts tropicales dans le cycle du carbone à l'échelle planétaire est majeure, tant en terme de stock qu’en terme de flux de CO2. Plusieurs études mettent en évidence des changements au sein des forêts tropicales au cours des 20 dernières années, notamment des changements de la dynamique forestière et une augmentation de la biomasse aérienne. Les déterminants de ces variations sont aujourd’hui discutés et nous proposons ici d’apporter une contribution à ce débat. Les données utilisées dans ce travail proviennent du dispositif de suivi forestier à long terme de Paracou, Guyane Française, mis en place en 1984 et qui recouvre plus de 120 ha de forêt tropicale humide. Les données météorologiques proviennent de la tour à flux du dispositif, Guyaflux. Les mesures de diamètre proviennent de la base Guyafor pour les données annuelles et bisannuelles, et des mesures de 260 arbres à proximité de la tour à flux pour les mesures diamétriques intra-annuelles.Cette thèse se divise en deux grandes parties. La première concerne l’analyse de la biomasse du dispositif de suivi forestier de Paracou en Guyane et l’implication des changements de structure de cette forêt sur le bilan de carbone. Cette partie est constituée de deux points. (i) Quelles échelles temporelles et spatiales sont pertinentes pour analyser les composantes de structure (biomasse, aire basale et nombre de tiges) et de dynamique (croissance, recrutement et mortalité) des forêts tropicales afin de minimiser les effets d’échantillonnage ? Nous avons établi une méthodologie permettant de relier les intervalles de temps et la surface de mesure aux coefficients de variation de chacune des variables de structure et de dynamique de la forêt. (ii) Quels processus démographiques sont prépondérants dans l’explication des variations de biomasse et comment se redistribue la biomasse accumulée dans le système ? L’augmentation de la biomasse observée sur le dispositif de Paracou serait liée à la rareté des évènements de mortalité des gros arbres qui portent une part très importante de la biomasse.La deuxième partie de la thèse concerne l’analyse de l’effet du climat à moyen terme, inter et intra-annuel, et les effets directs du climat dans les changements de dynamique de la forêt. Cette partie se divise en 3 points. (i) Comment quantifier le stress hydrique en forêt tropicale humide ? Nous avons réalisé un modèle journalier de réserve en eau du sol pour les arbres en forêt tropicale. (ii) Quelles variables sont explicatives de la croissance des arbres en forêt guyanaise ? Nous avons montré que l’eau dans le sol est le facteur le plus explicatif du déterminisme climatique parmi un panel de variables climatiques. (iii) Quels traits fonctionnels sont prédicteurs de la réponse des arbres aux variations climatique ? Nous avons déterminé que des traits spécifiques, densité du bois et la hauteur maximale, ainsi que le diamètre de l'arbre au moment de la mesure, modulent la croissance des arbres en réponse au climat
At a global scale tropical forest play a major role in term of carbon stock as well as in term of CO2 fluxes. Several studies have highlighted changes in tropical forest functioning during the last 20 years including a faster turnover and an increase of above ground biomass. The drivers of these changes are discussed and throughout this thesis we propose to contribute to this debate. We use the data from the Paracou experimental site in French Guiana established in 1984 on 120 hectares of moist tropical forest. Meteorological data come from the flux tower of the site, Guyaflux. We use annual and bisannual diameter measurements from the Guyafor database, and intra-annual diameter increments from the measurements of 260 trees near the flux tower.This thesis has two main parts. In the first part we present the biomass analysis of the Paracou permanent plots and the impact of structural changes in this forest on the carbon budget. The first part is constituted by two points. (i) Which temporal and spatial scale used to analyze the structure (biomass, basal area and stem density) and dynamics (tree growth, recruitment and mortality)components of tropical forest in order to minimized sample bias ? We establish a simple method to rely measurement interval between census and surface of measurement to the coefficient of variation of forests structure and dynamic components (ii) Which demographic process are involved in the explanation of biomass variation and how the biomass is distributed in the system ? The observed increase of biomass at Paracou could be link to the rarity of big trees mortality events. These big trees represent the larger part of the biomass. In the second part, we present the analysis of intra and inter-annual climate variation effects on forest dynamic changes. This part is divided in two points. (i) How to model drought stress in moist tropical forest ? We built a daily water balance model for tropical trees. (ii) Which climate variables explain the tree growth in guianian forests? We shown that soil water availability is the determinant factor of tree growth among a panel of climate variables. (iii) Which functional traits are involved in the tropical tree growth responses to climate? In this analysis, we determined that wood specific gravity, maximum tree height and tree diameter modulate the tree growth response to climate variations
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Thévand, Adeline. "Dynamique des mangroves en contexte amazonien : de la veille mondiale au suivi des phénomènes de colonisation et de régénération, étude par télédétection et analyse in situ." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30293.

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Ecotone entre les continents et l’océan, la mangrove couvre l’essentiel du littoral des régions intertropicales. Elle constitue un écosystème unique, façonné par un environnement très contraignant. Environnement à haute valeur scientifique et socio-économique, la mangrove subit cependant de multiples menaces. Le suivi de cet écosystème et la compréhension de sa dynamique constituent maintenant des priorités. Dans ce contexte, notre étude a d’abord porté sur l’amélioration de l’estimations des surfaces de mangrove au niveau mondial et sur le suivi de leur évolution, par l’utilisation de la télédétection. L’importance du proche infrarouge dans l’identification des mangroves a été alors mis en évidence. Nous nous sommes ensuite focalisés sur une région à forte activité hydro-sédimentaire : les mangroves des côtes subissant l’influence du fleuve Amazone. De l’individu au peuplement, du suivi de terrain à l’analyse des données de télédétection, nous avons alors caractérisé la dynamique de ces mangroves au travers de deux de ces phases essentielles. - Le développement d’un peuplement après la colonisation de nouveaux espaces (exemple des bancs de vase en Guyane française) : Le rôle de la microtopographie pour l’implantation des plantules, les phénomènes de croissance et la phénologie des jeunes individus ont été précisés. - La régénération de la mangrove adulte (exemple des chablis au Brésil) : La répartition des plantules à l’intérieur des chablis et l’importance là encore de la microtopographie ont été observées. Les possibilités de cartographie des chablis par télédétection ont été explorées. Des relations étroites entre cycles sédimentologiques et cycles biologiques ont ainsi été mis en évidence. Notre exploitation de données de télédétection variées, de l’optique à basse résolution au laser, participe à une meilleure utilisation de ces techniques pour l’étude et le suivi des écosystèmes de mangrove
Land-Ocean ecotone, the mangrove covers almost all the tropical littoral. It constitutes a unique ecosystem, built by a very constraining environment. Environment with high scientific and socio-economic value, the mangrove undergoes however multiple threats. The monitoring of this ecosystem and the comprehension of it dynamic contitute priorities now. In this context, our study focuses first on the improvement of the mangrove surfaces estimates at world level and on the monitoring of their evolution, by tremote sensing. The importance of the near infra-red for the mangroves identification was then highlighted. We then specially study an area of high hydro-sedimentary dynamic: mangroves under the Amazon river influence. From the individual to the settlement, from ground monitoring to remote sensing data analysis, we then characterized the dynamic of these mangroves through two key-phases: - The settlement growth after colonization of a new environment (example of the mud banks in French uiana): The role of microtopography for the seedlings establishment, the growth phenomena and the phenology of the young individuals were specified. - The regeneration of the adult mangrove (example of forest gap in Brazil): The distribution of the seedlings inside gaps and the importance there still of microtopography were observed. The possibilities of gap cartography by remote sensing were explored. Close connections between sedimentological cycles and biological cycles were thus highlighted. Our use of varied remote sensing data, from optical low resolution to Lidar, takes part in a better use of these technics for the study and the monitoring of the mangrove ecosystems
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Book chapters on the topic "Guyana – Climate"

1

Kalamandeen, Michelle. "Indigenous Rights, Conservation, and Climate Change Strategies in Guyana." In Conservation Biology, 97–104. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118679838.ch12.

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Cole, David, Ryan Pereira, and James Spray. "Gamification and Virtual Reality for Communicating Ecoliteracy and Climate Science: Carbon Transport in the Essequibo River at Iwokrama Guyana." In Transforming Society and Organizations through Gamification, 151–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68207-1_9.

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