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1
St-Aubin, Marc A. "Talent detection in female gymnasts." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ31467.pdf.
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Sands, William A., Jeni R. McNeal, Gabriella Penitente, Steven Ross Murray, Lawrence Nassar, Monèm Jemni, Satoshi Mizuguchi, and Michael H. Stone. "Stretching the Spines of Gymnasts: A Review." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4638.
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Gymnastics is noted for involving highly specialized strength, power, agility and flexibility. Flexibility is perhaps the single greatest discriminator of gymnastics from other sports. The extreme ranges of motion achieved by gymnasts require long periods of training, often occupying more than a decade. Gymnasts also start training at an early age (particularly female gymnasts), and the effect of gymnastics training on these young athletes is poorly understood. One of the concerns of many gymnastics professionals is the training of the spine in hyperextension—the ubiquitous ‘arch’ seen in many gymnastics positions and movements. Training in spine hyperextension usually begins in early childhood through performance of a skill known as a back-bend. Does practising a back-bend and other hyperextension exercises harm young gymnasts? Current information on spine stretching among gymnasts indicates that, within reason, spine stretching does not appear to be an unusual threat to gymnasts’ health. However, the paucity of information demands that further study be undertaken.
3
Ross, Alexandra Marie. "How Perfect You're Not: Stereotypes of Female Gymnasts." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144950.
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Ubbes, Valerie Ann. "Relationship between self-concept, eating behavior, and gymnastic success of female collegiate gymnasts from Big Ten Conference teams /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487598303837838.
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Waples, Steven Ballard. "Psychological characteristics of elite and non-elite level gymnasts." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1634.
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Literature has indicated that there are psychological characteristics in elite athletes of various sports that are significantly different than those of non-elite level athletes.
The purpose of this study was to discover the different psychological characteristics associated with elite level gymnasts, and contrast the results with psychological characteristics of competitive gymnasts of other levels using the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28.
Participants in this study were 195 gymnasts from gymnastics training centers throughout the United States. Results indicated that there was a significant difference in the Personal Resources Score (PCR) between the elite gymnast and all other levels. Furthermore, a significant difference was demonstrated among four of the seven sub-scales making up the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28. The study supports the hypothesis that the psychological make-up of "elite" level gymnasts is different than that of other competitive gymnastics levels.
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Prescott, Joanna. "Identification and development of talent in young female gymnasts." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7028.
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In the most recent survey, Performance Directors and Sports Scientists highlighted talent identification to be the top priority for research within Great Britain (Burwitz, 1999). However, the identification of talent is only the first stage of a continuous process of development through which sporting excellence may be realised. The contribution of talent identification to the attainment of excellence in Women's Artistic Gymnastics has yet to be conclusively determined. Moreover, as a result of the lack of longitudinal research in this area, the impact of growth and maturation upon the development of talent characteristics in the young female gymnastics not fully understood. A longitudinal study was conducted to examine the identification and development of talent within a mixed ability sample of 48 young female gymnasts. Potentially prognostic talent characteristics from social-demographic physical, perceptual-motor and psychological dimensions of performance were assessedin an 'initial' measurement session (September 1996). The 'future' performance of the gymnasts was assessed 17 months later (February 1998) using a composite index of competitive performance and technical skill acquisition. The performance of gymnasts was classified as successful or unsuccessful according to this index. The relationship between the 'initial' talent characteristics and 'future' gymnastic performance was examined using principal components analysis and logistic regression. Using a similar approach, the extent to which a reduced battery of talent characteristics was able to distinguish between the gymnasts and a group of 15 untrained control subjects was determined. Finally, to provide an insight into the longitudinal development of the talent characteristics, the initial test battery was administered to the gymnasts on two further occasions separated by a measurement interval of six months. The results indicated that the profile of the young female gymnast is multidimensional. It is recommended that information should be analysed within each dimension of performance before being combined to produce a multidimensional profile. The physical characteristics were found to be the most prognostic indicators of talent and were recommended for inclusion in both the initial identification and subsequent monitoring processes. Support was also provided for the predictive validity of perceptualmotor characteristics, however, the contribution of these characteristics may be enhanced by further improvements in measurement reliability. Recommendations were drawn from the social-demographic and psychological dimensions concerning the most effective organisation of the training environment. The results from each dimension were combined to produce guidelines for the initial identification and subsequent development of talent within young female gymnasts.
7
Telmanik, Jacqueline Ann. "Weight Pressures and Eating Behaviors of Adolescent Female Gymnasts." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1447967754.
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Albert, Nancy J. "The Emotional Effects of Injury on Female Collegiate Gymnasts." DigitalCommons@USU, 1988. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5974.
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The purpose of this study was to examine affective changes which result from injury in female collegiate gymnasts, using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) instrument (McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971 ).
Twelve female gymnasts, comprising the Utah State University gymnastics team, completed the POMS twice per month for four months during their 1986-87 competitive season . A comparison group of 12 non-athlete female college students, matched with the gymnasts by age, year in school, and major, completed the POMS on the same schedule as the gymnasts. Injury was defined as orthopedic damage to the gymnast's body as a result of participation in gymnastics, another sport-related activity, or a non-sport-related accident, which forced the gymnast to miss one week of gymnastics practice or one competitive event.
Pre- and post-injury POMS profiles were analyzed by visual inspection. Of the four gymnasts who sustained injuries during the season, two exhibited significant POMS profile changes. One gymnast who did not participate during the 1986-87 season, due to an injury sustained the previous year, produced POMS profiles which fluctuated in anticipation of, and in response to, her visits to physicians treating her injury.
Comparisons using 1 tests of POMS factor scores of the non-injured gymnasts with those of the non-athlete college students indicated no significant differences between the two groups. Visual comparisons were conducted to ascertain if non-injured gymnasts' POMS profiles were similar to the "iceberg" profile found by Morgan (1979) in his study of elite athletes. Thirty-six percent of the gymnasts' POMS profiles had the iceberg configuration, as compared to 20 percent of the non-athletes' profiles.
Since three of the five (60 percent) of the injured gymnasts in this study had significant changes in POMS factor scores, the hypothesis that injury can produce substantial affective changes in female collegiate gymnasts was supported . Additional research should be conducted to replicate and extend these results and to explore options for optimal treatment of injured athletes. Further comparisons between POMS profiles of both injured and healthy elite, professional, and collegiate athletes is recommended.
9
McNeal, Jeni R., William A. Sands, and Michael H. Stone. "Upper Extremity Power Characteristics in Men’s National Team Gymnasts." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4517.
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Nemeth, Rhonda Lynn. "Developmental analysis of young gymnasts' understanding of sport-related pain." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0011/NQ27421.pdf.
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Millson, Erin C. "Factors Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Elite Female Gymnasts." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/nutrition_theses/31.
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Results: Age of gymnasts was positively associated with BMD at all measured sites (p <0.001; r=0.62-0.68). Weight was positively associated with BMD at all measured sites (p <0.001; r=0.82-0.90). Lean body mass was positively associated with BMD at all measured sites (p <0.001; r=0.74-0.87). Body fat percentage was positively associated with BMD at all measured sites (p <0.001-p=0.01; r=0.39-0.54). However, calcium intake was not significantly associated with any of the BMD sites. Sunlight exposure and indirect estimates of vitamin D were not significantly associated with any of the BMD sites; all r-values indicated a weak positive association with BMD. Of the gymnasts who had experienced menses (n=15), those with regular menstrual periods (n=8) had significantly higher BMD values at the arm, leg, trunk, rib, and spine, and total body than those who did not have regular menstrual periods (n=7). There was no significant difference in BMD for gymnasts who had regular periods at the pelvis. A regression analysis was performed. The predictors total BMD values from the regression equation were the following: regular menses, height, weight, percent kilocalorie requirement consumed from predicted kilocalorie needs, calcium intake with supplements, lean body mass, hourly deficits >300 kilocalories from predicted kilocalorie needs, and hourly surpluses >300 kilocalories from predicted kilocalorie needs.
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Wyatt, Hannah. "Physical development contributions to biomechanical injury risk in female gymnasts." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/7851.
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Ongoing chronic back pain and chronic spinal injury prevalence in the gymnastics population is a major concern for the health and wellbeing of female gymnasts. To inform biomechanical screening approaches, the aim of the research is to develop understanding of the contribution of physical development to biomechanical indicators of chronic spinal injury risk in female artistic gymnasts. Chronological ageing, maturation and growth of competitive female artistic gymnasts between the ages of nine and 15 years were evaluated at three time points across a 12 month period. CODA motion analysis and Kistler force plate data informed the quantification of biomechanical risk indicators. Posture, general stability, centre of pressure range and lumbo-pelvic stability were determined through the performance of handstand and forward walkover skills and informed the respective risk indicators. Calculated through an image-based approach, anthropometric growth was established to have the greatest influence on biomechanical risk indicators of the physical development mechanisms. Within the gymnastics cohort, two forms of proportional growth were evidenced. Longitudinal empirical data revealed gymnasts with increased bicristal breadth growth in relation to biacromial breadth to have significantly greater biomechanical risk for posture and lumbo-pelvic stability in the handstand (p<0.05). Gymnasts who had increased growth rates of biacromial breadth in relation to bicristal breadth had significantly greater biomechanical risk for general stability in the handstand and forward walkover skills (p<0.05). Novel empirical quantification for the large influences of physical development mechanisms on biomechanical risk (maximum r2 = 0.82) underpinned the importance of proportional growth consideration in injury screening practice. Evaluation of the transverse torso moment of inertia at a discrete time point provided preliminary support for cross-sectional use of the inertial measure to forecast longitudinal growth trends. Identification of prominent biomechanical risk indicators for individual gymnasts using discrete data may provide direction of injury prevention focus for practitioners.
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Halvorsen, Jessica C. "Longitudinal examination of disordered eating correlates in collegiate female gymnasts." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0001160.
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Buchanan, Kelly. "Core Muscle Endurance and Low Back Pain in Adolescent Female Gymnasts." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1111151406.
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Kinser, Ann Marie. "Vibration and Stretching Effects on Flexibility and Explosive Strength in Gymnasts." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2071.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the acute effects of stretching and local vibration on flexibility and explosive strength in competitive female gymnasts. Flexibility was measured in the forward-split position and jump characteristics were recorded using a force plate. Analysis included flight time (FT), jump height (JH), peak force (PF), instantaneous forces, and rates of force development (RFDs). Randomly assigned and counterbalanced groups were: simultaneous vibration-stretching (VS) (n=22), stretching-only (n=7), and vibration-only (n=8). VS showed statistically greater measures of flexibility in both the right and left leg, favored and non-favored legs pre- versus post-treatment. Vibration-only group resulted in statistically greater right forward-split flexibility and non-favored leg flexibility. There were no statistical differences in JH, FT, PF, instantaneous forces, or RFDs in the VS, stretching-only, and vibration-only groups' pre- versus post-treatment tests. The conclusion was simultaneous vibration-stretching greatly increased flexibility while not altering explosive strength.
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Kinser, Ann M., Michael W. Ramsey, Harold S. O'Bryant, William A. Sands, C. Ayres, and Michael H. Stone. "Vibration and Stretching Effects on Flexibility and Explosive Strength in Gymnasts." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4101.
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Sands, William A., Cindy Slater, Jeni R. McNeal, Steven Ross Murray, and Michael H. Stone. "Historical Trends in the Size of US Olympic Female Artistic Gymnasts." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4599.
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Purpose: To assess the historical changes in the size and age of the US women’s Olympic gymnastics teams from 1956 to 2008.
Methods: The official records from the US Olympic Committee and USA Gymnastics of Olympic team members were assessed at 2 levels: individual height, mass, age, and body-mass index (BMI) and the team performance scores and rankings. Fourteen Olympic teams with a total of 106 team members, including the alternates, were included. Trend analyses were conducted using linear and polynomial models.
Results: Simple linear correlations indicated that since 1956, height, mass, age, BMI, and team Olympic rank have been declining. However, second-order polynomial curve fits indicated that in the last 4 Olympic Games the members of the US women’s gymnastics teams have been getting larger.
Conclusion: Women Olympic gymnasts were getting smaller through approximately the 1980s and early 1990s. Since then the size of these gymnasts has increased. The minimum-age rule modifications may have played a role in athlete size changes along with a shift from the near dominance of the former communist Eastern Bloc.
18
Way, Christian Lee. "Performance Enhancement and Precompetitive Anxiety Management among USAG Junior Olympic Gymnasts." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1632.
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Precompetitive anxiety (PCA) is problematic for young gymnasts and may have an influence on a multitude of factors like self-confidence, perceived level of self-efficacy, and athlete's performance in a competition. The objective of this 2-part study was to discover how earlier competitive experience influences the young gymnasts' level of anxiety, perception of control, and self-efficacy. An additional goal was to explore the potential impact of Guided imagery (GI) and Autogenic training (AGT) in reducing precompetitive anxiety. In the first study, 80 USAG Junior Olympic female gymnasts between the ages of 7 and 16 (40 compulsory level and 40 optional level) participated. The purpose was to test differences in levels of PCA, locus of control, and self-efficacy among optional level and compulsory level gymnasts. An independent samples t test and a Mann-Whitney nonparametric test showed that optional level gymnasts had higher cognitive anxiety, lower confidence level, and higher internal locus of control compared with compulsory level gymnasts, with no significant mean difference in somatic anxiety and self-efficacy. For the second study, 30 participants were divided into 3 treatment groups: (a) AGT group, (b) GI group, and (c) control group. Results of repeated measure ANOVAs revealed that mean anxiety scores decreased over time for the autogenic group as compared to the control and guided imagery group. The internal LOC mean scores were lower for the autogenic group, compared to the other groups, but internal locus of control did increase over time for the autogenic group. The social significance of this study suggests that enhanced performance and enjoyment in sports may allow athletes to remain active in sports while teaching them life-long strategies to reduce anxiety and stress in their lives.
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Smith, Hendrik Johannes. "The effect of mental training on the performance of young male gymnasts." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52518.
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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examined the effect of a mental training program on the performance of eight-tonine- year-old male gymnasts in the acquisition and execution of a newly learned gymnastic element, namely the headspring. Twenty-five gymnasts, all with one-year experience in gymnastics, were tested on the four prerequisite elements for the headspring. The selected group was randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group respectively. The experimental group received six weekly mental training interventions, consisting of an adapted progressive relaxation approach with deepening techniques and imagery. In addition to the mental training interventions the experimental group took part in the weekly physical training program. The control group only received the physical training. The gymnasts were evaluated on a daily basis to monitor their progress. The headspring was evaluated by means of a post-intervention testing. A pre- and post-intervention interview was also conducted with all the gymnasts to determine qualitatively whether the mental training influenced the gymnasts' physical symptoms, cognitions and emotions during a competition situation. Interjudge reliability coefficients were also calculated for the pre- and posttests in order to establish to what degree the judges evaluated the elements uniformly. The results of the daily-progression testing indicated that the control group performed significantly better than the experimental group on one occasion, namely the session before the first mental training session was introduced to the experimental group. The experimental group, however, performed significantly better than the control group on two occasions just before and just after the third mental training session. The results of the post-intervention testing indicated that the experimental group did not perform significantly better than the control group during the execution of the headspring. The experimental group did, however, show a clear non-significant tendency to perform better than the control group during the daily-progression testing and the post-intervention testing. The pre- and post-intervention interviews indicated that the control group, in comparison with the experimental group, reported the same number of positive physical symptoms, cognitions and emotions before and after the experiment. The experimental group reported fewer positive physical symptoms during a competition situation, but more thoughts about the correct execution of the headspring and more positive emotions during competitions were reported after the experiment. The inter-judge reliability coefficients indicated that the judges evaluated the elements in the pretest more uniformly.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met hierdie studie is gepoog om vas te stel watter effek 'n sielkundige inoefeningsprogram met die aanleer en uitvoering van 'n nuutaangeleerde gimnastiekelement, naamlik die kopwip, op agt- tot nege-jarige seunsgimnaste gehad het. Vyf en twingtig gimnaste, wat almal een jaar gimnastiekondervinding het, is getoets met betrekking tot die vier voorvereistes van die kopwip. Die geselekteerde groep is ewekansig ingedeel in 'n eksperimentele en kontrolegroep onderskeidelik. Die eksperimentele groep het ses weeklike sielkundige inoefeningsessies gehad, bestaande uit 'n gewysigde progressiewe ontspanningsbenadering met verdiepingstegnieke en visualisering. Benewens die sielkundige inoefeningsprogram is hulle weekliks aan die fisiese afrigtingsprogram blootgestel. Die kontrolegroep het slegs die fisiese afrigtingsprogram ontvang. Al die subjekte is op 'n daaglikse basis geëvalueer om hul stapsgewyse vordering te monitor. Die kopwip as geheel is deur middel van 'n natoets geëvalueer. 'n Voor- en na-onderhoud is met elke gimnas gevoer om kwalitatief vas te stelof die eksperiment 'n verandering m die gimnaste se rapportering van fisiese simptome, kognisies en emosies tydens 'n kompetisie teweeggebring het. lnterbeoordelaarbetroubaarheidskoeffisiënte is bereken vir beide die voor- en natoets om te bepaal tot watter mate die drie beoordelaars se punte ooreengestem het. Die resultate van die daaglikse evaluering toon dat die kontrolegroep tydens een toetsgeleentheid, naamlik die sessie voor die eerste sielkundige inoefeningsessie op die eksperimentele groep toegepas is, beduidend beter as die eksperimentele groep gevaar het. Die eksprimentele groep het egter by twee toetsgeleenthede, naamlik dié net voor en net na die derde sielkundige inoefeningsessie beduidend beter as die kontrolegroep gevaar. Die resultate van die natoets toon dat die eksperimentele groep nie beduidend beter as die kontrolegroep tydens die uitvoering van die kopwip as geheel gevaar het nie. Die eksperimentele groep het 'n nie-beduidende tendens getoon om beter te presteer tydens die daaglikse evaluering en tydens die natoets. Die voor- en na-onderhoude het getoon dat die kontrolegroep, in vergelyking met die eksperimentele groep, dieselfde hoeveelheid positiewe fisiese simptome, kognisies en emosies na die eksperiment gerapporteer het. Die eksperimentele groep het minder positiewe, fisiese simptome na afloop van die eksperiment gerapporteer, maar verbreding van hul kognisies rakende die korrekte uitvoering van die kopwip en die toon van meer positiewe emosies tydens kompetisies is na afloop van die ondersoek gerapporteer. Die interbeoordelaar-betroubaarheidskoeffisiënte het getoon dat die beoordelaars meer eenvormig tydens die voortoets beoordeel het.
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Burt, Lauren A. "Upper body bone strength and muscle function in non-elite artistic gymnasts." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2011. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/285f3fb7c88a999d12b83b71701c682999d6d8f0bb8cf51abb8134e482e0afa3/8793736/Burt_2011_Upper_body_bone_strength_and_muscle.pdf.
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Musculoskeletal development in the upper limbs of non-elite female gymnasts during pre and early pubescent growth is under researched. Most studies have focussed on elite rather than non-elite gymnasts, via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The purpose of this thesis was to longitudinally characterise the effects of non-elite female artistic gymnastics participation on upper limb musculoskeletal parameters using peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT), DXA and muscle function assessments. Three major studies were designed. Study one compared the upper limb of two groups of gymnasts (high-training gymnasts (HGYM), participating in 6-16 hr/wk, low-training gymnasts (LGYM), participating in 1-5 hr/wk) and an age matched control group (NONGYM) for differences in bone mass, size and strength. Difference in upper limb muscle size, structure and function were also compared. Study two pooled both HGYM and LGYM to compare traditional pQCT skeletal parameters at the radius (4% and 66% sites) with NONGYM. To advance the understanding of site and bone specificity in young gymnastics, similar measures were also undertaken at the ulna. Study three combined variables in studies one and two in a longitudinal (6-month) comparison of the upper limb musculoskeletal changes in two groups of gymnasts (HGYM, LGYM) and a NONGYM group. Benefits beyond growth associated with gymnastics participation during pre- and early pubertal years were examined.
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Kinser, Ann M., Michael W. Ramsey, Harold S. O'Bryant, Christopher A. Ayres, William A. Sands, and Michael H. Stone. "Vibration and Stretching Effects on Flexibility and Explosive Strength in Young Gymnasts." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4137.
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Purpose: Effects of simultaneous vibration-stretching on flexibility and explosive strength in competitive female gymnasts were examined.
Methods: Twenty-two female athletes (age = 11.3 ± 2.6 yr; body mass = 35.3 ± 11.6 kg; competitive levels = 3-9) composed the simultaneous vibration-stretching (VS) group, which performed both tests. Flexibility testing control groups were stretching-only (SF) (N = 7) and vibration-only (VF) (N = 8). Explosive strength-control groups were stretching-only (SES) (N = 8) and vibration-only (VES) (N = 7). Vibration (30 Hz, 2-mm displacement) was applied to four sites, four times for 10 s, with 5 s of rest in between. Right and left forward-split (RFS and LFS) flexibility was measured by the distance between the ground and the anterior suprailiac spine. A force plate (sampling rate, 1000 Hz) recorded countermovement and static jump characteristics. Explosive strength variables included flight time, jump height, peak force, instantaneous forces, and rates of force development. Data were analyzed using Bonferroni adjusted paired t-tests.
Results: VS had statistically increased flexibility (P) and large effect sizes (d) in both the RFS (P = 1.28 × 10−7, d = 0.67) and LFS (P = 2.35 × 10−7, d = 0.72). VS had statistically different results of favored (FL) (P = 4.67 × 10−8, d= 0.78) and nonfavored (NFL) (P = 7.97 × 10−10, d = 0.65) legs. VF resulted in statistical increases in flexibility and medium d on RFS (P = 6.98 × 10−3, d = 0.25) and statistically increased flexibility on VF NFL flexibility (P = 0.002, d = 0.31). SF had no statistical difference between measures and small d. For explosive strength, there were no statistical differences in variables in the VS, SES, and VES for the pre- versus posttreatment tests.
Conclusions: Simultaneous vibration and stretching may greatly increase flexibility while not altering explosive strength.
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Sands, William A., Jeni R. McNeal, and Michael H. Stone. "Vibration, Split Stretching, and Static Vertical Jump Performance in Young Male Gymnasts." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4516.
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Harper, Erin N. "THE EFFECTS OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC STRETCHING ON COMPETITIVE GYMNASTS’ SPLIT JUMP PERFORMANCE." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1312391877.
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Richardson, Alaska J. "The Impacts Social Media has on Collegiate Gymnasts: Social Support and Body Image." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1525424711924199.
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McCall, Clare A. "Best practice recommendations for coaching gymnasts to avoid burnout and reframe performance anxiety." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2024. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2758.
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Gymnastics is deemed a psychologically demanding sport, with associated risk factors of burnout and performance anxiety. To date, relatively little research has explored the specific goal and perfectionistic processes of gymnasts, despite these risks. This body of work identified the specific goal-related constructs and perfectionistic orientation of young athletes and examined how these associated with burnout and performance anxiety. It comprised of two studies with a mixed methods design. The first study aimed to systematically review literature investigating how goal-related constructs and perfectionism associate with burnout and performance anxiety in young athletes. This review focused on summer and winter Olympic sports which young athletes participate in. In summary, our main findings from the studies (k = 11) were: (1) ego goal orientation is positively associated with performance anxiety generally, but not conclusively; (2) mastery goal orientation is negatively associated with performance anxiety generally, but not conclusively; (3) self-oriented perfectionism is positively associated with performance anxiety; (4) socially prescribed perfectionism is positively associated with performance anxiety; (5) self-oriented perfectionism is negatively associated with burnout, (6) socially prescribed perfectionism is positively associated with burnout and (7) mastery-approach goals and mastery-avoidance goals do not predict burnout, whereas ego- avoidance goals do predict burnout. The second study presented the findings from the first study to gymnastics stakeholders within a focus group (n = 4), in order to provoke discussion leading to coaching recommendations to the leading gymnastics body in Western Australia, Gymnastics WA. A thematic analysis of the transcript from the focus group meeting was produced. In summary, the main themes were (1) improving culture; (2) verbal communication; (3) parent-coach-gymnast alignment; (4) relationship building and mentorship; (5) education and wellbeing. These findings were elaborated on and formed the basis of a written report. This body of work is of current significance to its main stakeholder GWA, who emphasised a need for coach education to support gymnast wellbeing in their 2022-2026 strategic plan. The research may be of interest to other sports organisations that place a high value on cultivating healthy mindsets in young athletes through coach training in psychoeducation. Both studies contribute to the sport psychology literature on goal constructs, perfectionism and their associations with burnout and performance anxiety.
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Creager, Leah C. "Effect of trunk endurance training on low back endurance & injury in collegiate gymnasts /." Connect to online version, 2009. http://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/45122.
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Joubert, Cornel. "Energy expenditure, dietary intake and nutritional knowledge of elite, school-aged gymnasts / C. Joubert." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/783.
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Objective. To compare energy balance and nutrient intake of elite and non-elite
school-aged gymnasts, as well as to evaluate their nutritional knowledge and eating
attitude and its effect on dietary intake and practices.
Methods. Demographic information, anthropometric measurements, menstrual
status, sources of nutritional information, nutritional habits as well as supplement use
was documented. Eating attitudes were measured by the EAT26 test and nutritional
knowledge by a standardised questionnaire. Dietary intake and practices were
determined with a 3-day weighed food record, while energy expenditure was
measured with an Actical® accelerometer (Mini Mitter Co., Inc. Bend, OR, USA).
Results. The total daily energy intake (non-elite = 6 944.37 ± 1 272.28 kJ vs. elite =
6 543.01 ± 2 570 kJ) in both groups was similar to their daily energy expenditure
values (non-elite = 6 393.77 ± 1 244.19 kJ vs. elite = 6 696.09 ± 1 676.58 kJ). Elite
gymnasts tended to have higher protein (21.37 vs. 15.4% total energy intake (TE),
small effect size, d = 0.1) and lower fat (28.9 vs. 33.6% TE, medium effect size, d = -
0.6) intakes. More non-elite gymnasts (n = 7, 88.88%) used micronutrient
supplements than elite gymnasts (n = 4, 45.45%, medium effect size, d = 0.45). Most
of the gymnasts (55%) ate snacks during the day, which consisted mostly of refined
carbohydrates. In the total group of gymnasts the most frequently used source of
nutritional information was the coach (60%). There was no difference in nutritional
knowledge between the groups (elite = 61.8% vs. non-elite = 62.8% respectively).
Lastly, elite gymnasts had a practically significantly higher risk than non-elite
gymnasts to follow a diet (large effect size, d = 1.32), while non-elite gymnasts
exercised practically significantly more self-control over their food intake com pared to
elite gymnasts (large effect size, d = - 1.03). Conclusions. South African elite
gymnasts do not differ from non-elite gymnasts in terms of energy-, carbohydrate-,
protein-, or fat intake. There is also no difference in energy expenditure or risk in
developing an eating disorder, probably due to less competitiveness compared to
other international gymnasts.Thesis (M.Sc. (Dietetics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
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Sands, William A., Jeni R. McNeal, Michael H. Stone, G. Gregory Haff, and Ann M. Kinser. "Effect of Vibration on Forward Split Flexibility and Pain Perception in Young Male Gymnasts." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4605.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: To continue investigation of the use of vibration to enhance acute range of motion while assessing the influence of vibration and stretching on pressure-to-pain threshold perception.
Methods: Ten young male gymnasts were assessed for split range of motion. One side split was randomly assigned as the experimental condition, and the other side split was assigned as the control. Both side splits were performed on a vibration device; the experimental condition had the device turned on and the control condition was performed with the device turned off. In addition, the athletes were assessed for pressure-to-pain transition using an algometer on the biceps femoris (stretched muscle) and vastus lateralis (nonstretched muscle) bilaterally.
Results: Pre-post difference scores between the vibrated split (most improved) and the nonvibrated split were statistically different (P = .001, 95% confidence interval of the difference 2.3 to 5.8 cm). Following the stretching protocol, the force values for the pressure-to-pain threshold comparing the vibrated and nonvibrated biceps femoris muscle were not statistically different. The nonstretched vastus lateralis muscle also showed no statistical difference in pressure-to-pain threshold between the vibration and nonvibration conditions.
Conclusion: This study showed that vibration improved split range of motion over stretching alone, but did not show a difference in pressure-to-pain perception in either the stretched or nonstretched muscles.
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Cavallerio, Francesa. "A psychosocial examination of the culture and practices of current and former Italian rhythmic gymnasts." Thesis, Liverpool Hope University, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.722171.
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Brooks, Caisa Nicole. "The Acute Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Training on Passive and Dynamic Flexibility in Gymnasts." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3815.
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Gymnasts must attain extreme ranges of flexibility to execute performance requirements, thus effective stretching proves vital to advancement in the sport. This study examined the acute effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on passive and dynamic flexibility in young, female gymnasts. Participants (n = 27, Junior Olympic levels 5-10) served as their own control. Measurements of passive and dynamic flexibility were obtained using the TOPS forward split testing method to examine passive flexibility and dynamic flexibility was measured via split jumps that were analyzed with video and Dartfish software. According to randomized order, all participants completed a stretching protocol either with the WBV platform turned on (VIB) or off (C) separated by 48 h. Participants performed 4 sets of three stretches on the WBV platform. An ANCOVA was performed (using height, weight, age, years of experience, and gymnastics level as covariates). Significant improvements were found in passive flexibility for both VIB and C conditions, but there was no significant difference between the two stretching conditions (p = 0.17). The maximum split jump decreased significantly from pre to post measurement in both the VIB (p < 0.0001) and C (p = 0.04) conditions. VIB decreased the split jump significantly more than C. Based on the results of our study, an acute session of static stretching or stretching with WBV immediately before performance decreases split jump performance. Therefore, this WBV protocol is not recommended immediately prior to gymnastics competition.
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Pfohl, Jennifer. "Exploring the Motivations of NCAA Women's Artistic Gymnasts to Participate in Strength and Conditioning Training." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/379225.
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KinesiologyM.S.
This is the known first study completed on NCAA gymnastics motivations to participate in strength and conditioning. The study was open to all NCAA women’s artistic gymnastics participants. Research included the completion of an online survey (n = 141) with the opportunity to volunteer for a follow up phone interview (n = 5). Three research questions were examined: 1. What are the motivations of student-athletes in NCAA Women’s Artistic Gymnastics to participate in strength and conditioning training? 2. How does motivation to participate in strength and conditioning training influence the performance level of the student-athletes? 3. How does motivation to participate in strength and conditioning training influence the injury rate of the student-athletes? Overall, this study did not identify significant findings in the relationship with motivation to participate in strength and conditioning training with level of performance or injury rates. Qualitative phone interviews provided additional insight on experiences and feelings toward strength and conditioning training, which can be utilized by both researchers and practitioners. In order to further explore the relationship between strength and conditioning and gymnastics performance more research needs to be completed.
Temple University--Theses
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Sands, William A., Michael H. Stone, Jeni R. McNeal, Monem Jemni, and G. Gregory Haff. "Estimation of Power Output from Static and Countermovement Vertical Jumps: Junior National Team Male Gymnasts." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4491.
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Sleeper, Mark D. "Development of a Reliable and Valid Means to Measure the Physical Abilities of Young Male Gymnasts." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2012. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_pt_stuetd/10.
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Study Design: Cross Sectional Objectives: To develop a functional measurement tool to assess the physical abilities in male gymnasts and to evaluate the test-retest reliability and face validity of that measurement tool. Background: Despite the availability of physical fitness field-tests for many competitive sports, a reliable and valid test to measure the physical abilities (strength, endurance, balance, coordination, agility, and flexibility) of male gymnasts has not been explored or developed. The Men's Gymnastics Functional Measurement Tool (MGFMT) is a set of functional measurements used to objectively measure physical abilities required of male gymnasts. The MGFMT is a field-test designed to improve coaches' abilities to monitor their gymnasts' physical fitness levels and to help identify physical weaknesses that can be improved to create a more all-around physically fit gymnast. Methods: Eighty-three, 7 to 18 year-old competitive male club gymnasts (Level 4-10) were assessed. From these 83 total subjects, a convenience sample of 30 subjects was chosen to participate to establish the test-retest reliability of individual items and performance of the entire tool. These 30 subjects were retested with the MGFMT one week after initial testing. Test conditions and administration were consistent between the 2 administrations of the MGFMT including warm-up and item order. Statistics: Test-retest reliability was analyzed for each of the individual items using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. Validity was analyzed using linear regression of the athletes' USA-Gymnastics competition level, predicting the component-test raw scores as well as the MGFMT total test score, resulting in a coefficient of determination (r2). Hypotheses: 1) The MGFMT individual items and the MGFMT total composite score demonstrated good test re-test reliability (Intraclass Correlation coefficient (ICC) >0.80). 2) There is a strong relationship between the MGFMT total composite score and the current competitive level of the gymnasts tested (r > 0.80). Results: The mean age of participating subjects was 11.07 years (range 7 - 18) with subjects reporting participation in competitive gymnastics for a mean of 4.36 years. Mean height and weight of the subjects were 37.5 kg and 142.8 cm respectively. Thirteen potential component tests were originally considered for inclusion in the MGFMT. Three component tests were eliminated based on physical ability tested, ease of test application, statistical analysis, and consultation with an informal panel of experts. Several of the relationships between the subjects' current USA Gymnastics competitive level and individual component test item raw scores were statistically significant, however, those relationships ranged from poor to good based on r2 scores (r2 = 0.004-0.64). The relationship between MGFMT composite test score (out of a possible score of 100) and the subjects' current USA Gymnastics competitive level was found to be good (r2 = 0.63). To rule out alternative explanations for the relationship between USA Gymnastics competitive level and MGFMT composite test scores, the relationships between MGFMT composite test scores and age, MGFMT composite test scores and bodyweight and MGFMT total composite scores and total hours training per week were also explored (r2 = 0.30, 0.48, and 0.56, respectively). Reliability testing of the MGFMT composite test score showed excellent test-retest reliability over a one-week period (ICC=0.97). Test-retest reliability of the individual component tests ranged from good to excellent (ICC = 0.75-0.97). Conclusion: The MGFMT, a 10-component field test of male gymnast physical abilities was found to be reliable and valid.
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Bender, Natália. "A ginástica artística no Rio Grande do Sul : a trajetória esportiva da atleta adrian gomes." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/184617.
Full textAbstract:
Esta dissertação teve como objetivo descrever e analisar a trajetória esportiva da atleta Adrian Gomes na ginástica artística considerando sua atuação no cenário nacional e internacional. Para tanto, a pesquisa está fundamentada teórica e metodologicamente na História Oral a partir da variante da História de Vida. Como fontes, foram utilizadas entrevistas com a atleta, técnicos/as da modalidade, ginastas e familiares que tiveram envolvimento na sua trajetória e que pudessem auxiliar na construção da narrativa. As entrevistas foram cotejadas com outras fontes como reportagens, livros, artigos acadêmicos e atlas esportivos. A análise de conteúdo foi utilizada como ferramenta analítica, considerando as etapas de pré-análise, exploração do material empírico e tratamento dos dados. A análise se apresenta na forma de três estudos independentes interligados que dão conta de narrar a trajetória esportiva de Adrian Gomes. O primeiro estudo discute a participação dos/as ginastas gaúchos/as nos Jogos Olímpicos. O segundo estudo aborda a primeira fase da carreira da ginasta. E o terceiro e último estudo trata sobre a retomada da atleta na ginástica, após um período sem treinar, e o ponto alto de sua trajetória, a convocação para a seleção brasileira e a participação nos Jogos Olímpicos de 2012. Foi possível constatar através da trajetória da Adrian aspectos relacionados à ginástica no Rio Grande do Sul, assim como questões específicas de sua trajetória.This dissertation had the objective to describe and analyze Adrian Gomes’ sports career in the artistic gymnastics, taking into consideration her role in national and international scenarios. Therefore, this research is theorically and methodologically founded in Life History as variant of Oral History. The sources used are interviews made with the athlete, artistic gymnastics coaches, gymnasts and relatives that have been involved in her career and that could assist in this work development. The interviews were compared with other sources such as press reports, books, academic articles and sports atlas. Content analysis was used as analytical tool, taking into consideration the stages of pre-analysis, exploration of empirical material and data processing. The analysis is presented in the form of three independent but entwined studies that tell Adrian Gomes’ sports career. The first study discusses the participation of gymnasts from Rio Grande do Sul in the Olympic Games. The second one talks about the first stage of Adrian Gomes’ career. The third and last study is about the athlete’s return to gymnastics, her career apogee, and her participation in 2012 Olympic Games. By means of Adrian’s career, it was possible to evidence aspects related to gymnastics in Rio Grande do Sul as well as specific issues of her career.
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Петренко, Наталія Володимирівна, Наталья Владимировна Петренко, Nataliia Volodymyrivna Petrenko, and А. В. Андрєєва. "Особливості технічної підготовки спортсменок 10–12 років у художній гімнастиці." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2019. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/77560.
Full textAbstract:
Художня гімнастика користується великою
популярністю у всьому світі, особливо після включення її в
програму XXIII Олімпійських ігор. Одночасно зі зростанням
популярності цього виду спорту зростає і конкуренція
спортсменок, що потребує постійного вдосконалення системи
підготовки гімнасток. Ефективність змагальної діяльності на
даному етапі розвитку світової художньої гімнастики
зумовлюється не тільки рівнем спеціальної фізичної
підготовленості, але значною мірою раціональним
використанням технічного потенціалу в умовах гострої
спортивної боротьби. Однак у підготовці спортсменок не
можна не відзначити наявності певних труднощів, пов’язаних з
ускладненням і регулярним зміненням правил та програм
змагань. Особливо гостро ця проблема постає в системі
технічної та предметної підготовки.
Мета. Дослідити особливості технічної підготовки
гімнасток 10-12 років на етапі попередньої базової підготовки.
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Garner, Kelsey Renee. "The Differences in Time to Stability, Foot Muscle Size, and Toe Flexor Strength Between Cheerleaders and Gymnasts." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6128.
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Context: There has been recent speculation that the intrinsic muscles of the foot may play a larger role in lower extremity control and injury than previously believed. Multiple studies have shown that certain intrinsic muscles increase in size and strength after transitioning to minimalist shoe running, theoretically decreasing injury risk. There are currently no studies that examine the effect that training barefoot has in other athletic populations. Objective: Our purpose was to compare the intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscle size and strength in gymnasts (who predominantly train barefoot) and cheerleaders (who predominantly train shod). Another purpose was to measure time to stability for both groups shod and unshod. Design: Observational study. Setting: Human Performance Laboratory. Participants: 16 collegiate gymnasts (height = 159.3 ± 4.9cm, weight = 56.7 ± 4.3kg) and 16 collegiate cheerleaders (height = 161.9 ± 5.4cm, weight = 58.7 ± 7.1kg) volunteered for this study. Main Outcome Measure(s): The muscle size of 6 intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the foot were measured using ultrasound, toe flexor strength, as assessed using a custom-made dynamometer, and time to stability following a drop landing, as assessed using ground reaction force data collected with force plates. Results: There were no significant group differences in great toe flexor strength (p = 0.274), lateral toe flexor strength (p = 0.824), or any of the time to stability conditions (p = 0.086 – 0.90). Only one muscle, fibularis longus, was significantly bigger in gymnasts than cheerleaders (p = 0.017) Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the barefoot training of gymnasts may not have as large of an impact on the foot musculature and strength as running barefoot or in minimalist shoes has on these factors.
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Hunin, Nathalie E. "L'étude de l'incidence d'une pratique sportive compétitive sur les problématiques adolescentaires." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211478.
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Winfrey, Mary Lynn. "Effects of self-modeling on self-efficacy and balance beam performance." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/845949.
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The purpose of the investigation was to determine the effect of self-modeling on self-efficacy and performance of balance beam routines. Subjects (n=ll) were intermediate level gymnasts rated at the 5, 6, and 7 skill levels with ages ranging from 8 to 13 years. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups, a self-modeling or a control group. For the self-modeling group, self-modeling videotapes were made of each subject performing her balance beam routine. During a six week period, the self-modeling group subjects viewed the videotape of themselves prior to practice three times a week for six consecutive weeks. All subjects completed two different self-efficacy inventories and a balance beam skills test at four intervals: a pretest, a 2-week test, a 4 week-test, and a posttest. During the six weeks, each group participated in their normal instructional program at the gymnastics academy.The results of this study indicated no significant differences in ratings of self-efficacy or balance beam performance, as based on judge's ratings between the self-modeling group and the control group. However, a significant correlation was found between predicted performance scores and actual performance scores for the self-modeling group (r=.92). This correlation was not significant for the control group (r=.02). Even though a significant effect of self-modeling on self-efficacy and performance scores was not found, this significant correlation indicates that self-modeling may enhance a subject's ability to realistically assess her/his performance. Thus, self-modeling may benefit the learner by developing an accurate conception of one's performance which would enhance the ability to understand and utilize instructional feedback to improve performance.School of Physical Education
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Rymal, Amanda M. "The Effects of Different Self-modeling Interventions on the Performance and Self-regulatory Processes and Beliefs of Competitive Gymnasts." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20365.
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Self-modeling (SM) involves an observer viewing oneself on an edited video showing desired behaviors (Dowrick, & Dove, 1990). The impact of a SM video on skill acquisition has been frequently explored (e.g., Clark & Ste-Marie, 2006), however, few researchers have investigated SM in competition (Ste-Marie, Rymal, Vertes, & Martini, 2009). Also of limited study has been the underlying self-regulatory mechanisms engaged in alongside a SM video (e.g., Rymal, Martini, & Ste-Marie, 2010). To date, research has not investigated the effects of SM on gymnasts competitive bar performance or how it is used to self-regulate, nor whether SM increases self-regulation. Thus, the purpose here was to investigate the effects of a SM video on gymnasts’ physical performance and self-regulation. Of further interest was to explore the combination of SM and psychological skills training (PST) on competitive performance. Eighteen gymnasts were divided into two groups; SM+PST (n = 10) and SM (n =8). The SM+PST group took part in workshops one month prior to the competitions wherein links between SM and psychological skills were made. The SM group did not do the workshops. Gymnasts competed at four competitions; two received the SM video and two did not. For the video competitions, participants viewed their video three times prior to warm-up and once before competing. After one video competition and one competition that gymnasts did not receive the video, interview sessions were conducted with ten gymnasts. The results of the physical performance data did not show any significant group or condition main effects (all F’s < 1). Imagery ability, however, was a moderating variable. Gymnasts low in visual imagery ability benefitted from the use of the self-modeling video later in the season F(1, 16) = 5.976, p = .026, η2 = .27, (1 – β) = .63, but not early in the season. Through the qualitative analysis of interview questions, it can be said that gymnasts used the SM video as a task analysis strategy before, during, and after their competitive event. Analysis of transcripts also suggested that the SM video encouraged the use of certain self-regulatory processes and beliefs related to the forethought (i.e., before) and self-reflection (i.e., after) phases above and beyond that typically used when competing.
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Clark, Mary. "Straight A's and Perfect 10's: The Effects of Perfectionism and Anxiety on Sleep Disturbances and Burnout in Gymnasts." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/945.
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A common reason why athletes retire from their sport is burnout. Athletic burnout often occurs when athletes are over-trained and do not get enough rest. The present study examines the question: why is it that some athletes are able to perform at a high level for many years while others fizzle out? The purpose of the proposed study is to investigate the effects of perfectionism and anxiety on sleep disturbances and athletic burnout in high school students. The proposed method will be a correlational within-participants design and participants will be high school-age female gymnasts. The gymnasts will complete measures of perfectionism surrounding academics and athletics, anxiety, and burnout. Additionally, the gymnasts’ parents will complete measures of perfectionism and their perceptions of their child’s burnout. Athletes will then be given a sleep tracker to wear each night for a week to measure the athlete’s sleep per night. It is predicted that academic perfectionism and amount of sleep will interact to result in higher burnout levels. Additionally, it is predicted that there will be an interaction between anxiety levels and amount of sleep resulting in higher levels of burnout. The proposed study could give more insight into the mental and physiological processes behind athletic burnout. The relationship between perfectionism, anxiety, sleep, and burnout is one that requires further research but may be useful information for coaches, parents, and athletes to prevent athletic burnout.
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Valiquette, Sheri Marie. "The effects of the gymnast's body shape on the judging of gymnastics." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29575.pdf.
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Valiquette, Sheri. "The effects of the gymnast's body shape on the judging of gymnastics /." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26764.
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The purpose of this study was to discover whether the gymnasts' body shape affects the judging of gymnastics. The goal was to discover whether the judges' perceptions of the gymnasts' body shape related to the gymnasts' performance scores. A second goal was to discover whether performance scores differed when given by judges with two levels of experience (experienced and novice). Videotapes of compulsory routines performed by 16 gymnasts on bars, beam and floor were constructed to simulate a competition. Eighteen judges, nine novice and nine experienced, evaluated the routines. They were also required to rate their perception of the aesthetic appeal of the 16 gymnasts' body shape. Each gymnasts' body mass index (BMI) was calculated from their height and weight measurements to quantify body shape. The scores were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The results showed a significant main effect of BMI on judges' perception of gymnasts' body shape scores, $F(3,48)=9.50, p<.001.$ Gymnasts with a medium-low BMI received significantly higher perception scores than gymnasts with a medium-high BMI and gymnasts with a high BMI. The results also showed a significant main effect $(p<.001)$ of BMI on performance scores. Gymnasts with a high BMI received higher performance scores than those gymnasts with a low BMI, medium-low BMI and medium-high BMI. The effect of judge experience was very close to significant $(p<.059)$ in relation to performance scores. Experienced judges gave lower performance scores than novice judges. Although all judges preferred smaller body shape, this preference did not affect the performance scores award by the judges.
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Anderson, Carlin Mahan. "A test of an etiological model: The development of disordered eating in Division-I university female gymnasts and swimmers/divers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12073/.
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Certain sport environments may contribute to the development of disordered eating and those that heavily emphasize weight and/or body shape can be particularly damaging to an athlete's body image, self-concept, and eating behaviors. In particular, female athletes in collegiate sports are at a greater risk for engaging in unhealthy behaviors because they face both societal pressures from Western culture to be thin, in addition to sport pressures that focus on performance and appearance. According to the American Medical Association almost half of American women are trying to lose weight, illustrating that societal pressures alone to be thin and attractive can influence the development of disordered eating. Athletes are exposed to the same sociocultural pressures as their nonathlete counterparts, and would be expected to have similar feelings about their bodies as women in general. Add subsequent pressures like team "weigh-ins," coaches' body comp preferences, judges' critiques, revealing attire, and endurance/strength demands, and the stage is set for the development of disordered eating. In the current study, participants were 414 Division-I female gymnasts, swimmers/divers, and they completed self-report measures assessing sport pressures, body satisfaction and disordered eating behavior to test Petrie & Greenleaf's etiological model. Results indicate that sport pressures do lead directly to dietary restraint, a precursor to disordered eating, and are not always mediated through internalization and body dissatisfaction. These findings suggest that decreasing and intervening with perceived sport pressures may lessen the risk of female athletes developing an eating disorder.
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Anderson, Carlin Mahan Petrie Trent. "A test of an etiological model the development of disordered eating in division-I university female gymnasts and swimmers/divers /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12073.
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Andersson, Evelina. "The 2-dimensional biomechanical modeling of the loads on the spine (L5-L1) during a “Back Walkover” maneuver in gymnastics." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Bio- och miljösystemforskning (BLESS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-27203.
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Injuries in the female gymnast are common and it is important to understand the biomechanical factors responsible for injury. The Back Walkover maneuver requires one of the greatest amounts of lumbar hyperextension compared to other common gymnastic maneuvers. During the Back Walkover large lateral and vertical impact forces follows on the spine. The spine and muscles around the spine have to absorb generally large forces; therefore the loads on the back and certainly on the lower back are of significant interest. Additionally, it takes a lot of strength and a vast range of motion to perform gymnastic maneuvers such as The Back Walkover. It is of interest to study mechanical loads on a female gymnast since they show higher occurrences of stress-related pathologies of the lumbar spine. Therefore the purpose of this project was to examine the loads on the spine during the gymnastic maneuver Back Walkover. Tests on a single female gymnast were made at the sports engineering lab at the University of Adelaide in Australia. Using the 3D-camera system; Optitrack Motion Capture System and Kistler Force Plate, positional data for two dimensions, X-direction (anterior-posterior) and Z-direction (vertical), and ground force were received. Data received were progressed into a graph, diagrams and biomechanical calculations where forces for the vertebrae L1 were calculated in vertical and horizontal direction. The received forces were compared to vertical and horizontal forces in L1 during standing position. Together with developed videos this assisted to model the loads of the spine (L1) during the gymnastic maneuver the “Back Walkover”. The study has led to a deeper knowledge for the community about the risks for female gymnasts and has widened the experience of the project participant, as the project aimed.
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Parkinson, Mette Kronvall. "The effects of perfectionism and physical self-concept on pre-performance anxiety in elite female gymnasts, ballet dancers and basketball players /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19783.pdf.
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Bocké, Åsa. "”Hand reach star excursion balance test” : Assessment of dynamic functional mobility in female elite team gymnasts in relation to overuse injuries." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-77483.
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Background Clinical usable assessment methods to quantify mobility, balance, stability and postural control functions together in a full kinetic chain movement are sparse. Normative data of such dynamic functions in different group of athletes are still lacking and therefore the relationship between dynamic functional mobility and overuse injuries are also unknown. The prevalence of overuse injuries among adolescent athletes are continuously high and team gymnastic is one example of a sport with multiple and underestimated overuse injuries. Aim The first aim of study was to establish normative data of dynamic functional mobility in a group of elite team gymnasts. The second aim was to investigate ongoing overuse injuries and evaluate associations between ongoing overuse injuries and dynamic functional mobility in the group. Method A descriptive cross sectional study including 31 female elite team gymnasts 16-19 years old were conducted. “The hand reach star excursion balance test” (HSEBT) was used to measure dynamic functional mobility in 20 different movement patterns. The "Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire"(OSTRC) was used to record and analyse severity of ongoing overuse injuries in the group. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the scoring in the HSEBT- tests and scoring on the OSTRC. Results A majority of the participants presented with scores near the maximum values on the HSEBT. Further, 97% of the subjects had an ongoing overuse injury. Severe injuries, affecting participation in sport were present in 67%. Correlations was found between prevalence of severe injury in the lower back and lower scoring on the right leg in a rotational movement pattern (r= -0,42) whereas prevalence of severe injury in the hip was associated with extreme high mobility in a sidebending pattern in both legs (r= 0,50, 0,49). There was also a relationship between individuals with multiple severe overuse injuries and dynamic functional mobility in an extended movement pattern of the left leg (r= -0,36, -0,38). Conclusion Normative data of dynamic functional mobility according to the HSEBT can provide clinicians with reference points to compare elite female team gymnasts. There was an indication of association between limited mobility in some of the included tests and prevalence of overuse injuries in the lower back and hip. This study included a small sample and therefore conclusions have to be interpreted carefully.
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Hegde, Harshad. "Eye Movements in Elite Athletes - An Index for Performance." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2239.
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Introduction: In gymnastics, athletes perform twisting and flipping skills at high angular velocities. These athletes rely heavily on sensory information from the visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular systems. The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is responsible for stabilizing the visual field on the retina during head movement. To accomplish this, the eyes are reflexively moved in a direction opposite the head. In a twisting gymnast, this actually reduces the ability of gymnasts to see the landing during airborne skills. Hence it becomes necessary for the gymnasts to cancel or suppress their VOR in order to view the landing. Objective: The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between gymnastics skill level and their ability to suppress the VOR. Methods: Ten female gymnasts (mean age 15±2.2) were obtained via a sample of convenience from a local club. The sample included both competitive and recreational gymnasts. Subjects were asked to wear a measurement system that could track head and eye movements as they performed a series of visual tasks. Three experiments were performed: (1) a saccadic experiment – two horizontally fixed LEDs (±10°) were alternately lit in a non-predictable pattern to provide visual cues, (2) a VOR experiment – the subject was asked to perform yawl head movements to an audible metronome beat 11 while visually fixating on an LED target 1m away, and (3) a vestibulo-ocular reflex suppression/cancellation (VORc) experiment – a laser pointer was fixed to the subject‟s helmet close to the cyclopean eye (slaving the target to the head movement) and the subject was again asked to perform head movements to a metronome while visually fixating on the target. In both VOR experiments, the metronome frequency varied from 72 to 196 beats per minute. Eye and head position data were synchronously sampled at 250 and 100Hz respectively. Data were post-processed using MATLAB. Periodic calibrations were performed throughout the experiment to test the continued reliability of the data. Results: Saccadic peak velocities and latencies were calculated for the sample population. Their performance did not differ from the normal population. VOR and VORc gains were also calculated and compared. The higher level (competitive) gymnasts were better at suppressing their VOR. In addition, left/right VOR gain asymmetries correlated highly with twist direction in seven of the competitive gymnasts. Discussion/Conclusions: There is a correlation between VOR performance and gymnastic level. These results do not suggest that VOR differences develop as a result of practice. These differences may simply allow some individuals to become better performers. A longitudinal study on a larger population would be required to test the causal relationship between these variables.
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Portinsson, Anna. "A correlation study between ankle pronation and knee valgus, and the effect of verbal instructions on knee valgus in young female gymnasts." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Bio- och miljösystemforskning (BLESS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-28398.
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Duffy, Alan Wadsworth Danielle D. "Perfectionism, perfectionistic self-presentation, body comparisons, and disordered eating in Women's Artistic Gymnastics." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Health_and_Human_Performance/Thesis/Duffy_Alan_30.pdf.
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