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Journal articles on the topic 'Gymnasts'
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1
Zhang, Heng. "WORKLOAD CHARACTERISTICS IN THE FITNESS TRAINING OF CHINESE ATHLETES." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 28, no. 3 (June 2022): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202228012021_0471.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: In modern gymnastics, there are high demands for the physical quality of Chinese athletes. Objectives: This paper mainly studies whether the workload of Chinese gymnasts can support the corresponding high-intensity training in the training process. Methods: Experimental scientific research methods and statistical analysis are used to conduct a long-term study on dozens of gymnasts in Chinese schools and draw the workload curves of these gymnasts during gymnastic exercises. We try to determine the effective correlation between the athlete's body load and physical training and body shape. Results: During the training of gymnasts, heart rates can briefly exceed 190 beats per minute. Conclusion: In the training process of different gymnasts, the gymnasts’ heart rates show obvious differences. Therefore, the use of scientific and reasonable training strategies can effectively improve the ability of athletes’ hearts to withstand high-intensity exercise loads and help improve the gymnast's performance. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
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Patsimas, Tatiana, Dave Tilley, Darby Glackin, and Emily Sweeney. "Returning to Sport: A Level-Based Guide for Women’s Artistic Developmental Program Gymnasts." Journal of Women's Sports Medicine 4, no. 1 (April 6, 2024): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53646/n2fpwv97.
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Female artistic gymnasts, defined as gymnasts who compete in the vault, uneven parallel bars, balance beam, and floor events, may be affected by a wide variety of acute and overuse injuries throughout their athletic careers. Returning these athletes to their sport safely after an injury requires detailed knowledge of the various events in which they compete as well as a familiarity with what is expected of these gymnasts at the various levels of training and competition. Despite the complexity described above, there are few published resources to help providers guide the female artistic gymnast back to sport after injury. Therefore, we developed two purposes for this paper: (1) to review important concepts regarding return to play (RTP) in women’s artistic gymnastics and (2) to add to the existing literature on RTP in women’s gymnastics by providing RTP protocols that consider a gymnast’s training level as well as injured body area.
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Svensson, Joar, and Natalia Stambulova. "Two Sides of a Tale: A Narrative Exploration of Post-Injury Fear in a Gymnast-Coach Dyad." Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 4, no. 1 (November 16, 2022): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sjsep.v4i1.130134.
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Gymnastics is a sport with a high risk of injury creating many opportunities for a gymnast to experience injury-related fear. Little is known about how gymnasts experience fear and how coaches perceive gymnasts' fear. The present study was aimed at exploring the experiences of post-injury fear in a gymnast-coach dyad. Two male participants (a gymnast and his coach) were involved in narrative-type interviews about their experiences of the same incident of the gymnast’s fear. The holistic form-structural analysis revealed three narratives: a hero’s journey narrative (coach) and a chaos narrative followed by a redemption narrative (gymnast). The stories had different foci. The coach took a career perspective focusing on the fear incident as a part of the athlete’s personal development. The gymnast focused more on injuries, fear experiences, and how he coped. The findings illuminate how two collaborating people can experience the same incident of fear differently and how those different views complement each other.
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Ikonomi, Edison, Ferdinant Mara, Arben Bozaxhiu, Xheni Kozi, Entela Ikonomi, and Eglantina Daulle. "Values Of Physical Preparation In Female Gymnasts." Arena - Journal of Physical Activities 12 (April 29, 2024): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.62591/ajpa.2023.12.08.
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Artistic gymnastic is one of the components of competitive gymnastics and is divided in men’s and women’s artistic gymnastics. There are four events in the women’s artistic gymnastics: vault, uneven bars, balance beam and the floor. Strength training in artistic gymnastic is closely linked to the gymnastic skills, so we can talk about the development of specific strength that is comparable to other sports. Taking into consideration the predetermined role of the muscular preparation in defining the physical training for female gymnasts. In this study, were obtained analysis twenty-one female gymnasts from four sports clubs in different cities of Albania, who are members of national gymnastics competitions. Tests realized in the beginning and final are as follows: SJ (cm), CMJ (cm), TF SJ (ml/s}, T F CMJ (ml/s}, SJBW (cm), CMJ 15 sec. (cm), HP (cm), HPWB (cm). Gymnasts have level average in SJ and CMJ. Low ratio indicates optimal condition strength to gymnasts. Referring tests shows that 16 gymnasts have high value flight times jumps SJ and CMJ. A different tableau is observed to 5 gymnasts, where look lower values of flight times jumps in SJ and CMJ. From the measurements of the tests, it resulted that those gymnasts that were involved in the study had an average level of strength of their lower limbs and a lower level of power of their upper limbs. Keyword: Artistic Gymnastics, Physical Training, Strength, Performance.
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Semenov, Denis, Vyacheslav Shlyakhtov, and Alexandr Rumyantsev. "Kinematic analysis as the basis for training strategy in gymnastics." BIO Web of Conferences 29 (2021): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20212901012.
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The kinematic analysis of gymnastic skills performance is a widely used research method in sports science. This study presents the experience of applying the method of kinematic analysis in the managing the training process of junior gymnasts on the example of mastering three basic gymnastic skills. The test group included 10 junior male gymnasts of the age 9 to 12. The subject of kinematic analysis was based on comparing gymnasts’ joint angles, angular velocity and angular acceleration parameters. The kinematics parameters of gymnastic skills performance by a highly qualified gymnast became the target model for junior gymnasts. As a result of these targets application in the training of junior gymnasts, changes in the basic skills kinematic parameters were detected. At the end of the study, the kinematics parameters of junior gymnasts became much closer to the model parameters. Thus, the effectiveness of the kinematics analysis method in the training of junior gymnasts was demonstrated.
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Leite, Isaura, Márcio Goethel, Filipe Conceição, and Lurdes Ávila-Carvalho. "How Does the Jumping Performance Differs between Acrobatic and Rhythmic Gymnasts?" Biomechanics 3, no. 4 (October 3, 2023): 457–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics3040037.
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An increased jumping performance is key for gymnastics competition routines. Rhythmic gymnasts (RGs) use the jump as one of the main body elements. In Acrobatic Gymnastics (ACRO), top gymnasts must coordinate their jumps with the impulse provided by base gymnast(s). It is expected that the gymnasts’ discipline and role played impact their jumping skill. This work aims to investigate how the jumping performance differs between ACRO gymnasts and RGs, focusing on the Force–Velocity (F-V) profile mechanical variables. Gymnasts were divided in three groups: ACRO tops (n = 10, 13.89 (3.62) median (interquartile interval) years old), ACRO bases (n = 18, 18.24 (4.41) years old) and RGs (n = 15, 12.00 (3.00) years old). The F-V profile during countermovement jump and its mechanical variables were evaluated using MyJump2. A training background survey and anthropometric assessments were conducted. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. Group comparisons showed that ACRO bases jump higher than ACRO tops and RGs, present a higher maximal force than RGs and a more balanced F-V profile, while RGs present high force deficits. Coaches can use this data to develop interventions that optimize the training stimulus to different gymnastics disciplines considering the individual characteristics and adaptability of each gymnast.
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Costa, Vítor Ricci, Renato Francisco Rodrigues Marques, Mauricio dos Santos Oliveira, and Myrian Nunomura. "“PUPPETS” IN WOMEN’S ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS: THE COACH-GYMNAST RELATIONSHIP FROM PIERRE BOURDIEU’S LENS." Science of Gymnastics Journal 12, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/sgj.12.3.367-380.
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In Women's Artistic Gymnastics (WAG), athletes can be coach dependent, becoming submissive and this scenario may reflect subordination, harassment and abuse. This is worrying, because gymnasts are usually children. However, we argue that coach conduct depends on complex interactions. Thus, we analyzed how the coach-gymnast relationship is built. We used Pierre Bourdieu's categories to argue our reflections. We identified that the domination forms in the coach-gymnast relationship are responsible for shaping long-lasting dispositions, triggered by a process marked by the inculcation and embodiment of certain practices. Thus, gymnasts develop a class habitus that reproduces and legitimates the logic of this field. Our appropriation of Bourdieu's lens has shown that the gymnasts are at a disadvantage in relation to the coaches and to the system. Therefore, these structures should not demand early outcomes, but allow gymnasts to decide whether they want to continue in this “game of domination”.
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Líška, Dávid, and Juraj Kremnický. "THE LEVEL OF DORSIFLEXION IN YOUNG GYMNASTS COMPARED TO YOUNG ATHLETES - PILOT STUDY." Science of Gymnastics Journal 14, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/sgj.14.2.201-210.
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Gymnastic training develops strength, flexibility, concentration, balance, precision, and speed. The purpose of the study is to determine if gymnastic preparation leads to an increase in weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion range of motion in a closed kinematic chain in young artistic gymnasts compared to a different type of sport. The weight-bearing lunge was chosen to measure the dorsiflexion range of motion in the ankle joint in the closed kinematic chain. The first group consists of members of the Slovak national youth team in artistic gymnastics (n-26). The second group consists of members of the Slovak national team in rhythmic gymnastics (n-13). The control group consists of young athletes (n-22). The mean dorsiflexion range of motion in artistic gymnasts was 47.32 ° in the right ankle joint and 44.75 ° in the left ankle joint. The mean dorsiflexion range of motion in rhythmic gymnasts was 44.32 ° in the right ankle joint and 43.41 ° in the left ankle joint. The mean dorsiflexion range of motion in young athletes was 44.27 ° in the right ankle joint and 42.32 ° in the left ankle joint. Results indicate a statistically significant difference in favor of artistic gymnasts compared to rhythmic gymnasts at the right ankle joint (p-0.04). In the left ankle, the two groups did not differ significantly from each other (p-0.38). There was no significant difference between artistic gymnasts and athletes in the right ankle joint (p-0.09) and the left ankle joint (p-0.19). There was no significant difference between rhythmic gymnasts and athletes at the right ankle joint (p-0.38) and the left ankle joint (p-0.24). A greater dorsiflexion range of motion in a closed kinematic chain in the ankle joint was detected in young gymnasts compared to rhythmic gymnasts. There was no significant difference between artistic gymnasts and athletes.
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Charpy, Séréna, Pierre Billard, Pierre-Eddy Dandrieux, Joris Chapon, and Pascal Edouard. "Epidemiology of injuries in elite Women’s Artistic Gymnastics: a retrospective analysis of six seasons." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 9, no. 4 (October 2023): e001721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001721.
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BackgroundWomen’s Artistic Gymnastics (WAG) is a sport well known for requiring a heavy and difficult training load from a younger age to reach a high level of performance. This also is associated with an injury risk. Epidemiological studies are thus needed to improve injury prevention strategies.ObjectiveWe aimed to determine the injury epidemiology in French high-level WAG.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of injury data collected prospectively over six seasons from the 2014–2015 season to the 2019–2020 season among French high-level Women’s Artistic Gymnasts from the France Gymnastics National Centre of Saint-Etienne. We performed descriptive analyses, including the calculation of the 1-year injury prevalence.Results43 gymnasts were included in this study, representing 111 gymnast-seasons. A total of 285 injuries were collected over the study period, that was, an average of 2.6 injuries per gymnast per season. On average, 91.4% of gymnasts had at least one injury per season. The estimated injury incidence rate was 1.8 injuries per 1000 hours of gymnastics practice. The knee was the most affected joint (16%), followed by the elbow (12%) and the ankle (12%). The most frequent injury type was physis pathologies (16%) and bone injuries (15%). Eighty-eight per cent of injuries required a modification of the gymnastics practice.ConclusionsThe results of this study allowed a description of the epidemiology of injuries in this population of young and elite gymnasts. This very high injury prevalence supports the need to improve injury risk reduction strategies in WAG.
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Kerr, Roslyn, Natalie Barker-Ruchti, Myrian Nunomura, Georgia Cervin, and Astrid Schubring. "The Role of Setting in the Field: The Positioning of Older Bodies in the Field of Elite Women’s Gymnastics." Sociology 52, no. 4 (December 12, 2016): 727–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038516674676.
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The last decade has seen an increase in the age of elite women’s gymnasts. This article examines the older gymnastic body within the field of elite women’s gymnastics, and how gymnasts, over the age of 20, and their coaches and judges, reconstruct the field in interview accounts. While participants contested the value of differently aged and sized bodies, they also made distinctions between the capitals that were valuable in different settings such as the competition setting, a gymnast’s usual training setting or a national training camp. In order to account for these differences, we combine the work of Pierre Bourdieu with that of Erving Goffman. We argue that Goffman’s emphasis on setting adds a level of specificity to Bourdieu’s claim that fields always exist as sites of struggle through providing a way to differentiate between different value systems that may co-exist within the same field.
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Campbell, Rhiannon A., Elizabeth J. Bradshaw, Nick B. Ball, David L. Pease, and Wayne Spratford. "Injury epidemiology and risk factors in competitive artistic gymnasts: a systematic review." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 17 (January 22, 2019): 1056–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099547.
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BackgroundArtistic gymnastics is reported to have some of the highest injury rates in sports, which limits participation and often involves considerable medical expenses.PurposeTo critically appraise the epidemiological literature on injury patterns and risk factors in competitive artistic gymnastics.Study designSystematic review.MethodsSix databases were searched for articles that investigated injuries in competitive artistic gymnasts. Injury incidence, prevalence and risk factor data were extracted, alongside information on injury location, type, severity, nature and mechanism of injury. Quality and level of evidence were assessed using a modified Downs and Black quality index checklist and the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine guidelines.ResultsThe search identified 894 articles, with 22 eligible for inclusion. Descriptive analysis showed that injury incidence and prevalence varied from 0.3 to 3.6 injuries per gymnast (female=0.3–3.6, male=0.7) and 2.0–2.3 (female=2.0–2.3, male=2.0), respectively. Male gymnasts sustained mostly upper limb injuries, while female gymnast reported lower limb injuries. Floor was associated with the greatest number of injuries for both male and female gymnasts. Higher competitive level and exposure to competition were risk factors for gymnastics injury: age, body mass, body size, training duration and life stress were significant associated factors.ConclusionInjury incidence and prevalence results are substantial among artistic gymnasts of all competitive levels. Gymnasts who train at highly competitive levels and are exposed to competition environments are a greater risk of injury. Future researchers should implement consistent reporting methods.
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Buftea, Victor. "The Modeling method in the training process of the elite gymnasts." Annals of "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati Fascicle XV Physical Education and Sport Management 2 (November 26, 2019): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/efms.2019.2.03.
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In this article are described some methodological approaches concerning the efficiency of the application of the modeling method in the process of training the elite gymnasts. (Female artistic gymnastics). The essence of using this method in the training process is highly appreciated, as it is particularly complex, and it involves some special examinations organized in special conditions.In the study it is also described the designing process of the model of the elite gymnast at different training stages, divided according to age and sportive categories. There are also defined some optimal physical parameters that are considered the most relevant to efficiently exteriorize all the moves during the gymnast's performance at each of the competition's events.
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Mkaouer, Bessem, Monèm Jemni, Helmi Chaabene, Samiha Amara, Ahmad Njah, and Mokhtar Chtara. "Effect of Two Different Types of Olympic Rotation Order on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Variables in Men’s Artistic Gymnastics." Journal of Human Kinetics 61, no. 1 (March 23, 2018): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0120.
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Abstract The rotation sequence-order differs from a gymnast to another according to the draw at the time of the qualifying competitions in men’s artistic gymnastics. Only the six best gymnasts start on the floor exercises, the others could start on any of the other five apparatuses. It has been demonstrated that some gymnastics events are physiologically less taxing than others; hence some gymnasts could experience lower and/or higher levels of cardiovascular and metabolic stress compared to others, depending on the apparatus they start with. In this regard, the objective of this investigation was to compare cardiovascular and metabolic variables between two different types of Olympic rotation-order; one began with the floor exercises and the other began with the pommel horse. Six elite male gymnasts took part in this investigation. Heart rates, synchronized with real-time video acquisition, as well as capillary lactate concentration following each apparatus routine were monitored. Cardiovascular and metabolic stresses were significantly higher when gymnasts started their rotation with the pommel horse in all apparatuses except the pommel horse. The floor exercises’ score was significantly affected when gymnasts ended up their competition on this apparatus. As a conclusion, starting gymnastics’ competition on the floor exercises implicates less cardiovascular and metabolic stress associated with better performance compared with the other rotation order. As a matter of fact, best gymnasts who start on this apparatus could have a slight advantage compared with the other athletes.
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Heinen, Thomas, Damian Jeraj, Pia Vinken, and Konstantinos Velentzas. "Rotational Preference in Gymnastics." Journal of Human Kinetics 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0042-4.
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Rotational Preference in GymnasticsIn gymnastics, most skills incorporate rotations about one or more body axes. At present, the question remains open if factors such as lateral preference and/or vestibulo-spinal asymmetry are related to gymnast's rotational preference. Therefore, we sought to explore relationships in gymnast's rotation direction between different gymnastic skills. Furthermore, we sought to explore relationships between rotational preference, lateral preference, and vestibulo-spinal asymmetry. In the experiment n = 30 non-experts, n = 30 near-experts and n = 30 experts completed a rotational preference questionnaire, a lateral preference inventory, and the Unterberger-Fukuda Stepping Test. The results revealed, that near-experts and experts more often rotate rightward in the straight jump with a full turn when rotating leftward in the round-off and vice versa. The same relationship was found for experts when relating the rotation preference in the handstand with a full turn to the rotation preference in the straight jump with a full turn. Lateral preference was positively related to rotational preference in non-expert gymnasts, and vestibulo-spinal asymmetry was positively related to rotational preference in experts. We suggest, that gymnasts should explore their individual rotational preference by systematically practicing different skills with a different rotation direction, bearing in mind that a clearly developed structure in rotational preference between different skills may be appropriate to develop more complex skills in gymnastics.
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Momma, Daisuke, Wataru Iwamoto, Kaori Endo, Kazuki Sato, and Norimasa Iwasaki. "Stress Distribution Patterns Across the Shoulder Joint in Gymnasts: A Computed Tomography Osteoabsorptiometry Study." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 232596712096210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120962103.
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Background: The distribution pattern of subchondral bone density is an indicator of stress distribution over a joint surface under long-term physiologic loading. The biomechanical characteristics of the articular surfaces of the shoulder joint in gymnasts can be determined by measuring this distribution pattern. Purpose: To evaluate the distribution of subchondral bone density across the shoulder joint in male collegiate gymnasts and to determine the effects of gymnastic activities on its articular surfaces under long-term loading conditions using computed tomography osteoabsorptiometry (CTOAM). Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: CT image data were obtained from both shoulders of 12 asymptomatic male collegiate gymnasts (gymnast group; mean age, 19.4 years; range, 18-22 years) and 10 male collegiate volunteers (control group; mean age, 20.2 years; range, 18-22 years). The distribution pattern of subchondral bone density across the articular surfaces of each shoulder joint was assessed by CTOAM. Quantitative analysis was performed of the locations and percentages of high-density areas on the articular surface. Results: Stress distribution patterns over the articular surfaces differed between the gymnasts and the controls. In the gymnasts, high-density areas were detected on the posterosuperior articular surface of the humeral head and the anterosuperior and/or posterosuperior articular surface of the glenoid. Mean bone density was greater in the gymnasts than in the controls ( P < .0001). Conclusion: Stress distribution over the articular surfaces of the shoulder joint was affected by gymnastic activities. Stress was concentrated over the superior part of the glenohumeral joint in male collegiate gymnasts. Clinical Relevance: The present findings suggest that gymnastic activities increase stress to the articular surfaces of the superior glenohumeral joint. This supports the notion that mechanical conditions play a crucial role in the origin of disorders particular to gymnastic activities.
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Heck, Kaysha, Giorgio Zeppieri, Michelle Bruner, Michael Moser, Kevin W. Farmer, and Federico Pozzi. "Preseason Upper Extremity Range of Motion and Strength in Relation to In-Season Injuries in NCAA Division I Gymnasts." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 232596712097709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120977090.
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Background: Gymnastics is a demanding sport that places unique forces on the upper extremity. The repetitive nature of the sport and the high-impact forces involved may predispose the gymnast to overuse injuries. Risk factors for injuries in gymnastics are not well understood. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether preseason upper extremity range of motion (ROM) and strength differ between National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I collegiate gymnasts who sustain an in-season upper extremity injury and those who do not. We hypothesized that gymnasts who sustain an upper extremity injury would demonstrate reduced ROM and strength compared with noninjured gymnasts. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Over 4 seasons, from 2014 to 2018, a total of 15 female NCAA Division I collegiate gymnasts underwent preseason upper extremity ROM (shoulder: flexion, internal and external rotation; elbow: extension; wrist: extension) and strength (shoulder: internal and external rotation, and middle and lower trapezius) testing. Overuse upper extremity injuries were tracked in each subsequent season. Gymnasts were dichotomized into injured and noninjured groups, and a 2 × 2 analysis of variance was used to measure differences in preseason measures between the groups as well as within arms (injured vs noninjured arm for the injured group; dominant vs nondominant arm for the noninjured group). Results: A total of 12 overuse upper extremity injuries (10 shoulders; 2 wrist/forearm) occurred during 31 gymnast-seasons. There were no significant interactions for preseason ROM and strength measurements between groups (injured vs noninjured) or within arms (injured and noninjured arm for the injured group; dominant and nondominant arm for the noninjured group; P = .07). Conclusion: Preseason upper extremity ROM and strength were not different between gymnasts who sustained an in-season upper extremity overuse injury and those who did not. It is possible that ROM and strength measures used to screen other overhead athletes may not capture the unique features and requirements of gymnastics. Further, it may be challenging to discern differences in clinical measures of ROM and strength in gymnastics populations owing to the bilateral nature of the sport.
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Bagci, Emre. "ANALYZING THE CONNECTION BETWEEN GYMNAST'S STATURE AND MEDAL PERFORMANCE ON APPARATUSES IN MEN'S ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS." Science of Gymnastics Journal 15, no. 3 (October 30, 2023): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/sgj.15.3.339-347.
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In order to achieve success in sports, certain physical fitness characteristics are necessary. This study aims to determine whether a relationship exists between the height of male gymnasts who have won medals in the World Championships and Olympic Games in Artistic Gymnastics, and the apparatus on which they achieved those medals. Competitions in Men’s Artistic Gymnastics at World Championships and Olympic Games are held in six apparatuses for individuals: floor exercise, pommel horse, rings, vault, parallel bars and horizontal bar. Each apparatus follows specific rules for evaluating gymnastics routines. Airborne acrobatics dominate on floor and vault, while support holds prominence on pommel horse and parallel bars, and hanging manoeuvres characterize rings and the high bar. While a gymnast’s body height influences all forms of gymnastics, the question remains: who can rise to the top on each apparatus? Within the scope of the research, the results between the years from 2009 to 2021 were examined. In this context, data from three Olympic Games (2012, 2016 and 2020) and nine World Championships (2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2019) were used. The heights (251 sets of data) of the gymnasts who won medals in these competitions were evaluated. While the shortest of the medal-winning gymnasts was 150cm tall (floor exercise and pommel horse) and the tallest 183cm (floor exercise and horizontal bar), the average height of the medal-winning gymnasts was 164.67cm (± 6.12). There is statistically significant difference between the heights of the gymnasts who won medals on apparatuses (p<0.05).
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Hiley, Michael J., and Maurice R. Yeadon. "The Margin for Error When Releasing the Asymmetric Bars for Dismounts." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 21, no. 3 (August 2005): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.21.3.223.
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It has previously been shown that male gymnasts using the “scooped” giant circling technique were able to flatten the path followed by their mass center, resulting in a larger margin for error when releasing the high bar (Hiley & Yeadon, 2003a). The circling technique prior to performing double layout somersault dismounts from the asymmetric bars in women's artistic gymnastics appears to be similar to the “traditional” technique used by some male gymnasts on the high bar. It was speculated that as a result the female gymnasts would have margins for error similar to those of male gymnasts who use the traditional technique. However, it is unclear how the technique of the female gymnasts is affected by the need to avoid the lower bar. A 4-segment planar simulation model of the gymnast and upper bar was used to determine the margins for error when releasing the bar for 9 double layout somersault dismounts at the Sydney 2000 Olympics. The elastic properties of the gymnast and bar were modeled using damped linear springs. Model parameters, primarily the inertia and spring parameters, were optimized to obtain a close match between simulated and actual performances in terms of rotation angle (1.2°), bar displacement (0.011 m), and release velocities (<1%). Each matching simulation was used to determine the time window around the actual point of release for which the model had appropriate release parameters to complete the dismount successfully. The margins for error of the 9 female gymnasts (release window 43–102 ms) were comparable to those of the 3 male gymnasts using the traditional technique (release window 79–84 ms).
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Leite, Isaura, Márcio Goethel, Pedro Fonseca, João Paulo Vilas-Boas, Lurdes Ávila-Carvalho, Luis Mochizuki, and Filipe Conceição. "A Hierarchy of Variables That Influence the Force–Velocity Profile of Acrobatic Gymnasts: A Tool Based on Artificial Intelligence." Applied Sciences 14, no. 8 (April 10, 2024): 3191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14083191.
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Jumping performance is considered an overall indicator of gymnastics ability. Acrobatic Gymnastics involves base and top gymnasts, considering the type of training that is performed and the distinct anthropometric traits of each gymnast. This work aims to investigate a hierarchy of variables that influence the force–velocity (F-V) profile of top and base acrobatic gymnasts through a deep artificial neural network model. Twenty-eight first division and elite acrobatic gymnasts (eleven tops and seventeen bases) performed two evaluations to assess the F-V profile during the Countermovement Jump and its mechanical variables, using My Jump 2 (a total of 56 evaluations). A training background survey and anthropometric assessments were conducted. The final model (R = 0.97) showed that the F-V imbalance (F-Vimb) increases with higher force and decreases with higher maximal power, fat percentage, velocity, and height. Coaches should prioritize the development of force, followed by maximal power, and velocity for the optimization of gymnasts’ F-Vimb. For training planning, the influences of body mass and push-off height are higher for the bases, and the influences of years of practice and competition level are higher for the tops.
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Bombaci, Hasan, Ozgur Erdogan, and Ozan Tanyu. "The Groin Pain in the Gymnasts and its Possible Reasons." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2, no. 11_suppl3 (November 1, 2014): 2325967114S0019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967114s00195.
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Objectives: The overuse injury in gymnasts due to overstretching of the joints is quite frequent. One of the most frequent complaints due to overuse injuries is pain on the insertion region of rectus femoris at the iliac apophysis. In the present study the possible reasons of the groin pain in the gymnasts were evaluated. Methods: Twenty-two amateur athletes from the gymnastic club aged between 8-12 years, were included in this study. Twenty were female and two male, Athletes have been training for 2-4 hours in 5-6 days a week, for 3 to 10 years, performing floor exercises (17 rhytmic gymnasts and five artistic gymnasts,). Gymnasts, who have groin pain and the ones have not, were evaluated according to the ligament laxity, the range of internal and external rotation of the hip joint and gymnastic discipline, which has been performed. The results were compared with Fisher’s Exact test and unpaired t-test. Results: Athletes, who have groin pain complaint and have not, were compared according to the age, the distance between thumb-forearm, hyperextension range in the elbow and the sum of internal and external rotation angle of the hips. Furthermore, the athletes, whose external rotation is more than internal rotation, were compared with the ones whose internal rotation is more than external rotation, to evaluate anteversion angle of the hip clinically. The difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). On the other hand, while 7 of the 17 gymnast, who perform rhythmic gymnastics, had groin pain and none of the 5 athletes, who perform artistry gymnastic, has groin pain. Conclusion: Overuse injuries are more common in the gymnastic sport. Repetitive microtrauma with thwarted repair might cause persistent injury in the tendon-bone junction. The anatomic factors (i.e malalignement) and overtraining predispose the athletes to overuse injuries most frequently. During adolescent growth spurt while the growth of long bones proceeds, the rectus femoris muscle, that cross more than one joint, might not gain flexibility enough and leads to excessive tensile stress on the iliac apophysis. Also, the gymnasts with generalized ligamentous laxity are more prone to the overuse injuries. Because lax ligaments fail to provide ligament stability and under further stress on the tissues neighbourhood of joint might cause overuse injuries. However, we were not able to find any difference between the athletes, who have groin pain and the ones have not, from the age, ligament laxity and hip rotation angles points of view. On the other hand, the high prevalence of groin pain complaint in the athletes, who perform rhythm gymnastic, might be related to the discipline specific exercises. So, the overuse injuries might be prevented by the well-planned training program in each particular discipline including strengthening and balance.
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Kox, L. S., R. B. J. Kraan, V. Mazzoli, M. A. Mens, G. M. J. J. Kerkhoffs, A. J. Nederveen, and M. Maas. "It’s a thin line: development and validation of Dixon MRI-based semi-quantitative assessment of stress-related bone marrow edema in the wrists of young gymnasts and non-gymnasts." European Radiology 30, no. 3 (November 27, 2019): 1534–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-019-06446-8.
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Abstract Purpose To assess reliability and clinical utility of evaluating stress-related metaphyseal water distribution using a semi-quantitative Dixon MRI-based method for early diagnosis of physeal stress injuries in adolescent gymnasts. Methods Twenty-four gymnasts with clinically suspected overuse injury of the distal radial physis, 18 asymptomatic gymnasts, and 24 non-gymnast controls aged 12 ± 1.5 years prospectively underwent hand radiographs and 3T MRI of the wrist including coronal T1-weighted and T2-weighted Dixon sequences. Two raters measured metaphyseal water signal fraction in 13 radial and ulnar regions of interest (ROI). Inter- and intrarater reliability, interslice (between 3 middle radial slices), and inter-ROI (between 3 ROIs on same level) reliability were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Water signal fractions and their within-person ratios in distal versus most proximal ROIs were compared between groups using one-way analysis of variance. Results Inter- and intrarater ICCs were 0.79–0.99 and 0.94–1.0 for T1-weighted, and 0.88–1.0 and 0.88–1.0 for T2-weighted Dixon. Interslice and inter-ROI ICCs were 0.55–0.94 and 0.95–0.97 for T1-weighted, and 0.70–0.96 and 0.96–0.97 for T2-weighted Dixon. Metaphyseal water signal fraction in symptomatic gymnasts was higher in six distal ROIs compared with asymptomatic gymnasts and in nine ROIs compared with non-gymnasts (p < 0.05). Metaphyseal water score (ratio of distal versus most proximal ROIs) was 1.61 in symptomatic gymnasts and 1.35 in asymptomatic gymnasts on T2-weighted Dixon (p < 0.05). Conclusion Semi-quantitative Dixon MRI-based water signal fraction assessment has good to excellent reproducibility and shows increased metaphyseal water scores in symptomatic gymnasts compared with asymptomatic gymnastic peers. Key Points • The proposed Dixon MRI-based semi-quantitative method for assessment of metaphyseal bone marrow water content is reliable, with off-the-shelf availability and short scan times. • The metaphyseal water score allows comparisons between gymnasts using a within-person reference area for unaffected metaphyseal bone. • As metaphyseal water score was increased in symptomatic gymnasts compared with asymptomatic gymnasts, this semi-quantitative method can potentially be used as an indicator of bone marrow edema in the early diagnosis of gymnastic physeal stress injury.
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Bezek, Emily M., Ann E. VanHeest, and Douglas T. Hutchinson. "Grip Lock Injury in Male Gymnasts." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 1, no. 6 (November 2009): 518–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738109347965.
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Background: Grip lock is a high bar injury in male gymnastics and occurs while the gymnast is rotating around the high bar. Its mechanism and treatment have been poorly documented. Study Design: Case reports. Results: One gymnast sustained an extensor tendon injury and ulnar styloid fracture and was treated nonoperatively. The second gymnast sustained open fracture of the radius and ulna with extensor tendon ruptures and was surgically treated. Both gymnasts healed and were able to return to collegiate gymnastics despite residual finger extensor lag. Conclusions: Grip lock is a physically and psychologically devastating injury on the men’s high bar that can cause forearm fractures and extensor tendon injuries at the wrist (Zone 8), which may result in residual extensor tendon lag. Injuries may be prevented with proper grip fit, appropriate maintenance of grips, and limited duration of use, as well as education of athletes, athletic trainers, and coaches
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Niespodziński, Bartłomiej, Rafał Grad, Andrzej Kochanowicz, Jan Mieszkowski, Michel Marina, Mariusz Zasada, and Kazimierz Kochanowicz. "The Neuromuscular Characteristics of Gymnasts’ Jumps and Landings at Particular Stages of Sports Training." Journal of Human Kinetics 78, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0027.
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Abstract Safe and proper landings are crucial elements of gymnastics events. Long-term training leads to specific neuromuscular adaptations which are yet to be explored in terms of gymnastic landings. The aim of the study was to assess differences in landings’ neuromuscular characteristics between gymnasts at three subsequent gymnastic training stages and age-matched non-athletes. Forty-six gymnasts (G) and 58 controls (C) performed countermovement jumps on a force plate with simultaneous surface electromyography (SEMG) of lower body muscles, measured during the pre-(100 ms) and post-landing phase (0-100 and 0-200 ms). Three age groups participated in the study: 8–10 (G1, C1), 12–14 (G2, C2), 18–25 (G3, C3) years. Analysis included the normalized root mean square (NRMS) SEMG signal and ground reaction forces (GRFs). Gymnasts achieved 13% higher values (p = 0.04) of relative peak GRFs in comparison with controls. It was especially seen in 8–10-year-olds: G1 presented 33% higher (p = 0.03) results than C1 and G2. In SEMG analysis, gymnasts showed overall lower NRMS values in comparison with the controls. In the pre-landing phase, the NRMS in the rectus femoris was from 1.6 up to 3.4 times higher for C1 (p = 0.02) than for C2, G2, C3, and G3. Gymnasts across subsequent training stages exhibit different patterns of neuromuscular coordination during landings. The highest GRF observed in the youngest gymnasts may be a potential risk factor of injuries. Therefore, further injury-focused investigation is recommended to monitor landing strategies among gymnasts of different stages with particular emphasis on the beginners.
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Santana, Mercedes Vernetta, Isabel Montosa Mirón, Leopoldo Ariza Vargas, and Jesús López Bedoya. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ADHERENCE TO THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET AMONG GIRLS AND ADOLESCENTS WHO PERFORM RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 25, no. 4 (August 2019): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220192504175283.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Eating habits are one of the underlying aspects in rhythmic gymnastics as a sport with an aesthetic component. Objective: To evaluate adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) in girls and adolescents who perform rhythmic gymnastics, and the relationship of this adherence with Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference. Methods: A prospective, descriptive comparative cross-sectional study with the participation of 221 gymnasts aged between 7 and 17 years. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was analyzed using the KIDMED test. The waist circumference, height and weight of each gymnast were measured and the BMI calculated. Results: 41.63%, 52.94% and 5.43% of the total sample exhibited high, medium and low adherence, respectively, to the Mediterranean diet. The Mann-Whitney U test indicated significant differences in the rate of adherence to the Mediterranean diet between the two age groups, U = 5007.0, p = .016, r = .162. The adolescent gymnasts had greater adherence than the younger gymnasts. The total sample showed a positive correlation of the rate of adherence with weight (Rho = .143, p = .034), BMI (Rho = .152, p = .024) and waist circumference (Rho = .180, p = .007). Conclusions: The eating habits of adolescent gymnasts with regard to the Mediterranean diet are healthier than those of the younger gymnasts. All participants had normal BMI values. The KIDMED values of the total sample were related to weight and BMI. The high percentages of younger gymnasts with mean adherence to the MD evidenced the need to approximate their eating habits with Mediterranean standards. Level of evidence II; Comparative diagnostic study.
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Nelson, Richard C., Ted S. Gross, and Glenn M. Street. "Vaults Performed by Female Olympic Gymnasts: A Biomechanical Profile." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 1, no. 2 (May 1985): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.1.2.111.
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The purpose of this report was to provide a model analysis of biomechanical films taken during the women's gymnastic vaulting events of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games. Although a majority of the optional vaults were filmed, only the 16 vaults performed by the competitors in the individual championships were examined. The analysis included calculations of temporal, spatial, and velocity parameters as the gymnast's center of mass moved through four phases of the vault. The phases were identified as Reuther board contact, prehorse flight, horse contact, and posthorse flight. A representative profile of a female gymnast competing in the Games was compiled based on these parameters. This profile indicated that the gymnasts were much smaller than the average population, efficient in the use of the Reuther board and the horse to reach and maintain CM velocities necessary to complete the vault, and agile enough to perform complex airborne rotations during an average posthorse flight duration of .80s.
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Abuwarda, Khaled, and Islam Gomaa. "The impact of a training programme to develop explosive power endurance on selected biochemical variables and skill performance level for pommel horse gymnasts." Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences 31, no. 93 (March 28, 2021): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.7062.
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Introduction. A gymnast executes various skill performances continuously on a pommel horse requiring explosive power. The gymnast is in urgent need to endure this quality, which aims to maintain the explosive power (EP) performance level. Aim. The research aims to identify the impact of a training programme to develop explosive power endurance (EPE) on selected biochemical variables and skill performance level, namely catecholamine (CA), free radicals, malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and pommel horse skill performance level among 2nd-class gymnasts Material & Methods. The researchers used the experimental method implementing 1 experimental group design (pre- and post-tests). The basic research sample was intentionally selected from 2nd-class gymnasts. The basic experiment sample consisted of 4 athletes. The training programme was applied for 12 weeks. Result. The proposed training programme has positive impact on the biochemical variables and skill performance level among the pommel horse gymnasts. Conclusion. Skill performance on the pommel horse has improved because of improved biochemical capabilities by applying training of EPE development fitting the requirements of gymnastics skill composition during competition.
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McAuley, Edward, Joan Duda, Atsushi Fujita, Lise Gauvin, Wayne Halliwell, Yuri L. Hanin, Brad D. Hatfield, et al. "Success and Causality in Sport: The Influence of Perception." Journal of Sport Psychology 7, no. 1 (March 1985): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsp.7.1.13.
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This study was designed to examine perceptions of causality and perceptions of success in women's intercollegiate gymnastics and to determine the relative influence of perception of success on causal explanations for performance and the reciprocal influence, if any, of causal attributions on perceptions of success. Intercollegiate gymnasts were asked to indicate how successful they felt their performance had been on each of four Olympic gymnastic events. The gymnasts also completed the Causal Dimension Scale (Russell, 1982) following performance of each event. The score awarded by the judges for each event was employed as an objective, absolute measure of performance. Multivariate analyses of variance that revealed more internal, stable, and controllable attributions for performance were made by those gymnasts who scored high and perceived their performance as more successful than those gymnasts who scored lower and perceived their performance as less successful. The results of this study are discussed in terms of new approaches to attribution research in sport.
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G. Silva, Maria-Raquel, Hugo-Henrique Silva, and Teresa Luemba. "ANTHROPOMETRIC PROFILE OF GYMNASTS PARTICIPATING IN THE EUROPEAN GAMES 2015 IN BAKU, AZERBAIJAN." Science of Gymnastics Journal 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/sgj.12.2.187-193.
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Sports performance is strongly influenced by the athletes’ anthropometric profile. In the specific case of Gymnastics, body weight assumes particular relevance, given the aesthetic character of this sport. Anthropometric data were collected from 309 gymnasts (20.9 ± 4.1 years old) participating in the 2015 European Games: age, body weight and height, from a database of the organization of this competition available online in the 5 disciplines of the Gymnastics included in the competition, namely Men´s and Women´s Artistic Gymnastics, Rhythmic Gymnastics, Acrobatic Gymnastics and Aerobic. Body mass index was calculated. Female gymnasts were significantly younger and lighter than male gymnasts and had a lower body mass index than males (P = 0.000). Female athletes were in the 25th percentile for weight and BMI and in the 15th percentile for height, according to their age. Male gymnasts were in the 25th percentile for weight, height and BMI. Female acrobatic gymnasts were younger and lighter (25th percentile) than other gymnastics disciplines; rhythmic gymnasts presented the lowest BMI (5th percentile). Male artistic gymnasts were the lightest (15th percentile) and with the lowest BMI (25th percentile) within the male participants. BMI was dependent on weight, height and gender, with exception for exclusive-gender disciplines and, surprisingly, also in Aerobics. Gymnasts presented an anthropometric profile with results for body weight, height and body mass index below the normal for their age.
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Tatlibal, Pinar, Emine Kutlay, and Onur Oral. "Is there a Relative Age Effect in the Competition Total Scores and its Components of Junior Individual Rhythmic Gymnasts?" Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 10 (October 30, 2021): 2986–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115102986.
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Background: Children born at the beginning of the year may be cognitively, emotionally, and physically more advantageous than those born at the end of the year. Aim: This study aims to determine whether there is a relative age effect (RAE) on the total scores and its components of the gymnasts in their routines, competing in the 1st Rhythmic Gymnastics Junior World Championships Individual All-Around Ranking-Apparatus Qualification in 2019. Methods: 138 gymnasts from 61 countries participated in this competition and 61 gymnasts competed in each apparatus. The total scores (TS) and its components in gymnasts' competition routines were analyzed according to gymnasts' age groups (13, 14, and 15 years old) and period of birth [Group I (those born in the first six months of the year), Group II (those born in the last six months of the year)]. Differences and percentages of change between the two periods were examined. A total of 732 scores (Difficulty, Execution, and Total Scores) were evaluated. Descriptive statistics and the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Test analysis were used for statistical evaluation. Results: When the TS and its components were examined in all age groups and all routines, no significant difference was observed between Group I and Group II in terms of RAE. Conclusion: It is thought that considering the RAE in talent selection and orientation programs, participation in sports activities and performance evaluation may be useful for athletes, coaches, and administrators. Keywords: Rhythmic gymnastics, competition performance scores, relative age effect, gymnast
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Kiuchukov, Iliya, Iliya Yanev, Lubomir Petrov, Stefan Kolimechkov, Albena Alexandrova, Dilyana Zaykova, and Emil Stoimenov. "IMPACT OF GYMNASTICS TRAINING ON THE HEALTH-RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS OF YOUNG FEMALE AND MALE ARTISTIC GYMNASTS." Science of Gymnastics Journal 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/sgj.11.2.175-187.
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Artistic gymnastics can be practised from an early age and develops the main components of physical fitness. The aim of this study was to assess the physical fitness of young competitive artistic gymnasts from Bulgaria. A total of 161 gymnasts (81 females and 80 males), who were divided into three groups (from 5-8, 9-11, and 12-15 years of age), with sports experience from 12 to 180 months, took part in this study. All of the participants completed the extended version of the Alpha-Fit physical fitness test battery, with European norms being applied to calculate percentile scores for each fitness test. The height-for-age percentile scores in the groups between the ages of 9-11 and 12-15 were significantly lower from the 50th percentile of the international norms, both for male and female gymnasts. Gymnasts showed substantially lower body fat, and only one gymnast was assessed as overweight, with two being classified as obese. The percentile scores of the standing long jump and the 4x10 m SRT in the groups were significantly greater than the 50th percentile of the available European norms. The percentile scores of the VO2max in all female groups were also higher than the 50th percentile of the European norms, while those for males did not differ from the 50th percentile, except in the 5-8 age range. Artistic gymnastics improves the physical fitness components and positively influences children’s physical development. Both female and male artistic gymnasts had better physical fitness in most parameters, in comparison with their peers.
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Barreto, Joana, Filipe Casanova, César Peixoto, Bradley Fawver, and Andrew Mark Williams. "How Task Constraints Influence the Gaze and Motor Behaviours of Elite-Level Gymnasts." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 6941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136941.
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Perception-action coupling is fundamental to effective motor behaviour in complex sports such as gymnastics. We examined the gaze and motor behaviours of 10 international level gymnasts when performing two skills on the mini-trampoline that matched the performance demands of elite competition. The presence and absence of a vaulting table in each skill served as a task-constraint factor, while we compared super-elite and elite groups. We measured visual search behaviours and kinematic variables during the approach run phase. The presence of a vaulting table influenced gaze behaviour only in the elite gymnasts, who showed significant differences in the time spent fixating on the mini-trampoline, when compared to super-elite gymnasts. Moreover, different approach run characteristics were apparent across the two different gymnastic tasks, irrespective of the level of expertise, and take-off velocity was influenced by the skill being executed across all gymnasts. Task constraints and complexity influence gaze behaviours differed across varying levels of expertise in gymnastics, even within a sample of international level athletes. It appears that the time spent fixating their gazes on the right areas of interest during the approach run is crucial to higher-level performance and therefore higher scores in competition, particularly on the mini-trampoline with vaulting table.
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Dimitriadou, Koralli, Costas Dallas, Sotiris Papouliakos, and George Dallas. "QUALITY OF LIFE, LEVEL OF ANXIETY AND LEVEL OF DEPRESSION AMONG FORMER ARTISTIC GYMNASTS, FORMER GYMNASTS FROM OTHER SPORTS AND NON-ATHLETES." Science of Gymnastics Journal 14, no. 3 (October 28, 2022): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/sgj.14.3.391-399.
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Involving people in physical activity or sport provides some health-related benefits and has a positive effect on their quality of life (QoL). However, high level athletes experience anxiety to cope with the high demands of the sport. The purpose of the study was to assess the QοL, level of anxiety (STAI) and level of depression (BDI) among former artistic gymnasts, former athletes from other gymnastics sports (acrobatic, rhythmic, gymnastics for all) and non-athletes. Secondly, it aimed to investigate if there are gender differences within the groups on the aforementioned variables. 114 healthy people (75 women and 39 men) were involved in the present study with a mean age 27.11 ± 9.92 years. The sample was divided into 3 different groups (1st group: 39 former artistic gymnasts (FAG); 2nd group: 53 former gymnasts from other gymnastic sports (GOS), and 3rd group: 22 non-athletes (CG). Participants were asked to complete three different questionnaires in order to assess their QoL, STAI, and BDI. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences on QοL and STAI, whoever a statistically significant difference was found between groups on BDI (p <.05). No main effect was found on gender. Further, results revealed that former gymnasts, regardless of the type of sport, have better QoL, lower level of STAI and BDI compared to non-athletes. In conclusion, former gymnasts, even after years of absence from the sport, report better QoL, and have a lower level of STAI and BDI than non-athletes.
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SANTOS, Amanda Batista, Eunice LEBRE, and Lurdes Ávila CARVALHO. "Explosive power of lower limbs in rhythmic gymnastics athletes in different competitive levels." Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte 30, no. 1 (March 2016): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-55092016000100041.
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Abstract The explosive power in Rhythmic Gymnastics shows itself in the great majority of movements and elements performed by the gymnasts, particularly in the jumps, which are essential corporal movements in this sport. The training directed to the development of jumping capacity presents a large quantity of exercises which aim to improve muscular power in the lower limbs and therefore the impulsion capacity. The vertical impulsion is an important measure used to calculate the explosive power of the lower limbs and is directly connected to the success that the gymnast will be able to achieve. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the height of two jumps in the RG (stag jump and Cossack jump) in contact mat Ergojump, which calculates the jump height in connection with the flight timing, executed by national level junior gymnasts and to compare them to the results of the Junior National Team - in total 30 junior gymnasts with 13.73 ± 0.17 years old. Furthermore, to compare the levels of explosive power of preferred lower limb (PLL) and non-preferred lower limb (NPLL) of all gymnasts in the study, in order to verify eventual functional asymmetries. For the statistical analysis we used Parametric Tests (t Test) and Nonparametric (Mann-Whitney Test and Wilcoxon Test). The gymnasts of the National Team achieved superior marks in 33.3% of the tests and 83.3% of the gymnasts of our sample did not present explosive power asymmetries. We conclude that the gymnasts of the National Team did not show the expected superiority in the tests, and the most of gymnasts presented a harmonious development of explosive power for both lower limbs, since they did not show functional asymmetries.
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Suprun, A., A. Titova, and V. Borisova. "TEMPO AND RHYTHMIC ABILITIES IN FEMALE GYMNASTS AS A FACTOR OF MOTOR SYNCHRONICITY IN GROUP GYMNASTIC ROUTINES." Human Sport Medicine 20, no. 3 (November 26, 2020): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/hsm200310.
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Aim. The paper aims to justify the need to take into account the tempo and rhythmic abilities of female gymnasts as one of the factors of motor synchronicity in group gymnastic routines. Materials and methods. The study involved 12 highly skilled gymnasts aged from 18 to 19 years (Masters of Sport in rhythmic gymnastics). Two groups were formed based on gymnastic routines. Tempo and rhythmic abilities were assessed, and an expert evaluation of mistakes in motor synchronicity was carried out. Results. During the expert evaluation, the athletes made errors in the following components: unintended movements in start and final positions, lack of accuracy in positions and transitions, unity of routines and composition, where one follows from the other but is evaluated by different judges. It was also determined that the rhythmic pattern with the faster tempo was done more accurately than those with the slower tempo if it was simple. The rhythmic pattern such as eighth two sixteenth and three-beat dotted causes more difficulties when performed with inner counting (p ˂ 0.05). The strongest correlations between an expert evaluation of motor synchronicity and tempo and rhythmic abilities were found for the following rhythmic patterns: two-beat dotted, three-beat dotted, syncope (r = –0.524; r = –0.485; r = –0.545). Conclusion. The tempo and rhythmic abilities of gymnasts characterize the quality of motor synchronicity in group gymnastic routines, namely, the ability of gymnasts to implement the tempo and rhythmic structure of motor actions to music.
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Valencia, Mike Jhun Detaro, Jimmy Bernabe Maming, Jesalem Hermosa Medina, and Glenvee Dagohoy Macasarte. "The Making of the Champions: A Case Study of the Development of The Young Aerobic Gymnasts In Malay, Aklan." International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research 2, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.02.04.06.
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The Philippines has the potential to excel in this field because an athlete's height is not a requirement compared to other sports like swimming, basketball, and the likes. This is qualitative research specifically employs a single case study to explore the narratives of the young aerobic gymnasts in the Municipality of Malay, Aklan. This study utilizes online interviews, observation, and data reviews in gathering the data while Yin's (2003) approached was utilized in the analysis of data. Themes emerged from stories of the participants like Personal Skills and Motivations of Young Aerobic Gymnasts is Foundational in Winning the Competition, Present DepEd Curriculum Lacks Content in Aerobic Gymnastics and Parents, School, Government, and Business Sector Support are Significant Factors for a Gymnast to Succeed. The output of the study is a proposed new Model of Young Aerobic Gymnastics Development.
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Šimůnková, Iveta, and Viléma Novotná. "Porovnání obsahu sestav českých a zahraničních závodnic moderní gymnastiky." Studia sportiva 6, no. 2 (December 17, 2012): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2012-2-16.
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Performance in rhythmic gymnastics (RSG) is in connection with techniques without hand apparatus, techniques with hand apparatus and emotional rendition of music line as a template for the final movement content in competitive choreographies. Based on the video analysis of individual exercises of Czech and foreign gymnasts and in terms of comparing the number of difficulty elements in each routines, in relation to the code of points in RSG was assessed current success of selected competitors. From the results of the analysis is clear, that the Czech gymnasts choose lower level of difficulty elements in their optional routines, which in comparison with the world elite gymnasts show an overall lower level of mastery of technique without hand apparatus. Comparison of the analysis results notes the need for changes in choosing difficulty elements in optional routines of czech gymnasts. This is especially the need to include difficulty elements with higher ranking, for which is important to learn the basic movement structures of gymnastic skills inventory. Elite gymnasts choose in their routines a quarter more of the highest value elements than Czech national team. For the mastery level of the skills with the highest value is needed to systematize youth sports training to realize training process in relation to age of gymnasts with the view of expected performance and coaches expertise in the process of care for sport gifted youth.
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Jemni, Monèm, Françoise Friemel, William Sands, and Alan Mikesky. "Evolution du profil physiologique des gymnastes durant les 40 dernieres annees (revue de littérature)." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 26, no. 5 (October 1, 2001): 442–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h01-027.
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Authors illustrate the evolution of the physiological profile of gymnasts over the past 40 years. Gymnasts are demonstrating increased anaerobic power. Maximal power output measured by the Wingate test in high level male gymnasts is currently between 12 and 14 W • kg−1. Female gymnasts show maximal power between 10 and 12 W • kg−1. In spite of an increase in the number of training hours, they have a low aerobic aptitude. It is still adequate and sufficient for their practice.Maximal heart rate values measured during gymnastic exercises have mirrored technical and acrobatic demands of increasing difficulty. Currently, exercise heart rates exceed 190 beat • min−1 as compared to 135 to 151 beat • min−1 in the seventies. Measurement of higher blood lactate values suggests that anaerobic glycolysis has increased in importance. Glycolytic contributions differ between apparatuses. Data from energy cost studies demonstrate that gymnastics energy demands are greater now than in the seventies. Key words: maximal anaerobic power, maximal oxygen uptake, heart rate, blood lactate, energetic cost
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HEINEN, THOMAS, ISABELL ARTMANN, ANJA BRINKER, and MARC NICOLAUS. "Task dependency of movement regulation in female gymnastic vaulting." Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 7, no. 4 (December 31, 2015): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.07.4.06.
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Background: In gymnastics vaulting it is thought that gymnasts regulate their run-up on the basis of visually perceived environmental information, such as the position of the springboard, with the aim of an accurate foot placement on the springboard. The question, however, arises if these regulative processes found in gymnastics vaulting can be generalized to other tasks with similar demands but differing dynamics? Material/Methods: To answer this question, ten female gymnasts were asked to perform two target-directed gymnastics tasks that were similar in task demands but differed in task dy-namics. When performing the two tasks, the position of the springboard was manipulated without the gymnast’s awareness. Results: Results revealed that manipulating the position of the springboard had neither an effect on the distance of the hurdle, nor on the placement of the feet on the spring-board during the reactive leap. The two parameters, however, clearly differed between experimental tasks. Additionally, regulation during run-up occurred on average one step earlier when performing the tucked leap on the balance beam. Conclusions: It can be concluded from the results that gymnasts exhibit a different movement behavior when performing tasks with similar demands but different dynamics, thereby integrating environmental information in the regulation of the run-up and the reactive leap from trial to trial.
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Heinen, Thomas, Jannis Frackmann, Alina Müller, and Vanessa Zöllner. "MOVEMENT REGULATION IN DISMOUNTS ON THE BALANCE BEAM." Science of Gymnastics Journal 16, no. 2 (June 29, 2024): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/sgj.16.2.169-179.
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In artistic gymnastics, the apparatus structure is considered an essential constraint in regulating gymnastic skill performance under an operating coupling between perception and action. The question arises of how such regulation processes generalize within gymnastic skills with a similar movement goal but a different structure. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze how a particular environmental constraint (i.e., space available on the balance beam) regulates gymnasts’ performance in skills with a similar movement goal but a different movement structure. Female gymnasts were asked to perform the round-off and the handspring as dismounts on the balance beam in two conditions (baseline vs. reduced space available). Gymnasts exhibited differences in foot positioning between experimental conditions. For both skills, the most significant part of regulation occurred between the starting point and the first step, and a small part of regulation occurred between the first step and the placement of the hands. While for the round-off, another small part of regulation also occurred between the placement of the second hand and landing on the mat, there was virtually no regulation between the placement of the hands and landing on the mat in the handspring. It is concluded that, for gymnasts, adapting to varying constraints from trial to trial can be seen as an essential skill. Implementing these constraints into practice schedules may help develop a broad range of regulation strategies.
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Дідик, Тетяна, Тамара Чернишенко, Лілія Сікорська, and Дарія Кондратюк. "TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING THE FLEXIBILITY OF GIRLS 6-7 YEARS OLD WHO ARE ENGAGED IN ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS AT THE STAGE OF PRELIMINARY BASIC TRAINING." Physical culture sports and health of the nation, no. 17(36) (July 13, 2024): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2071-5285-2024-17(36)-200-208.
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Relevance of the research topic. The article is devoted to the study of the development of the flexibility of 6-7-year-old female artistic gymnasts at the stage of preliminary basic training. The modern system of multi-year training of young female athletes in artistic gymnastics is constantly developing in accordance with new trends and laws of the development of Olympic sports. Special importance is attached to the development of flexibility in artistic gymnastics, in which most elements are performed with a large amplitude of movements, mobility in the joints and flexibility of the musculoskeletal system.The purpose of the research is to develop and scientifically substantiate the methodology of flexibility development in gymnasts-artists aged 6-7 years at the stage of preliminary basic training. Research methods: analysis and generalization of specialized scientific and methodical literature, pedagogical observation, testing, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. The frequency of training sessions was 4 times a week, the duration of which was 120 minutes.The results. After the study, the level of flexibility indicators in the experimental group of 6-7-year- old female artists revealed the reliability of the differences in the tests that measured flexibility in the spine, in the shoulder and hip joints: "bend back to a vertical position in 20 seconds lying on the stomach", "tilt of the torso forward from a sitting position", "gymnastic bridge", "gymnastic stick transfer from front-back-forward", "right-handed twine from a gymnastic bench", "left-handed twine from a gymnastic bench", "lumbar twine" (p<0.05).There was also an increase in CG in the tests "tilt the body forward from a sitting position","right and left splits from the gymnastic bench" (p<0.05). Conclusions. Purposeful implementation of combined exercises in the education of flexibility will allow gymnasts to master special movements, motor actions and dance exercises that are mandatory in artistic gymnastics much faster, and this, in turn, will have a qualitative impact on the further stages of multi- year sports training of young people artists 6-7 years old.
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Sastre-Munar, Andreu, Antonia Pades-Jiménez, Natalia García-Coll, Jesús Molina-Mula, and Natalia Romero-Franco. "Injuries, Pain, and Catastrophizing Level in Gymnasts: A Retrospective Analysis of a Cohort of Spanish Athletes." Healthcare 10, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10050890.
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Physical and psychological demands from gymnastics increase the occurrence of injuries and pain among athletes, whose consequent level of catastrophizing could affect rehabilitation and performance. Although the characteristics of each gymnastics discipline may be key factors, they remain unclear. This study aimed to describe injuries, pain, and catastrophizing levels of gymnasts, according to their discipline and training characteristics. A total of 160 gymnasts fulfilled an online survey at the end of the 2021 season. Eighty gymnasts sustained 106 injuries (mainly ankle), and 128 had current pain (mainly low back). Although results were similar among disciplines, rhythmic gymnasts had a higher prevalence of low back pain (p = 0.003) and artistic wrist pain (p = 0.011). Gymnasts who sustained an injury displayed higher hours of training (p = 0.026), and those with current pain had more sports experience (p = 0.001) and age (p < 0.001). A higher catastrophizing level was observed in injured gymnasts and correlated with pain level (p < 0.001). No other differences were found (p > 0.05). Pain and injury prevalence is extremely high among gymnasts, being specific to the gymnastics discipline and increasing catastrophizing experience. Hours of training, age, and sports experience are key related factors, regardless of discipline.
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Amato, Alessandra, Patrizia Proia, Gaetano Felice Caldara, Angelina Alongi, Vincenzo Ferrantelli, and Sara Baldassano. "Analysis of Body Perception, Preworkout Meal Habits and Bone Resorption in Child Gymnasts." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 2184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042184.
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The beneficial effects of physical activity on body image perception and bone are debated among artistic gymnasts. Gymnasts seem to be at greater risk of developing body dissatisfaction, eating disorders and osteoporosis due to inadequate nutrition and attention to the appearance of the body. The objective of this work was to investigate the association between the artistic gymnast and a more favorable body image compared to their sedentary peers and if a preworkout high-carbohydrate meal (HCM; 300 kcal, 88% carbohydrates, 9% protein, 3% fat) or high-protein meal (HPM; 300 kcal, 55% carbohydrates, 31% protein, 13% fat) is able to attenuate bone resorption in young rhythmic gymnasts. Twenty-eight preadolescent female gymnasts were examined. Self-esteem tests were used to analyze body image perception. Preworkout eating habits were examined by short food frequency questions (FFQ) validated for children. The biomarker of the bone resorption C-terminal telopeptide region of collagen type 1 (CTX) was measured in the urine (fasting, postmeal and postworkout). Gymnasts reported higher satisfaction with their body appearance compared to sedentary peers. Of the gymnasts, 30% did not have a preworkout meal regularly, and the timing of the consumption was variable. Bone resorption was decreased by the HCM, consumed 90 min before the training, with respect to the HPM. The study suggests that playing artistic gymnastics is associated with a positive body self-perception in a child. The variability in preworkout meal frequency and timing need attention to prevent inadequate eating habits in light of the ability of the HCM to reduce acute bone resorption.
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Hiley, Michael J., and M. R. Yeadon. "Optimum Technique for Generating Angular Momentum in Accelerated Backward Giant Circles Prior to a Dismount." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 19, no. 2 (May 2003): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.19.2.119.
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In men’s artistic gymnastics the backward giant circle on the high bar is used to produce the angular momentum that the gymnast needs for executing somersaulting dismounts. Dismounts in which the gymnast performs two somersaults in the layout (straight body) position require the greatest angular momentum. However, it appears there are two distinct techniques that elite gymnasts use when performing backward giant circles prior to a double layout somersault dismount. The “traditional” technique has been superseded by the “scooped” technique which is now used by the majority of elite gymnasts. To determine whether the scooped technique is better at producing angular momentum, a simulation model was used to optimize the angular momentum about the mass center at release. The model was evaluated using data obtained from a force/video analysis of accelerated giant circles. The model was able to estimate the reaction forces measured by strain gauges on the bar to within 9% of the peak forces, and the body rotation angle to within 1% of total rotation. During the optimizations, the joint angle time histories of the model were manipulated in order to maximize the angular momentum about the model’s mass center at release. Two optima were found which were characteristic of the two backward giant circle techniques used by elite gymnasts. The traditional technique produced more angular momentum than the scooped technique, although both were capable of producing sufficient angular momentum for a double layout somersault dismount. This suggests that the preference of elite gymnasts for the scooped technique must be based on factors other than the production of angular momentum.
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Martin, Scott B., Christy M. Polster, Allen W. Jackson, Christy A. Greenleaf, and Gretchen M. Jones. "Worries and Fears Associated With Competitive Gymnastics." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 2, no. 4 (December 2008): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2.4.299.
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The purpose of this investigation was to explore the frequency and intensity of worries and fears associated with competitive gymnastics. These issues were initially examined in a sample of 7 female college gymnasts using a semistructured guided interview. From the themes that emerged and relevant literature, a survey including parallel intensity and frequency of worry questions was administered to 120 female gymnasts competing in USA Gymnastics sanctioned events. Results indicated that even though gymnasts worry about attempting and performing skills on the balance beam and uneven bars, more of them experienced a greater number of injuries on the floor exercise. Analysis of covariance for intensity and frequency using age as the covariate revealed that advanced gymnasts had more intense worries about body changes and performing skills and more frequent worries about body changes than less skilled gymnasts (p < .05). Advanced gymnasts also reported using more strategies to modify their worries than did less skilled gymnasts.
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Bacciotti, Sarita, Adam D. G. Baxter-Jones, Adroaldo Gaya, and José Maia. "MOTOR PERFORMANCE OF BRAZILIAN FEMALE ARTISTIC GYMNASTS: INSIGHTS VIA MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS." Science of Gymnastics Journal 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/sgj.11.2.139-150.
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The aim of this research was to investigate individual and club-level variables that explain individual differences in gymnasts´ motor performance (MP). The sample was comprised of 249 female gymnasts (68 elite; 181 non-elite), aged between 9 and 20 years, split into four age categories: 9-10 years (n=98); 11-12 years (n=72); 13-15 years (n=64), and 16 and above (n=15). Gymnasts were from 26 Brazilian clubs, from six different states. The Talent Opportunity Program physical ability total test score was used to assess gymnasts’ MP, based on a battery of seven tests: handstand hold, cast, rope climb, press handstand, leg flexibility, leg lift, and 20 meter sprint. Anthropometric, body composition, biological maturation, and training history data were also collected, as were club dimensions, infrastructures, competitions, manpower, and availability of selection/talent programs. Data were analyzed using a multilevel modelling approach. Individual gymnast’ characteristics explained 39% of physical ability score variance from which 32% was related to the independent effects of age, competitive level, fat free mass, occurrence of menarche, and trainings hours per week (p<0.05). Club characteristics explained 61% of gymnasts’ total variance in physical ability score; 96% of this amount was related to club dimension, manpower, and talent program. These results reinforce the relevant role of the contextual effects and highlight the need to invest in club infrastructures: ideally in coaches’ expertise and effective selection programs. Such investments should enable the enhancement and development of a gymnast’s careers during their lifetime involvement in training and competition.
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Debien, Paula Barreiros, Paulo Márcio de Oliveira, Thiago Ferreira Timoteo, Camila Ferezin, Maurício Gattás Bara Filho, and Tim Gabbett. "TRAINING LOAD, RECOVERY AND INJURIES IN ELITE RHYTHMIC GYMNASTS DURING MAIN COMPETITIVE PERIODS: A CASE STUDY." Science of Gymnastics Journal 12, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/sgj.12.3.277-285.
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Competitive periods are critical periods where elite rhythmic gymnasts experience higher training loads and insufficient recovery. The aim of this short report is to describe individual training load, recovery and injuries in elite group rhythmic gymnasts during competitive periods. Six gymnasts from the Brazilian senior rhythmic gymnastics group were monitored daily over a 126-day period comprising regular training and four competitions. Training load was measured using the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE). Daily load, chronic load, and acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) were assessed. The Total Quality Recovery (TQR) scale was used to monitor recovery and a 3-day rolling average (3RA) TQR was also measured. Injuries were diagnosed and reported by the medical staff and their reports were used in the analysis. Descriptive statistics were used. The gymnasts presented distinct daily load, ACWR, and recovery patterns, as well as injuries across the competitive periods. All athletes had rapid increase (“spike”) in load. Three athletes were underrecovered more than 60% of the time. Four athletes sustained five injuries during the time of the study (all lower limb overuse injuries, two severe, two mild and one slight). Individual factors such as age and chronic load could moderate how each gymnast responds to training and tolerates spikes in load. Moreover, injuries sustained during competitive periods appear to affect the short and long-term careers of gymnasts, as well as impair training and competition organization of the team.
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Myrian, Nunomura, Roslyn Kerr, Georgia Cervin, Astrid Schubring, and Natalie Barker-Ruchti. "THE CODE OF POINTS AND THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT IN WOMEN´S ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS." Science of Gymnastics Journal 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/sgj.11.1.5-14.
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The premise of this article is that the rules of Women´s Artistic Gymnastics (WAG) as outlined in the Code of Points significantly affect the experiences of older gymnasts in both positive and negative ways. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of gymnasts, coaches, and judges on the WAG rules and the body ideals, age and career length in Brazil. We draw on qualitative interviews with a sample of two coaches and seven gymnasts from the Brazilian national team, and four judges with international experience. Both coaches and gymnasts perceived younger bodies to be more responsive to the actual rules requirements regarding difficulty and training demands. On the other hand, older gymnasts were felt to be advantaged due to being able to perform more artistically and with less mistakes. Results will allow both the FIG and the Brazilian Gymnastics Federation to reflect on the way the demands of the Code of Points affect the experiences of gymnasts. As our article finds both the rules and the established WAG culture affect gymnasts, both needs to be considered in order to keep healthy gymnasts in the sport longer.
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Côté, Jean, and John H. Salmela. "The Organizational Tasks of High-Performance Gymnastic Coaches." Sport Psychologist 10, no. 3 (September 1996): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.10.3.247.
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The purpose of this study was to report the knowledge used by expert high-performance gymnastic coaches in the organization of training and competition. In-depth interviews were conducted with 9 coaches who worked with male gymnasts and 8 coaches who worked with female gymnasts. Qualitative analyses showed that coaches of males and coaches of females planned training similarly, except that coaches of females appeared to emphasize esthetic and nutritional issues to a greater extent. Coaches of males revealed more concerns about the organization of gymnasts’ physical conditioning. Analysis indicated that expert gymnastic coaches of males and females are constantly involved in dynamic social interactions with gymnasts, parents, and assistant coaches. Many areas of coaches’ organizational work, such as dealing with the athletes’ personal concerns and working with parents, are not part of the structure of coaches’ training programs and emerged as crucial tasks of expert gymnastic coaches for developing elite gymnasts.
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Pritchard, N. Stewart, and Jillian E. Urban. "AN ANALYSIS OF HEAD KINEMATICS IN WOMEN'S ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS." Science of Gymnastics Journal 12, no. 3 (November 3, 2022): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/sgj.12.3.229-242.
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Concussions in gymnastics have scarcely been researched; however, current evidence suggests that concussion rates may be higher than previously reported due to underreporting among coaches, athletes, and parents. The purpose of this study was to outline a method for collecting head impact data in gymnastics, and to provide the first measurements of head impact exposure within gymnastics. Three optional level women’s artistic gymnasts (ages 11-16) were instrumented with a mouthpiece sensor that measured linear acceleration, rotational velocity, and rotational acceleration of the head during contact and aerial phases of skills performed during practice. Peak linear acceleration, peakrotational velocity, peak rotational acceleration, duration, and time to peak linearacceleration were calculated from sensor data. Kinematic data was time-synchronized to videoand then sensor data was segmented into contact scenarios and skills characterized by theevent rotation, apparatus, landing mat type, skill type, skill phase, landing stability, andbody region contacted. The instrumented gymnasts were exposed to 1,394 contact scenarios(41 per gymnast per session), of which 114 (3.9 per gymnast per session) contained headcontact. Peak kinematics varied across skill type, apparatuses, and landing mats. The medianduration of impacts with head contact (177 ms) was longer than measured impacts in youth andcollegiate level soccer. Results from this study help provide a foundation for future researchthat may seek to examine head impact exposure within gymnastics to better informconcussion prevention and post-concussion return to play protocols within the sport.
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Gendre, Patrick, and Pascal Boileau. "The Injured Shoulder in High-Level Male Gymnasts, Part 2: Can Athletes Return to Competition After Surgery?" Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 232596712110434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211043468.
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Background: The results of surgical treatment of shoulder injuries in high-level male gymnasts have not yet been documented. Purpose: To evaluate the functional and subjective results after surgical treatment of shoulder injuries in high-level gymnasts and the possibilities to return to sport at the same level. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Over a 20-year period (1994-2014), 23 high-level male gymnasts (26 shoulders) underwent surgery by a single experienced shoulder surgeon. At the time of surgery, 7 gymnasts competed at the international level, 12 at the national elite level, and 4 at the regional level. According to symptoms and anatomic lesions, the shoulders were classified into 2 groups: painful shoulders (n = 11) and unstable shoulders (n = 15). Fifteen capsulolabral repairs, 10 cuff debridements, 1 cuff repair, 4 SLAP (superior labral anterior and posterior) repairs, and 8 suprapectoral biceps tenodesis were performed. Twelve shoulders (46%) had >1 procedure performed. Outcomes assessment was performed by an independent observer at a mean of 5 years (range, 2-15 years) postoperatively. In addition, patients completed the Subjective Shoulder Value (range, 0%-100%). Results: After shoulder surgery, 21 (91%) of the 23 gymnasts returned to competitive gymnastics, and 20 gymnasts (87%) regained their preinjury level of sport. All international-level gymnasts returned to their preinjury level of sport. Three athletes (13%) underwent revision surgery, and 1 athlete (4%) ended his career without returning to competition. The postoperative period before resumption of competitive gymnastics was 9 ± 3.5 months (mean ± SD). Of the 15 gymnasts treated for shoulder instability with arthroscopic stabilization, 12 were able to return to their previous level of sport. All 8 gymnasts who had arthroscopic biceps tenodesis were able to return to their previous level of sport, as opposed to only 2 of 4 gymnasts treated with SLAP repair. The gymnastics-specific Subjective Shoulder Value score was 80% ± 11%. Conclusion: Most gymnasts who required surgical treatment for a shoulder injury were able to return to competition at their previous level, although there was a considerable postoperative recovery period. Current arthroscopic reconstruction techniques were effective for treating structural lesions and allowing return to high-level gymnastics.