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Journal articles on the topic 'Gynandry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Laborda, Álvaro, and Fernando Pérez-Miles. "The first case of gynandry in Mygalomorphae:Pterinochilus murinus, morphology and comments on sexual behavior (Araneae: Theraphosidae)." Journal of Arachnology 45, no. 2 (August 2017): 235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1636/joa-s-049.1.

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2

K, Nirubama, Narendhirakannan R.T, Rubalakshmi G, Vijayakumar N, and Vinodhini M. "Homology modeling and insilico approach of cleome gynandra - an indigenous medicinal plant." Kongunadu Research Journal 7, no. 2 (October 5, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj.2020.14.

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Cleome gynandra is a widespread medicinal plant belonging to the family Capparaceae. In Ayurvedic medicine C. gynandra is a main component in Narayana Churna. It has numerous properties like Anthelmintic, in ear diseases, pruritis and several other diseases like gastro intestinal disorders and gastrointestinal infections etc. This is an effort to gather and document evidence on different features of C. gynnadra and highlight the need for survey and development. In this current study, nine proteins of C. gynandra were identify by using of bioinformatics tools. The bioinformatic study of the characterization of proteins of C.gynandra were using Expasy Protparam server, 3D structure was done using SWISS MODEL. Plants ofdifferent family show uniqueness 98% and above were particular and its sequences retrieved, aligned using Clustal Omega. Secondary Structure prediction exhibited that α – helix, random coil, β – turn and long strand leads. Phylogenetic analysis of Glyceraldehyde 3 PO4 of C. gynandra exposes that the Capparaceae families are closely related. Insilco sequence analysis of C. gynandra showed that these proteins taken from different organisms linked organized evolutionarily as they possess conserved regions in their protein sequences.These results will be helpful to further study on C. gynandra protein functions at molecular or structural levels and also valuable in homology modelling and insilico approach.

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3

Adhikari, Partha Pradip, and Satya Bhusan Paul. "MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT PLANT CLEOME GYNANDRA: A PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EXPLANATION." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v11i1.22037.

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Cleome genus includes 601 plant species from the family Cleomaceae. Of more than 600 plants, 206 (34.3%) plants are having accepted species names. Cleome gynandra Linn. is a well-known medicinal plant with traditional and pharmacological importance. A good number of secondary plant metabolites have also been isolated from different parts of C. gynandra. Our investigation confirms two mutant varieties of C. gynandra exists in India. Accordingly, the objective of this study was designed to critically evaluate the pharmacological and phytochemical evaluation of C. gynandra of two mutant variety, to provide a consolidated platform for research potential of both the mutant varieties of C. gynandra. Careful scrutiny reveals that the plant possesses a huge range pharmacological applications, such as anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenging, anticancerous, immunomodulator, and antidiabetic agents. To arrive its pharmacological importance the published papers also shown an enormous amount of phytochemicals endorsement. Scientific perusal reveals different parts of the plant has an immense medicinal importance which proofs its traditional use round the glove. But in North-Eastern region of India, the same plant abundantly found in pink mutant variety. To date, there is not much research investigation for this mutant variety to validate its pharmacological importance. Therefore, research needs to scrutinize and compare the medicinal claims of the pink mutant variety in the bio-diverse region of North-East India.

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4

Adhikari, Partha Pradip, and Satya Bhusan Paul. "MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT PLANT CLEOME GYNANDRA: A PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EXPLANATION." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i1.22037.

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Cleome genus includes 601 plant species from the family Cleomaceae. Of more than 600 plants, 206 (34.3%) plants are having accepted species names. Cleome gynandra Linn. is a well-known medicinal plant with traditional and pharmacological importance. A good number of secondary plant metabolites have also been isolated from different parts of C. gynandra. Our investigation confirms two mutant varieties of C. gynandra exists in India. Accordingly, the objective of this study was designed to critically evaluate the pharmacological and phytochemical evaluation of C. gynandra of two mutant variety, to provide a consolidated platform for research potential of both the mutant varieties of C. gynandra. Careful scrutiny reveals that the plant possesses a huge range pharmacological applications, such as anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenging, anticancerous, immunomodulator, and antidiabetic agents. To arrive its pharmacological importance the published papers also shown an enormous amount of phytochemicals endorsement. Scientific perusal reveals different parts of the plant has an immense medicinal importance which proofs its traditional use round the glove. But in North-Eastern region of India, the same plant abundantly found in pink mutant variety. To date, there is not much research investigation for this mutant variety to validate its pharmacological importance. Therefore, research needs to scrutinize and compare the medicinal claims of the pink mutant variety in the bio-diverse region of North-East India.

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5

Widodo, Agustinus, and Ritha Pratiwi. "PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, TOTAL FLAVONOID, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, AND TOXICITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACT Cleome gynandra L. HERB." Journal of Islamic Pharmacy 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jip.v3i2.6101.

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<em>Cleome gynandra L. is one of the plants that the people of Palu, Central Sulawesi use as food ingredients. This plant is empirically used in traditional medicine. This study aims to determine phytochemical constituents, total flavonoid, antioxidant activity, and toxicity of 96% ethanol extract of C. gynandra herb. C. gynandra herb extract was obtained by maceration. Phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract was carried out qualitatively according to the standard methods. Determination of total flavonoid using AlCl<sub>3</sub> then determined by Spectrophotometric UV-Vis. Antioxidant activity using the DPPH method and determined IC<sub>50</sub> value. Toxicity test was assessed using shrimp lethality as an indicator of toxicity. Phytochemical screening showed 96% ethanol extract containing alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins. Total flavonoid of the 96% ethanol extract was 4,778 ± 0,522 mg QE/g extract. Antioxidant activity (IC<sub>50</sub>) of the ethanol 96% extract was 189,455 µg/ml. Lethal concentration 50% of the 96% ethanol extract was 472,648 mg/L (toxic). The results of this study indicate that 96% ethanol extract of C. gynandra herb has antioxidant activity and has the potential to be further tested as an anticancer activity.</em>

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6

Wakhisi, Charles Wanjala, Gicheru Muita Michael, and Eric Mwangi. "Mineral and Phytochemical Composition of Cleome Gynandra Methanolic Extract." Advanced Journal of Graduate Research 8, no. 1 (April 11, 2020): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ajgr.8.1.18-26.

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The study was done to evaluate the mineral and phytochemical composition of the methanolic extract of Cleome gynandra (spider plant). The plant is used as a traditional vegetable in some communities in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. The plant has also been reported to have some medicinal effect due to presence of phytochemicals but its pharmacological and phytochemical profile has not been fully established. Collection and authentication of the plant was done followed by extraction using methanol as a solvent. The phytochemical investigation was done using both chemical analysis and chromatography method by use of a Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) system as per standard protocol. Cleome gynandra was found to contain some mineral compounds of nutritional importance and phytochemicals with potential medicinal importance. The phytochemicals analyzed include saponins, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, terpanoids and polyphenols. These different phytochemicals can be further studied and their potential medicinal importance analyzed. The study concluded that Cleome gynandra contains phytochemicals with potentially important medicinal value. The plant (Cleome gynandra) can also be used as an important nutritional source of some essential nutrients like Vitamin C and beta carotene. It can also be a good source of some mineral elements like iron, selenium, cobalt, copper, zinc and manganese. This can be important for families in rural areas and for the low-income households in both rural and urban areas as a source of nutrients.

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7

Chandradevan, Machap, Sanimah Simoh, Ahmed Mediani, Nor Hadiani Ismail, Intan Safinar Ismail, and Faridah Abas. "UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS Analysis of Biologically Active Extracts from Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. and Cleome gynandra L. Leaves." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (January 27, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3238561.

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This study aimed to determine the total phenolic content, DPPH scavenging, α-glucosidase, and nitric oxide (NO) inhibition of Gynura procumbens and Cleome gynandra extracts obtained with five different ethanolic concentrations. The findings showed that the 100% ethanolic extract of G. procumbens had the highest phenolic content and the lowest IC50 values for DPPH scavenging and NO inhibition activity compared to the properties of the other extracts. For C. gynandra, the 20% and 100% ethanolic extracts had comparably high total phenolic contents, and the latter possessed the lowest IC50 value in the NO inhibition assay. In addition, the 20% ethanolic extract of C. gynandra had the lowest IC50 value in the DPPH scavenging assay. However, none of the extracts from either herb had the ability to inhibit α-glucosidase enzyme. Pearson correlation analysis indicated a strong relationship between the phenolic content and DPPH scavenging activity in both herb extracts. A moderately strong relationship was also observed between the phenolic content and NO inhibition in G. procumbens extracts and not in C. gynandra extracts. The UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS revealed major phenolics from the groups of hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, and flavonoid derivatives from both herbs, which could be the key contributors to their bioactivities. Among the identified metabolites, 24 metabolites were tentatively assigned for the first time from both species of studied herbs. These two herbs could be recommended as prospective natural products with valuable medicinal properties.

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8

P., Karthikeyan A. V., and Sudan I. "GC-MS PROFILE OF IN VIVO AND IN VITRO SHOOTS OF CLEOME GYNANDRA L." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 10 (November 1, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i11.17351.

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Objective: Investigation of the bioactive compounds from the ethanol shoot extracts of in vivo and in vitro plants of Cleome gynandra (C. gynandra) through GC-MS analysis. Methods: The nodal explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzyl-aminopurine (BAP), kinetin-6-furfurylaminopurine (Kin) and indole 3 acetic acids (IAA) for shoot induction. In the present study, the phytochemical constituents were analyzed from the ethanol extract of in vivo and in vitro plants of C. gynandra using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The mass spectrum of the ethanol extract was compared with the available library sources.Results: In the present study, different concentrations of cytokinins and in the combination of IAA are used to develop regenerated shoots. The maximum number of shoots was obtained 9.2±0.41 with the length of 6.6 cm and highest frequency of (100%) shoot induction was observed on MS medium containing 10 μM BAP with 4 μM IAA. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the shoots of in vivo and in vitro plants contained 21phytochemicals, of these 3 components were similar in both in vivo and in vitro plants, 2 phytochemical's are repeated with different RT, 7 components are having biological activity and in the remaining 9 components, biological activities are not reported.Conclusion: The present study, the in vitro regeneration, combinations of hormones (10 μM BAP plus 4 μM IAA) tested showed the best result than individual and also revealed that the synthesis of more number of phytochemicals present in the ethanolic extracts of in vitro plants than the in vivo plants of C. gynandra.

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9

Assongba, Yédjanlognon Faustin, Jean Innocent Essou, Cossi Aristide Adomou, and M. G. Julien Djego. "Caractérisation morphologique de Cleome gynandra L. au Bénin." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i1.16.

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Au Bénin des efforts scientifiques sont consentis pour la connaissance de la diversité végétale. Cleome gynandra L. (Caya blanc, Sabo en Adja, Akaya en Mahi et Semboué en Peulh) de la famille des Capparaceaes fait l'objet de cette étude à travers sa connaissance agromorphologique. La méthodologie utilisée passe par des observations et prélèvement dans la nature et jardins de case. Dix (10) pieds de la plante ont été collectés dans chaque zone climatique et un (1) pied dans le jardin botanique de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi. En plus des observations sur la plante complète, il est procédé à l’achat des graines de C. gynandra. Des variables quantitatives (hauteur de la plante, nombre de fruits par pied, longueur et diamètre des fruits, celle des pédoncules, nombre de ramification) et variables qualitatives (couleur, pilosité de la tige, couleur des fruits et graines et forme des feuilles) ont été observées, mesurées et calculées. Le traitement des variables a été possible par usage du logiciel XLSTAT- pro Version 2008. 1.01. Les relations entre variables ont été étudiées grâce à la matrice de corrélation de Pearson (n). Une Analyse en Composante Principale (ACP), a permis de ressortir si des différences significatives à un taux de 0,05 existent entre les variétés pour les caractères étudiés. L'étude a mis en évidence une grande variabilité agromorphologique dans les trois zones climatiques du Bénin par des caractères discriminant. Des différences significatives ont été observées entre les variables des trois zones climatiques d'une part et entre les individus issus des jardins de case et ceux collectés dans la nature d'autre part. L’ACP a mis en évidence trois grands ensembles. La classification ascendante hiérarchisée montre (8) ensembles qui tiennent compte des similarités et les observations.Mots clés : Cleome gynandra L, Akaya, variété, caractères, légume feuille et République du Bénin. English Title: Morphological characterization of Cleome gynandra L. in Benin In Benin, scientific efforts are being made for knowledge of plant diversity. Cleome gynandra L. (White Caya, Sabo in Adja, Akaya in Mahi and Semboué in Peulh) of the family Capparaceae is the subject of this study through its agromorphological knowledge. The methodology used involves observations and sampling in the nature and house gardens. Ten (10) feet of the plant were collected in each climatic zone and one (1) foot in the botanical garden of the University of Abomey-Calavi. In addition to the observations on the whole plant, the seeds of C. gynandra are purchased. Quantitative variables (plant height, number of fruits per foot, fruit length and diameter, peduncles, number of branching) and qualitative variables (color, stem hair, fruit and seed color and leaf forms) were observed, measured and calculated. Variable processing was possible using the XLSTAT-pro Version 2008 software. 1.01. Relationships between variables were studied using the Pearson correlation matrix (n). A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed if significant differences at a rate of 0.05 exist between the varieties for the characters studied. The study revealed a large agromorphologicalvariability in the three climatic zones of Benin by discriminating characters. Significant differences were observed between the variables of the three climatic zones on the one hand and between the individuals from the house gardens and those collected in the wild on the other hand. The CPA has highlighted three major groups. The hierarchical ascending classification shows (8) sets that take into account similarities and observations.Keywords: Cleome gynandra L, Akaya, variety, characters, leaf vegetable and Republic of Benin.

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Carneiro, José Arthur Arcanjo, Natanael Costa Rebouças, Rayane de Tasso Moreira Ribeiro, Fernanda Melo Gomes, Roberta da Rocha Miranda, Raimundo Luciano Soares Neto, and Maria Iracema Bezerra Loiola. "Flora do Ceará, Brasil: Cleomaceae." Rodriguésia 69, no. 4 (December 2018): 1659–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201869413.

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Resumo Apresentamos um levantamento florístico de Cleomaceae no estado do Ceará, como parte do projeto "Flora do Ceará". O estudo baseou-se na análise dos caracteres morfológicos de espécimes depositados nos herbários EAC, HCDAL, HST, HUEFS, JPB, MOSS, R e UFRN, bibliografias especializadas, fotos de materiais-tipo, além de coletas e observações de campo. Foram registradas dez espécies pertencentes a cinco gêneros: Cleome (C. microcarpa), Gynandropsis (G. gynandra), Hemiscola (H. aculeata e H. diffusa), Physostemon (P. guianense, P. lanceolatum subsp. lanceolatum, P. rotundifolium e P. tenuifolium) e Tarenaya (T. spinosa e Tarenaya curvispina). Dentre estas, Tarenaya curvispina é uma nova espécie, e Gynandropsis gynandra e Physostemon tenuifolium representam duas novas ocorrências para o estado. Em território cearense, as espécies estão associadas a ambientes úmidos (floresta ombrófila densa) e secos (floresta estacional semidecidual de terras baixas, savana estépica e floresta estacional decidual).

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11

Van den Heever, E., and S. L. Venter. "NUTRITIONAL AND MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF CLEOME GYNANDRA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 752 (September 2007): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.752.17.

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12

Sambasiva Rao, Ethadi, Pragada Rajeswara Rao, Battu Ganga Rao, and Talluri Mallikarjuna Rao. "Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Gynandropsis gynandra." Journal of Pharmacy Research 6, no. 9 (September 2013): 928–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jopr.2013.08.026.

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13

Deka, Jupitara, and J. C. Kalita J. C. Kalita. "Phytochemical Screening of the Leaves of Cleome Gynandra Linn (Cleomaceae)." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 7 (June 15, 2012): 291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/july2014/105.

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14

Kapoor, B. B. S., and Raksha Mishra. "Antimicrobial Screening of Some capparidaceous Medicinal Plants of North-West Rajasthan." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 1, no. 02 (June 30, 2013): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.1.2.4.

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Antimicrobial screening of ethyl ether and alcoholic extracts of leaves of three selected medicinal plant species of capparidaceae family growing in North–Western Rajasthan was carried out. Capparis decidua, Cleome gynandra and Cleome viscosa showed positive reactions against bacterial pathogens i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and a fungal pathogen Candida albicans.

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Kapoor, B. B. S., and Raksha Mishra. "Capparidaceous Medicinal Plants of North-West Rajasthan: Good Sources of Ascorbic Acid." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 1, no. 02 (June 30, 2013): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.1.2.7.

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Ascorbic acid contents of roots, shoots and fruits of three selected medicinal plants like Capparis decidua, Cleome gynandra and Cleome viscosa of family Capparidaceae have been analysed. Maximum ascorbic acid contents were found in the fruits of Capparis decidua (108.12mg/100g.d.w.) while, minimum in the roots of Cleome viscosa (62.25mg/100g.d.w).

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Saravanan, Renuka, Brindha Pemaiah, Mahesh Narayanan, and Sivakumar Ramalingam. "GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS, IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC AND ANTIOXIDANT EFFICACY STUDIES ON CLEOME GYNANDRA L. (LEAVES): A TRADITIONAL DRUG SOURCE." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 10 (September 1, 2017): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i10.19343.

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Objective: This study was aimed to assess the phytoconstituents, cytotoxic, and antioxidant efficacy of ethyl extract of Cleome gynandra leaves.Methods: Qualitative phytochemical analysis with different solvent extracts was performed. Quantitative and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the extract was performed with ethyl acetate extract. The cytotoxic effect of the ethyl acetate extract was determined by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cells using taxol as standard and free radical scavenging ability using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).Results: Leaves extracts with different solvents revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins. GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate of the plant leaves showed the presence of n-hexadecanoic acid. The IC50 value of the ethyl acetate extract was found to be 90.2 μg/ml on MCF-7 cell line, and the extract was found to possess significant DPPH free radical scavenging activity.Conclusion: From the results, we conclude that the C. gynandra extract possesses antioxidant and antiproliferating activity against MCF-7 cells.

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Pettit, George R., Yanhui Meng, Delbert L. Herald, Andrew M. Stevens, Robin K. Pettit, and Dennis L. Doubek. "Antineoplastic Agents 540. The Indian Gynandropsis gynandra (Capparidaceae)." Oncology Research Featuring Preclinical and Clinical Cancer Therapeutics 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/096504005775082039.

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Voznesenskaya, Elena V., Nuria K. Koteyeva, Simon D. X. Chuong, Alexandra N. Ivanova, João Barroca, Lyndley A. Craven, and Gerald E. Edwards. "Physiological, anatomical and biochemical characterisation of photosynthetic types in genus Cleome (Cleomaceae)." Functional Plant Biology 34, no. 4 (2007): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06287.

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C4 photosynthesis has evolved many times in 18 different families of land plants with great variation in leaf anatomy, ranging from various forms of Kranz anatomy to C4 photosynthesis occurring within a single type of photosynthetic cell. There has been little research on photosynthetic typing in the family Cleomaceae, in which only one C4 species has been identified, Cleome gynandra L. There is recent interest in selecting and developing a C4 species from the family Cleomaceae as a model C4 system, since it is the most closely related to Arabidopsis, a C3 model system (Brown et al. 2005). From screening more than 230 samples of Cleomaceae species, based on a measure of the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) in leaves, we have identified two additional C4 species, C. angustifolia Forssk. (Africa) and C. oxalidea F.Muell. (Australia). Several other species have δ13C values around –17‰ to –19‰, suggesting they are C4-like or intermediate species. Eight species of Cleome were selected for physiological, anatomical and biochemical analyses. These included C. gynandra, a NAD–malic enzyme (NAD–ME) type C4 species, C. paradoxa R.Br., a C3–C4 intermediate species, and 6 others which were characterised as C3 species. Cleome gynandra has C4 features based on low CO2 compensation point (Γ), C4 type δ13C values, Kranz-type leaf anatomy and bundle sheath (BS) ultrastructure, presence of C4 pathway enzymes, and selective immunolocalisation of Rubisco and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Cleome paradoxa was identified as a C3–C4 intermediate based on its intermediate Γ (27.5 μmol mol–1), ultrastructural features and selective localisation of glycine decarboxylase of the photorespiratory pathway in mitochondria of BS cells. The other six species are C3 plants based on Γ, δ13C values, non-Kranz leaf anatomy, and levels of C4 pathway enzymes (very low or absent) typical of C3 plants. The results indicate that this is an interesting family for studying the genetic basis for C4 photosynthesis and its evolution from C3 species.

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Voznesenskaya, Elena V., Nuria K. Koteyeva, Asaph Cousins, and Gerald E. Edwards. "Diversity in structure and forms of carbon assimilation in photosynthetic organs in Cleome (Cleomaceae)." Functional Plant Biology 45, no. 10 (2018): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp17323.

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Photosynthesis in different organs of Cleome was analysed in four species known to have differences in leaf photosynthesis: Cleome africana Botsch. (C3), Cleome paradoxa R.Br. (C3-C4 intermediate), Cleome angustifolia Forssk. and Cleome gynandra L. (C4). The chlorophyll content, carbon isotope composition, stomatal densities, anatomy, levels and compartmentation of some key photosynthetic enzymes, and the form and function of photosynthesis were determined in different organs of these species. In the three xerophytes, C. africana, C. paradoxa, and C. angustifolia, multiple organs contribute to photosynthesis (cotyledons, leaves, petioles, stems and pods) which is considered important for their survival under arid conditions. In C. africana, all photosynthetic organs have C3 photosynthesis. In C. paradoxa, cotyledons, leaves, stems and petioles have C3-C4 type features. In C. angustifolia, the pods have C3 photosynthesis, whereas all other organs have C4 photosynthesis with Kranz anatomy formed by a continuous, dual layer of chlorenchyma cells. In the subtropical C4 species C. gynandra, cotyledons, leaves, and pods develop C4 photosynthesis, with Kranz anatomy around individual veins; but not in stems and petioles which have limited function of photosynthesis. The diversity in forms and the capacity of photosynthesis in organs of these species to contribute to their carbon economy is discussed.

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Kapoor, B. B. S., and Raksha Mishra. "Flavonoid Contents From Some Capparidaceous Medicinal Plants of North-West Rajasthan." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 1, no. 02 (June 30, 2013): 09–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.1.2.2.

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Evaluation of flavonoid contents from three selected medicinal plant species of capparidaceae family growing in North–Western Rajasthan was carried out. The leaves of Capparis decidua, Cleome gynandra and Cleome viscosa were analysed for flavonoid contents i.e. Quercetin and Kaempferol. Flavonoid contents like Quercetin and Kaempferol were isolated and identified. The maximum total flavonoid contents (1.16mg./gdw) was found in leaves of Capparis decidua while minimum (0.71mg./gdw) in leaves of Cleome viscosa.

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21

Oshingi, Shilla, Fufa Dinssa Fekadu, Otunga Omondi Emmanuel, Winkelmann Traud, and Oyiela Abukutsa-Onyango Mary. "Cleome gynandra L. origin, taxonomy and morphology: A review." African Journal of Agricultural Research 14, no. 32 (September 30, 2019): 1568–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2019.14064.

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22

Jain, A. C., and S. M. Gupta. "Minor Phenolic Components of the Seeds of Gynandropsis gynandra." Journal of Natural Products 48, no. 2 (March 1985): 332–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50038a029.

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23

Wu, Tien-hor, Svein O. Solberg, Flemming Yndgaard, and Yu-Yu Chou. "Morphological patterns in a world collection of Cleome gynandra." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 65, no. 1 (June 13, 2017): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-017-0529-x.

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Shi, Dawei, Jinyu Li, Yong Li, Yao Li, and Lei Xie. "The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Gynandropsis gynandra (Cleomaceae)." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 6, no. 7 (June 14, 2021): 1909–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2021.1935339.

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25

Maharramov, M. M., A. V. Fateryga, and M. Yu Proshchalykin. "Megachilid bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan: tribes Lithurgini, Dioxyini, and Megachilini." Far Eastern entomologist 428 (April 2, 2021): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/fee.428.3.

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The data on 38 species of megachilid bees in the tribes Lithurgini, Dioxyini, and Megachilini collected in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan mainly in 2018–2020 are given. Seventeen species are new to Azerbaijan, four other species are new to the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and as a result of the present investigation the fauna of Azerbaijan currently numbers 160 species of the family Megachilidae. A mosaic gynandro¬morph of Megachile albisecta (Klug, 1817) is also described.

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CAPELLARI, RENATO S. "Gynandromorphs in Chrysotus spectabilis (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) and considerations for sclerite homology for the Diptera terminalia." Journal of Insect Biodiversity 7, no. 3 (October 3, 2018): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2018.07.3.2.

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Field-collected gynandromorph specimens of Chrysotus spectabilis (Loew) (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from the Brazilian State of Paraná are described and illustrated, with special reference to their terminalia morphology and intersexual homology between sclerites. Based both on the position of the male clasping structures in the female gynander (arising dorsally from the acanthophorites) and the acanthophorites in the male gynander (arising from the genital capsule), it is argued that the “revised epandrial hypothesis” offers a more robust explanation for the male terminalia homology in Diptera than alternative hypotheses (namely, periandrial and hinge hypotheses). Additionally, the segmental origin of female acanthophorites is re-evaluated and assumed to be a product of fusion between tergites 9 and 10, rather than the tergite 10 only.

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27

Ochuodho, J. O., and A. T. Modi. "Statistical evaluation of the germination of Cleome gynandra L. seeds." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 23, no. 4 (January 2006): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2006.10634771.

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Rathore, Nitika Singh, Manoj K. Rai, Mahendra Phulwaria, Nisha Rathore, and N. S. Shekhawat. "Genetic stability in micropropagated Cleome gynandra revealed by SCoT analysis." Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 36, no. 2 (November 1, 2013): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11738-013-1429-0.

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OMOLOLA, Adewale Olusegun, Patrick Francis KAPILA, and Henry SILUNGWE. "Drying and colour characteristics of Cleome gynandra L. (spider plant) leaves." Food Science and Technology 39, suppl 2 (December 2019): 588–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.27118.

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Ajaiyeoba, E. O., P. A. Onocha, and O. T. Olarenwaju. "In vitro Anthelmintic Properties of Buchholzia coriaceae and Gynandropsis gynandra Extracts." Pharmaceutical Biology 39, no. 3 (January 2001): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/phbi.39.3.217.5936.

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31

Sahira, Sri Hilma Siregar, Rahmadini Syafri, and Hasmalina. "Analisa Makanan Tradisional Jeruk Maman dari Daun Maman (Cleome gynandra L)." Photon: Jurnal Sain dan Kesehatan 11, no. 2 (August 27, 2021): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/jp.v11i2.2513.

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Jeruk maman merupakan asinan sayur yang menghasilkan asam laktat, sehingga mempunyai cita rasa yang khas. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kualitas makanan Jeruk maman dari tiga variasi jeruk maman. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen, yaitu melakukan penambahan cabai dan garam dalam jumlah yang berbeda pada jeruk maman. Jeruk maman yang dibuat sebanyak tiga variasi yaitu: DKA 01 = daun maman 500 g, ditambah nasi 2% DKA 02= daun maman 500 gr penambahan, nasi 2% garam 2,25% dan cabai 1%, DKA 03= daun maman 500 gr penambahan nasi 2% garam 2,5% dan cabai 1%. Diamkan selama 3 hari, selanjutnya di analisa pH, kadar air,total asam laktat, bakteri asam laktat dan protein untuk semua perlakuan. Penelitian ini menggunakan bentuk Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) non-faktorial dengan 1 faktor yang diuji terdiri dari 3 taraf perlakuan dan 2 kali ulangangan. Hasil penelitan Kualitas yang terbaik dari ketiga variasi jeruk maman yaitu pada analisa kadar protein kualitas yang terbaik adalah sampel DKA 01 dengan jumlah protein tertinggi yaitu 2,47% dan nilai total asam tertitrasi tertinggi juga pada sampel DKA 01 yaitu 0,37%. Sementara pada analisa pH terbaik adalah sampel DKA 02 yaitu 3,9 %dan DKA 03 yaitu 3,8 %. Hasil analisa BAL terbaik adalah sampel DKA 02 1,7 x 108 dan DKA 03 yaitu 1,5 x 108.

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32

Nyalala, Samuel, and Brian Grout. "African spider flower (Cleome gynandra L./Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Briq.) as a red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) repellent in cut-flower rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cultivation." Scientia Horticulturae 114, no. 3 (November 2007): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2007.06.010.

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33

Gao, Zhao-Jian, Jian-Bing Liu, and Xing-Guo Xiao. "Purification and characterisation of polyphenol oxidase from leaves of Cleome gynandra L." Food Chemistry 129, no. 3 (December 2011): 1012–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.05.062.

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Kujeke, Gaudencia Ticha, E. Gonye, X. Edziwa, A. Ncube, RT Masekesa, D. Icishahayo, A. Matikiti, and I. Chabata. "Field performance of spider plant (Cleome gynandra L) under different agronomic practices." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 17, no. 03 (July 31, 2017): 12179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.79.15985.

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35

Lwande, W., A. J. Ndakala, A. Hassanali, L. Moreka, E. Nyandat, M. Ndungu, H. Amiani, P. M. Gitu, M. M. Malonza, and D. K. Punyua. "Gynandropsis gynandra essential oil and its constituents as tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) repellents." Phytochemistry 50, no. 3 (February 1999): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(98)00507-x.

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Murthy, KJR, GSuman Latha, VVijaya Lakshmi, and HSurekha Rani. "The effect of immunotherapy with gynandropsis gynandra pollen in atopic asthma patients." Lung India 24, no. 4 (2007): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-2113.44375.

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Kirk, J., R. Lawrence, O. Gekara, J. Onyilagha, and U. Adamu. "426 Determine nutritional and anti-parasitic benefits of Cleome gynandra for goats." Journal of Animal Science 94, suppl_2 (April 1, 2016): 198–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/msasas2016-426.

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38

Muhialdin, BJ, R. Sukor, N. Ismail, SW Ahmad, N. Me, and AS Hussin. "The Effects of Fermentation Process on the Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Spider Flower (Gynandropsis gynandra)." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.12.2.08.

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39

Yasmin, Farjana, Nor Adlin Yusoff, and Amir Hossain. "Phytochemical Screening and Pharmacological Activities of the Ethanolic Stem Extract of Cleome gynandra." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 19, no. 4 (March 15, 2020): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2020.153.159.

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40

Ochuodho, J. O., A. T. Modi, and M. Beukes. "Accumulation of seed storage proteins in Cleome gynandra L. and Brassica kaber L." South African Journal of Botany 72, no. 2 (May 2006): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2005.09.001.

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41

Shilla, O., F. F. Dinssa, M. O. Abukutsa-Onyango, and S. M. Githiri. "Morphological diversity of spider plant (Cleome gynandra L.) germplasm from different African countries." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1225 (November 2018): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2018.1225.37.

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42

Kangai Munene, Ann, Felister Nzuve, Jane Ambuko, and Damaris Odeny. "Heritability Analysis and Phenotypic Characterization of Spider Plant (Cleome gynandra L.) for Yield." Advances in Agriculture 2018 (July 31, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8568424.

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Knowledge on phenotypic diversity among existing spider plant accessions is a milestone in the improvement of spider plant, which is a highly nutritious indigenous vegetable in Kenya. A study involving agronomic and morphological characterization of 49 spider plant accessions assembled from East and South Africa was carried out at the University of Nairobi Field Station for two seasons in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Phenotypic data was collected on growth habit, flower, petiole, leaf and stem colour, petiole, leaf and stem hairiness, number of leaves per plant, plant height, number of primary branches, leaf length and width, single leaf area, and chlorophyll content according to FAO descriptors with modifications. Data was analyzed using both DARwin software V6 and Genstat Version 14. We observed significant differences among the traits implying great genetic variability among the evaluated spider plant accessions. The high genetic variation was further validated using the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering method with stem and flower colour as key traits. The 49-spider plant accessions were clustered into 2 major groups, each consisting of Kenyan and South African accessions. Stepwise regression revealed that plant height had the most influence on yield in terms of number of leaves per plant. We also observed high heritability for several traits including days to flowering (91%), number of leaves per plant (99%), plant height (99%), number of primary branches (94%), chlorophyll content (94%), and single leaf area (87%). Our results reveal the high genetic variation between different spider plant accessions, especially from different regions of Africa that could be further exploited to improve productivity in the plant. The high heritability of most of the yield related traits is promising for improving yield in the crop through direct selection.

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43

Aubry, Sylvain, Olga Aresheva, Ivan Reyna-Llorens, Richard D. Smith-Unna, Julian M. Hibberd, and Bernard Genty. "A Specific Transcriptome Signature for Guard Cells from the C4 Plant Gynandropsis gynandra." Plant Physiology 170, no. 3 (January 27, 2016): 1345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.15.01203.

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44

Bala, Asis, Biswakanth Kar, Pallab K. Haldar, Upal K. Mazumder, and Samit Bera. "Evaluation of anticancer activity of Cleome gynandra on Ehrlich's Ascites Carcinoma treated mice." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 129, no. 1 (May 2010): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.03.010.

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45

Mzondo, Buntubonke, Nomusa Dlamini, Frederick P. Malan, Philip Labuschagne, Venugopal R. Bovilla, SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula, and Vinesh Maharaj. "Dammarane-type triterpenoids with anti-cancer activity from the leaves of Cleome gynandra." Phytochemistry Letters 43 (June 2021): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2021.03.001.

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46

Ravichandr, B., P. Saketh Ram, Ch Saritha, and P. Shankaraia. "Anti Diabetic and Anti Dyslipidemia Activities of Cleome gynandra in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats." Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 9, no. 1 (December 15, 2013): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jpt.2014.55.61.

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47

Maniaji, Benson. "Growth Response of Spider Plant (Cleome gynandra L.) on Plant Population and Phosphorous Levels." Asian Research Journal of Agriculture 9, no. 3 (September 5, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arja/2018/43396.

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Zakaria, KIEBRE, BATIONO KANDO Pauline, NANEMA Kiswendsida Romaric, SAWADOGO Boureima, KIEBRE Mariam, TRAORE Renan Ernest, SAWADOGO Mahamadou, and ZONGO Jean-Didier. "Genetic Diversity of Spider Plant (Cleome gynandra L.) of Burkina Faso Using ISSRs Markers." International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 4, no. 10 (October 6, 2017): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2017.410.004.

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49

Aubry, Sylvain, Jana Kneřová, and Julian M. Hibberd. "Endoreduplication is not involved in bundle-sheath formation in the C4 species Cleome gynandra." Journal of Experimental Botany 65, no. 13 (November 12, 2013): 3557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert350.

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Zohoungbogbo, Herbaud P. F., Carlos A. Houdegbe, Dêêdi E. O. Sogbohossou, Monique G. Tossou, Patrick Maundu, Eric M. Schranz, Allen Van Deynze, Jeanne Zoundjihekpon, and Enoch G. Achigan-Dako. "Andromonoecy in Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Briq. (Cleomaceae) and effects on fruit and seed production." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 65, no. 8 (September 4, 2018): 2231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-018-0687-5.

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