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Journal articles on the topic 'Gynecomastia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Choukas, C., P. D. Toto, and N. C. Choukas. "Metastatic breast carcinoma mandible in gynecomastia gynecomastic." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 76, no. 6 (1993): 757–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(93)90048-9.

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2

Salah Hussain, Mohammed, Meshari Dubay k aldhafeeri, Noora Salah Jasim Selaibeekh, et al. "Overview on Epidemiology, Causes and Management of Gynecomastia." Saudi Medical Horizons Journal 4, no. 1 (2023): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54293/smhj.v4i1.90.

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Background: Gynecomastia is characterized by the benign enlargement of male breast tissue, a condition witnessed across varied age brackets and influenced by several factors. While its global prevalence and causative factors have been comprehensively documented, there is a notable gap in understanding its specific implications within Saudi Arabia. Objective: The study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the etiology, epidemiology, and management strategies of gynecomastia, emphasizing its manifestation in the context of Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A comprehensive literature review was und

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3

Eristavi, S. Kh, R. V. Rozhivanov, E. R. Rozhivanova, E. N. Andreeva, G. A. Mel’nichenko, and N. G. Mokrysheva. "Gynecomastia: pathogenesis and approaches to treatment." Bulletin of Reproductive Health 4, no. 1 (2025): 32–38. https://doi.org/10.14341/brh12752.

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Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the breast glands in men that can be physiologic, pathologic, or idiopathic. Physiologic gynecomastia can occur in children and during puberty. Pathologic gynecomastia is associated with various endocrine, genetic disorders, systemic diseases, paraneoplastic processes, or may be iatrogenic. Common causes of pathologic gynecomastia are hypogonadism, testicular or adrenal tumors producing estrogens, androgen excess syndromes with aromatization, androgen deficiencies, hepatopathy, and nephropathy. Most commonly, the underlying cause of gynecomastia is an im

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4

Nuttall, Frank Q. "Gynecomastia." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 85, no. 10 (2010): 961–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2010.0093.

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5

Sheela, Sheela. "GYNECOMASTIA." NARAYANA NURSING JOURNAL 3, no. 2 (2014): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/nnj.2014-06-7.

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6

Kim, Kwang Sik, Gil Chae Lim, and Byung Min Yun. "Gynecomastia." Journal of Medicine and Life Science 7, no. 1 (2010): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22730/jmls.2010.7.1.1.

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Gynecomastia has an incidence of 32 to 65% in the male population. This condition has important physical and psychological impacts. The etiology of gynecomastia is multifactorial. Surgical management mostly consisted of excisional technique. This article reviews exciting article on the gynecomastia.

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7

Sharp, Nicole E., and Richard J. Bleicher. "Gynecomastia." Annals of Breast Surgery 5 (September 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/abs-20-124.

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8

Lucas, Linda M., Kusum L. Kumar, and David L. Smith. "Gynecomastia." Postgraduate Medicine 82, no. 2 (1987): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1987.11699925.

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9

Jacobs, Michael B. "Gynecomastia." Postgraduate Medicine 89, no. 2 (1991): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1991.11700827.

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10

Carlson, Harold E. "Gynecomastia." Endocrinologist 1, no. 4 (1991): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019616-199110000-00008.

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11

Braunstein, Glenn D. "Gynecomastia." New England Journal of Medicine 357, no. 12 (2007): 1229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmcp070677.

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12

Adekunle, Adesola, and Charles M. Malata. "Gynecomastia." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 129, no. 2 (2012): 366e—367e. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/prs.0b013e31823aef57.

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13

Monarca, Cristiano, and Maria Ida Rizzo. "Gynecomastia." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 131, no. 5 (2013): 863e—865e. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/prs.0b013e318287a18f.

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14

D. Mandrekas, Apostolos. "GYNECOMASTIA." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 106, no. 7 (2000): 1668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200012000-00062.

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15

Desforges, Jane F., and Glenn D. Braunstein. "Gynecomastia." New England Journal of Medicine 328, no. 7 (1993): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199302183280708.

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16

Beltsevich, D. G., V. E. Vanushko, N. S. Kuznetsov, and L. E. Kats. "Gynecomastia." Endocrine Surgery, no. 1 (March 15, 2012): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/2306-3513-2012-1-18-23.

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17

Grant, Plaula, and Frank Stieg. "Gynecomastia." Plastic Surgical Nursing 11, no. 4 (1991): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006527-199101140-00010.

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18

Williams, A. Kay. "Gynecomastia." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 104, no. 11 (2004): 72AA—72GG. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200411000-00047.

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19

มีแต้ม, ปารณีย์. "GYNECOMASTIA." Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 21, no. 2 (1997): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.56808/3027-7922.1165.

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20

Mladick, Richard A. "Gynecomastia." Clinics in Plastic Surgery 18, no. 4 (1991): 815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-1298(20)30875-0.

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21

Dolsky, Richard L. "Gynecomastia." Dermatologic Clinics 8, no. 3 (1990): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8635(18)30479-0.

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22

Glass, Allan R. "Gynecomastia." Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 23, no. 4 (1994): 825–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8529(18)30070-7.

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23

Pearlman, Gwen, and Harold E. Carlson. "Gynecomastia." Endocrinologist 16, no. 2 (2006): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ten.0000205637.20746.10.

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24

Wiesman, Irvin M., James A. Lehman, Michael G. Parker, M. Devi Prasad Tantri, Douglas S. Wagner, and John C. Pedersen. "Gynecomastia." Annals of Plastic Surgery 53, no. 2 (2004): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.sap.0000116256.01831.17.

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25

Anawalt, Bradley D., Glenn D. Braunstein, and Alvin M. Matsumoto. "Gynecomastia." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96, no. 1 (2011): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.96.1.9999.

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26

Narula, Harmeet Singh, and Harold E. Carlson. "Gynecomastia." Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 36, no. 2 (2007): 497–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2007.03.013.

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27

Amrikachi, Mojghan, Linda K. Green, René Rone, and Ibrahim Ramzy. "Gynecomastia." Acta Cytologica 45, no. 6 (2001): 948–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000328369.

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28

Rosenberg, Gary J. "Gynecomastia." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 80, no. 3 (1987): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198709000-00007.

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29

Wilson, Jean D. "Gynecomastia." New England Journal of Medicine 324, no. 5 (1991): 334–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199101313240510.

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30

Manisekaran, Marenika, Neljo Thomas, and Ravi Kumar Chittoria. "Gynecomastia: Review Article." Indian Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 9, no. 2 (2022): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijmhs.2347.9981.9222.8.

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Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast that results from an overgrowth of the glandular portion of the breast, which is often bilateral but can occasionally be unilateral. Clinically, it can be identified by the presence of a rubbery or firm mass extending concentrically from the nipples. Pseudogynecomastia (lipomastia), which is characterised by fat accumulation without glandular development, should be distinguished from gynecomastia. Gynecomastia develops when the estrogen-androgen ratio is altered in favour of oestrogen or when the breasts become more sensitive to a normal

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31

Pakhomova, R. A., D. I. Sergeev, S. V. Drobiazgo, and A. S. Maslovskiy. "GYNECOMASTIA: THE RELATION OF PATIENT COMPLAINTS, TYPE OF CONSTITUTION AND CLINICAL TYPE OF A DISEASE." Bulletin of the Medical Institute of Continuing Education 3, no. 1 (2023): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36107/2782-1714_2023-3-1-52-55.

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The article provides a brief literature review of the problem of gynecomastia, diagnostics and treatment of this disease, the relation between the frequency of detection of gynecomastia and oncological processes in the breast. It has been shown that gynecomastia is detected in male patients of different age groups, different in BMI, body type. The correlation of complaints and body type in patients with gynecomastia is shown, as well as the connection of clinical types of gynecomastia which depend on the patient's constitution. The article discribes the necessity of further studies of the rela

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32

Kim, Min Seon, Jun Ho Kim, Kyung Hee Lee, and Young Ju Suh. "Incidental Gynecomastia on Thoracic Computed Tomography in Clinical Practice: Characteristics, Radiologic Features, and Correlation With Possible Causes in South Korean Men." American Journal of Men's Health 14, no. 3 (2020): 155798832090810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988320908102.

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Gynecomastia is a common incidental finding on thoracic computed tomography (CT). This study aimed to retrospectively determine the prevalence, imaging characteristics, and possible causes of incidental gynecomastia on thoracic CT. Records of male patients who underwent thoracic CT in 2015 were reviewed. The size and morphologic types (nodular, dendritic, and diffuse) were recorded for patients with breast glandular tissue larger than 1 cm, and the cutoff value of gynecomastia was defined as 2 cm. Additionally, the possible causes of gynecomastia obtained by reviewing patients’ charts were rec

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33

Costanzo, Pablo René, Néstor Antonio Pacenza, Sergio Mario Aszpis, et al. "Clinical and Etiological Aspects of Gynecomastia in Adult Males: A Multicenter Study." BioMed Research International 2018 (May 29, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8364824.

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Objectives. To evaluate the characteristics of presentation, biochemical profile, and etiology of gynecomastia in adults. Methods. Medical records of 237 men aged 18-85 years with gynecomastia were evaluated. Results. Highest prevalence of gynecomastia was observed between 21 and 30 years (n = 74; 31.2%). The most common presenting complaints were aesthetic concerns (62.8%) and breast pain (51.2%). 25.3% of the subjects had a history of pubertal gynecomastia. 56.5% had bilateral gynecomastia. 39.9% were overweight and 22.8% were obese. The etiology could not be identified in 45.1% of the cases

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34

Galych, S. P., O. Yu Dabizha, and D. V. Borovyk. "Surgical treatment of gynecomastia and pseudo-gynecomastia." Surgery of Ukraine, no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30978/su2018232.

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35

Zimmerman, Robert L., Franz Fogt, Dennis Cronin, and Randall Lynch. "Cytologic Atypia in a 53-Year-Old Man With Finasteride-Induced Gynecomastia." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 124, no. 4 (2000): 625–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2000-124-0625-caiayo.

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Abstract Finasteride has been associated with the development of gynecomastia. Although cytoplasmic vacuolization has been noted in prostatic epithelium in men taking this drug, we found no documentation of the cytologic changes in finasteride-associated gynecomastia. We present the case of a 53-year-old man who developed unilateral gynecomastia following finasteride therapy for alopecia. A fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the mass was diagnosed as adenocarcinoma on the basis of nuclear atypia and particularly because of cytoplasmic vacuolization. Subsequent excisional biopsy revealed benign g

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36

Ahamed, Shaik Khadeer, Sanjana Reddy Thota, Deepthi Dara, and Rama Rao Tadikonda. "Spironolactone-induced gynecomastia: a case report." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 11, no. 6 (2024): 2430–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20241509.

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The term "gynecomastia" refers to the benign growth of glandular breast tissue in men. In older men, adolescents, and newborns, physiological gynecomastia is common. Although it is self-limited, it can be managed to reduce both physical and emotional discomfort. Chronic conditions (such as cirrhosis, hypogonadism, and renal insufficiency), drug use (including prescription, over-the-counter, and illicit drugs), and tumors are rare causes of nonphysiologic gynecomastia. Exogenous estrogens, antiandrogens, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, spironolactone, and cimetidine are the active ingredients tha

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37

Baumann, Kristin. "Gynecomastia - Conservative and Surgical Management." Breast Care 13, no. 6 (2018): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000494276.

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Gynecomastia is defined as a unilateral or bilateral persistent benign mammary gland enlargement in men. Prevalence of asymptomatic gynecomastia is up to 65%. True gynecomastia must be distinguished from pseudogynecomastia. Typically, in true gynecomastia, a solid tissue mass is palpable below the nipple-areolar complex. Malignant changes such as male mammary carcinoma must always be ruled out. The causes of gynecomastia are diverse. An imbalance of female to male hormones triggers the onset of the disease. This imbalance can be caused by endogenous diseases like hyperthyroidism, chronic liver

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38

Moshurov, Ivan P., Natalia S. Vorotyntseva, and Mikhail S. Ganzya. "Gynecomastia as paraneoplastic syndrome." Vestnik of Experimental and Clinical Surgery 11, no. 1 (2018): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2070-478x-2018-11-1-38-45.

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Background. Gynecomastia is one of the most famous and common paraneoplastic syndromes. With the growth of equipment clinics with modern diagnostic equipment, including the CT, increases the detection of breast pathology in men. There is the need for a correct interpretation of the data about the state of male breast by radiologists, and the attending physician, oncologist, mammologist, urologist, endocrinologist. The purpose of the study to identify possible differences in frequency and radiation pattern of gynecomastia in patients with cancer and without it and also to follow the dynam

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39

Bhardwaj, Parul, Anju Bala, and Shivbrat . "Isoniazid Induced Unilateral Gynecomastia: A Rare Case Report." International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research 6, no. 2 (2021): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.202104010.

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Gynecomastia refers to glandular enlargement of male breast. It can be physiological, pathological, pharmacological and idiopathic. The present case report describes a case of isoniazid induced gynecomastia. Keywords: Gynecomastia, antitubercular treatment (ATT), isoniazid.

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40

Eristavi, S. Kh, R. V. Rozhivanov, L. V. Nikankina, et al. "Features of true gynecomastia in adult males." Problems of Endocrinology 70, no. 4 (2024): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl13491.

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BACKGROUND: In recent years, the incidence of gynecomastia in adult men has increased significantly. It is of interest to study the specific features of the disease in these patients.AIM: To identify the main characteristics of acute gynecomastia in adult men.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A continuous one-stage study including 160 adult males with acute onset gynecomastia, who were he was treated in Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow. Total bilirubin, hepatic transaminases, creatinine, urea, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, sex hormone binding globulin, estradiol, total testosterone, alpha-fetoprot

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41

Umlas, Joel. "Gynecomastia-like Lesions in the Female Breast." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 124, no. 6 (2000): 844–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2000-124-0844-gllitf.

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Abstract Context.—Gynecomastia is an abnormal enlargement of the male breast, but the histopathologic abnormalities could theoretically be present in female breasts as well. To my knowledge, however, there have been no reports in the literature to date that have attributed a clinically or radiologically detectable mass in a female breast exclusively to the histopathologic findings seen in gynecomastia. Objective.—The clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic findings of 4 patients with lesions composed exclusively of the findings of gynecomastia, herein termed gynecomastia-like lesions, are pr

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42

Beyazal Çeliker, Fatma, Ercan İnci, Nurten Sever, Ahmet Tan Cimilli, and Arzu Turan. "Comparison of ultrasound, mammography and histopathology findings of the cases with gynecomastia." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 11 (2017): 4708. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20174920.

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Background: Gynecomastia is the development of a fibroepithelial structure in the male breast as a result of many benign and malignant effects. In this study, after the confirmation of gynecomastia diagnosis in the male cases with swelling, mass and tenderness in the breast using ultrasound and mammography examinations, its etiology was clarified by laboratory tests. In case of suspicion, the diagnosis was confirmed using Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB). The adequacy of ultrasound and mammography was discussed with the obtained information and the information in the literature, and the et

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43

Heufelder, Armin E. "Holiday Gynecomastia." Annals of Internal Medicine 116, no. 10 (1992): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-116-10-877_1.

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44

Haynes, Bridgett A., and Farouk Mookadam. "Male Gynecomastia." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84, no. 8 (2009): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/84.8.672.

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45

Al Qassabi, Salim, Saud Al-Harthi, and Magdi Al-Osali. "Mixed gynecomastia." Saudi Medical Journal 36, no. 9 (2015): 1115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15537/smj.2015.9.11778.

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46

Ibrahiem, Saad Mohamed Saad. "Severe Gynecomastia." Annals of Plastic Surgery 76, no. 6 (2016): 645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000000229.

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47

Braunstein, Glenn, and James Klinenberg. "Environmental Gynecomastia." Endocrine Practice 14, no. 4 (2008): 409–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/ep.14.4.409.

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48

Al-Qattan, Mohammad M. "Unilateral Gynecomastia." Annals of Plastic Surgery 56, no. 3 (2006): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.sap.0000198551.20527.0c.

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49

Zylicz, Zbigniew, and Aart H. Mudde. "Painful Gynecomastia." Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 20, no. 1 (2000): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0885-3924(00)00165-2.

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50

Bailey, Steven H., Dax Guenther, Fadi Constantine, and Rod J. Rohrich. "Gynecomastia Management." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 4, no. 6 (2016): e734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000000675.

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