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1

Ji, Xiang-Shan, Song-Lin Chen, Jing-Feng Yang, Hong-Yu Ma, and Yun-Liang Jiang. "Artificial gynogenesis and assessment of homozygosity in meiotic gynogens of spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus)." Aquaculture International 18, no. 6 (2010): 1151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-010-9330-y.

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2

Bossoutrot, D., and D. Hosemans. "Gynogenèse chezBeta vulgarisL." Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Actualités Botaniques 133, no. 4 (1986): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01811789.1986.10826809.

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3

San, L. H. "Gynogenèse«in vitro»." Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Actualités Botaniques 133, no. 4 (1986): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01811789.1986.10826811.

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4

Epplen, JÖRG T., Manfred Schartl, Ingo Schlupp, Indrajit Nanda, Jakob Parzefall, and Michael Schmid. "Pseudomale Behaviour and Spontaneous Masculinization in the All-Female Teleost Poecilia Formosa (Teleostei: Poeciliidae)." Behaviour 122, no. 1-2 (1992): 88–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853992x00327.

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AbstractPseudosexual behaviour is a rare phenomenon associated with unisexuality in vertebrates. In the gynogenetic, all-female teleost Poecilia formosa, rare individuals occur that resemble males of closely related gonochoristic species both in behaviour and external morphology. These masculinized gynogens and normal gynogens are members of the same clone, as demonstrated by DNA-fingerprinting. The behaviour of these masculinized gynogens is described and compared to the behaviour of the gonochoristic species Poecilia mexicana, P. latipinna and their hybrid as well as androgen-treated individuals of P. formosa. No statistically significant differences were found between masculinized gynogens and hormone-treated individuals nor between the gonochoristic P. mexicana and P. latipinna males. Differences exist between gonochoristic and unisexual species. Possible causes and effects of masculinized gynogens are discussed.
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5

Na-Nakorn, Uthairat. "Comparison of cold and heat shocks to induce diploid gynogenesis in Thai walking catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) and performances of gynogens." Aquatic Living Resources 8, no. 4 (1995): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/alr:1995036.

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6

Slama-Ayed, Olfa, Imen Bouhaouel, Sourour Ayed, Jacques De Buyser, Emmanuel Picard, and Hajer Slim Amara. "Efficiency of three haplomethods in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum Desf.): isolated microspore culture, gynogenesis and wheat × maize crosses." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 55, No. 3 (2019): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/188/2017-cjgpb.

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This study presents the first report comparing the efficiency of microspore culture, gynogenesis and durum wheat × maize crosses for haploid plant production from three durum wheat genotypes (Razzek, Karim and Jneh Khotifa). The results showed that the best induction, calli or embryos formation and plant regeneration rates for the three genotypes were obtained with gynogenesis (47.2, 7.6, 0.8%), followed by interspecific crosses (33.1, 1.7, 0.4%) and isolated microspore culture (8.2, 0.05, 0.01%). Interestingly, all plants regenerated by gynogenesis and durum wheat × maize crosses were green whereas all plants obtained by isolated microspore culture were albino. In the haploid production system, all steps of the process are important for the three methods. The critical steps that have greatly reduced the number of regenerated haploid plants were induction, embryogenesis and regeneration for microspore culture, forming and regeneration of calli or embryo and haploid regeneration for interspecific crosses and gynogenesis. Genotypes with good capacity of induction have not necessarily a good capacity of haploid plantlets regeneration and vice-versa. However, calli or embryos formation seems to be an indicator of the haploid production. Overall, Razzek showed a good ability to produce haploids using the three methods. Each haplomethod showed a specific advantage. Although gynogenesis is the less used method for durum wheat, it has proved to be a successful approach for green haploid plant production.
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7

Guo, X., and S. K. Allen. "Sex determination and polyploid gigantism in the dwarf surfclam (Mulinia lateralis Say)." Genetics 138, no. 4 (1994): 1199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.4.1199.

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Abstract Mulinia lateralis, the dwarf surfclam, is a suitable model for bivalve genetics because it is hardy and has a short generation time. In this study, gynogenetic and triploid M. lateralis were successfully induced. For gynogenesis, eggs were fertilized with sperm irradiated with ultraviolet light and subsequently treated with cytochalasin B to block the release of the second polar body (PB2). Triploidy was induced by blocking PB2 in normally fertilized eggs. The survival of gynogenetic diploids was very low, only 0.7% to 8 days post-fertilization (PF), compared with 15.2% in the triploid groups and 27.5% in the normal diploid control. Larvae in all groups metamorphosed at 8-10 days PF, and there was no significant post-larval mortality. At sexual maturation (2-3 months PF), all gynogenetic diploids were female, and there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in sex ratio between diploids and triploids. These results suggested that the dwarf surfclam may have an XX-female, XY-male sex determination with Y-domination. Compared with diploids, triploids had a relative fecundity of 59% for females and 80% for males. Eggs produced by triploid females were 53% larger (P < 0.001) in volume than those from diploid females. In both length and weight measurements at three months PF, the gynogenetic diploids were not significantly (P > 0.33) different from normal diploid females, suggesting that inbreeding depression was minimal in meiosis II gynogens. Triploid clams were significantly larger (P < 0.001) than normal diploids. We hypothesize that the increased body-size in triploids was caused by a polyploid gigantism due to the increased cell volume and a lack of cell-number compensation.
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8

LIU, Hai-jin, Yong-xin LIU, Yu-fen WANG, et al. "Genetic difference between meiotic gynogenesis and mitotic gynogenesis in the Japanese flounder." JOURNAL OF FISHERIES OF CHINA 34, no. 6 (2010): 718–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1231.2010.06830.

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9

El-Mahrouk, Mohammed Elsayed, Mossad K. Maamoun, Antar Nasr EL-Banna, Soliman A. Omran, Yaser Hassan Dewir, and Salah El-Hendawy. "In Vitro Gynogenesis and Flow Cytometry Analysis of the Regenerated Haploids of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa)." HortScience 53, no. 5 (2018): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12877-18.

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In vitro ovule culture could be used to generate homozygous lines through the production of haploid plants. The present study reports on in vitro regeneration and production of haploid plants through ovule cultures and identification of the regenerated haploids using flow cytometry. The ovules were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (Kin), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg·L−1 for their gynogenesis. Among different plant growth regulators (PGRs) tested, 2,4-D at 2 mg·L−1 produced direct gynogenesis. The highest callogenesis percentage (100%) was obtained on MS medium containing 1 mg·L−1 2,4-D and 2 mg·L−1 NAA. Flow cytometry analysis was used to identify the regenerated haploids. It also confirmed gynogenic occurrence at 1 and 2 mg·L−1 2,4-D with percentages of 21.7% and 41%, respectively. Therefore, 2,4-D proved effective for the induction of haploids in black cumin. The regenerated haploids were developed on MS medium without PGRs. The obtained results of in vitro gynogenesis and haploid plant production can tremendously facilitate breeding programs of black cumin.
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10

Gomelsky, Boris, Steven D. Mims, Richard J. Onders, William L. Shelton, Konrad Dabrowski, and Mary Ann Garcia-Abiado. "Induced Gynogenesis in Black Crappie." North American Journal of Aquaculture 62, no. 1 (2000): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8454(2000)062<0033:igibc>2.0.co;2.

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11

Michalik, Barbara, Adela Adamus, and Ewa Nowak. "Gynogenesis in Polish Onion Cultivars." Journal of Plant Physiology 156, no. 2 (2000): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(00)80308-9.

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12

Schlupp, Ingo. "The Evolutionary Ecology of Gynogenesis." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36, no. 1 (2005): 399–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152629.

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13

Kaska, Arzu, Fevziye Celebi-Toprak, and Ali Ramazan Alan. "Gynogenesis induction in edible Alliums." Journal of Biotechnology 161 (November 2012): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.07.033.

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14

Lebeda, I., I. Gazo, and M. Flajshans. "Chemical induction of haploid gynogenesis in sterlet Acipenser ruthenus ." Czech Journal of Animal Science 59, No. 7 (2014): 310–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7530-cjas.

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Chromosomal manipulations in sturgeons, particularly gynogenesis, are interesting due to the potential to change female ratio in progeny that can be useful for caviar production. The optimization of UV treatment for induction of gynogenesis is complicated due to high and variable optical density of the milt due to differential spermatozoa concentration, and because of sensitivity of spermatozoa&amp;rsquo;s motility apparatus. Therefore in this study we compared chemical methods of sperm treatment as an alternative to short wave-length UV treatment; evaluation considers impact on spermatozoa motility, DNA integrity, and efficiency of DNA inactivation. Dimethyl sulfate (DMS) in concentrations of 2.5&amp;ndash;30mM was applied to spermatozoa in order to inactivate DNA. Also ethidium bromide (EB), psoralen (PS), and 4&amp;rsquo;-aminomethyl-4,5&amp;rsquo;,8-trimethylpsoralen (AMT) were used to increase sensitivity of spermatozoa&amp;rsquo;s DNA to long wavelength UV-A light (360 nm). CASA analyses of treated sperm showed strong negative effects on spermatozoa motility with the increasing concentration of active substances. Additionally in case of PS, EB, and DMS treatment comet assay did not reveal significant DNA damage of sperm at the range of concentrations relatively safe for spermatozoa motility. Flow cytometric analysis of relative DNA content in larvae resulting from activation of normal ova of sterlet with the treated sperm showed low efficiency of haploid gynogenesis induction. The putative gynogenetic larvae were found after treatment with PS in concentrations higher than 18&amp;micro;M and EB higher than 10&amp;micro;M followed by UV-A irradiation at the dose of 900 J/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; and DMS up to 5mM. Because of an overwhelming impact on the sperm motility and relatively low DNA damage, treatment of sperm with PS, EB or DMS did not prove efficient compared with a widely used UV-C irradiation treatment. In contrast, treatment with AMT followed by UV-A showed lower influence on spermatozoa motility and higher efficiency of DNA damaging resulting in the higher percentage of gynogenotes in the progeny, thus could be considered as a possible substitution for UV-C treatment.
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15

Panahandeh, Jaber, and Nasrin Farhadi. "Haploid Induction via In Vitro Gynogenesis in Persian Shallot (Allium hirtifolium)." Journal of Horticultural Research 27, no. 2 (2019): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2019-0017.

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AbstractHaploid induction using in vitro cultures of unpollinated flowers has been recognized as an important tool to produce homozygous plants for genetic studies and breeding programs. In this study the potential of gynogenic haploid induction in four ecotypes of Allium hirtifolium under different combinations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), or α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was investigated. Unpollinated flower buds were excised from an umbel 5 to 3 days before anthesis, and cultured onto B5 medium containing 7.5% sucrose and 2 mg·dm−3 BAP with auxin. The experiments revealed that NAA increased the percentage of gynogenesis induction and number of gynogenic embryos per flower in all ecotypes. Somatic organogenesis from basal callus or other floral parts was most effective on the media containing 2,4-D. Plants obtained by gynogenesis were haploid in 70–77% and plants from somatic tissue were mostly diploid.
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16

Gomelsky, Boris, Nina B. Cherfas, Achikam Gissis, and Gideon Hulata. "Induced Diploid Gynogenesis in White Bass." Progressive Fish-Culturist 60, no. 4 (1998): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0288:idgiwb>2.0.co;2.

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17

Toprak, Fevziye Celebi, Arzu Kaska, and Ali Ramazan Alan. "Gynogenesis induction in Allium tuberosum L." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 24 (July 2013): S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2013.05.088.

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18

Domblides, E. A., N. A. Shmykova, S. N. Belov, I. B. Korottseva, and A. V. Soldatenko. "DH-plant production in culture of unpollinated ovules of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 6 (December 18, 2019): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2019-6-3-9.

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Relevance. The development of F1 hybrids distinguishing it from cultivars by high productivity, plant uniformity in ripening date, fruit sizes and quality is the promising trend in breeding program in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).The aim of the study was to optimize the gynogenesis induction condition in culture of unpollinated ovules in vitro in order to broad the generation of new breeding forms and to accelerate homozygous line production.Materials and methods. Eight promising cucumber accessions from Laboratory of Cucurbit Breeding and Seed Production (FSBSI FSVC) were taken for the study. The protocol developed in Laboratory of Biotechnology (FSBSI FSVC) for production of doubled haploid in Cucurbitaceae family was used in the experiment. The medium IMC with 30 g/L sucrose and 7g/L agar supplemented with 200 mg/L ampicillin and 0.2 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ) was applied to induce gynogenic development.Results. The half-open bud or flower was shown to be the most suitable to be taken as an explant for cultivation. Highest number of embryo-like structures in all accessions developed from ovaries 2.1-2.6 cm long. Exposure to sterilization solution of sodium hypochlorite for 15 min made ovary wall softer and ovules can be then easily extracted without traumatizing. The traumatized ovule resulted in inhibited gynogenic development. Embryoids and calli had developed in all studied cucumber accessions, but well-formed plants were only obtained in six accessions. In total 26 plants were produced. The maximum gynogenesis induction equal to 63.1% was achieved in accession 1810. Maximum number of plant produced was twelve in accession 1763, but the greatest plant outcome 7.7% of the ovules with induced gynogenesis was observed in accession 1807.
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19

Shmikova, N. A. "Haploidy in tomato." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 1 (March 30, 2009): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2009-1-12-15.

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This article reviews means and a significance of homozygous lines production in tomato through haploid plant stage. The haploid plants can be originated both male and female cells of gametophyte. Comprehensive and analytical information concerning achievements for last 40 years was given disclosing successful experiences and challenges in plant haploid production through androgenesis and gynogenesis in tomato.
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20

YANG, Yukai, Yangjie XIE, Mingyi CAI, et al. "Induction and identification of gynogenesis inNibea albiflora." Journal of Fisheries of China 37, no. 9 (2013): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1231.2013.38437.

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21

Kantartzi, Stella K., and Demetrios G. Roupakias. "In vitro gynogenesis in cotton (Gossypium sp.)." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 96, no. 1 (2008): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-008-9459-9.

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22

Peruzzi, S., A. G. Scott, J. C. J. Domaniewski, and G. F. Warner. "Initiation of gynogenesis inOreochromis niloticusfollowing heterologous fertilization." Journal of Fish Biology 43, no. 4 (1993): 585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb00441.x.

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23

Mims, Steven D., William L. Shelton, Otomar Linhart, and Changzheng Wang. "Induced Meiotic Gynogenesis of Paddlefish Polyodon spathula." Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 28, no. 4 (1997): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1997.tb00280.x.

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24

Komen, J., J. Duynhouwer, C. J. J. Richter, and E. A. Huisman. "Gynogenesis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)." Aquaculture 69, no. 3-4 (1988): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(88)90331-6.

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Komen, J., A. B. J. Bongers, C. J. J. Richter, W. B. van Muiswinkel, and E. A. Huisman. "Gynogenesis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)." Aquaculture 92 (January 1991): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(91)90015-y.

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26

Lin, Feng, and Konrad Dabrowski. "Induction of gynogenesis in muskellunge (Esox masquinongy)." Aquaculture 137, no. 1-4 (1995): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(96)83550-2.

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27

San, L. H., and Y. Dattée. "Variabilité des haploïdes doublés par androgenèse et gynogenèse«in vitro»." Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Actualités Botaniques 132, no. 3-4 (1985): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01811789.1985.10826740.

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28

Ngoc, Le Thi Kim, and Nguyen Tran Dong Phuong. "Shoots formation from gynosinesis Cucumis sativus l." ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 8, no. 1 (2020): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.46223/hcmcoujs.tech.en.8.1.336.2018.

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Haploid plants achieve through androgenesis or gynogenesis. In gynogenesis method, the ovary or ovule are used as explants induct haploid plants. Female flower one day before flowering of Cucumis sativus L. are collected. Cold pretreatment of ovaries at 4°C up to 24 hours and culture under dark conditions. Significantly enhanced callus induction response is compared with cultures under 4-week cultured on CBM medium supplemented with various concentration of TDZ 0.01-0.04 mg/L. After 4 weeks, ovaries are transferred to medium with kinetin 0.05 – 0.20 mg/L. Then, ovaries were transferred to medium supplemented with BA: IAA 3:1. Finally, green ovaries were transferred to BA 1.5 mg/L and GA3 1.5 mg/L. The results showed that ovary induction has best affected on CBM with TDZ 0.03 mg/L with 11 callus/sample. Ovaries developed on kinetin 0.1 mg/L with 7.4 callus/sample. Ovaries become green and had leaves and roots formation on BA: IAA (3 mg/L: 1 mg/L). 11 plantlets were harvested from ovary culture after 12-week culture on CBM supplemented with BA 1.5 mg/L and GA3 1.5 mg/L.
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Huang, Songqian, Xiaojuan Cao, Xianchang Tian, Weiwei Luo, and Weiming Wang. "Production of Tetraploid Gynogenetic Loach Using Diploid Eggs of Natural Tetraploid Loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Fertilized with UV-Irradiated Sperm of Megalobrama amblycephala without Treatments for Chromosome Doubling." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 147, no. 4 (2015): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000444384.

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The gynogenesis phenomenon in nature mainly appears in the reproduction of fish and invertebrates. So far, gynogenesis has been successfully induced in many fish species with the aid of some physical or chemical methods for chromosome doubling. However, few fish can produce gynogenetic progenies, genetically identical or similar to the somatic cells of the mothers, without a treatment for the doubling of chromosomes, which may be related to apomixis, premeiotic endoreduplication, or premeiotic endomitosis. At present, no studies are available about fish with normal ovarian structures producing gynogenetic progenies that could spontaneously double their chromosomes. According to the analyses of flow cytometry, chromosome number, and microsatellites, we found that, with the use of UV-irradiated sperm of blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala, tetraploid loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus produced tetraploid gynogenetic progenies without any treatments for the doubling of chromosomes. To determine the genetic relationships of gynogenetic progenies and their maternal parent, microsatellite genotyping was conducted. The results indicated that the reason for spontaneous chromosome duplication in gynogenetic progenies may be cytokinesis or inhibition of the extrusion of the second polar body. This is the first report on fish with normal ovarian structures that can produce gynogenetic progenies which spontaneously double their chromosomes and which are genetically identical or similar to the somatic cells of the mothers.
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Fopp-Bayat, Dorota. "Spontaneous gynogenesis in Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baeri Brandt." Aquaculture Research 38, no. 7 (2007): 776–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01739.x.

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Fopp-Bayat, Dorota, and Pawel Woznicki. "Spontaneous gynogenesis in Wels catfish Silurus glanis L." Caryologia 62, no. 1 (2009): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2004.10589669.

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杜, 民. "Progress on Artificially Induced Gynogenesis Research of Fishes." Asian Case Reports in Genetics 01, no. 02 (2013): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/acrg.2013.12002.

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Alimuddin, ,., K. Sumantadinata, Yani Hadiroseyani, and D. Irawan. "Phenotype of the First Gynogenesis Generation of Koi." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 1, no. 2 (2007): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.1.65-68.

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&lt;p&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This experiment was conducted to study phenotype of F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; koi that obtained from gynogenesis at the Laboratory of Fish Genetic and Breeding, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB). Females koi used for this experiment were &lt;em&gt;kohaku&lt;/em&gt; (white-red), &lt;em&gt;hi-utsuri&lt;/em&gt; (red-black), and &lt;em&gt;shiro-bekko&lt;/em&gt; (white-black); whereas males used &lt;em&gt;kohaku&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;hi-utsuri&lt;/em&gt;, and &lt;em&gt;shiro-bekko&lt;/em&gt;. Analysis on body coloration of fish was carried out at three months old. Results showed that gynogenesis from &lt;em&gt;kohaku&lt;/em&gt; produced three types of koi, those were white koi, red koi and &lt;em&gt;kohaku&lt;/em&gt;, and &lt;em&gt;hi-utsuri&lt;/em&gt; produced red koi, black koi and hi-utsuri. Meanwhile, &lt;em&gt;shiro-bekko&lt;/em&gt; by gynogenetic technique produce seven types of koi; those were white, red, black, &lt;em&gt;kohaku&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;shiro-bekko&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;hi-utsuri&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;sanke&lt;/em&gt; (white-red-black koi). Survival rate of gynogenetic koi was lower then normal might be due to inbreeding stress.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Key words : Gynogenesis, phenotype, koi fish (&lt;em&gt;Cyprinus carpio&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ABSTRAK&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Studi tentang fenotip keturunan pertama ikan koi hasil ginogenesis telah dilakukan di Laboratorium Pengembangbiakan dan Genetika Ikan, Jurusan Budidaya Perairan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan IPB. Ikan koi betina yang dipakai adalah &lt;em&gt;kohaku&lt;/em&gt; (putih-merah), &lt;em&gt;hi-utsuri&lt;/em&gt; (merah-hitam) dan &lt;em&gt;shiro-bekko&lt;/em&gt; (putih-hitam), sedangkan jantannya adalah &lt;em&gt;kohaku&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;hi-utsuri&lt;/em&gt;, dan &lt;em&gt;shiro-bekko&lt;/em&gt;. Analisis warna pada ikan dilakukan setelah ikan berumur tiga bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ginogenesis pada ikan kohaku menghasilkan tiga jenis ikan koi, yaitu koi putih, koi merah dan &lt;em&gt;kohaku&lt;/em&gt;; pada ikan &lt;em&gt;hi-utsuri&lt;/em&gt; dihasilkan ikan koi merah, koi hitam dan hi-utsuri. Sementara itu, teknik ginogenesis untuk ikan koi putih-hitam dihasilkan tujuh macam jenis ikan koi, yaitu koi putih, koi merah, koi hitam, &lt;em&gt;kohaku&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;hi-utsuri&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;siro-bekko&lt;/em&gt; dan &lt;em&gt;sanke&lt;/em&gt; (putih-merah-hitam). Tingkat kelangsungan hidup ikan ginogenetik lebih rendah daripada kontrol normalnya.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kata kunci : Ginogenesis, fenotip, ikan koi (&lt;em&gt;Cyprinus carpio&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;
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Dong, Yan-Qi, Wei-Xing Zhao, Xiao-Hui Li, et al. "Androgenesis, gynogenesis, and parthenogenesis haploids in cucurbit species." Plant Cell Reports 35, no. 10 (2016): 1991–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-016-2018-7.

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35

Piferrer, Francesc, Rosa M. Cal, Castora Gómez, Blanca Álvarez-Blázquez, Jaime Castro, and Paulino Martı́nez. "Induction of gynogenesis in the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus):." Aquaculture 238, no. 1-4 (2004): 403–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.05.009.

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36

Meng, Zhen, Xinfu Liu, Bin Liu, et al. "Induction of mitotic gynogenesis in turbot Scophthalmus maximus." Aquaculture 451 (January 2016): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.09.010.

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37

FLETCHER, H. L., E. M. HOEY, N. ORR, A. TRUDGETT, I. FAIRWEATHER, and M. W. ROBINSON. "The occurrence and significance of triploidy in the liver fluke,Fasciola hepatica." Parasitology 128, no. 1 (2004): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200300427x.

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Abstract:
Karyotyping ofFasciola hepaticasamples from Britain and Ireland has identified a triploid isolate which is effectively aspermic, rendering it necessarily asexually reproducing. Considering the extensive presence of asexually reproducing diploid and triploidFasciolain Asia it is suggested that facultative gynogenesis is widespread in this parasite. This has important implications for the population genetics and evolution ofFasciola, especially in relation to the development and spread of drug resistance, and must be considered in the mathematical modelling of this process.
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38

Emna Jedidi, Mourad Kamiri, Thibaut Poullet, Patrick Ollitrault, and Yann Froelicher. "EFFICIENT HAPLOID PRODUCTION ON 'WILKING' MANDARIN BY INDUCED GYNOGENESIS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1065 (January 2015): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1065.60.

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39

SUN, Yuan-Dong, Chun ZHANG, Shao-Jun LIU, Min TAO, Chen ZENG, and Yun LIU. "Induction of Gynogenesis in Japanese Crucian Carp (Carassius cuvieri)." Acta Genetica Sinica 33, no. 5 (2006): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-4172(06)60067-x.

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40

Galbusera, Peter, Filip A. M. Volckaert, and Frans Ollevier. "Gynogenesis in the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)." Aquaculture 185, no. 1-2 (2000): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(99)00339-7.

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41

Goddard, K. A., O. Megwinoff, L. L. Wessner, and F. Giaimo. "Confirmation of gynogenesis in Phoxinus eos-neogaeus (Pisces: Cyprinidae)." Journal of Heredity 89, no. 2 (1998): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/89.2.151.

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42

Galbreath, P. "Clonal Atlantic salmon×brown trout hybrids produced by gynogenesis." Journal of Fish Biology 50, no. 5 (1997): 1025–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.1996.0369.

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43

Rinchard, Jacques, Konrad Dabrowski, and Mary-ann Garcia-abiado. "High efficiency of meiotic gynogenesis in sea lampreyPetromyzon marinus." Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 306B, no. 6 (2006): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.21111.

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44

Dorota, Fopp-Bayat, and Woznicki Pawel. "Spontaneous and induced gynogenesis in sterlet Acipenser ruthenus Brandt." Caryologia 60, no. 4 (2007): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2007.10797953.

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45

Rlnchard, J., M. A. Garcia-Abiado, K. Dabrowski, J. Ottobre, and D. Schmidt. "Induction of gynogenesis and gonad development in the muskellunge." Journal of Fish Biology 60, no. 2 (2002): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb00291.x.

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46

Geoffriau, Emmanuel, Remi Kahane, and Josette Martin-Tanguy. "Polyamines are involved in the gynogenesis process in onion." Physiologia Plantarum 127, no. 1 (2006): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00597.x.

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47

Mirza, Jobed A., and William L. Shelton. "Induction of gynogenesis and sex reversal in silver carp." Aquaculture 68, no. 1 (1988): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(88)90286-4.

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Kaska, Arzu, Fevziye Celebi Toprak, and Ali Ramazan Alan. "Gynogenesis induction in leek (Allium ampeloprasum L.) breeding materials." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 24 (July 2013): S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2013.05.090.

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Benega Garcia, Reinerio, Aroldo Cisneros, Bert Schneider, and Noemi Tel-Zur. "Gynogenesis in the vine cacti Hylocereus and Selenicereus (Cactaceae)." Plant Cell Reports 28, no. 5 (2009): 719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-009-0687-1.

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50

Thompson, D., and C. E. Purdom. "Induced diploid gynogenesis by mitotic interference in rainbow trout." Aquaculture 57, no. 1-4 (1986): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(86)90240-1.

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