Journal articles: 'H.264/AVC video coding and decoding standard'

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Wang, Jian Jun, Li Zhou, and Tao Sun. "Analysis and Evaluation of HEVC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 577 (July 2014): 1030–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.577.1030.

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HEVC video coding standard is the next generation of H.264 coding standard, which is able to achieve twice coding efficiency compared with H.264/AVC High Profile. This paper analyzes the key features of HEVC standard based on HEVC reference software HM12.0. Experiments cover different resolutions ranging from 240p to 1600p. The most complex parts of HEVC decoder are intra prediction, loop filter and inverse transform when video sequences are coded with all-intra configuration. When video sequences are coded in random-access configuration, HEVC decoding process is occupied by motion compensation, which takes nearly half of the decoding time. Experiment results indicate that HEVC standard can achieve 50% average bit-rate saving compared with H.264.

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Yong Ho Moon, Gyu Yeong Kim, and Jae Ho Kim. "An efficient decoding of CAVLC in H.264/AVC video coding standard." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 51, no. 3 (August 2005): 933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tce.2005.1510506.

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Moon, Yong Ho. "A New Coeff-Token Decoding Method With Efficient Memory Access in H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 17, no. 6 (June 2007): 729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2007.896657.

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Cheng, Shuli, Liejun Wang, Naixiang Ao, and Qingqing Han. "A Selective Video Encryption Scheme Based on Coding Characteristics." Symmetry 12, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12030332.

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The protection of video data has become a hot topic of research. Researchers have proposed a series of coding algorithms to ensure the safe and efficient transmission of video information. We propose an encryption scheme that can protect video information with higher security by combining the video coding algorithm with encryption algorithm. The H.264/AVC encoding algorithm encodes the video into multiple slices, and the slices are independent of each other. With this feature, we encrypt each slice while using the cipher feedback (CFB) mode of the advanced encryption standard (AES) with the dynamic key. The key is generated by the pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) and updated in real time. The encryption scheme goes through three phases: constructing plaintext, encrypting plaintext, and replacing the original bitstream. In our scheme, we encrypt the code stream after encoding, so it does not affect the coding efficiency. The purpose of the CFB mode while using the AES encryption algorithm is to maintain the exact same bit rate and produce a format compatible bitstream. This paper proposes a new four-dimensional (4-D) hyperchaotic algorithm to protect data privacy in order to further improve the security of video encryption. Symmetric encryption requires that the same key is used for encryption and decoding. In this paper, the symmetry method is used to protect the privacy of video data due to the large amount of video encrypted data. In the experiment, we evaluated the proposed algorithm while using different reference video sequences containing motion, texture, and objects.

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Seeling, Patrick, and Martin Reisslein. "Video Traffic Characteristics of Modern Encoding Standards: H.264/AVC with SVC and MVC Extensions and H.265/HEVC." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/189481.

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Video encoding for multimedia services over communication networks has significantly advanced in recent years with the development of the highly efficient and flexible H.264/AVC video coding standard and its SVC extension. The emerging H.265/HEVC video coding standard as well as 3D video coding further advance video coding for multimedia communications. This paper first gives an overview of these new video coding standards and then examines their implications for multimedia communications by studying the traffic characteristics of long videos encoded with the new coding standards. We review video coding advances from MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 Part 2 to H.264/AVC and its SVC and MVC extensions as well as H.265/HEVC. For single-layer (nonscalable) video, we compare H.265/HEVC and H.264/AVC in terms of video traffic and statistical multiplexing characteristics. Our study is the first to examine the H.265/HEVC traffic variability for long videos. We also illustrate the video traffic characteristics and statistical multiplexing of scalable video encoded with the SVC extension of H.264/AVC as well as 3D video encoded with the MVC extension of H.264/AVC.

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Milicevic, Zoran, and Zoran Bojkovic. "An approach to selective intra coding and early inter skip prediction in H.264/AVC standard." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 21, no. 1 (2008): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee0801107m.

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This paper presents selective intra coding and early inter skip fast mode decision algorithm for H.264/AVC and compares performance of H.264/AVC with prior standards. Video coding standard H.264/AVC provides gains in compression efficiency of up to 50% over a wide range of bit rates and video resolutions compared to previous standards. In order to achieve this, a robust rate-distortion optimization (RDO) technique is employed to select best coding mode and reference frame for each macroblock. Also, the original and modification test models are compared for combined skip and intra prediction method in H.264/AVC encoder, when ? pictures are analyzed. Experimental results show that the coding time is reduced by 35-42% through early identification of macroblocks that are likely to be skipped during the coding process and through reducing the number of candidate modes. .

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A. Suthar, Haresh. "VHDL Implementation of H.264 Video Coding Standard." International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) 1, no. 3 (November 1, 2012): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v1.i3.pp95-102.

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This Paper contains VHDL implementation of H.264 video coding standard, which is new video coding standard of the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group and the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group. The main goal of the H.264/AVC standardization effort is to enhance compression performance and provision of a “network-friendly” video representation addressing “conversational” (video telephony) and “no conversational” (storage, broadcast, or streaming) applications.H.264 video coder standard is having fundamental blocks like transform and quantization, Intra prediction, Inter prediction and Context Adaptive Variable Length Coding (CAVLC). Each block is designed and integrated to one top module in VHDL.

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Wiegand, T., G. J. Sullivan, G. Bjontegaard, and A. Luthra. "Overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 13, no. 7 (July 2003): 560–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2003.815165.

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Kim, Chung Hyo, Tae Sik Kong, Young Jun Lee, Hee Dong Kim, and Young Ho Ju. "High Speed Decoding of Entropy Codes in H.264/AVC Based on a Symbol Prediction." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1262.

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H.264/AVC is adopted as a next generation moving picture compression standard. Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) is the major entropy coding algorithm employed in H.264/AVC. Although the performance gain of H.264/AVC is mostly resulted from CABAC, it is difficult to implement a high-throughput decoder due to its decoding complexity. Although CABAC excludes a multiplication, the algorithm is basically sequential and needs large computations to compute some important variables, which are range, offset and context variables. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve fast decoding performance. In this paper, a prediction scheme is proposed to decode maximally two bits at a time and thus to reduce overall decoding time. A CABAC decoder based on the proposed prediction scheme reduces total cycles by 24% compared to conventional decoders.

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Tian, Ling, Yi Min Zhou, Yu Sun, and Shi Xin Sun. "Frame Coding Complexity Prediction in H.264/AVC Rate Control." Advanced Materials Research 108-111 (May 2010): 464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.108-111.464.

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H.264/AVC video coding standard inherited the quadratic rate-distortion model of VM8, and proposed a linear tracking model to predict Mean Absolute Difference of the current frame. Since Rate-Distortion Optimization is introduced, the frame coding complexity MAD is predicted in H.264/AVC rate control. However, any single-mode prediction approach of frame coding complexity has its shortages due to unexpected changes of video source. In this paper, we induct the frame coding complexity based on extensive experiments, and propose an optimized choice approach to predict the frame coding complexity. Simulation results demonstrate that the novel approach for frame coding complexity gains better precision than that of joint model in H.264/AVC reference software.

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Kumar, Sunil, Mrinal K. Mandal, and Sethuraman Panchanathan. "Special issue on emerging H.264/AVC video coding standard." Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation 17, no. 2 (April 2006): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2005.12.002.

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Zhang, Xing Hui. "An Efficient Motion Estimation Algorithm for H.264/AVC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 997–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.997.

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The efficient motion estimation algorithms are the important research hotspot in the real-time video coding-decoding technology. This paper proposes a novel and simple fast motion estimation algorithm based on adaptive search-pattern. The new algorithm includes three schemes: stationary block prediction, predictive search for non-stationary blocks, choosing a starting point and adaptive refinement search in merging process. Experiments show that the efficient motion estimation algorithm proposed can further reduce the computations of block-matching while improve the compression effect.

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Byeon, Joohyung, Seungchul Jang, Jongseok Lee, Kyungyong Kim, and Donggyu Sim. "Fast Thumbnail Extraction for H.264/AVC, HEVC and VP9." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041844.

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In this paper, we propose a partial decoding method with limited memory usage for high-speed thumbnail extraction. The proposed method performs a partial inverse transform and a partial intra prediction in order to reconstruct pixels for intra prediction and thumbnails. Thereafter, the reconstructed pixels at the bottom and right line of the block are stored in the line buffer and the thumbnail buffer without being stored in the decoded picture buffer with full resolution. H.264/AVC, HEVC and VP9 video codecs have different coding structures, prediction and transforms; however, the proposed algorithm can be applied to the corresponding codecs in the same manner. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we implemented the proposed algorithm for H.264/AVC, HEVC and VP9. We found that the thumbnail extraction time of the proposed method decreased by 66% in H.264/AVC, 52% in HEVC and 48% in VP9 as compared to the full decoding method.

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Wiegand, T., and G. J. Sullivan. "The H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard [Standards in a Nutshell]." IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 24, no. 2 (March 2007): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2007.323282.

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Hu, Feng, Jia Liu, and Shuzhen Chen. "Improved diamond search algorithm for H.264/AVC video coding standard." Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 13, no. 1 (February 2008): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11859-008-0112-6.

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Puri, Atul, Xuemin Chen, and Ajay Luthra. "Video coding using the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standard." Signal Processing: Image Communication 19, no. 9 (October 2004): 793–849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.image.2004.06.003.

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He, Shu Qian, Chun Shi, and Zheng Jie Deng. "A Novel Rate Control Algorithm for H.264/AVC Standard." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 783–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.783.

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In this paper, we describe our rate distortion optimization framework for H.264/AVC standard. We investigate that the R-D characteristics of H.264 video signal in traditional transform-based video coding systems should be modeled for the Texture and Header components separately. Based on the proposed model, a R-D cost estimation function is also proposed to give a more accurate R-Q model. Built upon the above ideas, a rate control (RC) algorithm is developed for the H.264 encoder under the constant bit rate constraint. It is shown by experimental results that the new scheme can achieve better results in control bit rate and R-D performance compared to previously proposed approaches.

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Rad, Farhad, and Ali Broumandnia. "An Efficient Implementation of the Entire Transforms in the H.264/AVC Encoder using VHDL." International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) 2, no. 3 (November 1, 2013): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v2.i3.pp116-121.

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The H.264/AVC standard achieves remarkable higher compression performance than the previous MPEG and H.26X standards. One of the computationally intensive units in the MPEG and H.26X video coding families is the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). In this paper, we propose an efficient implementation of the DCT, inverse DCTs and the Hadamard transforms in the H.264/AVC encoder using VHDL. The synthesis results indicate that our implementation of the entire transforms achieves lower power, delay and area consumption compared to the existing architectures in the H.264/AVC encoder.

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Al-Jobouri, Laith, Martin Fleury, and Mohammed Ghanbari. "Protecting H.264/AVC Data-Partitioned Video Streams over Broadband WiMAX." Advances in Multimedia 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/129517.

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Broadband wireless technology, though aimed at video services, also poses a potential threat to video services, as wireless channels are prone to error bursts. In this paper, an adaptive, application-layer Forward Error Correction (FEC) scheme protects H.264/AVC data-partitioned video. Data partitioning is the division of a compressed video stream into partitions of differing decoding importance. The paper determines whether equal error protection (EEP) through FEC of all partition types or unequal error protection (UEP) of the more important partition type is preferable. The paper finds that, though UEP offers a small reduction in bitrate, if EEP is employed, there are significant gains (several dBs) in video quality. Overhead from using EEP rather than UEP was found to be around 1% of the overall bitrate. Given that data partitioning already reduces errors through packet size reduction and differentiation of coding data, EEP with data partitioning is a practical means of protecting user-based video streaming. The gain from employing EEP is shown to be higher quality video to the user, which will result in a greater take-up of video services. The results have implications for other forms of prioritized video streaming.

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Ye, Xi En, and Yin Feng Zhu. "The Research of Video Signal Capture and Processing Technology in Microteching System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 1582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.1582.

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This paper describes a video signal processing system, based on the research of DirectShow streaming media processing platform, H.264/AVC video coding technology and multi-channel video encoding chip SC8919 which includes H.264 hardware video encoder. This system can compress four channel D1(720*576) size of the image data collected by camera at the rate of 30fps into standard H.264 stream, and upload it to the control room to store and decode broadcast through existed campus Ethernet without additional laying line.

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Spinsante, Susanna, Ennio Gambi, and Franco Chiaraluce. "Skipping Strategies for High Definition H.264/AVC Real Time Video Coding." Journal of Communications Software and Systems 3, no. 2 (June 21, 2007): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v3i2.259.

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This paper discusses the feasibility of High Definition H.264/AVC video coding in the Baseline profile, for real time applications like videoconferencing. By means of suited SKIP strategies and exploiting the higher resolution, redundancyand visual information amount of the High Definition formats,with respect to Standard Definition, it is possible to speed upsignificantly the Mode Decision procedure, without affecting thefinal perceived quality.

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Luthra, A., G. J. Sullivan, and T. Wiegand. "Introduction to the special issue on the H.264/AVC video coding standard." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 13, no. 7 (July 2003): 557–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2003.815169.

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Schwarz, H., D. Marpe, and T. Wiegand. "Overview of the Scalable Video Coding Extension of the H.264/AVC Standard." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 17, no. 9 (September 2007): 1103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2007.905532.

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Tian, Bo, Yi Min Yang, and Shu Ting Cai. "A Novel Rate Control Algorithm for H.264/AVC Considering Frame Activity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 3096–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.3096.

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Rate control has significant impact on the video coding. However, the conventional rate control algorithm in the latest video coding standard H.264 without take into account the human visual system and result in video quality fluctuation. To address this problem, we propose a novel rate control algorithm for H.264/AVC considering frame activity. First, a method is proposed to detect the scene change in frames of video sequences. Second, bit allocation to frame is related to the frame activity which is calculated on the local motion activity and scene change in frames. And in the MB level, the number of bits allocated to each MB is determined by its local motion activity. Experimental results show that the proposed rate control algorithm can increase average PSNR by 0.9137 comparisons with the JVT-G012, and reduces the bit-rate error by up to 0.06%.

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Li, Chen, Yi Yang, Kai Liu, and Lihua Tian. "A Semi-Fragile Video Watermarking Algorithm Based on H.264/AVC." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (June 20, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8848553.

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With the increasing application of advanced video coding (H.264/AVC) in the multimedia field, a great significance to research in video watermarking based on this video compression standard has been established. We propose a semifragile video watermarking algorithm, which can simultaneously implement frame attack and video tamper detection, herein. In this paper, the frame number is selected as the watermark information, and the relationship of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) nonzero coefficients is used as the authentication code. The 4×4 subblocks, whose DCT nonzero coefficients are sufficiently complex, are selected to embed the watermark. The parities of these nonzero coefficients in the medium frequency are modulated to embed watermarks. The experimental results show that the visual quality of the embedded watermarked video is virtually unaffected, and the algorithm exhibits good robustness. Furthermore, the algorithm can correctly implement frame attack and video tamper detection.

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Przyłucki, Sławomir, and Artur Sierszeń. "Gradation of Video Quality in Dash Services Using the H.264/SVC Coding." Image Processing & Communications 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipc-2015-0036.

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Abstract The share of video streaming services in the global network traffic is increasing every year. For this reason the problem of optimal use of the available bandwidth, while ensuring an acceptable level of quality of the transmitted video is becoming an important issue. A combination of two techniques, DASH streaming and H.264/AVC video coding can be an important step towards solving this problem. The article presents the discussion the choice of the proper gradation of SVC encoding parameters inside representation of video content in DASH systems. We propose the Temporal Preservation (T-P) method of selection of the SVC stream structure to optimize the grading changes of video quality. This method allows for the implementation of DASH adaptation to changes in available bandwidth on the transmission link, which minimizes the impact of this process on the quality of the received video. According to results of conducted tests, the T-P method offers a better final video quality in DASH systems than similar solutions based on a standard adaptation method. The comparison with the DASH system that uses H.264/AVC encoding also showed superiority of the T-P method, especially in situations of high network congestion

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ZARGARI, FARZAD, and SEDIGHE GHORBANI. "FAST CALCULATION OF 8 × 8 INTEGER DCT IN THE SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF H.264/AVC." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 23, no. 05 (May 8, 2014): 1450069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126614500698.

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In order to achieve higher compression performance the fidelity range extension (FRExt) amendment was added to the H.264 advanced video coding (AVC) standard. It uses both 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 integer discrete cosine transform (DCT) adaptively in the high profiles. This led to additional complexity of the initial version of the H.264/AVC encoder which had substantially high computational complexity. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm which reduces the computational complexity for software implementation of horizontal 8 × 8 integer DCT by more than 25%. Simulation results indicate 22% reduction in the computation time by using the proposed algorithm.

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Khan, Imran Ullah, M. A. Ansari, S. Hasan Saeed, and Kakul Khan. "Evaluation and Analysis of Rate Control Methods for H.264/AVC and MPEG-4 Video Codec." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i2.pp1273-1280.

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Audio, image and video signals produce a vast amount of data. The only solution of this problem is to compress data before storage and transmission. In general there is the three crucial terms as, Bit Rate Reduction, Fast Data Transfer and Reduction in Storage. Rate control is a vigorous factor in video coding. In video communications, rate control must ensure the coded bitstream can be transmitted effectively and make full use of the narrow bandwidth. There are various test models usually suggested by a standard during the development of video codes models in order to video coding which should be suffienciently be efficient based on H.264 at very low bit rate. These models are Test Model Number 5 (TMN5), Test Model Number 8 for H.263, and Verification Model 8 (VM8) for MPEG-4 and H.264 etc. In this work, Rate control analysis for H.264, MPEG-4 performed. For Rate control analysis test model verification model version 8.0 is adopted.

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Khan, Imran Ullah, M. A. Ansari, S. Hasan Saeed, and Kakul Khan. "Evaluation and Analysis of Rate Control Methods for H.264/AVC and MPEG-4 Video Codec." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 2788. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i5.pp2788-2794.

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Audio, image and video signals produce a vast amount of data. The only solution of this problem is to compress data before storage and transmission. In general there is the three crucial terms as, Bit Rate Reduction, Fast Data Transfer and Reduction in Storage. Rate control is a vigorous factor in video coding. In video communications, rate control must ensure the coded bitstream can be transmitted effectively and make full use of the narrow bandwidth. There are various test models usually suggested by a standard during the development of video codes models in order to video coding which should be suffienciently be efficient based on H.264 at very low bit rate. These models are Test Model Number 5 (TMN5), Test Model Number 8 for H.263, and Verification Model 8 (VM8) for MPEG-4 and H.264 etc. In this work, Rate control analysis for H.264, MPEG-4 performed. For Rate control analysis test model verification model version 8.0 is adopted.

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Sendrei, Lukáš, Ján Valiska, and Stanislav Marchevský. "H.264 Video Transmission over Wlan in Opnet Modeller." Journal of Electrical Engineering 64, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2013-0016.

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One of the biggest challenges of communication networks is the video transmission in real time. It requires high demands on the available network capacity and transport mechanisms. Availability of smart mobile devices with batteries, which keep the terminal working for several hours, caused an increased interest in the research of the deployment of video transmission in wireless transmission systems. The presented paper deals with the transmission of video encoded with H.264/AVC (Advanced Video Coding) video coding standard through wireless local area network (WLAN) using the programming environment OPNET Modeller (OM). The test network studied in this work was prepared by combining real and simulated networks, which allows interesting possibilities when working with the OM tools. Such an approach to working with OM allows a detailed video streaming analysis, because the video output was noticeably not only in the form of statistics, but we can see the real impact of transmission failures. Using the OM simulation environment allows to design the transmission systems, which would be difficult to establish in laboratory conditions.

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Correa, Guilherme, Luciano Agostini, and Luis A. da Silva Cruz. "Sample-Level Filtering Order for High-Throughput and Memory-Aware H.264 Deblocking Filter." ISRN Signal Processing 2012 (May 31, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/805346.

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This paper presents a new sample-level filtering order for the Deblocking Filter process of the H.264/AVC video coding standard to be used instead of the traditional block-level order presented in previous works. This processing order allows a better exploration of the parallelism in the filtering process by reducing data dependencies in comparison to other works. The proposed sample-level order allows four parallel and independent samples filtering simultaneously, completing one complete macroblock filtering in fewer cycles and requiring less memory space than the related works. The proposed filtering order can be applied to the Deblocking Filter presented in a conventional H.264/AVC encoder or decoder and to the H.264/SVC interlayer Deblocking Filter. When compared to the original H.264/AVC filter and to the best related work found in the literature, the proposed scheme achieves a reduction of 72% and 25% in the number of clock cycles and a memory usage decrease of 75% and 43%, respectively.

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Marpe, D., H. Schwarz, and T. Wiegand. "Context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding in the H.264/AVC video compression standard." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 13, no. 7 (July 2003): 620–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2003.815173.

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Idbeaa, Tarik, Kasmiran Jumari, Salina Abd. Samad, Ali Abdulgader, and Nidal Eshah. "New Approach of Encrypting Embedded Data in H.264 Compressed Video." Advanced Materials Research 230-232 (May 2011): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.230-232.346.

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Digital video steganography has attracted a great deal of research interest in the recent few years in applications. In this paper, we propose a method to embed and encrypt messages into video sequences by using steganography technique Based on the H.264 video coding standard. The system implemented in this work provides robust H.264 video compression constant, without significantly affecting the overall bit rate and quality of the video stream. The results indicate that the algorithm can be implemented steganography fast and efficiently and effect vision and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of video sequences are almost unaffected after decoding.

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Van der Auwera, Geert, Prasanth T. David, Martin Reisslein, and Lina J. Karam. "Traffic and Quality Characterization of the H.264/AVC Scalable Video Coding Extension." Advances in Multimedia 2008 (2008): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/164027.

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The recent scalable video coding (SVC) extension to the H.264/AVC video coding standard has unprecedented compression efficiency while supporting a wide range of scalability modes, including temporal, spatial, and quality (SNR) scalability, as well as combined spatiotemporal SNR scalability. The traffic characteristics, especially the bit rate variabilities, of the individual layer streams critically affect their network transport. We study the SVC traffic statistics, including the bit rate distortion and bit rate variability distortion, with long CIF resolution video sequences and compare them with the corresponding MPEG-4 Part 2 traffic statistics. We consider (i) temporal scalability with three temporal layers, (ii) spatial scalability with a QCIF base layer and a CIF enhancement layer, as well as (iii) quality scalability modes FGS and MGS. We find that the significant improvement in RD efficiency of SVC is accompanied by substantially higher traffic variabilities as compared to the equivalent MPEG-4 Part 2 streams. We find that separately analyzing the traffic of temporal-scalability only encodings gives reasonable estimates of the traffic statistics of the temporal layers embedded in combined spatiotemporal encodings and in the base layer of combined FGS-temporal encodings. Overall, we find that SVC achieves significantly higher compression ratios than MPEG-4 Part 2, but produces unprecedented levels of traffic variability, thus presenting new challenges for the network transport of scalable video.

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Di Laura, Christian, Diego Pajuelo, and Guillermo Kemper. "A Novel Steganography Technique for SDTV-H.264/AVC Encoded Video." International Journal of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6950592.

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Today, eavesdropping is becoming a common issue in the rapidly growing digital network and has foreseen the need for secret communication channels embedded in digital media. In this paper, a novel steganography technique designed for Standard Definition Digital Television (SDTV) H.264/AVC encoded video sequences is presented. The algorithm introduced here makes use of the compression properties of the Context Adaptive Variable Length Coding (CAVLC) entropy encoder to achieve a low complexity and real-time inserting method. The chosen scheme hides the private message directly in the H.264/AVC bit stream by modifying the AC frequency quantized residual luminance coefficients of intrapredicted I-frames. In order to avoid error propagation in adjacent blocks, an interlaced embedding strategy is applied. Likewise, the steganography technique proposed allows self-detection of the hidden message at the target destination. The code source was implemented by mixing MATLAB 2010 b and Java development environments. Finally, experimental results have been assessed through objective and subjective quality measures and reveal that less visible artifacts are produced with the technique proposed by reaching PSNR values above 40.0 dB and an embedding bit rate average per secret communication channel of 425 bits/sec. This exemplifies that steganography is affordable in digital television.

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Schwarz, Heiko, and Mathias Wien. "The Scalable Video Coding Extension of the H.264/AVC Standard [Standards in a Nutshell]." IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 25, no. 2 (March 2008): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2007.914712.

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Santos, Lucana, Sebastián Lopez, Gustavo M. Callico, José F. Lopez, and Roberto Sarmiento. "Performance Evaluation of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard for Lossy Hyperspectral Image Compression." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 5, no. 2 (April 2012): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2011.2173906.

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Koumaras, Harilaos, Charalampos Skianis, and Anastasios Kourtis. "Analysis and Modeling of H.264 Unconstrained VBR Video Traffic." International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications 1, no. 4 (October 2009): 14–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jmcmc.2009072802.

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In future communication networks, video is expected to represent a large portion of the total traffic, given thatespecially variable bit rate (VBR) coded video streams, are becoming increasingly popular. Consequently, traffic modeling and characterization of such video services is essential for the efficient traffic control and resource management. Besides, providing an insight of video coding mechanisms, traffic models can be used as a tool for the allocation of network resources, the design of efficient networks for streaming services and the reassurance of specific QoS characteristics to the end users. The new H.264/AVC standard, proposed by the ITU-T Video Coding Expert Group (VCEG) and ISO/IEC Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG), is expected to dominate in upcoming multimedia services, due to the fact that it outperforms in many fields the previous encoded standards. This article presents both a frame and a layer (i.e. I, P and B frames) level analysis of H.264 encoded sources. Analysis of the data suggests that the video traffic can be considered as a stationary stochastic process with an autocorrelation function of exponentially fast decay and a marginal frame size distribution of approximately Gamma form. Finally, based on the statistical analysis, an efficient model of H.264 video traffic is proposed.

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Lee, Jin Young. "Enhanced Intra Prediction Based on Adaptive Coding Order and Multiple Reference Sets in HEVC." Electronics 8, no. 6 (June 22, 2019): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8060703.

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High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is the most recent video coding standard. It can achieve a significantly higher coding performance than previous video coding standards, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4, and H.264/AVC (Advanced Video Coding). In particular, to obtain high coding efficiency in intra frames, HEVC investigates various directional spatial prediction modes and then selects the best prediction mode based on rate-distortion optimization. For further improvement of coding performance, this paper proposes an enhanced intra prediction method based on adaptive coding order and multiple reference sets. The adaptive coding order determines the best coding order for each block, and the multiple reference sets enable the block to be predicted from various reference samples. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves better intra coding performance than the conventional method.

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Zhang, Zhenzhen, Changbo Liu, Zhaohong Li, Lifang Yu, and Huanma Yan. "Detection of Transcoding from H.264/AVC to HEVC Based on CU and PU Partition Types." Symmetry 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11111343.

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High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is a worldwide popular video coding standard due to its high coding efficiency. To make profits, forgers prefer to transcode videos from previous standards such as H.264/AVC to HEVC. To deal with this issue, an efficient method is proposed to expose such transcoded HEVC videos based on coding unit (CU) and prediction unit (PU) partition types. CU and PU partitioning are two unique syntactic units of HEVC that can reflect a video’s compression history. In this paper, CU and PU partition types of I pictures and P pictures are firstly extracted. Then, their mean frequencies are calculated and concatenated as distinguishing features, which are further sent to a support vector machine (SVM) for classification. Experimental results show that the proposed method can identify transcoded HEVC videos with high accuracy and has strong robustness against frame-deletion and shifted Group of Pictures (GOP) structure attacks.

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Poornima, G. R., and S. C. Prasanna Kumar. "Efficient H.264 Decoder Architecture using External Memory and Pipelining." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 12, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v12.i3.pp995-1002.

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A H.264 standard is one of the most popular coding standard with significant improvement in video broadcasting and streaming application. However it’s significant in compression but needs huge calculation and complex algorithm for providing better image quality and compression rate. In H.264 coding technique, designing of decoder is a key factor for efficient coding. In this paper we are designing a decoder using a complex input. We ensured several improvement like looping arrangement, buffer upgradation, buffer supplement, memory reusability and pipelining architecture. We have modified the memory structure also. Our designed decoder achieves a better frame decoding efficiency against state-of-art methods. The proposed approach also provides good area optimization with a maximum frequency of 355 MHz.

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Coelho, Diego F. G., Renato J. Cintra, Fábio M. Bayer, Sunera Kulasekera, Arjuna Madanayake, Paulo Martinez, Thiago L. T. Silveira, Raíza S. Oliveira, and Vassil S. Dimitrov. "Low-Complexity Loeffler DCT Approximations for Image and Video Coding." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 8, no. 4 (November 22, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea8040046.

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This paper introduced a matrix parametrization method based on the Loeffler discrete cosine transform (DCT) algorithm. As a result, a new class of 8-point DCT approximations was proposed, capable of unifying the mathematical formalism of several 8-point DCT approximations archived in the literature. Pareto-efficient DCT approximations are obtained through multicriteria optimization, where computational complexity, proximity, and coding performance are considered. Efficient approximations and their scaled 16- and 32-point versions are embedded into image and video encoders, including a JPEG-like codec and H.264/AVC and H.265/HEVC standards. Results are compared to the unmodified standard codecs. Efficient approximations are mapped and implemented on a Xilinx VLX240T FPGA and evaluated for area, speed, and power consumption.

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Al Qodri Maarif, Haris, Teddy Surya Gunawan, and Afzeri. "Low Bit Rate Video Coding for Remote Desktop Operation of CNC Milling." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 1631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.1631.

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Scalable Video Coding (SVC) is the extension of the H.264/AVC standard. The SVC has good capability in video transmission systems because of its scalability which can adapt in different network conditions, especially in low bit rate transmission. The objective of this paper is to develop the low bit rate video coding for assisting the remote operation of Command and Control (CNC) milling process through virtual simulation and remote desktop interface. The algorithm for low bit rate video coding will be in the downsampling of high resolution layer before the encoding process and upsampling the high layer data in the decoder. Based on simulation results, the proposed scheme shows good performance in maintaining the video quality at 128 kbps while providing high time savings for the encoding process.

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Zhang, Mengmeng, Hongyun Lu, and Zhi Liu. "Quality Scalability Compression on Single-Loop Solution in HEVC." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/149859.

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This paper proposes a quality scalable extension design for the upcoming high efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard. In the proposed design, the single-loop decoder solution is extended into the proposed scalable scenario. A novel interlayer intra/interprediction is added to reduce the amount of bits representation by exploiting the correlation between coding layers. The experimental results indicate that the average Bjøntegaard delta rate decrease of 20.50% can be gained compared with the simulcast encoding. The proposed technique achieved 47.98% Bjøntegaard delta rate reduction compared with the scalable video coding extension of the H.264/AVC. Consequently, significant rate savings confirm that the proposed method achieves better performance.

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Martinez-Enriquez, Eduardo, Amaya Jimenez-Moreno, and Fernando Diaz-de-Maria. "An adaptive algorithm for fast inter mode decision in the H.264/AVC video coding standard." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 56, no. 2 (May 2010): 826–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tce.2010.5506008.

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Sarwer, M. G., and Q. M. J. Wu. "Adaptive Variable Block-Size Early Motion Estimation Termination Algorithm for H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 19, no. 8 (August 2009): 1196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2009.2020322.

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Barr, Mohammad. "A Fast Encoding Scheme for High Efficiency Video Coding." Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 13, no. 6 (November 4, 2020): 933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352096513666191227102559.

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Background: High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is a recent video compression standard. It provides better compression performance compared to its predecessor, H.264/AVC. However, the computational complexity of the HEVC encoder is much higher than that of H.264/AVC encoder. This makes HEVC less attractive to be used in real-time applications and in devices with limited resources (e.g., low memory, low processing power, etc.). The increased computational complexity of HEVC is partly due to its use of a variable size Transform Unit (TU) selection algorithm which successively performs transform operations using transform units of different sizes before selecting the optimal transform unit size. In this paper, a fast transform unit size selection method is proposed to reduce the computational complexity of an HEVC encoder. Methods: Bayesian decision theory is used to predict the size of the TU during encoding. This is done by exploiting the TU size decisions at a previous temporal level and by modeling the relationship between the TU size and the Rate-Distortion (RD) cost values. Results: Simulation results show that the proposed method achieves a reduction of the encoding time of the latest HEVC encoder by 16.21% on average without incurring any noticeable compromise on its compression efficiency. The algorithm also reduces the number of transform operations by 44.98% on average. Conclusion: In this paper, a novel fast TU size selection scheme for HEVC is proposed. The proposed technique outperforms both the latest HEVC reference software, HM 16.0, as well as other state-of-the-art techniques in terms of time-complexity. The compression performance of the proposed technique is comparable to that of HM 16.0.

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Bouaafia, Soulef, Randa Khemiri, Amna Maraoui, and Fatma Elzahra Sayadi. "CNN-LSTM Learning Approach-Based Complexity Reduction for High-Efficiency Video Coding Standard." Scientific Programming 2021 (March 25, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6628041.

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High-Efficiency Video Coding provides a better compression ratio compared to earlier standard, H.264/Advanced Video Coding. In fact, HEVC saves 50% bit rate compared to H.264/AVC for the same subjective quality. This improvement is notably obtained through the hierarchical quadtree structured Coding Unit. However, the computational complexity significantly increases due to the full search Rate-Distortion Optimization, which allows reaching the optimal Coding Tree Unit partition. Despite the many speedup algorithms developed in the literature, the HEVC encoding complexity still remains a crucial problem in video coding field. Towards this goal, we propose in this paper a deep learning model-based fast mode decision algorithm for HEVC intermode. Firstly, we provide a deep insight overview of the proposed CNN-LSTM, which plays a kernel and pivotal role in this contribution, thus predicting the CU splitting and reducing the HEVC encoding complexity. Secondly, a large training and inference dataset for HEVC intercoding was investigated to train and test the proposed deep framework. Based on this framework, the temporal correlation of the CU partition for each video frame is solved by the LSTM network. Numerical results prove that the proposed CNN-LSTM scheme reduces the encoding complexity by 58.60% with an increase in the BD rate of 1.78% and a decrease in the BD-PSNR of -0.053 dB. Compared to the related works, the proposed scheme has achieved a best compromise between RD performance and complexity reduction, as proven by experimental results.

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Indoonundon, Deevya, Tulsi Pawan Fowdur, and Sunjiv Soyjaudah. "A Concealment Aware UEP scheme for H.264 using RS Codes." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v6.i3.pp671-681.

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H.264/AVC is currently the most widely adopted video coding standard due to its high compression capability and flexibility. However, compressed videos are highly vulnerable to channel errors which may result in severe quality degradation of a video. This paper presents a concealment aware Unequal Error Protection (UEP) scheme for H.264 video compression using Reed Solomon (RS) codes. The proposed UEP technique assigns a code rate to each Macroblock (MB) based on the type of concealment and a Concealment Dependent Index (CDI). Two interleaving techniques, namely Frame Level Interleaving (FLI) and Group Level Interleaving (GLI) have also been employed. Finally, prioritised concealment is applied in cases where error correction is beyond the capability of the RS decoder. Simulation results have demonstrated that the proposed framework provides an average gain of 2.96 dB over a scheme that used Equal Error Protection (EEP).

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Jiang, Xiantao, Tian Song, Takafumi Katayama, and Jenq-Shiou Leu. "Spatial Correlation-Based Motion-Vector Prediction for Video-Coding Efficiency Improvement." Symmetry 11, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11020129.

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H.265/HEVC achieves an average bitrate reduction of 50% for fixed video quality compared with the H.264/AVC standard, while computation complexity is significantly increased. The purpose of this work is to improve coding efficiency for the next-generation video-coding standards. Therefore, by developing a novel spatial neighborhood subset, efficient spatial correlation-based motion vector prediction (MVP) with the coding-unit (CU) depth-prediction algorithm is proposed to improve coding efficiency. Firstly, by exploiting the reliability of neighboring candidate motion vectors (MVs), the spatial-candidate MVs are used to determine the optimized MVP for motion-data coding. Secondly, the spatial correlation-based coding-unit depth-prediction is presented to achieve a better trade-off between coding efficiency and computation complexity for interprediction. This approach can satisfy an extreme requirement of high coding efficiency with not-high requirements for real-time processing. The simulation results demonstrate that overall bitrates can be reduced, on average, by 5.35%, up to 9.89% compared with H.265/HEVC reference software in terms of the Bjontegaard Metric.

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Journal articles on the topic 'H.264/AVC video coding and decoding standard'

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