Journal articles on the topic 'H.R. 676'

Although it is well known that somatostatin inhibits net insulin secretion, it is unknown whether this is achieved by regulation of the basal or pulsatile components of insulin secretion and, if the latter, whether this is through modulation of pulse mass or frequency. We addressed these questions with a canine model. Portal vein blood was sampled at 1-min intervals in five dogs for 60 min before (basal) and 90 min after ingestion of 30 g glucose on two different occasions, during a saline (SAL) or a somatostatin (SMS, 175 ng/min) infusion. Plasma glucose concentrations were similar during SAL and SMS. SMS had no effect on pulse frequency before (8.4 +/- 0.7 vs. 9.2 +/- 1.0 pulses/h, SMS vs. SAL, P = 0.54) or after glucose (13.3 +/- 1.1 vs. 11.6 +/- 0.9 pulses/h, SMS vs. SAL, P = 0.22). In contrast, SMS decreased insulin pulse mass in the postabsorptive (84 +/- 28 vs. 214 +/- 73 pmol/pulse, SMS vs. SAL, P < 0.05) and fed states (676 +/- 143 vs. 913 +/- 183 pmol/pulse, SMS vs. SAL, P < 0.05). In the postabsorptive state, SMS decreased insulin clearance by approximately 50% (0.32 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.60 +/- 0.09 l/min, P < 0.05), but after glucose ingestion, insulin clearance was comparable during SMS or SAL (0.72 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.80 +/- 0.08 l/min, P = 0.4). SMS appeared to alter insulin clearance through modulation of insulin pulse amplitude, because in the postabsorptive state clearance was closely correlated to the pulse amplitude (r = + 0.87, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, somatostatin regulates the rate of insulin secretion by selective inhibition of pulsatile insulin secretion. Regulation of secretory burst mass (and amplitude) may secondarily influence transhepatic and thus total body clearance of endogenously secreted insulin and thereby serve as a novel mechanism to dictate the systemic insulin concentration.

Background:Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is commonly used for the treatment of various autoimmune diseases. The medication is generally well-tolerated. However, long-term use after 5 years may increase the risk of retinopathy. One study in 2014 has demonstrated the risk can be as high as 7.5%. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has become a major modality in screening retinopathy.Objectives:To evaluate the prevalence of retinal toxicity among patients using hydroxychloroquine and to determine various risk factors associated with hydroxychloroquine-associated retinal toxicity.Methods:We performed a retrospective chart review on a cohort of adult patients with long-term use (≥ 5 years cumulative) of HCQ between January 1st, 2011 to December 31st, 2018 from the Kaiser Permanente San Bernardino County and Riverside medical center areas in Southern California, USA. Patients were excluded if they had previously been diagnosed with retinopathy prior to hydroxychloroquine use, were deceased, or had incomplete OCT exam. Our primary endpoint was the prevalence of patients who developed retinal toxicity detected by OCT, and later confirmed by retinal specialist. Potential risk factors (age, duration of therapy, daily consumption per actual body weight, cumulative dose, confounding diseases and medication) for developing retinopathy were also evaluated. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine risk factors associated with retinal toxicity.Results:Among 676 patients exposed to more than 5 years of HCQ, the overall prevalence of retinal toxicity was 6.8%, and ranged from 2.5% to 22.2% depending on the age, weight-based dosing, duration of use and cumulative dose. Duration of therapy for 10 years or more increased risk of retinopathy by approximately 5 to 19 folds. Similarly, weight-based dose of 7 mg/kg/day or greater was assciated with increased risk of retinopathy by approximately 5 times. Patients with cumulative dose of 2000 grams or more had greater than 15 times higher risk of developing retinopathy. Duration of use for10 years or more (odd ratio 4.32, 95% CI 1.99 – 12.49), age (odd ratio 1.04; 95% CI 1.01 - 1.08), cumulative dose of more than 1500 g (odd ratio 7.4; 95% CI 1.40 – 39.04) and atherosclerosis of the aorta (odd ratio 2.59; 95% CI, 1.24 – 5.41) correlated with higher risk of retinal toxicity.Conclusion:The overall prevalence of retinopathy was 6.8%. Regular OCT screening, especially in patients with hydroxychloroquine use for more than 10 years, daily intake > 7 mg/kg, or cumulative dose > 1500 grams is important in detecting hydroxychloroquine-associated retinal toxicityReferences:[1]Hobbs HE. Sorsby A, & Freedman A. Retinopathy Following Chloroquine Therapy. The Lancet. 1959; 2(7101): 478-480.[2]Levy, G. D., Munz, S. J., Paschal, J., Cohen, H. B., Pince, K. J., & Peterson, T. Incidence of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in 1,207 patients in a large multicenter outpatient practice. Arthritis & Rheumatism: 1997; 40(8): 1482-1486.[3]Ding, H. J., Denniston, A. K., Rao, V. K., & Gordon, C. Hydroxychloroquine-related retinal toxicity. Rheumatology. 2016; 55(6): 957-967.[4]Stelton, C. R., Connors, D. B., Walia, S. S., & Walia, H. S. Hydrochloroquine retinopathy: characteristic presentation with review of screening. Clinical rheumatology. 2013; 32(6): 895-898.[5]Marmor, M. F., Kellner, U., Lai, T. Y., Melles, R. B., & Mieler, W. F. Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (2016 revision). Ophthalmology. 2016; 123(6): 1386-1394.[6]Melles, R. B., & Marmor, M. F. The risk of toxic retinopathy in patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine therapy. JAMA ophthalmology. 2014; 132(12): 1453-1460.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Botrytis cinerea infection of wine grapes can result in a variety of symptoms. The most common symptom is botrytis bunch rot (BBR), where infected berries rot and shrivel, and eventually produce fungal sporulation. Another symptom is slip skin, where the skins of infected ripe berries slide easily from the pulp. It is hypothesised that a reduction in osmotic potential in grape berries due to late-season rainfall leads to slip skin symptom development. Hyphal growth of B. cinerea on osmotically adjusted agar was inhibited at osmotic potentials associated with near-ripe berries. Vine sheltering was used in a research vineyard to manipulate rainfall artificially and to alter berry sugar content in Vitis vinifera Sauvignon blanc vines, with the aim of increasing osmotic potential and altering symptom expression. Both BBR and slip skin symptoms were affected by the various sheltering conditions, with sheltered vines having lower BBR and higher slip skin at harvest. REFERENCES Becker T, Grimm E, Knoche M 2012. Substantial water uptake into detached grape berries occurs through the stem surface. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 18: 109-114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2011.00177.x Beever RE, Laracy EP 1986. Osmotic adjustment in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Journal of Bacteriology 168: 1358-1365. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.168.3.1358-1365.1986 Beresford RM, Hill GN 2008. Botrytis control without fungicide residues - is it just a load of rot? New Zealand Winegrower 12: 104-106. Beresford RM, Evans KJ, Wood PN, Mundy DC 2006. Disease assessment and epidemic monitoring methodology for bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea) in grapevines. New Zealand Plant Protection 59: 355-360. Bondada BR, Matthews MA, Shackel KA 2005. Functional xylem in the post-véraison grape berry. Journal of Experimental Botany 56: 2949-2957. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eri291 Choat B, Gambetta GA, Shackel KA, Matthews MA 2009. Vascular function in grape berries across development and its relevance to apparent hydraulic isolation. Plant Physiology 151: 1677-1687. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.143172 Clarke SJ, Hardie WJ, Rogiers SY 2010. Changes in susceptibility of grape berries to splitting are related to impaired osmotic water uptake associated with losses in cell vitality. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 16: 469-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2010.00108.x Diakou P, Moing A, Svanella L, Ollat N, Rolin DB, Gaudillere M, Gaudillere JP 1997. Biochemical comparison of two grape varieties differing in juice acidity. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 3: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.1997.tb00122.x Grolemund G, Wickham H 2011. Dates and times made easy with lubridate. 2011 40: 25. Harris RF 1981. Effect of water potential on microbial growth and activity. In: Parr JF, Gardner WR, Elliott LF eds. Water Potential Relations in Soil Microbiology. SSSA Special Publication. Soil Science Society of America. Pp. 23-95. Hill GN, Beresford RM, Evans KJ 2010. Tools for accurate assessment of botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea) on wine grapes. New Zealand Plant Protection 63: 174-181. Hill GN, Evans KJ, Beresford RM 2014a. Use of nitrate non-utilising (nit) mutants to determine phenological stages at which Botrytis cinerea infects wine grapes causing botrytis bunch rot. Plant Pathology 63: 1316-1325. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12225 Hill GN, Evans KJ, Beresford RM, Dambergs RG 2014b. Comparison of methods for the quantification of botrytis bunch rot in white wine grapes. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 20: 432—441. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12101 Keller M, Smith JP, Bondada BR 2006. Ripening grape berries remain hydraulically connected to the shoot. Journal of Experimental Botany 57: 2577-2587. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erl020 Loschiavo A, Scholefield P, Morrison J, Ferris M 2010. The cost of pests and diseases to the Australian winegrape industry. Australian Viticulture 14: 15-19. McCarthy MG, Coombe BG 1999. Is weight loss in ripening grape berries cv. Shiraz caused by impeded phloem transport? Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 5: 17-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.1999.tb00146.x Mendiburu Fd 2016. agricolae: Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=agricolae. Mundy DC, Beresford RM 2007. Susceptibility of grapes to Botrytis cinerea in relation to berry nitrogen and sugar concentration. New Zealand Plant Protection 60: 123-127. Nelson KE 1956. The effect of Botrytis infection on the tissue of Tokay grapes. Phytopathology 46: 223-229. NIWA 2017. Mean monthly rainfall (mm). https://www.niwa.co.nz/education-and-training/schools/resources/climate/meanrain (05-05-2017). Pezet R, Viret O, Perret C, Tabacchi R 2003. Latency of Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. and biochemical studies during growth and ripening of two grape berry cultivars, respectively susceptible and resistant to grey mould. Journal of Phytopathology 151: 208-214. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2003.00707.x R Core Team 2016. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/. R Studio Team 2016. RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, Inc., Boston, MA. http://www.rstudio.com/. Rogiers SY, Smith JA, White R, Keller M, Holzapfel BP, Virgona JM 2001. Vascular function in berries of Vitis vinifera (L) cv. Shiraz. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 7: 47-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2001.tb00193.x Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Rueden C, Saalfeld S, Schmid B, Tinevez J-Y, White DJ, Hartenstein V, Eliceiri K, Tomancak P, Cardona A 2012. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nature Methods 9: 676-682. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2019 Smart R, Robinson M 1991. Sunlight into Wine. Winetitles, Adelaide, Australia. Taiz L, Zeiger E 1998. Plant Physiology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, USA. Tyerman SD, Tilbrook J, Pardo C, Kotula L, Sullivan W, Steudle E 2004. Direct measurement of hydraulic properties in developing berries of Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz and Chardonnay. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 10: 170-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2004.tb00020.x Whiting EC, Rizzo DM 1999. Effect of water potential on radial colony growth of Armillaria mellea and A. gallica isolates in culture. Mycologia 91: 627-635. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761248 Wickham H 2009. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. Wickham H 2016. tidyverse: Easily Install and Load 'Tidyverse' Packages. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tidyverse. Wickham H, Bryan J 2017. readxl: Read Excel Files. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=readxl. Wilcox WF, Gubler WD, Uyemoto JK 2015. Compendium of Grape Diseases, Disorders, and Pests: Second Edition. APS Press, St Paul, MN, USA.

Coherent optical fiber communications for data rates of 100Gbit/s and beyond have recently been studied extensively primarily because high sensitivity of coherent receivers could extend the transmission distance. Spectrally efficient modulation techniques such as M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) can be employed for coherent optical links. The integration of multi-level modulation formats based on coherent technologies with wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) systems is key to meet the aggregate bandwidth demand. This paper reviews coherent 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) systems to scale the network capacity and maximum reach of current optical communication systems to accommodate traffic growth. Full Text: PDF ReferencesK. Kikuchi, "Fundamentals of Coherent Optical Fiber Communications", J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 157-179, 2016. CrossRef S. Tsukamoto, D.-S. Ly-Gagnon, K. Katoh, and K. Kikuchi, "Coherent Demodulation of 40-Gbit/s Polarization-Multiplexed QPSK Signals with16-GHz Spacing after 200-km Transmission", Proc. OFc, Paper PDP29, (2005). DirectLink K. Kikuchi, "Coherent Optical Communication Technology", Proc. OFC, Paper Th4F.4, (2015). CrossRef J. M. Kahn and K.-P. Ho, "Spectral efficiency limits and modulation/detection techniques for DWDM systems", IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 259–272, (2004). CrossRef S. Tsukamoto, K. Katoh, and K. Kikuchi, "Coherent demodulation of optical multilevel phase-shift-keying signals using homodyne detection and digital signal processing", IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 1131–1133, (2006). CrossRef Y. Mori, C. Zhang, K. Igarashi, K. Katoh, and K. Kikuchi, "Unrepeated 200-km transmission of 40-Gbit/s 16-QAM signals using digital coherent receiver", Opt. Exp., vol. 17, no. 32, pp. 1435–1441, (2009). CrossRef H. Nakashima, Et al., "Digital Nonlinear Compensation Technologies in Coherent Optical Communication Systems", Proc. OFC, Paper W1G.5, (2017). CrossRef S. J. Savory, "Digital filters for coherent optical receivers", Opt. Exp., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 804–817, (2008). CrossRef D. S. Millar, T. Koike-Akino, S. Ö. Arık, K. Kojima, K. Parsons, T. Yoshida, and T. Sugihara, "High-dimensional modulation for coherent optical communications systems", Opt. Express, vol. 22, no. 7, pp 8798-8812, (2014). CrossRef R. Griffin and A. Carter, "Optical differential quadrature phase-shift key (oDQPSK) for high capacity optical transmission", Proc. OFC, Paper WX6, (2002). DirectLink K. Kikuchi, "Digital coherent optical communication systems: fundamentals and future prospects", IEICE Electron. Exp., vol. 8, no. 20, pp. 1642–1662, (2011). CrossRef F. Derr, "Optical QPSK transmission system with novel digital receiver concept", Electron Lett., vol. 27, no. 23, pp. 2177–2179, (1991). CrossRef R. No’e, "Phase noise tolerant synchronous QPSK receiver concept with digital I&Q baseband processing", Proc. OECC, Paper 16C2-5, (2004). DirectLink D.-S. Ly-Gagnon, S. Tsukamoto, K. Katoh, and K. Kikuchi, "Coherent detection of optical quadrature phase-shift keying signals with carrier phase estimation", J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 12–21, (2006). CrossRef M. Taylor, "Coherent detection method using DSP for demodulation of signal and subsequent equalization of propagation impairments", IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 674–676, (2004). CrossRef S. Tsukamoto, K. Katoh, and K. Kikuchi, "Unrepeated transmission of 20-Gb/s optical quadrature phase-shift-keying signal over 200-km standard single-mode fiber based on digital processing of homodyne-detected signal for Group-velocity dispersion compensation", IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1016–1018, (2006). CrossRef S. Tsukamoto, Y. Ishikawa, and K. Kikuchi, "Optical Homodyne Receiver Comprising Phase and Polarization Diversities with Digital Signal Processing", Proc. ECOC, Paper Mo4.2.1, (2006). CrossRef K. Kikuchi and S. Tsukamoto, "Evaluation of Sensitivity of the Digital Coherent Receiver", J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 20, no. 13, pp. 1817–1822, (2008). CrossRef S. Ishimura and K. Kikuchi, "Multi-dimensional Permutation Modulation Aiming at Both High Spectral Efficiency and High Power Efficiency", Proc. OFC/NFOEC, Paper M3A.2, (2014). CrossRef F. I. El-Nahal and A. H. M. Husein, "Radio over fiber access network architecture employing RSOA with downstream OQPSK and upstream re-modulated OOK data", (Optik) Int. J. Light Electron Opt., vol. 123, no. 14, pp: 1301-1303, (2012). CrossRef T. Koike-Akino, D. S. Millar, K. Kojima, and K. Parsons, "Eight-Dimensional Modulation for Coherent Optical Communications", Proc. ECOC, Paper Tu.3.C.3, (2013). DirectLink B. Sklar, Digital communications: Fundamentals and Applications, Prentice-Hall, (2001).

In August 2011, bacterial leaf spot was observed on witloof (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum) grown in a commercial field with 15% incidence in Injae, Korea. Symptoms on leaves included irregular brown to reddish brown spots in the center. Bacterial streaming from the lesions was observed microscopically. Bacterial isolates (BC3286, BC3287, and BC3308-BC3310) were recovered on Trypticase soy agar from lesions surface-sterilized in 70% ethyl alcohol for 30 s. The isolates were gram negative, urease negative, fluorescent on King's B agar, and had aerobic rods with 2 to 6 polar flagella. Pathogenicity tests were separately performed in different greenhouses located in Suwon (National Academy of Agricultural Science) and Chuncheon (Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services) in Korea. Pathogenicity was confirmed by spray inoculation of healthy, 10-day-old leaves of witloof plants (two plants/isolate) with a suspension of original field isolate (106 CFU/ml). Sterile distilled water was used as negative control. The inoculated plants were incubated in a growth chamber (25°C and 95% relative humidity [RH]) overnight, then transferred to a greenhouse at 23 to 27°C and 60 to 70% RH. Characteristic leaf spot symptoms were observed on inoculated witloof plants 8 days after inoculation. No symptoms were observed on control plants. The bacterium reisolated from the inoculated leaves was confirmed by analyzing sequence of the gyrB gene with direct sequencing method of PCR products using primers gyr-F and gyr-R (2). The sequence of reisolated bacteria shared 100% similarity with inoculated ones. In LOPAT (1) tests, all isolates and the reference strain of Pseudomonas cichorii CFBP2101T (=BC2595) were levan negative, oxidase positive, potato rot negative, arginine dihydrolase negative, and tobacco hypersensitivity positive, indicative of group III (–, +, –, –, +) of fluorescent pseudomonads. The 16S rRNA (1,408 bp), and gyrB (676 bp) regions were sequenced to aid in identification of the original field isolates as well as P. cichorii CFBP 2101T (=BC2595) using reported sets of PCR primers, fD1/rP2 and gyr-F/gyr-R, respectively (2,4). Phylogenetic analyses based on partial sequences of the gyrB and the 16S rRNA of Psudomonas spp. available in GenBank, the reference strain of P. cichorii CFBP2101T (=BC2595), and the witloof field isolates were conducted using the neighbor-joining method with Juke-Cantor model of distance calculation in MEGA version 5.1 (3). The isolates and the reference strain of P. cichorii CFBP2101T (=BC2595) was clustered in one group with P. cichorii strains in both phylogenetic trees based on the two sequences. Sequences of the 16S rRNA region had a distance index value ranging from 0.000 to 0.001 between the reference strain of P. cichori CFBP2101T (GenBank JX913784) and the field isolates (JX913785 to JX913789), and ranged from 0.000 to 0.001 within the field isolates. Sequences of the gyrB region had a distance index value ranging 0.029 to 0.033 between the reference strain (JX913790) and the field isolates (JX913791 to JX913795), and ranged from 0.000 to 0.041 within the field isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial leaf spot of witloof caused by P. cihorii in Korea. P. cichorii has a wide host range, and an important economic impact on vegetables. The disease is expected to result in a significant economic impact on root production of witloof in Korea. References: (1) R. A. Lelliott et al. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 29:470, 1966. (2) H. Sawada et al. J. Mol. Evol. 49:627, 1999. (3) K. Tamura et al. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28:2731, 2011. (4) W. G. Weinsburg et al. J. Bacteriol. 173, 697, 1991.

Direct spectroscopic evidence for a hydride bridge in the Ni–R form of [NiFe] hydrogenase has been obtained using iron-specific nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS). The Ni–H–Fe wag mode at 675 cm−1is the first spectroscopic evidence for a bridging hydride in Ni–R as well as the first iron-hydride-related NRVS feature observed for a biological system. Although density function theory (DFT) calculation assisted the determination of the Ni–R structure, it did not predict the Ni–H–Fe wag mode at ∼675 cm−1before NRVS. Instead, the observed Ni–H–Fe mode provided a critical reference for the DFT calculations. While the overall science about Ni–R is presented and discussed elsewhere, this article focuses on the long and strenuous experimental journey to search for and experimentally identify the Ni–H–Fe wag mode in a Ni–R sample. As a methodology, the results presented here will go beyond Ni–R and hydrogenase research and will also be of interest to other scientists who use synchrotron radiation for measuring dilute samples or weak spectroscopic features.

The hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury causes serious complications after the blood supply to the kidney is stopped during surgery. The main mechanism of I/R injury is the release of high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) from injured tubular epithelial cells (TEC, TCMK-1 cell), which triggers TLR4 or RAGE signaling, leading to cell death. We evaluated whether the extracts of Ecklonia cava (E. cava) would attenuate TEC death induced by H/R injury. We also evaluated which phlorotannin—dieckol (DK), phlorofucofuroeckol A (PFFA), pyrogallol phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol (PPB), or 2,7-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol (PHB)—would have the most potent effect in the context of H/R injury. We used for pre-hypoxia treatment, in which the phlorotannins from E. cava extracts were added before the onset of hypoxia, and a post- hypoxia treatment, in which the phlorotannins were added before the start of reperfusion. PPB most effectively reduced HMGB1 release and the expression of TLR4 and RAGE induced by H/R injury in both pre- and post-hypoxia treatment. PPB also most effectively inhibited the expression of NF-kB and release of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in both models. PPB most effectively inhibited cell death and expression of cell death signaling molecules such as Erk/pErk, JNK/pJNK, and p38/pp38. These results suggest that PPB blocks the HGMB1–TLR4/RAGE signaling pathway and decreases TEC death induced by H/R and that PPB can be a novel target for renal H/R injury therapy.

Syntheses, properties and constitutions of eleven asymmetric cobaltacarboranes with various substituents on monoatomic bridges between both ligands of the type 6,6'-μ-RnE(1,7-C2B9H10)2-2-Co (E = O, R = methyl; E = S, R = ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, allyl, butyl, hexyl and CH3OCOCH2; E = N, R = H (H), methyl, (H), and dimethyl) are described. Constitution assignation of all compounds are based on 1H and 11B NMR spectroscopy experiments complemented by 11B-11B COSY NMR and mass spectrometry; UV-VIS, melting points and TLC parameters are also presented. Only the racemic forms were obtained, although in principle, the meso-forms might result as well.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is cultivated mainly in the central region of the Departamento de San Pedro in Paraguay from October to February and the seed are exported to Asia. The crop is grown on 100,000 ha annually and Escoba blanca is the most common cultivar. The crop plays an important socioeconomical role since it is cultivated mostly by small growers. A disease characterized by yellowing and curling down leaves and shortening of the internodes has been observed in almost all sesame-growing areas. It is referred to locally as “ka'are” because the affected sesame plant resembles Chenopodium ambrosioides L. This disease occurred occasionally and was of marginal importance prior to 2005, but during the last five growing seasons the disease incidence has increased substantially, with some growers losing the entire crop. To determine the causal agent, symptomatic leaf samples were collected from five commercial fields near Colonia San Pedro and Choré, Departamento San Pedro in December 2009. Preliminary transmission electron microscopy (TEM; Zeiss EM900) of extracts from symptomatic leaves revealed the presence of elongated flexible particles resembling a potyvirus. Mechanical transmission assays resulted in chlorotic local lesions on C. quinoa and C. amaranticolor, mosaic on Vigna unguiculata and Nicotiana benthamiana, and symptoms on sesame that are similar to those observed in the field. The disease could also be reproduced in sesame by aphid (Myzus persicae) transmission in a nonpersistent manner. TEM examination of leaf sections of these naturally or experimentally infected plants showed the presence of the type I cylindrical inclusions and masses of filamentous particles. Leaf extracts of naturally or experimentally infected sesame and test plants were positive for Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) on the basis of plate-trapped antigen (PTA)-ELISA. CABMV as the causal agent of “ka'are” disease of sesame in Paraguay was further confirmed by analyzing part of the nucleotide sequence of CABMV coat protein and 3′ nontranslated region that were obtained directly from reverse transcription-PCR product amplified with PV1-antisense primer (5′-gatttaggtgacactatagt17-3′) and WCIEN-sense primer (5′-atggtttggtgyatygaraat-3′) (1,2). Comparisons of the 676-bp nucleotide sequence of two sesame virus isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. HQ336402 and HQ336403) revealed 92% identity with the corresponding nucleotide sequence of CABMV available in the GenBank (Accession No. AF348210). Thus, all the assays indicated that the “ka'are” disease of sesame in Paraguay is caused by an isolate of CABMV. Several cowpea fields, nearby sesame diseased crops, also contained plants exhibiting mosaic symptoms. Transmission assays, electron microscopy, PTA-ELISA, and nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that they were also infected by CABMV and may play an important role in the epidemiology of this disease on sesame. CABMV isolates from passion fruit and cowpea from Brazil were mechanically transmitted to sesame but induced milder symptoms. CABMV-infected sesame was described in the United States (3), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of a severe disease on sesame caused by this virus in Paraguay. References: (1) A. Gibbs and A. Mackenzie. J. Virol. Methods 63:9, 1997. (2) L. D. C. Mota et al. Plant Pathol. 53:368, 2004. (3) H. R. Pappu et al. Arch. Virol. 142:1919, 1997.

Ab initio molecular orbital and Møller–Plesset perturbation theory calculations have been carried out on two model dithiatriazines RCN3S2 (R = H, NH2). With geometry optimization and the inclusion of electron correlation both of these dithiatriazines are predicted to be ground state singlets. Both molecules have low-lying triplet excited states, with energy gaps of 6.6 (R = H) and 13.0 (R = NH2) kcal mol−1. The singlet dithiatriazines distort from high (C2v) to low (Cs) symmetry, and these changes are important in determining the relative energies of the singlet and triplet molecules. The structural distortions experienced by these molecules are related to Hartree–Fock and Jahn–Teller instabilities in other thiazene heterocycles.

Self-assembly of three 1,1'-biphenyl-2,2',6,6'-tetracarboxamides 2a-2c differing each from the other by substitution at the amidic nitrogens (R = H, ethyl and 1-(R)-phenylethyl, respectively) was investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. It was found that the unsubstituted tetracarboxamide 2a gives rise to infinite hydrogen-bonded 2D network composed from chiral cyclotetrameric squares (D4 symmetry). Such self-assembling pattern is suppressed by alkyl substitution in 2b and 2c, which disfavours formation of intermolecular amide-amide hydrogen bonds.

The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed. References World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 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Gearhart S, Patron MP, Hammond TA, Goldberg DW, Klein A, Horney JA. The impact of natural disasters on domestic violence: an analysis of reports of simple assault in Florida (1999–2007). Violence Gend. 2018;5(2):87–92. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2017.0077. Sahoo S, Rani S, Parveen S, Pal Singh A, Mehra A, Chakrabarti S, et al. Self-harm and COVID-19 pandemic: An emerging concern – A report of 2 cases from India. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51:102104. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajp.2020.102104. Ghosh A, Khitiz MT, Pandiyan S, Roub F, Grover S. Multiple suicide attempts in an individual with opioid dependence: Unintended harm of lockdown during the COVID-19 outbreak? Indian J Psychiatry 2020; [In Press]. The Economic Times. 11 Coronavirus suspects flee from a hospital in Maharashtra. March 16 2020. Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/11-coronavirus-suspects-flee-from-a-hospital-in-maharashtra/videoshow/74644936.cms?from=mdr. 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In September 2009, water-soaked spots, 2 mm in diameter, surrounded by a pale yellow halo were observed on leaves of pot-grown poinsettia plants (Euphorbia pulcherrima L.) cv. Christmas Feeling in a commercial greenhouse in Slovenia. Several spots per leaf developed on 10% of 84 plants used for propagation and slowly progressed to necrotic brown spots. While all plants were watered by overhead irrigation until mid-September, and afterward by flooding, no symptoms were observed on parent plants of four other separately grown cultivars. Propagated cuttings were all grown together, and in addition to cv. Christmas Feeling, an estimated 90% of 315, 35% of 29, 10% of 240, and 5% of 840 plants of cvs. Crazy Marble Star, Crazy Christmas, Lemon Snow, and Cortez Red, respectively, developed leaf spots. Yellow, smooth, and butyrous colonies with entire margins were isolated from symptomatic leaves of poinsettia parent plants of cv. Christmas Feeling on yeast peptone glucose agar (YPGA). They were identified as a Xanthomonas sp. based on biochemical tests (oxidase negative, positive for hydrolysis of H2S, starch and tributiryn and acid production from sucrose) and the isolates caused a hypersensitive reaction in leaves of tomato cv. Moneymaker. Partial sequences of gyrase subunit B-like (gyrB) gene (2) from an isolate (Accession No. HQ215596, 676 bp) showed highest similarity to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. poinsettiicola strain LMG 5401 (Accession No. GU144264.1, 99% identity, 98% coverage) and 98% identity with gyrB sequence of X. axonopodis pv. poinsettiicola pathotype strain LMG 849 (Accession No. GU144273.1, 99% coverage, 3 gaps). Repetitive BOX-PCR (3) revealed high similarity of our isolate to pathotype strain LMG 849 with one additional band of approximate size of 1,500 bp present in our isolate. The pathogenicity of two isolates from parent plants of cv. Christmas Feeling was confirmed on four young poinsettia plants each. Plants were inoculated with a bacterial suspension of approximate concentration of 106 CFU/ml by spraying on the under side and upper side of the leaves, some of which were pricked with a sterile needle (1). Plants were then incubated under high relative air humidity (minimum 85%), 12 h of daylight, and 25°C day and 20°C night temperature regimens. After 10 days, all inoculated plants developed faint leaf spots, consistent with mild symptoms observed in the greenhouse. Colonies isolated from the developed spots had identical morphology and BOX-PCR profile to original isolates. Mock inoculated, negative control plants did not develop characteristic symptoms and no colonies similar to X. axonopodis pv. poinsettiicola were isolated from them. Bacteria isolated from leaf spots of other poinsettia cultivars had the same biochemical characteristics and BOX-PCR profiles as the first isolate. Since no leaf blight was observed on poinsettias in the greenhouse in the previous season and no host plants were kept between the seasons, imported parent plants are the most likely source of infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report of X. axonopodis pv. poinsettiicola on poinsettia in Slovenia, providing further data on the occurrence and potential economic damage of leaf blight of poinsettia in Europe. References: (1) R. A. Lelliott and D. E. Stead. Host tests. In: Methods in Plant Pathology. Vol 2. Blackwell, Oxford, 1987. (2) N. Parkinson et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 264, 2009. (3) J. Versalovic et al. Methods Mol. Cell Biol. 5:25, 1994.

Abstract Rossi-Santos, M. R., Neto, E. S., Baracho, C. G., Cipolotti, S. R., Marcovaldi, E., and Engel, M. H. 2008. Occurrence and distribution of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on the north coast of the State of Bahia, Brazil, 2000–2006. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 667–673. The Abrolhos Bank off Brazil is considered the main breeding ground for the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Southwest Atlantic. However, owing to an increase in the occurrence of the species along the north coast of the State of Bahia, it has been suggested that the species is reoccupying that region, which was probably utilized by the whales before commercial whaling. Information is presented on the occurrence and distribution of humpback whales along the north coast of the State of Bahia, with a comparative overview, for the period 2000–2006. Daily research cruises were conducted from July to October, departing from Praia do Forte (13°40′S 38°10′W) and lasting ∼9 h. Data on sampling and sighting effort, and geographical position and composition of groups of humpback whales, were collected on standardized field sheets. In all, 230 surveys were performed, covering some 9740 nautical miles in 1645 h of sampling effort, during which 1626 humpback whales were sighted, including 118 calves. Humpback whales were sighted throughout the study area. Solitary individuals and pairs were the most frequent group composition, 26% and 37% of the observed groups (n = 723), respectively. Depth of water varied from 15 to 1657 m (mean = 62.4; s.d. = 99). The sightings values were grouped into depth classes to ascertain the highest frequencies (∼30%) for the two classes, i.e. between 35.1 and 55 m of water. There was an increase in the encounter rates of humpback whales on the north coast of the State of Bahia between 2000 and 2006, identifying a difference in SPUE [sightings per unit (h) of effort] among years (Kruskal–Wallis H = 30.155, d.f. = 6, p < 0.05). The results support the hypothesis that humpback whales are reoccupying former breeding areas along the Brazilian coast.

Lypsylehmän tärkeimmät valkuaisen lähteet ovat nurmisäilörehu ja vilja, mutta korkean tuotoksen saavuttamiseksi käytetään lisäksi valkuaistäydennysrehuja; yleisimmin rypsiä, josta vain neljäsosa on kotimaista. Yksi mahdollisuus valkuaisomavaraisuuden parantamiseen on palkokasvien hyödyntäminen. Palkoviljojen korjuu kokoviljasäilörehuna on Suomessa monin paikoin viljelyvarmempaa verrattuna siemenkasvuston korjuuseen. Luke Maaningalla järjestetyssä lypsylehmien ruokintakokeessa tutkittiin kokoviljana korjatun härkäpavun mahdollisuutta toimia ostorypsin korvaajana. Lisäksi tutkittiin härkäpapusäilörehun vaikutusta syöntiin ja tuotokseen nurmisäilörehuun verrattuna. Härkäpapu (lajike Taifun) niitettiin lautasniittokoneella ja säilöttiin pyöröpaaleihin 20 h esikuivausajan jälkeen käyttäen AIV2Plus-säilöntäainetta 5 l/tonni. Härkäpapusäilörehun raakavalkuaispitoisuus (rv) oli 181 g/kg ka ja D-arvo 646 g/kg. Ensimmäisen niiton nurmisäilörehun vastaavat pitoisuudet olivat 160 g/kg ka ja 687 g/kg ka. Kokeessa oli mukana 27 ayrshire- ja holsteinlehmää. Koeasetelma oli toistetut 3 × 3 latinalaiset neliöt. Koeruokintoina oli kolme erilaista seosrehua, joissa kaikissa väkirehun osuus oli 40 %. Kontrolliseos (K) sisälsi vain nurmisäilörehua ja ohraa. Härkäpapuseoksessa (H) oli härkäpapu- ja nurmisäilörehua (härkäpapusäilörehun osuus 75 % kuivaaineesta) sekä ohraa. Rypsiseoksessa (R) oli nurmisäilörehua, ohraa ja rypsiä. H- ja R-seosten rvpitoisuudet pyrittiin saamaan samoiksi, joten rypsin määrä R-seoksessa oli varsin maltillinen, noin 6 % kuiva-aineesta. Seosten toteutuneet rv- (g/kg ka) ja energiapitoisuudet (MJ ME/kg ka) olivat 140 ja 11,8 (K), 151 ja 11,6 (H) sekä 155 ja 11,7 (R). H- ja R-ruokinnat lisäsivät lehmien rehunkulutusta, maito- ja energiakorjattua maitotuotosta (ekm) sekä maidon valkuaispitoisuutta K-ruokintaan verrattuna. Kuiva-aineensyönti oli noin 1,5 kg korkeampi H- ja R-ruokinnoilla verrattuna K-ruokintaan (p<0,001). Lehmien maitotuotokset olivat 32,0 (K), 33,5 (H) ja 34,1 kg/pv (R). H- ja R-ruokintojen välinen ero maitotuotoksissa ei ollut tilastollisesti merkitsevä. Se nsijaan ekm-tuotos oli R-ruokinnalla merkitsevästi korkeampi kuin H-ruokinnalla (36,6 vs. 37,6 kg/pv, p=0,028). Paras energian ja typen hyväksikäyttö saavutettiin K-ruokinnalla. H- ja R-ruokintojen välillä ei ollut eroa ravintoaineiden hyväksikäytöissä. Tutkimuksessa tuotosvasteet rv:n saannin lisäykselle olivat hyvät, 3,5 (H) ja 3,7 kg maitoa/kg rv (R). Valkuaisen lähteenä kokoviljaksi korjattu härkäpapu ei ole aivan rypsin veroinen johtuen sen selvästi pienemmästä ohitusvalkuaisen määrästä. Härkäpapusäilörehu lisää kuitenkin selvästi syöntiä ja tuotosta pelkkään nurmisäilörehuun verrattuna. Palkoviljojen käytössä on myös muita etuja kuten lannoituskustannusten alentuminen ja korkea kuiva-ainesato vain yhdellä korjuulla. Kokoviljana korjattu härkäpapu on potentiaalinen vaihtoehto lypsylehmien rehustukseen korvamaan osan tarvittavasta rypsistä sekä nurmisäilörehusta.

The stoichiometry between proton translocation and ATP synthesis/hydrolysis was studied in two different photosynthetic prokaryotes, the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6716 and the purple bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. The H+/ATP ratio was determined by acid-base transitions as a function of the external pH. The H+/ATP ratio of the Synechococcus 6716 ATP synthase was found to increase with increasing pH. In contrast, in R. rubrum this ratio decreased with increasing pH. These results were qualitatively supported by experiments using the fluorescence probe 9-aminoacridine. The degree of coupling between the H+ flux and the ATP synthesis/hydrolysis reaction is apparently modulated by the conditions under which the proton pump has to work. Such modulation of the H+/ATP ratio may be of physiological significance for an organism, for example when ATP synthesis is necessary at low proton-electrochemical potential difference (delta mu H+ levels). The different pH dependencies of the H+/ATP ratios in these organisms are considered in relation to the differences in the charged amino acids that are present in the F0 subunits a and c.

Artigo original: Transient Hearing Loss in Adults Associated With Zika Virus Infection Eriko S. Vinhaes, Luciane A. Santos, Lislane Dias, Nilvano A. Andrade, Victor H. Bezerra, Anderson T. de Carvalho, Laise de Moraes, Daniele F. Henriques, Sasha R. Azar, Nikos Vasilakis, Albert I. Ko, Bruno B. Andrade, Isadora C. Siqueira, Ricardo Khouri and Viviane S. Boaventura. Clinical Infectious Diseases® 2017; 64(5): 675–7.

Oliveira, F. R. de y H. Mendoza Vargas (coords.; 2010), Mapas de Metade do Mundo, a cartografia e a construção territorial dos espaços americanos, sécalos XVI a XIX/Mapas de la Mitad del Mundo, la cartografía y la construcción territorial e los espacios americanos, siglos XVI al XIX, Centro de Estudos Geográficos, Universidade de Lisboa e Instituto de Geografía, UNAM, Lisboa, 463 p., ISBN 978-972-636-200-5

The incorporation of [methyl-3H]thymidine (TdR) into bacterial DNA in Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa was measured over 16 mo and at nine depths. Bacterial numbers at the surface ranged between 2.45 and 32.20 × 106 cells∙mL−1[Formula: see text] while bacterial production varied between 1.0 and 251 pmol TdR∙L−1∙h−1 (0.01 to 1.9 mg C∙m−3∙h−1). At the bottom, production ranged between 0 and 26.7 pmol TdR∙L−1∙h−1 (0–0.2 mg C∙m−3∙h−1). The fastest bacterial doubling time was 59 h. At the surface, bacterial production was dominantly correlated to chlorophyll a (6.6–6530 mg∙m−3) and phaeopigments (0.9–378 mg∙m−3) (r = 0.81) followed by primary production (26.6–8886 mg C∙m−3∙h−1) (r = 0.77) (n = 30–34, p < 0.001). However, below 5 m, water temperature and bacterial numbers were the dominant correlates. Bacterial production for the water column averaged 2% of daily, areal primary production. The data demonstrated a close coupling between autotrophic production and heterotrophic bacterial production. However, the low bacterial production compared with primary production, together with the small size of the bacteria (usually 0.09–0.25 μm width), suggest substrate supply was a major limiting factor of bacterial growth.

Staphylococcus aureus growth and enterotoxin production during the manufacture of model Saint-Nectaire, Registered Designation of Origin Saint-Nectaire, and Registered Designation of Origin Salers cheeses, three types of uncooked, semihard, raw milk cheese, were investigated. Coagulase-positive staphylococci (SC+) grew rapidly during the first 6 h. Between 6 and 24 h, counts increased by less than 0.5 log CFU/ml. Raw milk counts ranged from undetectable (&lt;10 CFU/ml) to 3.03 log CFU/ml. Maximal levels reached in cheese on day 1 ranged from 2.82 to 6.84 log CFU/g. The level of SC+ after 24 h was mainly influenced by the milk baseline SC+ level (correlation coefficient, r &gt; 0.80) but pH at 6 h influenced the SC+ growth observed between 6 and 24 h (r &gt; 0.70). Thus, the initial level of SC+ in raw milk should be maintained below 100 CFU/ml and best below 40 CFU/ml. To limit growth, acidification should be managed to obtain pH values around or below 5.8 at 6 h in Saint-Nectaire cheeses and around or below 6.3 at 6 h in Salers cheeses. Enterotoxins were only detected in two Salers cheeses whose SC+ counts on day 1 were 5.55 log CFU/g and 5.06 log CFU/g, respectively, and whose pH values at 6 h were high (approximately 6.6 and 6.5, respectively).

Abstract Abstract 1702 Background: Prognostic assessment has a crucial role in clinical evaluation of patients (pts) affected by myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Recently a Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) has been developed (Greenberg et al, 2012) to improve the standard IPSS (Greenberg et al, 1997): it identifies five different prognostic categories mainly based on stratification of cytogenetic risk. Another prognostic score proposed in clinical practice is WPSS, based on transfusion dependency and WHO morphologic classification (Malcovati et al, 2005) subsequently modified (rWPSS) introducing level of hemoglobin in lieu of the previous not well defined variable of transfusion dependency (Malcovati et al, 2011). Aims: Aim of our study was to evaluate in a cohort of MDS pts enrolled in the Multiregional Italian MDS Registry the prognostic value of IPSS-R respect to IPSS and compare it with both WPSS and rWPSS. Materials and methods: Among the 1918 MDS pts enrolled in the Multiregional Italian MDS Registry from 1999 to 2012 we excluded all the cases already included in the IWG-PM database that generated the IPSS-R. We thus obtained a cohort of 646 pts with complete follow up. We evaluated the prognostic power of IPSS-R respect to IPSS, WPSS and rWPSS respectively by Harrell's C statistics, analyzing as endpoints overall survival (OS), leukemic evolution (LE) and progression free survival (PFS). For LE we considered leukemic evolution as an event, while all the other causes of death were competing events. For PFS we consider either leukemic evolution or death for any causes as an event. Results: Median age of MDS patients was 75 years (interquartile range: 69–80 years). 378 (59%) out of 646 pts were males. WHO classification was as follows: 33% RCMD, 10% RAEB-1, 9% RAEB-2, 6% CMML, 2% MDS-U, the remaining 40% were RARS, RA, isolated 5q deletion. Median follow up of censored pts was 17 months. According to IPSS score, 47% of pts were low risk, 39% Int-1, 10% Int-2 and 4% high risk. WPSS stratification was as follows: 31% were very low (VL) risk, 37% low (L), 19% intermediate (I), 11% high (H) and 2% very high (VH). By applying rWPSS stratification we obtained 30% VL, 35% L, 17% I, 15% H and 3% VH risk pts. IPSS-R risk stratification was as follows: 20% VL, 46% L, 20% I, 9% H and 5% VH risk pts. OS was analyzed according to the different scores by Kaplan-Meyer method. All prognostic systems allowed the identification of survival curves with significant differences among the different categories of risk stratification. IPSS-R application defined OS curves which better defined patients prognostic categories as shown in fig 1. In fact Harrel's C statistics demonstrated a better predictive value of the IPSS-R respect to IPSS, but also respect to WPSS and rWPSS (C=0,73; 0,63; 0,65; 0,64 respectively). Similar results have been obtained also considering time to LE (fig 2). Harrel's C statistics for LE was 0,84; 0,76; 0,78; 0,77 respectively in IPSS-R, IPSS, WPSS, rWPSS risk stratification groups. Moreover, we analyzed PFS outcomes (fig 3). Also in this case, IPSS-R showed the greatest prognostic power: Harrel's C statistics was 0,76; 0,67; 0,66; 0,69 respectively in IPSS-R, IPSS, WPSS, rWPSS risk stratification groups. Conclusions: In our hands, IPSS-R score demonstrated a better prognostic power respect to previously published prognostic systems (IPSS, WPSS, rWPSS). The cohort of MDS patients we employed to validate the new prognostic scoring system has a short follow up (17 months), due to the exclusion of cases already used to establish the IPSS-R system, and the majority of these are lower risk ones. We can conclude that a careful classification based on cytogenetic examination improve the prognostic power of the score. Thus, IPSS-R is confirmed to be a refined tool, easily applicable in real life and empowered respect to the currently used scores to define MDS patient prognosis. Disclosures: Saglio: Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau.

Purpose:While exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) after rugby league match play has been well documented, the specific match actions that contribute to EIMD are unclear. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the positional demands of elite rugby league matches and examine their relationship with subsequent EIMD.Methods:Twenty-eight performances (from 17 participants) were captured using 10-Hz global positioning systems over 4 competitive matches. Upper- and lower-body neuromuscular fatigue, creatine kinase (CK), and perceived muscle soreness were assessed 24 h before and at 12, 36, and 60 h after matches.Results:High-intensity running was moderately higher in backs (6.6 ± 2.6 m/min) than in forwards (5.1 ± 1.6 m/min), whereas total collisions were moderately lower (31.1 ± 13.1 vs 54.1 ± 37.0). Duration (r = .90, CI: .77–.96) and total (r = .86, CI: .70–.95) and high-intensity distance covered (r = .76, CI: .51–.91) were associated (P < .05) with increased CK concentration postmatch. Total collisions and repeated high-intensity efforts were associated (P < .05) with large decrements in upper-body neuromuscular performance (r = –.48, CI: –.74 to .02; r = –.49, CI: –.77 to .05, respectively), muscle soreness (r = –.68, CI: –.87 to –.10, r = –.66, CI: –.89 to .21, respectively), and CK concentration (r = .67, CI: .42–.85; r = .73, CI: .51–.87, respectively). All EIMD markers returned to baseline within 60 h.Conclusion:Match duration, high-intensity running, and collisions were associated with variations in EIMD markers, suggesting that recovery is dependent on individual match demands.

AbstractThe time spent under a shelter by eight grazing fattening bulls of the Belgian Blue breed in each of 3 years consecutively for a total of 48 days was recorded using a time-lapse recorder with infrared illumination.During one grazing period, data were collected over 35 days (experiment 1). Observations were divided into 166 h with rain (20%) and 674 h without precipitation (80%). The average occupation rates were 15·4 (s.e. 29·1) % for the hours with rain and 4·5 (s.e. 14·8) % for the hours without precipitation (P < 0·001). The effect of intensity and duration of rain on the occupation rate was significant from 0·4 l/m2 or from 2 h.Experiment 2 (13 days of observation) examined the influence of temperature and solar radiation on the use of shelter. The occupation rates were 21 (s.e. 23) % during the daylight hours (07.00 to 19.00 h), 6 (s.e. 8) % during the night (19.00 to 07.00 h) and 14 (s.e. 14) % during a 24-h period. The occupation rate between 07.00 and 19.00 h was significantly correlated to the mean daily temperature (r = 0·75), the maximum daily temperature (r — 0·86) and the direct solar radiation time (r 0·60). When the maximum daily temperature exceeded 20°C, the use of the shelter increased from 10 to 49% of the daylight hours.There was no significant difference between the live-weight gains of animals from the observed group and those of other bulls on an adjacent pasture without shelter. Nevertheless, these observations suggest that a shelter may improve the welfare of grazing cattle.

Soares, J. A., Singh, V., Stein, H. H., Srinavasan, R. and Pettigrew, J. E. 2011. SHORT COMMUNICATION: Enhanced distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) has greater concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy than DDGS when fed to growing and finishing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 663–667. To better use distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) for non-ruminants, some of the fiber may be removed. The “elusieve” process removes approximately 10% of DDGS material, mostly fiber, yielding enhanced DDGS (E-DDGS). An experiment was conducted to compare the DE and ME in E-DDGS to those in DDGS when fed to growing and finishing pigs. Overall, E-DDGS has greater DE, ME and MEnthan DDGS.

To examine the reproducibility of the hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp technique at mid-physiological hyperinsulinaemia, seven healthy subjects {age 50 (25, 59) years [median (range)], body mass index 23.1 (20.8, 25.5) kg·m-2} were investigated with three 2 h hyperinsulinaemic (60 µmol·l-1)–euglycaemic (4.5 mmol·l-1) clamps performed 48 h and 14 days apart respectively. The third clamp was prolonged to 8 h in order to examine effects on glucose disposal during prolonged clamps. The glucose infusion rates (GIRs) during the three 2 h clamps were 7.41 (4.28, 10.96), 7.26 (5.38, 11.02) and 6.63 (4.42, 10.3) mg·kg-1·min-1, with a median intra-individual coefficient of variation of 5.8 (2.6, 22) %. During the 8 h clamp a highly variable gradual increase in GIR was observed, reaching a plateau between 4 and 5 h at 32 (5, 101) % above the GIR between 1 and 2 h (P < 0.05). This increase was correlated inversely with the GIR between 1 and 2 h (r = -0.82; P < 0.05), and directly with age (r = 0.86; P < 0.05). Carbohydrate oxidation measured by indirect calorimetry was stable during the repeated 2 h clamps and the 8 h clamp. Endogenous glucose production measured by infusion of [6,6-2H2]glucose was suppressed during the 8 h clamp. The 2 h hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp is reproducible at a mid-physiological range of hyperinsulinaemia. If prolonged, it results in a delayed increase in non-oxidative glucose disposal, which is most pronounced in subjects with low insulin sensitivity. The findings underline the importance of selecting age-matched controls in studies of insulin resistance.

Diffuse galactic Hα emission appears to cover the entire sky with an intensity that ranges from 3–12 R near the galactic equator to 0.25–0.8 R near the galactic poles. Observations of this H-recombination line and the forbidden lines, [S II] 6716 Å, [N II] 6583 Å, and [O III] 5007 Å, indicate that the emission originates from a low-density, 2–3 kpc thick layer of warm (~104 K), ionized interstellar gas that has an emission-line spectrum significantly different from that of the traditional, more localized H II regions. Along a line perpendicular to the galactic disk, the mean emission measure of this layer is 4.5 cm−6 pc, and the column density of the H+ is 2 × 1020 cm−2. The origin of this diffuse ionization is not yet clear; however, its existence requires the equivalent of about 14% of the total ionizing photon flux from O stars or nearly all of the power injected into the ISM by supernova. This optically emitting gas also may be a nonnegligible source of diffuse emission in the far ultraviolet (FUV) and infrared (IR).

Sitepu et al. (Sitepu, H., Schmahl, W.W., Khalil Allafi, J., Eggeler, G., Dlouhy, A., Reinecke, T., Brokmeier, H.G., Tovar M. and Többens, D.M. (2002b). Texture and quantitative phase analysis of aged Ni-rich NiTi using X-ray and neutron diffractions. Materials Science Forum, 394-395, 237-240.) showed that Rietveld refinement with generalized spherical harmonic (GSH) description for neutron powder diffraction (ND) data of the aged (673 K, 20 h) Ni-rich NiTi shape memory alloy (Sitepu H. (2002). Assessment of preferred orientation with neutron powder diffraction data. J. Appl. Cryst, 35, 274–277); of nominal composition 50.7 at.% Ni at 294K consists of four phases: precipitate (Ni4Ti3), R-phase, monoclinic (B19′) and some residual cubic (B2). Therefore, they concluded that the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) first peak, on cooling, (321 K) is not due to the formation of the R-phase alone. The second, lower DSC peak (271 K) is due to the transformation of R-phase and residual B2 phase to B19′ phase. The structural refinement of R-phase problem, which was neglected in the previous study, was undertaken with great care in this study. The objective of the present article is to use the third generation synchrotron X-ray source at the European Synchrotron Research Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, which make available X-ray beams of higher energy and much higher intensity than laboratory X-ray sources, for describing crystal structure of the R-phase in 50.75 at.% Ti–47.75 at.% Ni–1.50 at.% Fe ternary alloy. The synchrotron diffraction data of R-phase were analyzed using the Rietveld refinement with GSH description. The results showed that no significant improvement in fit is found when the inversion center is removed from the P3¯ model, suggesting that the space group is indeed P3¯ and not P3.

Vol. 2, No. 2 ABSTRACT A total of 97 V. parahaemolyticus isolate from Padang were examined for their resistance to 15 antibiotics. V. parahaemolyticus isolated behaved as resistant to sulfamethoxazole (100%), rifampin (95%) and tetracycline (75%) and sensitive to norfloxacin (96%). Ampicillin still sensitive for V. parahaemolyticus isolated from human stools. All of isolates were sensitive to namely chloramphenicol and floroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin agents). RAPD-PCR profiling with three primers (OPAR3, OPAR4 and OPAR8) produced four major clusters (R1, R2, R3 and R4), 7 minor clusters (I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII) and three single isolates. Keywords: V. parahaemolyticus, MDR, RAPD 1. D. Ottaviani, I. Bacchiocchi, L. Masini, F. Leoni, A. Carraturo, M. Giammarioli, and G. Sbaraglia, Antimicrobial susceptibility of potentially halophilic vibrios isolated from seafood, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 18: 135-140, (2001).2. A. Cespedes, and E. Larson, Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding antibiotic use among Latinos in the United States: Review and Recommendations, American Journal of Infection Control 34: 495-502, (2006).3. M. Lesmana, D. Subekti, C.H. Simanjuntak, P. Tjaniadi, J. R. Campbell, and B. A. Ofoyo, Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with cholera-like diarrhea among patients in North Jakarta, Indonesia, Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 39: 71-75, (2001).4. S. Lu, B. Liu, B. Zhou, And R. E. Levin, Incidence and Enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Shellfish from two retail Sources and the Genetic Diversity of isolates as Determined by RAPD-PCR Analysis, Food Biotechnology, 20: 193-209, (2006).5. M. Nishibuchi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In International handbook of foodborne pathogens, ed. M.D. Milliots and J. W. Bier, United States: Marcel Dekker, Inc. P, 2004, 237-252.6. L. Poirel, M. R. Martinez, H. Mammeri, A. Liard, and P. Nordmann, Origin of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinant QnrA, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49: 3523-3525, (2005).7. S. Radu, N. Elhadi, Z. Hassan, G. Rusul, S. Lihan, N. Fifadara, Yuherman and E. Purwati, Characterization of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from cockles (Anadara granosa): antimicrobial resistance, plasmid profiles and random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis, FEMS Microbiology Letters, 165: 139–143, (1998).8. S. Radu, N. Ahmad, F. H. Ling, and A. Reezal, Prevalence and resistance to antibiotics for Aeromonas species from retail fish in Malaysia, International of Journal Food Microbiology, 81: 261–266, (2003).9. B. Sarkar, N. R. Chowdhury, G. B. Nair, M. Nishibuchi, S. Yamasaki, Y. Takeda, S. K. Gupta, S. K. Bhattacharya, and Ramamurthy, Molecular characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus of similar serovars isolated from sewage and clinical cases of diarrhea in Calcutta, India, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 19: 771-776, (2003). 10. S. Schwarz, and E. Chaslus-Dancla, Use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine and mechanisms of resistance, Veterinary Residue, 32: 201–225, (2001).11. H. Sörum, and T.M. L’Abèe-Lund,. Antibiotic resistance in food-related bacteria – a result of interfering with the global web of bacterial genetics, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 78: 43–56, (2002).12. P. Tjaniadi, M. Lesmana, D. Subekti, N. Machpud, S. Komalarini, W. Santoso, C. H. Simanjuntak, N. Punjabi, J. R. Campbell, W. K. Alexander, H. J. Beecham, A. L. Corwin, and B. A. Oyofo, Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Diarrheal Patients in Indonesia, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 68: 666-670, (2003).13. X. Zhao, and D. Drlica, Restricting the Selection of Antibiotic-Resistant Mutants: A General Strategy Derived from Fluoroquinolone Studies, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 33: S147-S156, (2001).

The title compound, C16H18N2O3, is constructed about a central oxopyridazinyl ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0047 Å), which is connected to an ethylacetate group at the N atom closest to the carbonyl group, and benzyl and methyl groups second furthest and furthest from the carbonyl group, respectively. An approximately orthogonal relationship exists between the oxopyridazinyl ring and the best plane through the ethylacetate group [dihedral angle = 77.48 (3)°]; the latter lies to one side of the central plane [the Nr—Nr—Cm—Cc (r = ring, m = methylene, c = carbonyl) torsion angle being 104.34 (9)°]. In the crystal, both H atoms of the N-bound methylene group form methylene-C—H...O(ring carbonyl) or N(pyridazinyl) interactions, resulting in the formation of a supramolecular tape along the a-axis direction. The tapes are assembled into a three-dimensional architecture by methyl- and phenyl-C—H...O(ring carbonyl) and phenyl-C—H...O(ester carbonyl) interactions. The analysis of the calculated Hirshfeld surface indicates the dominance of H...H contacts to the overall surface (i.e. 52.2%). Reflecting other identified points of contact between molecules noted above, O...H/H...O (23.3%), C...H/H...C (14.7%) and N...H/H...N (6.6%) contacts also make significant contributions to the surface.

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é explicitar aspectos da interpretação de Gadamer à Carta Sétima de Platão que lancem luz sobre quais traços fundamentais são imprescindíveis a uma epistemologia que se ancore na hermenêutica filosófica. Merold Westphal propôs em um artigo que a hermenêutica filosófica poderia fornecer elementos para uma renovação da epistemologia analítica. O presente trabalho inscreve-se no interesse amplo de tratar sobre que implicações teriam para noção de conhecimento se a epistemologia seguisse o caminho apontado por Westphal. Para tanto, escolhemos um trabalho onde Hans Georg Gadamer, principal defensor da hermenêutica filosófica, explora uma interpretação fenomenológica de Platão em que identificamos elementos relevantes para pensar a noção de conhecimento dentro dessa chave de leitura. Hans-Georg Gadamer explora, sob a luz de sua concepção ontológico-hermenêutica, o texto da Carta Sétima, dando um entendimento renovado a alguns aspectos da obra platônica, bem como indicações a uma compreensão fenomenológica do conhecimento. Palavras-chave: Teoria do Conhecimento. Gadamer. Platão. Carta Sétima. Hermenêutica. Abstract: The aim of this article is to make explicit aspects of Gadamer 's interpretation of Plato's Seventh Letter that shed light on what fundamental traits are indispensable to an epistemology that is anchored in philosophical hermeneutics. Merold Westphal proposed in an article that philosophical hermeneutics could provide elements for a renewal of analytic epistemology. This paper is part of the broader interest of discussing what implications would have for the notion of knowledge if epistemology followed the path Westphal pointed out. For this, we chose a work where Hans Georg Gadamer, the main defender of philosophical hermeneutics, explores a phenomenological interpretation of Plato in which we identify relevant elements to think the notion of knowledge within this key of reading. Hans-Georg Gadamer explores, in the light of his ontological-hermeneutic conception, the text of the Seventh Letter, giving a renewed understanding to some aspects of the Platonic work, as well as indications to a phenomenological understanding of knowledge. Keywords: Theory of Knowledge. Gadamer. Plato. Seventh Letter. Hermeneutics. REFERÊNCIASBONJOUR, L. The structure of empirical knowledge. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985.GADAMER, H.-G. Dialektik ist nicht Sophistik. Theätet lernt das im Sophistes. In: Griechische Philosophie. t.3. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 7. Tubingen: Mohr, 1985c [1990], pp.338-370._______. Dialektik und Sophistik im siebenten Platonischen Brief. In: Griechische Philosophie. t.2. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 6. Tubingen: Mohr, 1985b [1964], pp.90-115._______. Die phänomenologische Bewegung. In: Neuere Philosophie, t. 1; Hegel, Husserl, Heidegger. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 3. Tubingen: Mohr, 1987 [1963], pp.105-146._______. Hegel und Heidegger. In: Neuere Philosophie, t. 1; Hegel, Husserl, Heidegger. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 3. Tubingen: Mohr, 1987 [1971], pp.87-101._______. Platos dialektische Ethik. In: Griechische Philosophie. t.1. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 5. Tubingen: Mohr, 1985a [1931], pp.3-163._______. Platos dialektische Ethik - beim Wort genommen. In: Griechische Philosophie. t.3. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 7. Tubingen: Mohr, 1985c [1989], pp.121-127._______. Praktisches Wissen. In: Griechische Philosophie. t.1. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 5. Tubingen: Mohr, 1985a [1930], pp.230-248._______. Wahrheit und Methode: Grundzüge einer philosophischen Hermeneutik. In: Hermeneutik I. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 1. Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1990 [1960].GRONDIN, J. Einführung zu Gadamer. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2000._______. Von Heidegger zu Gadamer: Unterwegs zur Hermeneutik. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft – WBG, 2001.HEIDEGGER, M. Sein und Zeit. 19. Faksimile-Ausgabe der 1. Ausgabe. Tübingen: Verlag, 2006 [1927].PLATÃO. Opera Platonis. Recognovit brevique adnotatione critica instruxit Ioannes Burnet. Scriptorum Classicorum. Bibliotheca Oxoniensis, v.1-6. Oxford: Clarendoniano Typographeo, 1900.///RORTY, R. A filosofia e o espelho da natureza. Rio de Janeiro: Relume-Dumará, 1994.ROHDEN, L. Filosofa enquanto Fenomenologia e Hermenêutica à luz da Carta VII de Platão. In: BOMBASSARO, L. C.; DALBOSCO, C. A.; KUIAVA, E. A., (org.). Pensar Sensível. Festscrift ao prof. Jayme Paviani. Caxias do Sul, RS: Educs, 2011, pp. 87-104._______. Filosofando com Gadamer e Platão: movimentos, momentos e método[s] da dialética. Dissertatio, 36 (2012), pp. 105-130. Disponível em: <http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/dissertatio.v36i0.8660> (acessado em 09.08.2018)._______. Hermenêutica e[m] resposta ao elogio da verdadeira filosofia da Carta Sétima de Platão. In: Kriterion, Belo Horizonte, v. 54, 127 (2013), p. 25-42. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-512X2013000100002&lng=en&nrm=iso > (acessado em 17.09.2018)._______. Filosofar com Gadamer e Platão: hermenêutica filosófica a partir da Carta Sétima. 1. ed. São Paulo: Annablume, 2018.SMITH, P. C. H.-G. Gadamer’s Heideggerian Interpretation of Plato. In: Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, Stockport, England, v. 12, 3 (1981), pp. 211–230. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1080/00071773.1981.11007544> (acessado em 06.07.2018).VALENTIM, I. A Carta VII, o manifesto e a autobiografia política de Platão. In: Revista Opinião Filosófica, Porto Alegre, v. 3, 1 (2012), pp-60-72. Disponível em: <http://periodico.abavaresco.com.br/index.php/opiniaofilosofica/article/view/435> (acessado em 17.09.2018).WESTPHAL, M. A hermenêutica enquanto epistemologia. In: GRECO, J.; SOSA, E. (orgs.). Compêndio de Epistemologia. São Paulo: Loyola, 2008. pp. 645-676.

Rewarming the intact heart after a period of hypothermia is associated with reduced myocardial contractility, decreased Ca2+ sensitivity, and increased cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) phosphorylation. We hypothesized that hypothermia/rewarming (H/R) induces left ventricular (LV) contractile dysfunction due to phosphorylation of cTnI at Ser23/24. To test this hypothesis, the response of wild-type mice ( n = 7) to H/R was compared with transgenic (TG) mice expressing slow skeletal TnI (TG-ssTnI; n = 7) that lacks the Ser23/24 phosphorylation sites. Hypothermia was induced by surface cooling and maintained at 23–25°C for 3 h. Subsequently, the animals were rewarmed to 37°C. LV systolic and diastolic function was assessed using a 1.4 F pressure-volume Millar catheter introduced via the right carotid artery. At baseline conditions, there were no significant differences in LV systolic function between wild-type and TG-ssTnI mice, whereas measurements of diastolic function [isovolumic relaxation constant (τ) and end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship (EDPVR)] were significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced in TG-ssTnI animals. Immediately after rewarming, significant differences between groups were found in cardiac output (CO; wild-type 6.6 ± 0.7 vs. TG-ssTnI 8.8 ± 0.7 mL/min), stroke work (SW; wild-type 796 ± 112 vs. TG-ssTnI 1208 ± 67 mmHg/μL), and the preload recruited stroke work (PRSW; wild-type 38.3 ± 4.9 vs. TG-ssTnI 68.8 ± 8.2 mmHg). However, EDPVR and τ returned to control levels within 1 h in both groups. We conclude that H/R-induced LV systolic dysfunction results from phosphorylation of cTnI at Ser23/24. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Rewarming following a period of accidental hypothermia leads to a form of acute cardiac failure (rewarming shock), which is in part due to reduced sensitivity to Ca2+ activation of myocardial contraction. The results of the present study support the hypothesis that rewarming shock is due to phosphorylation of cardiac troponin I.

Abstract Activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) isoenzymes were determined in serial serum samples from 40 cases of acute myocardial infarction, and compared with activities of creatine kinase, CK-MB isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase for temporal changes. Cytosolic (soluble) AST (s-AST) and mitochondrial AST (m-AST) respectively increased 6.6 and 9.0 h after onset of chest pain. The median time at which serum m-AST activity peaked (15.8 U/L, range 6.4-53.5 U/L) was 47.8 h after the onset of infarction, 19.8 h later than the peak s-AST activity (171 U/L, range 53-517 U/L) and m-AST also disappeared from the serum more slowly than s-AST (p less than 0.001). Serum m-AST values were above normal for at least six days after the infarct. The ratio of m-AST to total AST in serum increased after myocardial infarction, being greatest (20%, range 11-32%) on the third day after onset. For individuals, peak activities of s-AST correlated well with total CK (r = 0.91) and CK-MB (r = 0.86) peak activities, indicating that s-AST also reflects the infarct size. However, m-AST correlated poorly with the enzymes commonly used in infarct diagnosis; it apparently provides different biological information.

The title compound, C5D6ClN2O+·Cl−, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group, Pbcm, and consists of a 4-chloro-2-methyl-6-oxo-3,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-ium cation and a chloride anion where both moieties lie on a crystallographic mirror. The cation is disordered and was refined as two equivalent forms with occupancies of 0.750 (4)/0.250 (4), while the chloride anion is triply disordered with occupancies of 0.774 (12), 0.12 (2), and 0.11 (2). Unusually, the bond angles around the C=O unit range from 127.2 (6) to 115.2 (3)° and similar angles have been found in other structures containing a 6-oxo-3,6-dihydropyrimidin-1-ium cation, including the monclinic polymorph of the title compound, which crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c [Kawai et al. (1973). Cryst. Struct. Comm. 2, 663–666]. The cations and anions pack into sheets in the ab plane linked by N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds as well as C—H...O and Cl...O interactions. In graph-set notation, these form R 3 3(11) and R 3 2(9) rings. Theoretical calculations seem to indicate that the reason for the unusual angles at the sp 2 C is the electrostatic interaction between the oxygen atom and the adjacent N—H hydrogen.

The results of a detailed investigation of the influence of substituents in a variety of ruthenium biimidazole-type complexes [Ru(R-bpy)2(R´-bi(bz)imH2)]2+ (R = H, tBu; R´ = H,Me; bi(bz)imH2 = 2,2´-bi(benz)imidazole) on selected structural and photophysical properties is reported. The photophysical properties are only marginally influenced by the substituents at the bipyridine and the biimidazole core. All complexes show intense absorptions in the visible range of the spectrum with maxima around 475 nm, and emission from the formed excited state occurs at wavelengths between 650 and 670 nm. The comparison of structural properties determined by X-ray analysis within a series of related complexes shows that the Ru-N bond lengths to the coordinated bipyridines are not significantly influenced by the substituents, but slight differences in the Ru-N bond lengths to the biimidazole-type ligands can be detected. The reactions between ruthenium complexes containing different biimidazole-type ligands with the sulfate dianion, however, show a strong correlation between the substituents at the biimidazole core and the solubility of the product. The bibenzimidazolecontaining complexes precipitate from aqueous solution whereas the ruthenium complex containing unsubstituted biimidazole stays in solution. The solid-state structure of one example of the sulfatecontaining products (2b) shows that strong hydrogen bonds between the secondary amine function of the bibenzimidazole and the oxygen functionalities of the sulfate contribute to this unexpected behavior.

Proximal tubules develop a severe energetic deficit during hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) that previous studies using fluorescent potentiometric probes have suggested is characterized by sustained, partial mitochondrial deenergization. To validate the primary occurrence of mitochondrial deenergization in the process, optimize approaches for estimating changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in the system, and clarify the mechanisms for the defect, we further investigated the behavior of 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazocarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) in these cells and introduce a more dynamic and quantitative approach employing safranin O for use with the tubule system. Although use of JC-1 can be complicated by decreases in the plasma membrane potential that limit cellular uptake of JC-1 and such behavior was demonstrated in ouabain-treated tubules, changes in ΔΨm entirely accounted for the decreases in the formation of red fluorescent JC-1 aggregates and in the ratio of red/green fluorescence observed after H/R. The red JC-1 aggregates did not readily dissociate when tubules were deenergized after JC-1 uptake, making it unsuitable for dynamic studies of energization. Safranin O uptake by digitonin-permeabilized tubules required very small numbers of tubules, permitted measurements of ΔΨm for relatively prolonged periods after the end of the experimental maneuvers, was rapidly reversible during deenergization, and allowed for direct assessment of both substrate-dependent, electron transport-mediated ΔΨm, and ATP hydrolysis-supported ΔΨm. Both types of energization measured using safranin O in tubules permeabilized after H/R were impaired, but combining substrates and ATP substantially restored ΔΨm.

AbstractThis study investigated the accuracy, drift, and clinical usefulness of a new optical transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2) measuring technique, combined with a conventional electrochemical transcutaneous carbon dioxide (tcPCO2) measurement and reflectance pulse oximetry in the novel transcutaneous OxiVenT™ Sensor. In vitro gas studies were performed to measure accuracy and drift of tcPO2 and tcPCO2. Clinical usefulness for tcPO2 and tcPCO2 monitoring was assessed in neonates. In healthy adult volunteers, measured oxygen saturation values (SpO2) were compared with arterially sampled oxygen saturation values (SaO2) during controlled hypoxemia. In vitro correlation and agreement with gas mixtures of tcPO2 (r = 0.999, bias 3.0 mm Hg, limits of agreement − 6.6 to 4.9 mm Hg) and tcPCO2 (r = 0.999, bias 0.8 mm Hg, limits of agreement − 0.7 to 2.2 mm Hg) were excellent. In vitro drift was negligible for tcPO2 (0.30 (0.63 SD) mm Hg/24 h) and highly acceptable for tcPCO2 (− 2.53 (1.04 SD) mm Hg/12 h). Clinical use in neonates showed good usability and feasibility. SpO2-SaO2 correlation (r = 0.979) and agreement (bias 0.13%, limits of agreement − 3.95 to 4.21%) in healthy adult volunteers were excellent. The investigated combined tcPO2, tcPCO2, and SpO2 sensor with a new oxygen fluorescence quenching technique is clinically usable and provides good overall accuracy and negligible tcPO2 drift. Accurate and low-drift tcPO2 monitoring offers improved measurement validity for long-term monitoring of blood and tissue oxygenation.

Abstract This work presents an evaluation of batch, fed-batch, and sequential batch cultivation techniques for production of R. marinus DSM 16675 and its exopolysaccharides (EPSs) and carotenoids in a bioreactor, using lysogeny broth (LB) and marine broth (MB), respectively, in both cases supplemented with 10 g/L maltose. Batch cultivation using LB supplemented with maltose (LBmalt) resulted in higher cell density (OD620 = 6.6) than use of MBmalt (OD620 = 1.7). Sequential batch cultivation increased the cell density threefold (OD620 = 20) in LBmalt and eightfold (OD620 = 14) in MBmalt. In both single and sequential batches, the production of carotenoids and EPSs using LBmalt was detected in the exponential phase and stationary phase, respectively, while in MBmalt formation of both products was detectable in both the exponential and stationary phases of the culture. Heteropolymeric EPSs were produced with an overall volumetric productivity (QE) of 0.67 (mg/L h) in MBmalt and the polymer contained xylose. In LB, QE was lower (0.1 mg/L h) and xylose could not be detected in the composition of the produced EPSs. In conclusion, this study showed the importance of a process design and medium source for production of R. marinus DSM 16675 and its metabolites.

Abstract This two-site immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for human atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)99-126 in plasma utilizes a mouse monoclonal antibody raised against rat (r) ANF103-125 with specificity directed towards the ring structure of ANF, and a rabbit antiserum to human (h) ANF99-126. The monoclonal antibody is radioiodinated, and the IgG fraction of the antiserum is coated onto wells of a microtiter plate. Plasma or standard hANF99-126 (150 microL) is incubated with the radioligand in coated wells for 24 h. The detection limit is 0.9 pg per well, corresponding to 2 pmol/L, with a working range (CV less than 10%) from 4.5 to 540 pmol/L. Intra- and interassay precision are 7% and 9%, respectively, and the assay is unaffected by plasma matrix. In humans, the IRMA is specific for hANF99-126, the major circulating form of ANF, and does not cross-react with metabolites having deletions at the carboxy terminus. Plasma IRMA values in normal seated subjects were 6.6 +/- 1.5 (SEM) pmol/L and results correlated with those of an extraction RIA (r = 0.81, P less than 0.001).

Abstract Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Adolescent hyperandrogenemia (HA) may precede adult PCOS. Androgen production in females occurs in both the adrenals and the ovaries, but the relative contribution of each to adolescent HA is unknown. Both luteinizing hormone (LH) and insulin contribute to HA in adult PCOS, and both correlate with HA in obese girls, but detailed assessments of LH and insulin in combination with ovarian and adrenal androgen responses to stimulation (in the same individual) have not been described. To assess the relative roles of stimulatory factors (LH and insulin) and end organ (adrenal, ovarian) responsiveness to stimulation, we have studied 16 girls with obesity: age 13.4 (10.5–15.9) y (median [range]); Tanner 5 (2 girls 2-3; 14 girls 4-5); BMI Z 2.2 (1.7–2.7); free testosterone (T) 17.7 (6.6–88.3) pmol/L. Subjects underwent a detailed study including (a) frequent blood sampling for LH (6p–9a), to estimate mean 24-h LH; (b) sampling for insulin from 1 h before to 2 h after a standardized mixed meal (7p) and while fasting (7a–9a), to estimate mean 24-h insulin; (c) an adrenal stimulation protocol (dexamethasone [DEX] given at 10p, with 17-OHProgesterone [17OHP], T, and androstenedione (∆4A) drawn before plus 30 and 60 min after synthetic ACTH [250 mcg iv] given at 7a); and (d) an ovarian stimulation protocol (after the 8a sample above, recombinant hCG [r-hCG, 25 mcg iv] given, DEX given at 10p, with 17OHP, T, and ∆4A drawn the next morning at 8a). Responses to ACTH and r-hCG stimulation were defined as the mean value 30 and 60 min post-ACTH and the value 24 h post-hCG, respectively, minus the post-DEX morning value. Relationships between such responses and estimated mean 24-h LH and 24-h insulin were assessed using Spearman partial correlation (correcting for differences in 24-h insulin and 24-h LH, respectively). Estimated 24-h LH was 3.7 (1.8–21.5) mIU/mL in the group, while estimated 24-h insulin was 61.4 (23.2–175) uIU/mL. After correcting for differences in 24-h insulin, estimated 24-h LH predicted hCG-stimulated changes in T (r = 0.61, p = 0.02), but did not predict ACTH-stimulated changes in T. When corrected for 24-h LH, there were no significant relationships between estimated 24-h insulin and T responses to either r-hCG or ACTH. Estimated 24-h LH and 24-h insulin were not correlated with ACTH- or hCG-stimulated changes in either 17OHP or ∆4A. These data suggest that, in pubertal girls with obesity, either that ovarian T responses to stimulation are influenced by ambient LH concentrations, but not by insulin, or that ovarian hyperresponsiveness leads to increased LH. Similar relationships with 17OHP or ∆4A were not evident, for either ambient LH or insulin. Simultaneous detailed assessments of LH, insulin, and end organ (adrenal, ovarian) responsiveness to stimulation may help discriminate the determinants of HA in girls with obesity.

Purpose: Bioimpedance data through bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) is used to evaluate cellular function and body fluid content. This study aimed to (i) identify whether BIVA patters differ according to the competitive period and (ii) provide specific references for assessing bioelectric properties at the start of the season in male elite soccer players. Methods: The study included 131 male soccer players (age: 25.1 ± 4.7 yr, height: 183.4 ± 6.1 cm, weight: 79.3 ± 6.6) registered in the first Italian soccer division (Serie A). Bioimpedance analysis was performed just before the start of the competitive season and BIVA was applied. In order to verify the need for period-specific references, bioelectrical values measured at the start of the season were compared to the reference values for the male elite soccer player population. Results: The results of the two-sample Hotelling T2 tests showed that in the bivariate interpretation of the raw bioimpedance parameters (resistance (R) and reactance (Xc)) the bioelectric properties significantly (T2 = 15.3, F = 7.6, p ≤ 0.001, Mahalanobis D = 0.45) differ between the two phases of the competition analyzed. In particular, the mean impedance vector is more displaced to the left into the R-Xc graph at the beginning of the season than in the first half of the championship. Conclusions: For an accurate evaluation of body composition and cellular health, the tolerance ellipses displayed by BIVA approach into the R-Xc graph must be period-specific. This study provides new specific tolerance ellipses (R/H: 246 ± 32.1, Xc/H: 34.3 ± 5.1, r: 0.7) for performing BIVA at the beginning of the competitive season in male elite soccer players.

The regional deposition patterns of inhaled hygroscopic aerosols obtained in vivo in the studies of Phipps et al. (P. R. Phipps, I. Gonda, D. L. Bailey, P. Borham, G. Bautovich, and S. D. Anderson. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 139: 1516, 1989; and P. R. Phipps, I. Gonda, S. D. Anderson, D. L. Bailey, and G. Bautovich. Eur. Respir. J. 7: 1474-1482, 1994) and Chan et al. (H.-K. Chan, P. R. Phipps, I. Gonda, P. Cook, R. Fulton, I. Young, and G. Bautovich. Eur. Respir. J. 7: 1483-1489, 1994) by using single-photon-emission computerized tomography (SPECT) are compared with the regional deposition predicted by the hygroscopic lung deposition model of Finlay and Stapleton (W. H. Finlay and K. W. Stapleton. J. Aerosol Sci. 26: 655-670, 1995). Three pairs of saline aerosols are considered: isotonic with small [2.6-microns mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), geometric standard deviation (GSD) 1.4] vs. large (5.5-microns MMAD, GSD 1.7) droplets; hypotonic (0.3% NaCl) vs. hypertonic (4.5% NaCl) with 3.7- to 3.8-microns MMAD (GSD 1.4), and hypotonic vs. hypertonic (3.7- to 3.8-microns MMAD, GSD 1.5-1.8) with reduced number of droplets per cubic centimeter. For each of the three pairs of aerosols, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found between the in vivo and computational results for either the mean value or the variance of the difference in peripheral to central deposition. Thus it appears that theoretical calculations can be used to predict the pattern of lung deposition of hygroscopic aerosols in populations of normal subjects.

The title compound, [Ti(C24H33O2)Cl3(C4H8O)], is a rare example of a trigonal–bipyramidal titanium coordination complex with three chloride and two oxygen donor ligands. The asymmetric unit contains two independent molecules having essentially the same conformation. The molecules feature the titanium(IV) metal cation complexed with three chloride ligands, a tetrahydrofuran molecule, and one oxygen atom from the resolved ligand precursor (R)-(+)-5,5′,6,6′-tetramethyl-3,3′-di-t-butyl-1,1′-biphenyl-2,2′-diol, where the remaining phenolic hydrogen atom engages in intermolecular O—H...Cl hydrogen bonding. In one molecule, the THF ligand is disordered over two orientations with refined site occupancies of 0.50 (3).

Abstract An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring type I collagen degradation products in urine &lt; 3 h was evaluated. The measuring range was 0.5-10.5 mg/L with a detection limit of 0.2 mg/L. Within-run and total CVs were 5.3% and 6.6%, respectively. Analytical recovery averaged 100%. The mean (+/- SD) concentrations in urine samples from a healthy premenopausal population (n = 102) were 250 +/- 110 mg/mol creatinine (Cr). A group of healthy postmenopausal women (n = 410) gave a mean value of 416 +/- 189 mg/mol Cr. Values obtained in the ELISA correlated well (r = 0.83) to HPLC values for the established bone resorption marker deoxypyridinoline (n = 214), slightly better than the correlation to hydroxyproline measurements (r = 0.78, n = 421). We conclude that the assay described here presents a useful tool for further elucidating the importance of type I collagen degradation products in urine.