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Journal articles on the topic 'H13 tool steel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Salem, Islam, Mohamed Kamal El-Fawkhry, Ahmed A. Abdel-Khalek, M. H. Khedr, and Taha Mattar. "Exo-Inoculant Modification of Secondary Phase Precipitation in H13 Tool Steel." Key Engineering Materials 835 (March 2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.835.13.

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Secondary phase carbides in term of type and morphology are considered as the most challenge facing the applications of hot work tool steel. AISI H13 tool steel is one of the most applicable hot work tool steel grades. M23C6, M6C and MC are the common secondary carbides that are forming throughout the martensite matrix of H13 tool steel. In this research, nanoinoculant silicon nitride was added to the molten H13 tool steel to act as an inoculant for the secondary carbide categories through ladle treatment process. By using OM and SEM, it was observed that nanoinoculant has the great impact in the nucleation of secondary carbides into fine shape, in particular M23C6 type. In addition, mechanical tests proved that the nucleation of secondary carbides promotes the mechanical properties of hot work H13 tool steel to its ultimate. Impact toughness of the inoculated H13 tool steel was observed with higher value than that was done at the ordinary H13 tool steel. At the meantime, wear resistance of inoculated H13 tool steel was multiplied two times higher than as delivered H13 tool steel.

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2

Suhaily, Mokhtar, A. K. M. Nurul Amin, Anayet Ullah Patwari, and Nurhayati Ab Razak. "Machinability Improvement by Workpiece Preheating during End Milling AISI H13 Hardened Steel." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 894–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.894.

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Hardened materials like AISI H13 steel are generally regarded as s difficult to cut materials because of their hardness due to intense of carbon content, which however allows them to be used extensively in the hot working tools, dies and moulds. The challenges in machining steels at their hardened state led the way to many research works in amelioration its machinability. In this paper, preheating technique has been used to improve the machinability of H13 hardened steel for different cutting conditions. An experimental study has been performed to assess the effect of workpiece preheating using induction heating system to enhance the machinability of AISI H13. The preheated machining of AISI H13 for two different cutting conditions with TiAlN coated carbide tool is evaluated by examining tool wear, surface roughness and vibration. The advantages of preheated machining are demonstrated by a much extended tool life and stable cut as lower vibration/chatter amplitudes. The effects of preheating temperature were also investigated on the chip morphology during the end milling of AISI H13 tool steel, which resulted in reduction of chip serration frequency. The preheating temperature was maintained below the phase change temperature of AISI H13. The experimental results show that preheated machining led to appreciable increasing tool life compared to room temperature machining. Abrasive wear, attrition wear and diffusion wear are found to be a very prominent mechanism of tool wear. It has been also observed that preheated machining of the material lead to better surface roughness values as compared to room temperature machining.

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3

Tridello, A., D. S. Paolino, G. Chiandussi, and Massimo Rossetto. "Different Inclusion Contents in H13 Steel: Effects on VHCF Response of Gaussian Specimens." Key Engineering Materials 665 (September 2015): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.665.49.

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The effect of different inclusion contents on the VHCF strength of H13 tool steels is presented. Two different H13 tool steels were investigated: the Uddeholm Orvar® 2 Micronized obtained by conventional casting, and the Uddeholm Orvar® Supreme obtained by electroslag remelting (ESR). Ultrasonic tests were performed on Gaussian specimens (risk volume about 2300 mm3) up to 1010 cycles or up to failure and fracture surfaces were investigated with SEM in order to analyze the inclusions from which VHCF crack nucleated. Experimental results show that the VHCF strength estimated by using the Murakami’s model of the H13 Uddeholm Orvar® Supreme steel is about 15% larger than that of the H13 Uddeholm Orvar® 2 Micronized steel.

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4

Zhang, Jin Xiang, He Bin Wang, Lin Lu, Jin Feng Huang, Hua Cui, and Ji Shan Zhang. "Effects of Spray Forming and Aging Treatment on the Microstructures and Hardness of H13 Tool Steel." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.405.

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The microstructures and hardness of spray-formed and aged H13 steel were investigated by OM, SEM, XRD and hardness tester. Compared to the as-cast H13 steel, the microstructures of the spray-formed H13 steel is characterized by lower bainite, martensite and much more retained austenite, inducing lower hardness than the as-cast H13. The peak aging temperature for the spray-formed H13 steel is 50°C higher than the commercial H13 steel (500°C) for their different microstructures. After aged at 550°C for 50h, a much higher hardness (about 53 HRC) can be retained in the spray-formed H13 steel, showing an excellent thermal stability at 550°C.

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5

Mochtar, Myrna Ariati, and Rizki Aldila. "Die Soldering Behavior of H13 and Cr-Mo-V Tool Steel on Die Casting Process on Nitriding-Shot Pinning Die Surface Treatment." Materials Science Forum 1000 (July 2020): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1000.381.

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Die soldering is a sticking phenomenon between molten aluminum with the surface of steel die in the die casting process, which results in damage to the cast products and l the steel die. In this research, two die materials, H13 and Cr-Mo-V steels were used. Those dies were then treated by two process variables, shot pinning and nitriding-shot pinning. To simulate the die casting process, the samples were dipped into molten Aluminum-Si alloy, ADC12 at 680oC for 30, 300, and 1800 seconds. Characterizations were focused on the surface of the steel, which includes microstructure observation by a microscope, microhardness profile, compound identification, and weight loss measurements. It was found that H13 steel and Cr-Mo-V steel treated by nitriding–shot pinning have higher hardness up to 100% and thinner intermetallic layer. On H13 steel, the compact layer thickness decreased from 19 μm to 17 μm and from 96 μm to 80 μm for the broken layer. Similar trends occurred for Cr-Mo-V steel, where the thickness of the compact layer and broken layer decreased from 38 μm to 19 μm and 119 μm to 45 μm respectively. These results indicate that H13 and Cr-Mo-V steels that were treated by nitriding–shot pinning have a better resistance to die soldering.

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6

Kataoka, Kota, and Hideshi Nakatsu. "Fabrication of Ultra-Fine Grained Hot Work Tool Steels by Powder Metallurgy Process through Mechanical Alloying Treatment." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 1714–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.1714.

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Hot work tool steels generally consist of the tempered martensitic structure and they are high strength materials using all strengthening mechanisms, such as strain strengthening, grain refinement strengthening, solid solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening. It is necessary to use the grain refinement strengthening that can bring both higher strength at high temperature and toughness than those of conventional steels. In this study, hot work tool steels with ultra-fine grained structure were fabricated by the mechanical alloying treatment. The powder mixture of atomized AISI H13 steel powders and Y2O3 powders was mechanically alloyed by a planetary ball mill for 360ks. The mechanically alloyed powders were packed in a stainless steel tube in a vacuum and then consolidated by hot rolling for full densification. The consolidated material was austenitized at 1293K, which was general austenitizing temperature of H13 steel, and then oil-quenched. Through this process, an ultra-fine grained H13 steel with equiaxed grains of about 0.3 microns in diameter could be obtained. A quenched hardness of the developed steel was comparable to that of an AISI M2 high speed steel produced by melting and hot-working process. Furthermore, although tempered hardness of the M2 steel decreases with increasing tempering temperature of 848K or higher, that of the developed steel does not decrease so much. Therefore the hardness of the developed steel exceeds that of the M2 steel at tempering temperatures over 923K.

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7

Akyıldız, Ezgi, Mert Altay, Faiz Muhaffel, Seçkin Özkurt, Erdem Atar, and Hüseyin Çimenoğlu. "Impact-Sliding Wear Behaviour of Nitrided H13 Steel Tool Steels." Key Engineering Materials 813 (July 2019): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.813.417.

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In the scope of this study, quenched and tempered H13 steel samples were subjected to conventional (CN) and low temperature (LTN) gas nitriding in a fluidized bed reactor. Structural examinations revealed that surfaces of the CN sample were covered with about 1-2 µm thick compound layer (CL) with an underlying ~30 µm thick nitrogen diffusion zone (NDZ), while outer surface of the LTN sample consisted of ~25 µm thick NDZ. The surface hardness values were measured as 1320 HV0.1 for LTN sample and 1220 HV0.1 for CN sample. Under impact sliding conditions, wear mechanisms of the CN and LTN samples were determined as “oxidation + fatigue” at RT and “plastic deformation” at 600 °C. As a general trend CN sample exhibited better impact sliding wear resistance compared to LTN sample both at RT and 600 °C.

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8

Ackermann, Michal, Jiří Šafka, Lukáš Voleský, Jiří Bobek, and Jitendra Reddy Kondapally. "Impact Testing of H13 Tool Steel Processed with Use of Selective Laser Melting Technology." Materials Science Forum 919 (April 2018): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.919.43.

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This paper deals with experimental determination of toughness, hardness and impact properties of AISI H13 (DIN 1.2344) tool steel which was manufactured using Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology. The H13 is a chromium-based tool steel which is primarily used for hot working applications such as pressure casting moulds for automotive industry. Evaluation of toughness and impact properties are vital for reliable use of SLM-processed material, especially in the case of highly loaded structures. Mechanical tests were carried out on printed specimens, subjected to thermal treatment and proper data were evaluated. For better understanding of differences between conventionally produced and SLM-processed material, same mechanical tests were done even for hot-rolled H13 tool steel. SLM-printed material shows more brittle behaviour than conventionally made material. This is most probably caused by combination of H13 thermal properties and fast melting and solidification due to SLM processing.

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9

Pathak, Hrishikesh, Sanghamitra Das, Rakesh Doley, and Satadru Kashyap. "Optimization of Cutting Parameters for AISI H13 Tool Steel by Taguchi Method and Artificial Neural Network." International Journal of Materials Forming and Machining Processes 2, no. 2 (July 2015): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmfmp.2015070104.

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In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut) on surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR) during dry turning operation of AISI H13 tool steel as per Taguchi's experimental design technique using an L9 orthogonal array. Signal to noise ratio (S/N) results and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were employed in order to investigate the optimal and significant cutting characteristics of H13 tool steel respectively. This paper focuses on optimizing the cutting parameters for minimum surface roughness and maximum MRR of H13 tool steel using high speed steel (HSS) as the cutting tool during turning. The results indicated that feed has a significant influence on surface finish and depth of cut on MRR when turning operation was carried out with HSS cutting tool. An artificial neural network model and regression equations were also developed to obtain minimum surface roughness and maximum MRR at different cutting conditions.

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10

Abdulhadi, Hassan, Syarifah Ahmad, Izwan Ismail, Mahadzir Ishak, and Ghusoon Mohammed. "Thermally-Induced Crack Evaluation in H13 Tool Steel." Metals 7, no. 11 (November 6, 2017): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met7110475.

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11

LEE, Jae-Ho, Jeong-Hwan JANG, Byeong-Don JOO, Young-Myung SON, and Young-Hoon MOON. "Laser surface hardening of AISI H13 tool steel." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 19, no. 4 (August 2009): 917–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(08)60377-5.

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12

Mazur, Maciej, Martin Leary, Matthew McMillan, Joe Elambasseril, and Milan Brandt. "SLM additive manufacture of H13 tool steel with conformal cooling and structural lattices." Rapid Prototyping Journal 22, no. 3 (April 18, 2016): 504–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2014-0075.

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Purpose Additive manufacture (AM) such as selective laser melting (SLM) provides significant geometric design freedom in comparison with traditional manufacturing methods. Such freedom enables the construction of injection moulding tools with conformal cooling channels that optimize heat transfer while incorporating efficient internal lattice structures that can ground loads and provide thermal insulation. Despite the opportunities enabled by AM, there remain a number of design and processing uncertainties associated with the application of SLM to injection mould tool manufacture, in particular from H13/DIN 1.2344 steel as commonly used in injection moulds. This paper aims to address several associated uncertainties. Design/methodology/approach A number of physical and numerical experimental studies are conducted to quantify SLM-manufactured H13 material properties, part manufacturability and part characteristics. Findings Findings are presented which quantify the effect of SLM processing parameters on the density of H13 steel components; the manufacturability of standard and self-supporting conformal cooling channels, as well as structural lattices in H13; the surface roughness of SLM-manufactured cooling channels; the effect of cooling channel layout on the associated stress concentration factor and cooling uniformity; and the structural and thermal insulating properties of a number of structural lattices. Originality/value The contributions of this work with regards to SLM manufacture of H13 of injection mould tooling can be applied in the design of conformal cooling channels and lattice structures for increased thermal performance.

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13

Hao, Guangchao, Zhanqiang Liu, Xiaoliang Liang, and Jinfu Zhao. "Influences of TiAlN Coating on Cutting Temperature during Orthogonal Machining H13 Hardened Steel." Coatings 9, no. 6 (May 30, 2019): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9060355.

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TiAlN has been widely used in cutting tool coating due to its excellent mechanical and thermal performances. However, the research on the TiAlN coating effect on cutting temperature is not comprehensive enough. In this paper, the friction tests at elevated temperature and hard machining H13 hardened steel tests are conducted by using TiAlN coated tools and uncoated tools, respectively. The results of using TiAlN coated tools are compared with those from using uncoated tools. It is found that the coefficient of friction (COF) between TiAlN coated tool and H13 hardened steel is reduced to 0.63 at 800 °C. The COF value is 0.75 for uncoated tool. Under the same cutting conditions, the TiAlN coating shortens tool-chip contact length. The tangential cutting forces and cutting zone temperatures are decreased with smaller COF and shorter tool-chip contact length. Due to the lower thermal conductivities of TiAlN coating and the Al2O3 oxide layer formatted at tool rake face, the cutting heat conducted into cutting tool substrate was reduced. The cutting temperatures in TiAlN coated tool substrate are decreased by at least 10.68% in this study. The TiAlN coating reduces the cutting temperature by decreasing the cutting heat generation and conduction.

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14

Nguyen, Van, Eun-ah Kim, Seok-Rok Lee, Jaecheol Yun, Jungho Choe, Dong-yeol Yang, Hak-sung Lee, Chang-woo Lee, and Ji-Hun Yu. "Evaluation of Strain-Rate Sensitivity of Selective Laser Melted H13 Tool Steel Using Nanoindentation Tests." Metals 8, no. 8 (July 28, 2018): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8080589.

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This paper demonstrates the successful printing of H13 tool steel by a selective laser melting (SLM) method at a scan laser speed of 200 mm/s for the best microstructure and mechanical behavior. Specifically, the nanoindentation strain-rate sensitivity values were 0.022, 0.019, 0.027, 0.028, and 0.035 for SLM H13 at laser scan speeds of 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mm/s, respectively. This showed that the hardness increases as the strain rate increases and, practically, the hardness values of the SLM H13 at the 200 mm/s laser scan speed are the highest and least sensitive to the strain rate as compared to H13 samples at other scan speeds. The SLM processing of this material at 200 mm/s laser scan speed therefore shows the highest potential for advanced tool design. Residual stress is expected to affect the hardness and shall be investigated in future research.

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15

Rafi, H. Khalid, G. D. Janaki Ram, G. Phanikumar, and K. Prasad Rao. "Microstructural evolution during friction surfacing of tool steel H13." Materials & Design 32, no. 1 (January 2011): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.06.031.

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16

Atar, Erdem, Özgür Alpaslan, Özgür Çelik, and Hüseyin Çimenoĝlu. "Tribological Properties of CrN Coated H13 Grade Tool Steel." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 21, no. 2 (February 2014): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(14)60037-6.

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17

Nelson, E., A. Kohli, and D. R. Poirier. "Hardness of H13 Tool Steel After Non-isothermal Tempering." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 27, no. 6 (April 24, 2018): 2766–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3369-8.

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18

Baharudin, B. T. Hang Tuah, Shamsuddin Sulaiman, Mohd Khairol A. Arifin, A. A. Faieza, and S. M. Sapuan. "Coating Performance in High Speed Micro Machining of H13 Tool Steel." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 985–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.985.

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The development and application of Titanium Aluminium Nitrate (TiAlN) coatings for cutting tools has led to dramatic tool life extension and the realisation of high speed machining for hardened materials. This results in longer tool life and makes it possible to employ higher cutting speeds and feed rates. In this study, a series of different TiAlN based coatings on micro grains solid carbides were tested on H13 Tool Steel. These advanced coatings are commercially available by coating manufacturer which are trade marks of Balzers UK. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the performance of micro tools coated with these coatings and compare with uncoated tools. The results will be used to determine whether coatings for micro tools will have any impact on the performance of the tools such as reducing cutting forces or improving machining quality. This will be achieved by means of analysing the cutting force data and 3-D surface roughness respectively. Result obtained shows that different coating had different performance, hence can be applied to specifically targeted machining operation. The results also highlight some of the differences in wear mechanism of micro tools.

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19

Brabazon, Dermot, Sumsun Naher, and Patrick Biggs. "Laser Surface Modification of Tool Steel for Semi-Solid Steel Forming." Solid State Phenomena 141-143 (July 2008): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.141-143.255.

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This paper presents an analysis of the effect of CO2 laser processing parameters on the surface modification and heat treatment of steels. The CO2 laser and sample movement process parameters are presented. The controlled operation of these in conjunction with each other is required to obtain better surface hardness and structure. H13 tool steel samples were rotated at high speeds to keep exposure times below 0.3s. Laser processed samples were analysed using EDX spectroscopy, optical microscopy, Vickers and Martens micro-hardness testing, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results show how the hardness profile through the surface is related to the laser treatment and resultant microstructures. Increased surface hardness was noted due to a complete microstructural transformation to an amorphous state in the glazed samples. The usefulness of such coatings on tool steels, in conjunction with other thermal barriers, for the forming of semi-solid steel alloys is presented.

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20

Choi, Bong Jae, Si Young Sung, and Young Jig Kim. "Evaluation of Interfacial Reaction between Titanium Matrix Composites and Aluminium Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.433.

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The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the interfacial reaction between titanium matrix composites (TMCs) and A380 alloy in aluminum die-casting. In-situ synthesized titanium matrix composites and H13 tool steel were immersed in molten A380 alloy in a mold at 993 K for times varying from 0 to 1200 s. In-situ synthesis TMCs and interfacial reaction between TMCs and A380 alloy were examined by X-ray diffraction, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and electron probe micro-analyzer. The reaction behavior shows that TMCs can a substitution for H13 tool steel.

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21

Jiang, Fu Lin, Zhan Qiang Liu, Yi Wan, and Han Zhang. "Research on Transient Temperature of Cutting Tool during High Speed Slot Milling of AISI H13." Materials Science Forum 800-801 (July 2014): 715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.800-801.715.

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Cutting tool temperature is the main factor that directly affects tool wear and tool life. In this paper we developed temperature model of tool insert during slot milling process, constructed by a combination of cutting time model and non-cutting model. A set of experiments are designed and carried out to obtain cutting induced temperatures at different cutting speeds during slot milling of AISI H13 steel. Experiments results indicate that tool insert temperature increases first and then decreases as the cutting speed grows, and a critical cutting speed for the tool insert temperature exists during slot milling of AISI H13 steel. Some possible reasons for the drop of tool insert temperature are proposed and discussed, and they are decreased heat flux into tool insert and increased heat convection coefficient.

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22

Ariati, Myrna, Dwi Marta Nurjaya, and Rizki Aldila. "Die Soldering Phenomenon on the H13 Tool Steel with Shot Peening and Nitriding Surface Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 1101 (April 2015): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1101.157.

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Die soldering occurs when molten aluminum sticks to the surface of a die material and remains there after the ejection of the part. This resulted in low productivity and economic value in the foundry industry. Nitriding surface treatment is considered as an effective way in enhancing the service life of AISI H13 steel dies and to prevent soldering effect. The focus of this paper is to investigate the influence of three different surface conditions in terms of roughness, gas nitriding and pretreatment prior to gas nitriding on the soldering effect. Three kind of samples made of AISI H13 steel were pretreated (quenched and tempered) and followed by : shot peened, gas nitrided and shot peening followed by gas nitriding, were immersed in liquid melted ADC 12 Aluminium alloy at 30 seconds, 30 minutes, 2 hours and 5 hours, at a constant temperature of 680oC in a holding furnace. Characterizations on the surface of the steel were focused on the optical microstructure, microhardness profile, FE SEM observation and enegy dispersive spectrometry mapping. It was found that shot peening prior to nitriding gives a higher surface hardness and depth of nitride layer of H13 tool steel, 1140 HV (>70 HRC) and 120.5 μm, than the nitriding only process, 1033 HV (68 HRC) and 105 μm. The higher the hardness and depth of nitride layer expected would reduce the die soldering effect at the surface of the H13 tool steel dies. It was also found that the only shot peening treatment resulted in a tendency of soldering accompanied by the formation of intermetallic layers ; while soldering is not found on the nitrided and shot peened-nitrided samples.

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23

Salman, Asma, Brian Gabbitas, and De Liang Zhang. "Thermal Shock Properties of Ti(Al,O)/Al₂O₃ and TiAl(O)/Al₂O₃ Composite Coatings." Advanced Materials Research 275 (July 2011): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.275.47.

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Ti(Al,O)/Al2O3 and TiAl(O)/Al2O3 composite coatings have a potential to reduce dissolution and aluminium soldering tendency of H13 tool steel used in the aluminium processing industry. The thermal shock resistance of H13 tool steel coated with Ti(Al,O)/Al2O3 and TiAl(O)/Al2O3 composite powders sprayed using a high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) technique was studied. The thermal shock behaviour of the composite coatings was investigated by subjecting the coated coupons to a number of cycles, each cycle consisting of a holding time of 30 seconds in molten aluminium at 700 ± 10 °C followed by quenching into water. The surfaces of the coupons were examined for Al soldering and an evaluation of surface spallation. Any cracks found in the coatings were studied to explain their thermal shock behaviour. The results of this study showed that both Ti(Al,O)/Al2O3 and TiAl(O)/Al2O3 composite coatings on H13 tool steel have good thermal shock resistance with a thermal shock life between 300 to 400 cycles. The composite coatings and fracture surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy.

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Pereira, Alejandro, Javier Martínez, Maria Teresa Prado, José A. Pérez, and Thomas Mathia. "Topographic Wear Monitoring of the Interface Tool/Workpiece in Milling AISI H13 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 966-967 (June 2014): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.966-967.152.

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The wear of TiCN coating carbide cutting tools (Sandvik® Grade 1010 and 4220) in different hard-milling machining conditions was monitored, analyzed, and discussed for AISI H13 steel. This material is commonly used in the forge industry in order to optimize the manufacturing process according to a qualimetry/cost compromise criterion. AISI H13 steel generally is used in modern production for high wear-resistant dies and molds. One of the most basic and primary geometric shapes in the manufacture of molds and die cavities is the geometry known as "inclined plane." Experimental investigations were carried out on a "mold model" design with the aim of analyzing and optimizing the principal manufacturing conditions. The tests are dependent on manufacturing factors, particularly their impactin a complex tribological process. Five clearly defined different surfaces of the hardened AISI H13 steel model mold, with appropriate geometries were studied; i) vertical downward; ii) curved downward; iii) horizontal; iv) curved upward; and v) vertical upward.The analysis of cutting tool wear during this process was based on computerized measurements of visually observable wear and power consumption. Morphological investigations of the surface topography for the cutting tool, as well as of the work-piece surfaces, were systematically carried out. Moreover, the interactions with simultaneously measured energy consumption during the process are also explicated in the present study and therefore tentative methods to optimize hard-milling machining are offered.

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25

Arrizubieta, Jon Iñaki, Magdalena Cortina, Arantza Mendioroz, Agustín Salazar, and Aitzol Lamikiz. "Thermal Diffusivity Measurement of Laser-Deposited AISI H13 Tool Steel and Impact on Cooling Performance of Hot Stamping Tools." Metals 10, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010154.

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Additive manufacturing is a technology that enables the repair and coating of high-added-value parts. In applications such as hot stamping, the thermal behavior of the material is essential to ensure the proper operation of the manufactured part. Therefore, the effective thermal diffusivity of the material needs to be evaluated. In the present work, the thermal diffusivity of laser-deposited AISI H13 is measured experimentally using flash and lock-in thermography. Because of the fast cooling rate that characterizes the additive process and the associated grain refinement, the effective thermal diffusivity of the laser-deposited AISI H13 is approximately 15% lower than the reference value of the cast AISI H13. Despite the directional nature of the process, the laser-deposited material’s thermal diffusivity behavior is found to be isotropic. The paper also presents a case study that illustrates the impact of considering the effective thermal conductivity of the deposited material on the hot stamping process.

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26

Mu, Yanhong, Baoyu Wang, Mingdong Huang, Jing Zhou, and Xuetao Li. "Investigation on tribological characteristics of boron steel 22MnB5–tool steel H13 tribopair at high temperature." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 231, no. 2 (August 5, 2016): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650116650818.

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In the background that the quenchable boron steels have been widely used to manufacture body-in-white by hot stamping because of its ultra-high strength, the understanding of frictional characteristics of the boron steel–tool steel tribopair at high temperature should be deepened. In this work, the friction behaviors of the tool steel H13 against the boron steel 22MnB5 were investigated at different temperatures, sliding velocities, contact pressures, and lubrication conditions by ring-on-disc sliding testing. The tribological characteristics were analyzed through scanning electron microscope and confocal laser scanning. The results show the relationship between the friction coefficient and the hot stamping parameters well. The friction coefficient decreases remarkably with the increasing temperature and contact pressure, but sliding velocity has no noticeable influence on the friction coefficient. The wear mechanism also changes with different process parameters and the main mechanism is a combination of adhesive and abrasive wear. Furthermore, MoS2 lubricant can reduce the friction coefficient effectively and protect the die from severe wear.

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27

Yalçın, Bekir. "SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND CUTTING FORCES IN TURNING OF TOOL STEEL WITH MIXED CERAMIC AND CUBIC BORON NITRIDE CUTTING TOOLS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 39, no. 2 (June 2015): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2015-0023.

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Tool steel has been widely used, especially to manufacture forming dies and molds by machining processes. Generally, cubic boron nitride (CBN) and ceramic tools are recommended for finish machining a specific steel. This study contributes to filling the research gap for the selection of low- content CBN tools or mixed ceramic tools for turning of hard tool steel. The turning tests were conducted to determine the performance of CBN and the mixed ceramic tools in turning soft (HRC22) and hard (HRC52) H13 tool steel with different cutting speeds, feed rates and depths of cut. ANOVA was used to determine the interaction of the cutting parameters on the surface roughness and cutting forces obtained from turning tests. The results indicate that the surface roughness in hard turning was lower with the CBN tool than with the ceramic tool. On the other hand, the cutting forces in turning with the ceramic tool were lower. Acceptable regular chip formation increases with the cutting speed for each tool.

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28

Khalid Rafi, H., G. D. Janaki Ram, G. Phanikumar, and K. Prasad Rao. "Microstructure and Properties of Friction Surfaced Stainless Steel and Tool Steel Coatings." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 864–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.864.

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Friction surfacing is a novel solid state surface coating process with several advantages over conventional fusion welding based surfacing processes. In this work, austenitic stainless steel (AISI 310) and tool steel (H13) coatings were friction deposited on mild steel substrates for corrosion and wear protection, respectively. Microstructural studies were carried out by using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Shear tests and bend tests (ASTM A264) were conducted to assess the integrity of the coatings. This study brings out the microstructural features across the coating/substrate interface and its mechanical properties, showing good metallurgical bonding between stainless steel and tool steel coating over mild steel.

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Marques, Maria José, J. C. Outeiro, A. Morão Dias, Rachid M'Saoubi, and Hariharan Chandrasekaran. "Surface Integrity of H13 ESR Mould Steel Milled by Carbide and CBN Tools." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.564.

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The quality of a mechanical component such as its geometrical accuracy stability and fatigue life are significantly affected by the surface integrity generated by machining process. Residual stresses are a major part of the mechanical state of a machined layer and they can be beneficial or detrimental depending of their nature and magnitude. This study concerns phase analysis and residual stress profile characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and microhardness profile of AISI H13 ESR mould steel, milled using carbide and CBN tools. Analysis of the cross-section of the AISI H13 ESR samples, milled using both tools, reveal a martensitic microstructure, with a very thin layer heavily deformed due to the machining process. However, no phase transformation was detected by XRD. Concerning the residual stresses, the results show that they are predominantly compressive at the samples surface. However, depending of the cutting tools, the in-depth residual stresses profiles present different evolutions. This difference in the in-depth residual stresses profiles between the two kind of cutting tools is attributed to the different cutting tool parameters, including the tool geometry.

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Zagonel, L. F., J. Bettini, R. L. O. Basso, P. Paredez, H. Pinto, C. M. Lepienski, and F. Alvarez. "Nanosized precipitates in H13 tool steel low temperature plasma nitriding." Surface and Coatings Technology 207 (August 2012): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.05.081.

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31

Kumar, Santosh, Pravin Jadhav, Akshay Patil, Shreyas Kirwai, and Rajkumar Singh. "An Investigation of Performance of Spray Formed H13 Tool Steel." Procedia Structural Integrity 14 (2019): 872–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2019.07.066.

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32

Patra Karmakar, Debapriya, Muvvala Gopinath, and Ashish Kumar Nath. "Effect of tempering on laser remelted AISI H13 tool steel." Surface and Coatings Technology 361 (March 2019): 136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.01.022.

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33

Mutlu, Ilven, Enver Oktay, and Sinasi Ekinci. "Characterization of microstructure of H13 tool steel using ultrasonic measurements." Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing 49, no. 2 (February 2013): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106183091302006x.

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34

Emamian, S., P. Hussain, M. Awang, T. Arumugam, F. Yusof, M. S. M. Saheed, and N. M. Mohamed. "Comparison of carbon-based nanomaterials characteristics on H13 tool steel." Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 48, no. 3-4 (January 23, 2017): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.201600757.

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35

Morwood, Greg, Periklis Christodoulou, Bruce Lanham, and Daniel Byrnes. "Contraction of Investment Cast H13 Tool Steel Real Time Measurement." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 12, no. 6 (May 2000): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2000.11819382.

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King, P. C., R. W. Reynoldson, A. Brownrigg, and J. M. Long. "Pin on disc wear investigation of nitrocarburised H13 tool steel." Surface Engineering 21, no. 2 (April 2005): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329405x40911.

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37

Cruz, M. R., L. Nachez, B. J. Gomez, L. Nosei, J. N. Feugeas, and M. H. Staia. "Ion nitrided AISI H13 tool steel Part I – Microstructural aspects." Surface Engineering 22, no. 5 (October 2006): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329406x126663.

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38

Nelson, S., J. K. Schueller, and J. Tlusty. "Tool Wear in Milling Hardened Die Steel." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 120, no. 4 (November 1, 1998): 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2830205.

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Tool wear is an important limiting factor in machining hardened steel. Plane milling of H13 hot work tool steel (42–46 HRC) was conducted on a three-axis machine to obtain flank wear data with the objective of finding operating parameters providing extended tool life. Microgram carbide and PCBN tipped carbide round inserts in an off-center ball nose end mill with a single cutting edge were considered. Tool life was longer for the micrograin carbide inserts when cutting speeds were near 150 m/min. The PCBN grades performed best at the highest speed tested. A limited radial and axial depth of cut with a larger maximum chip thickness provided the best tool life over the parameters tested.

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Ren, Zhi Lan, and Xin Heng Wang. "Effect of High-Energy Shot-Peening on H13 Tool Steel Ion-Nitriding." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.67.

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High-energy shot-peening on H13 steel after quenched. The samples with or without high-energy shot-peening were ion-nitrided at 520°C for 3h．The Microstructure，nitriding depth, hardness gradient, surface phase and Corrosion resistance of the nitride layers were compared between the high-energy shot-peening samples and the original samples using optical microscope, micro-hardness tester, X-ray diffraction and CH1660A electrochemical test. Results show that the high-energy shot-peening greatly speeds up the nitriding on the H13 steel at 520°C for 3h.. The depth of ion-nitriding layer after shot peening is from 0.11mm to 0.16mm, micro-hardness of the surface layer is from 998HV0.5 to 1105HV0.5, The hardness gradient is slightly flat . Phase structure and content of the surface is different by Powerful shot-peening and not. Corrosion resistance of the samples by high-energy shot-peening is significantly improved because it is easier to form a stable passive film.

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Rodriguez, Gloria P., Jorge Simao, and Gemma Herranz. "Surface Alloying of AISI H13 Steel during Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)." Defect and Diffusion Forum 289-292 (April 2009): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.289-292.119.

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Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is one of the most widely used non-conventional machining processes for the production of moulds/dies, cutting tools and aero-engine parts, such as turbine/compressor blades. The paper details experimental research on the surface alloying/modification of chromium martensitic hot-work tool steel components (AISI H13, 55HRC) during EDM die-sinking operations using powder metallurgy (PM) tool electrodes, as a means of achieving enhanced workpiece wear resistance without resorting to a subsequent coating operation. Tool electrode performance of partially sintered WC/Co electrodes operating in a common hydrocarbon oil dielectric was assessed and subsequently compared with that of conventional electrode materials, such as Cu and Graphite. Surface/subsurface observations by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a recast solidified layer of ~ 8 µm when using WC/Co electrodes. Performed XRD and SEM-EDX analysis indicated that WC and Co contained in the PM tool electrodes, together with C decomposed from the hydrocarbon oil during sparking, were transferred and alloyed to the steel substrate surfaces. EDM surface alloyed layers were hardened over 1200 HK0.025. This hardening is related both to the formation of tungsten carbides with different stoichiometries and to the non-equilibrium microstructure evolution. Thickness of the hardened zone was shown to be dependent on EDM operating parameters, in particular peak-current (A) and pulse on-time (s).

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Sufiiarov, Vadim, Evgenii Borisov, and Igor A. Polozov. "Investigation of Functional Graded Steel Parts Produced by Selective Laser Melting." Key Engineering Materials 822 (September 2019): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.822.563.

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The article presents the results of a study on the additive manufacturing of functional graded steel parts. Studies have been carried out on the possibility of growing blanks from two steels simultaneously – tool steel H13 and stainless steel 316L. The study of the microstructure of the transition from one steel to another showed that the transition layer is smooth and is about 200 microns thick. The mechanical properties in the transition layer are distributed over the gradient and smoothly change from one material to another. The structure and properties of the transition layer after heat treatment and hot isostatic pressing are shown.

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Youn, Kuk Tae, Young Sang Na, Jong Hoon Lee, Young Mok Rhyim, Wee Do Yoo, and Chan Gyu Lee. "Effect of Surface Condition on Melt-Out of Die-Casting Mould." Solid State Phenomena 118 (December 2006): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.118.509.

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In order to understand the melt-out mechanism of H13 die casting mould material, microstructural investigation was conducted for the immersion-tested surface in Al-alloy melt. The surface condition of H13 tool steel was modified by varying nitriding conditions and by surface blasting. In particular, long-term behavior of melt-out phenomena during immersion testing of up to 43 hours was focused in this article. It was observed that an ion-nitrided H13 surface showed higher resistance towards melt-out than a gas-nitrided or blasted surface. This was related to the surface layers that are normally formed by nitriding.

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43

Seyedzavvar, Mirsadegh, and Mohammad Reza Shabgard. "Influence of Tool Material on the Electrical Discharge Machining of AISI H13 Tool Steel." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 988–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.988.

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This paper presents the results of experimental studies carried out to conduct a comprehensive investigation on the influence of tool material on the characteristics of Electrical Discharge Machining process of AISI H13 tool steel. The studied process characteristics included the tool wear ration and thickness of the white layer on the workpiece after the EDM process. The experiments carried out under the designed full factorial procedure and the considered EDM input parameters included pulse on-time and pulse current. The results of this study could be utilized to choice a set of pulse on-time and pulse current according to the outcomes that suit the requirements of tool-workpiece combination processed by the EDM.

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Zhang, Liao Liang, Li Ping Lei, and Pan Zeng. "Investigation of the Influence of Deep Rolling on the Thermal Fatigue Cracking for AISI H13 Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.127.

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Hot-working tools are frequently exposed to high cyclic temperature and mechanical loads, usually resulting in thermal fatigue cracking, which is observed as a network of fine cracks on the surface. The crack network degrades the performance of the tool and even invalidates it. Deep rolling is a surface strengthening treatment generally applied to improve the fatigue performance of metal components. But few attentions are paid on its influence on thermal fatigue cracking of the components, considering the relaxation of residual stresses and work hardening, which are deemed to mainly account for the improvement of fatigue performance. In this paper experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of deep rolling on thermal fatigue behavior of hot-work tool steel AISI H13. The experiment results show that deep rolling can improve the thermal fatigue behavior of AISI H13. To explore the mechanism of the effect, the changes of the residual stresses, the microhardness of the samples are also presented.

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Xie, You, Guoguang Cheng, Xiaoling Meng, Lie Chen, and Yandong Zhang. "Precipitation Behavior of Primary Precipitates in Ti-microalloyed H13 Tool Steel." ISIJ International 56, no. 11 (2016): 1996–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2016-199.

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Cui, Xiaobin, Jun Zhao, and Xianhua Tian. "Tool wear in high-speed face milling of AISI H13 steel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 226, no. 10 (August 16, 2012): 1684–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405412455378.

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47

LEE, Jae-Ho, Jeong-Hwan JANG, Byeong-Don JOO, Hong-Sup YIM, and Young-Hoon MOON. "Application of direct laser metal tooling for AISI H13 tool steel." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 19 (September 2009): s284—s287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(10)60286-5.

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48

Mulc, Matjaž, Andrej Skumavc, Boštjan Taljat, and Janez Tušek. "Impact toughness of welds deposited on H13 hot work tool steel." International Journal of Materials Research 105, no. 8 (August 11, 2014): 735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.111086.

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49

Zagonel, Luiz F., Rodrigo L. O. Basso, and Fernando Alvarez. "Precipitates Temperature Dependence in Ion Beam Nitrited AISI H13 Tool Steel." Plasma Processes and Polymers 4, S1 (April 2007): S736—S740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200731808.

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Nandwana, Peeyush, Rangasayee Kannan, and Derek Siddel. "Microstructure evolution during binder jet additive manufacturing of H13 tool steel." Additive Manufacturing 36 (December 2020): 101534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101534.

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