Journal articles: 'Habit Strength'

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Orbell, Sheina, and Bas Verplanken. "The strength of habit." Health Psychology Review 9, no. 3 (April 17, 2015): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.992031.

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de Bruijn, Gert-Jan, Mario Keer, Mark Conner, and Ryan E. Rhodes. "Using implicit associations towards fruit consumption to understand fruit consumption behaviour and habit strength relationships." Journal of Health Psychology 17, no. 4 (October 5, 2011): 479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105311421049.

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An implicit association test (IAT) was used to investigate how habit strength, implicit attitudes and fruit consumption interrelate. Fifty-two participants completed a computerized IAT and provided measures of fruit consumption and related habit strength. Implicit attitudes moderated the habit strength—fruit consumption relationship; stronger relationships were observed when implicit attitudes were more positive. Amongst those with strong fruit habits, more positive associations with fruit were found for those who had recently consumed sufficient fruits compared to those who had not. Findings demonstrate the relevance of implicit positive associations in understanding the relationship between fruit consumption habits and subsequent fruit consumption.

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Rebar, Amanda L., Steriani Elavsky, Jaclyn P. Maher, Shawna E. Doerksen, and David E. Conroy. "Habits Predict Physical Activity on Days When Intentions Are Weak." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 36, no. 2 (April 2014): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0173.

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Physical activity is regulated by controlled processes, such as intentions, and automatic processes, such as habits. Intentions relate to physical activity more strongly for people with weak habits than for people with strong habits, but people’s intentions vary day by day. Physical activity may be regulated by habits unless daily physical activity intentions are strong. University students (N = 128) self-reported their physical activity habit strength and subsequently self-reported daily physical activity intentions and wore an accelerometer for 14 days. On days when people had intentions that were weaker than typical for them, habit strength was positively related to physical activity, but on days when people had typical or stronger intentions than was typical for them, habit strength was unrelated to daily physical activity. Efforts to promote physical activity may need to account for habits and the dynamics of intentions.

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Steinglass, Joanna E., Deborah R. Glasofer, Emily Walsh, Gabby Guzman, Carol B. Peterson, B. Timothy Walsh, Evelyn Attia, and Stephen A. Wonderlich. "Targeting habits in anorexia nervosa: a proof-of-concept randomized trial." Psychological Medicine 48, no. 15 (February 19, 2018): 2584–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171800020x.

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AbstractBackgroundHabits are behavioral routines that are automatic and frequent, relatively independent of any desired outcome, and have potent antecedent cues. Among individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN), behaviors that promote the starved state appear habitual, and this is the foundation of a recent neurobiological model of AN. In this proof-of-concept study, we tested the habit model of AN by examining the impact of an intervention focused on antecedent cues for eating disorder routines.MethodsThe primary intervention target was habit strength; we also measured clinical impact via eating disorder psychopathology and actual eating. Twenty-two hospitalized patients with AN were randomly assigned to 12 sessions of either Supportive Psychotherapy or a behavioral intervention aimed at cues for maladaptive behavioral routines, Regulating Emotions and Changing Habits (REaCH).ResultsCovarying for baseline, REaCH was associated with a significantly lower Self-Report Habit Index (SRHI) score and significantly lower Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) global score at the end-of-treatment. The end-of-treatment effect size for SRHI was d = 1.28, for EDE-Q was d = 0.81, and for caloric intake was d = 1.16.ConclusionsREaCH changed habit strength of maladaptive routines more than an active control therapy, and targeting habit strength yielded improvement in clinically meaningful measures. These findings support a habit-based model of AN, and suggest habit strength as a mechanism-based target for intervention.

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Huttunen-Lenz, Maija, Sylvia Hansen, Thomas Meinert Larsen, Pia Christensen, Mathijs Drummen, Tanja Adam, Moira A. Taylor, et al. "The PREVIEW Study." European Journal of Health Psychology 26, no. 1 (May 2019): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2512-8442/a000026.

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Abstract. Individuals at risk of Type 2 Diabetes are advised to change health habits. This study investigated how the PREMIT behavior modification intervention and its association with socio-economic variables influenced weight maintenance and habit strength in the PREVIEW study. Overweight adults with pre-diabetes were enrolled ( n = 2,224) in a multi-center RCT including a 2-month weight-loss phase and a 34-month weight-maintenance phase for those who lost ≥ 8% body weight. Initial stages of the PREMIT covered the end of weight-loss and the beginning of weight-maintenance phase (18 weeks). Cross-sectional and longitudinal data were explored. Frequent PREMIT sessions attendance, being female, and lower habit strength for poor diet were associated with lower weight re-gain. Being older and not in employment were associated with lower habit strength for physical inactivity. The PREMIT appeared to support weight loss maintenance. Younger participants, males, and those in employment appeared to struggle more with inactivity habit change and weight maintenance.

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Badawy, Sherif M., Richa Shah, Usman Beg, and Mallorie B. Heneghan. "Habit Strength, Medication Adherence, and Habit-Based Mobile Health Interventions Across Chronic Medical Conditions: Systematic Review." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 4 (April 28, 2020): e17883. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17883.

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Background Unintentional medication nonadherence is common and has been associated with poor health outcomes and increased health care costs. Earlier research demonstrated a relationship between habit strength and medication adherence. Previous research also examined a habit’s direct effect on adherence and how habit interacts with more conscious factors to influence or overrule them. However, the relationship between habit and adherence and the role of habit-based mobile health (mHealth) interventions remain unclear. Objective This review aimed to systematically evaluate the most recent evidence for habit strength, medication adherence, and habit-based mHealth interventions across chronic medical conditions. Methods A keyword search with combinations of the terms habit, habit strength, habit index, medication adherence, and medication compliance was conducted on the PubMed database. After duplicates were removed, two authors conducted independent abstract and full-text screening. The guidelines for the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were followed when reporting evidence across the included and reviewed studies. Results Of the 687 records examined, 11 met the predefined inclusion criteria and were finalized for data extraction, grading, and synthesis. Most included studies (6/11, 55%) were cross-sectional and used a theoretical model (8/11, 73%). The majority of studies measured habit strength using the self-report habit index and self-report behavioral automaticity index (9/11, 82%). Habit strength was positively correlated with medication adherence in most studies (10/11, 91%). Habit mediated the effects of self-efficacy on medication adherence (1/11, 9%), and social norms moderated the effects of habit strength on medication adherence (1/11, 9%). Habit strength also moderated the effects of poor mental health symptoms and medication adherence (1/11, 9%). None of the included studies reported on using or proposing a habit-based mHealth behavioral intervention to promote medication adherence. Conclusions Habit strength was strongly correlated with medication adherence, and stronger habit was associated with higher medication adherence rates, regardless of the theoretical model and/or guiding framework. Habit-based interventions should be used to increase medication adherence, and these interventions could leverage widely available mobile technology tools such as mobile apps or text messaging, and existing routines.

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Gardner, Benjamin, and Phillippa Lally. "Does intrinsic motivation strengthen physical activity habit? Modeling relationships between self-determination, past behaviour, and habit strength." Journal of Behavioral Medicine 36, no. 5 (July 4, 2012): 488–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10865-012-9442-0.

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Wouters, Saskia, Viviane Thewissen, Mira Duif, Rob JH van Bree, Lilian Lechner, and Nele Jacobs. "Habit strength and between-meal snacking in daily life: the moderating role of level of education." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 14 (May 29, 2018): 2595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018001283.

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AbstractObjectiveRecent research emphasizes the importance of habit in explaining patterns of energy intake and choices of consumption. However, the nature of the association between habit strength and snacking has not been explored for all types of between-meal snacks.DesignMultilevel linear techniques were used to: (i) examine the association between habit strength and moment-to-moment energy intake (kilocalories) from snacks in daily life; and (ii) determine whether gender, age, level of education and BMI moderate the association between habit strength and moment-to-moment energy intake from snacks. A smartphone application based on the experience sampling method was used to map momentary between-meal snack intake in the context of daily life. Demographics and habit strength were assessed with an online composite questionnaire.SettingThis research was performed in the Netherlands in the natural environment of participants’ daily life.SubjectsAdults (n 269) aged 20–50 years.ResultsHabit strength was significantly associated with moment-to-moment energy intake from between-meal snacks in daily life: the higher the strength of habit to snack between meals, the higher the amount of momentary energy intake from snacks. The association between habit strength and moment-to-moment energy intake from snacks was moderated by education level. Additional analyses showed that habit strength was significantly associated with moment-to-moment energy intake from between-meal snacks in the low to middle level of education group.ConclusionsIt is recommended to address habitual between-meal snacking in future interventions targeting low- to middle-educated individuals.

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Hamilton, K., E. Fraser, and T. Hannan. "Habit-based workplace physical activity intervention: a pilot study." Occupational Medicine 69, no. 7 (September 4, 2019): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqz119.

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Abstract Background Increasing workplace physical activity has important implications for workers’ health and well-being. However, few interventions targeting physical activity in the workplace are grounded in behavioural theory. Aims The aim of this study was to develop and pilot a 6-week habit-based intervention designed to promote the development of workplace physical activity habits and increase average weekly step counts. Changes in the strength of workplace physical activity habit and weekly step counts were assessed at 1 and 6 weeks following the intervention. Methods The study was a prospective three-wave within-subjects single-arm intervention study that ran for 12 weeks (baseline, 7 weeks, 12 weeks). During the 6-week intervention, participants received information regarding 10 top tips (10TT) to increase and promote habit formation and wore a pedometer during work hours. Differences in workplace physical activity habit and weekly step counts were compared across baseline (T1), 1 (T2) and 6 weeks (T3) post-intervention using repeated measures analyses of variance. Results Data from 20 sedentary office workers at a large Australian University were included. The average strength of workplace physical activity habits significantly increased from baseline (M = 3.90) to 1 week post-intervention (M = 4.45), and these effects were maintained 6 weeks later (M = 4.72). No significant increase in step counts were observed across any of the time points (all P > 0.05). Conclusions The results of this pilot study reveal that workplace physical activity habits can be strengthened via a habit-based intervention. Further research is needed to replicate these findings in larger cohorts of office workers.

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Verhoeven, Aukje A. C., Marieke A. Adriaanse, Catharine Evers, and Denise T. D. de Ridder. "The power of habits: Unhealthy snacking behaviour is primarily predicted by habit strength." British Journal of Health Psychology 17, no. 4 (March 5, 2012): 758–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02070.x.

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Dynan, Karen E. "Habit Formation in Consumer Preferences: Evidence from Panel Data." American Economic Review 90, no. 3 (June 1, 2000): 391–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.3.391.

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This paper tests for the presence of habit formation using household data. A simple model of habit formation implies a condition relating the strength of habits to the evolution of consumption over time. When the condition is estimated with food consumption data from the Panel Study on Income Dynamics (PSID), the results yield no evidence of habit formation at the annual frequency. This finding is robust to a number of changes in the specification. It also holds for several proxies for nondurables and services consumption created by combining PSID variables with weights estimated from Consumer Expenditure Survey data. (JEL D12, D91, E21)

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Moksness, Lars, Svein Ottar Olsen, and Ho Huy Tuu. "Exploring the effects of habit strength on scholarly publishing." Journal of Documentation 76, no. 6 (July 11, 2020): 1393–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-11-2019-0220.

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PurposeThis study aims to explore the role of habit strength in explaining intention and open access (OA) and non-OA scholarly publishing.Design/methodology/approachA decomposed theory of planned behaviour (TPB) is used as the conceptual framework to investigate a sample of 1,588 researchers from the major universities in Norway. Different latent construct models are analysed with a structural equation modelling approach.FindingsThe results show that the effect of habit was non-significant in an extended TPB framework where attitude was most important, followed by norms and perceived behavioural control in explaining intention to submit OA. Habit was only found to have a significant impact on intention to submit OA when it played a role as a full mediator for the effects of the intentional antecedents. In this modified model, norms were found to have a stronger effect than attitudes in explaining the habit to submit OA. OA habit strength forms intentions to publish in OA journals and reduces the intention to publish and publishing behaviour in NOA journals.Research limitations/implicationsOther individual forces (e.g. personality and personal values) and the role of habit strength should be included for future research.Practical implicationsThe results provide empirical insights to management, policy makers and research on scholarly publishing.Originality/valueThis paper contributes not only to the understanding of OA scholarly publishing, but is also relevant for research on what drives (academic) data sharing, knowledge sharing, the sharing economy or the open source movement.

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de Bruijn, G. J., and R. E. Rhodes. "Exploring exercise behavior, intention and habit strength relationships." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 21, no. 3 (January 31, 2010): 482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01064.x.

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Schäfer, Andreas, and Simone Valente. "HABIT FORMATION, DYNASTIC ALTRUISM, AND POPULATION DYNAMICS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 15, no. 3 (April 7, 2010): 365–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136510051000009x.

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We study the general equilibrium properties of two growth models with overlapping generations, habit formation, and endogenous fertility. In the neoclassical model, habits modify the economy's growth rate and generate transitional dynamics in fertility; stationary income per capita is associated with either increasing or decreasing population and output, depending on the strength of habits. In the AK specification, growing population and increasing consumption per capita require that the habit coefficient lie within definite boundaries; outside the critical interval, positive growth is associated with either declining consumption due to overcrowding, or extinction paths with declining population. In both frameworks, habits reduce fertility: the trade-off between second-period consumption and spending for bequests prompts agents to decrease fertility in order to make parental altruism less costly. This mechanism suggests that status-dependent preferences may explain part of the decline in fertility rates observed in most developed economies.

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Schnauber-Stockmann, Anna, and Teresa K. Naab. "Refining the Response-Frequency Measure of Media Habit – The role of time pressure." Studies in Communication and Media 8, no. 3 (2019): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2192-4007-2019-3-413.

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Media habits attract growing attention in communication research. Therefore, valid measures of habit strength are needed. The response-frequency measure of media habit (RFMMH) provides an implicit approach. It does not rely on retrospective self-reports of the habitual character of a behavior. Participants are presented with vignettes referring to various goal situations and choose under time pressure script-based which media device they would use in the respective situation. Choosing the same device across the different goal situations indicates strong general habits. The present paper refines the RFMMH by testing different time pressure levels in a heterogeneous sample to identify the ideal amount of time pressure.

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Webb, Thomas L., Paschal Sheeran, and Aleksandra Luszczynska. "Planning to break unwanted habits: Habit strength moderates implementation intention effects on behaviour change." British Journal of Social Psychology 48, no. 3 (September 2009): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466608x370591.

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Stroebele-Benschop, Nanette, Anastasia Dieze, and Carolin Hilzendegen. "Students’ adherence to dietary recommendations and their food consumption habits." Nutrition and Health 24, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0260106018772946.

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Background: Habitual behavior rather than intention has been linked to food intake patterns. Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine the adherence to dietary recommendations in university students and to analyze whether habit strength predicts food consumption. Methods: A student sample of the University (University of Hohenheim) was recruited ( n = 103; age range 18–30 years). Habit strength for consuming the food groups fruits, vegetables, whole grains, milk, meat, convenience foods, sugary and savory snacks, water and sugar-sweetened beverages was measured using a questionnaire. Food intake was measured via a self-administered online food frequency survey two weeks later, which was then compared to dietary recommendations. For associations of habit strength and consumption, Kendall’s Tau-c correlation coefficient was calculated. Results: The majority of students failed to meet the recommendations for all food groups except meat, eggs, oil, fat, and water. Only 4.2% of men (15.4% of women) consumed the recommended daily amount of vegetables. Fruit recommendations were met by 20.8% of men (43.6% of women). Habit strength was significantly associated with the consumption of most food groups. Conclusion: Adhering to dietary recommendations appeared to be difficult. Educational efforts should be undertaken to improve students’ diet considering habit strength as an important determinant of food intake.

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Tak, Nannah I., Saskia J. te Velde, Carlijn BM Kamphuis, Kylie Ball, David Crawford, Johannes Brug, and Frank J. van Lenthe. "Associations between neighbourhood and household environmental variables and fruit consumption: exploration of mediation by individual cognitions and habit strength in the GLOBE study." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 3 (June 13, 2012): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012002807.

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AbstractObjectiveThe present study examined associations of several home and neighbourhood environmental variables with fruit consumption and explored whether these associations were mediated by variables derived from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and by habit strength.DesignData of the Dutch GLOBE study on household and neighbourhood environment, fruit intake and related factors were used, obtained by self-administered questionnaires (cross-sectional), face-to-face interviews and audits.SettingThe city of Eindhoven in the NetherlandsSubjectsAdults (n 333; mean age 58 years, 54 % female).ResultsMultiple mediation analyses were conducted using regression analyses to assess the association between environmental variables and fruit consumption, as well as mediation of these associations by TPB variables and by habit strength. Intention, perceived behaviour control, subjective norm and habit strength were associated with fruit intake. None of the neighbourhood environmental variables was directly or indirectly associated with fruit intake. The home environmental variable ‘modelling behaviour by family members’ was indirectly, but not directly, associated with fruit intake. Habit strength and perceived behaviour control explained most of the mediated effect (71·9 %).ConclusionsModelling behaviour by family members was indirectly associated with fruit intake through habit strength and perceived behaviour control. None of the neighbourhood variables was directly or indirectly, through any of the proposed mediators, associated with adult fruit intake. These findings suggest that future interventions promoting fruit intake should address a combination of the home environment (especially modelling behaviour by family members), TPB variables and habit strength for fruit intake.

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Ho Huy, Tuu. "Attitude, Social Norms, Perceived Behavioral Control, Past Behavior, and Habit in Explaining Intention to Consume Fish in Vietnam." Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies 22, no. 03 (July 1, 2015): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24311/jabes/2015.22.3.06.

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The purpose of this study is to discuss and test the direct and moderating effects of attitudes, social norms, perceived behavioral control (PBC), past behavior, and habit strength in explaining Vietnamese consumers’ intention to consume fish. In addition to a data set of 466 consumers in a coastal province in Central Vietnam and structural equation modelling, a model development strategy with six nested models is used to test hypotheses. Results indicate that attitude, social norms, and PBC have a positive effect on intention. Both past behavior and habit strength have a significantly positive influence on intention and considerably increase the explained variance of intention. In particular, the results also indicate that habit strength, past behavior, and social norms negatively moderate the impact of attitudes on intention. All of these findings emphasize the importance of past behavior and habit strength as well as interactions within the theory of planned behavior in explaining intention to consume fish in Vietnam.

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Ang, Chin-Siang. "Internet habit strength and online communication: Exploring gender differences." Computers in Human Behavior 66 (January 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.028.

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Bolman, Catherine, Titia G. Arwert, and Trijntje Völlink. "Adherence to prophylactic asthma medication: Habit strength and cognitions." Heart & Lung 40, no. 1 (January 2011): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2010.02.003.

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Kremers, Stef P. J., and Johannes Brug. "Habit Strength of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior among Children and Adolescents." Pediatric Exercise Science 20, no. 1 (February 2008): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.20.1.5.

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Internal reliability, convergent validity, and construct validity of the Self-Report Habit Index (SRHI) were examined with respect to physical activity (Study 1) and sedentary behavior (Study 2) among children and adolescents. Internal reliabilities of the SRHI proved to be high in both studies. The SRHI correlated significantly with behavioral frequency measures, as well as with known cognitive associates of these behaviors. Moreover, theory-based moderating influences of habit on the attitude–intention and intention–behavior relationships were identified. The study provides early evidence to support the concept of habit as being important in dealing with physical activity in children.

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Thomas, Erica, and Dominic Upton. "Automatic and Motivational Predictors of Children’s Physical Activity: Integrating Habit, the Environment, and the Theory of Planned Behavior." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 11, no. 5 (July 2014): 999–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0095.

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Background:Physical activity determinant studies now often include both environmental and sociocognitive factors but few of them acknowledge and explore the mechanisms underlying relevant environmental influences. This study explored environmental correlates of children’s self-reported physical activity and potential mediation through the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and habit strength.Methods:Six hundred and twenty-one pupils aged 9–11 years were recruited from 4 primary schools in the UK. TPB variables, habit strength and environmental variables were assessed at baseline. Self-reported physical activity was assessed 1 week later.Results:Mediation tests revealed that 43% of the association between convenient facilities and intention was mediated through subjective norms (17%) and habit (26%), while 15% of the association between convenient facilities and physical activity was mediated through habit strength alone. A significant direct effect of convenient facilities and resources in the home environment on physical activity was also found. The school environment was not significantly related to children’s physical activity intentions or behavior.Conclusion:The results suggest that the environment influences children’s physical activity both directly and indirectly and that habit strength seems to be the most important mediator for this association.

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Wohn, Donghee Yvette. "The Role of Habit Strength in Social Network Game Play." Communication Research Reports 29, no. 1 (January 2012): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2011.639912.

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Maher, Jaclyn P., and David E. Conroy. "Habit Strength Moderates the Effects of Daily Action Planning Prompts on Physical Activity but Not Sedentary Behavior." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 37, no. 1 (February 2015): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0258.

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This study was designed to examine the moderating influence of habit strength on daily action planning effects on physical activity and sedentary behavior. A 2 by 2 design was used with experimental factors corresponding to action planning interventions for (a) engaging in physical activity and (b) limiting or interrupting sedentary behavior. At the end of each day for 1 week, university students (n = 195) completed (a) a questionnaire about their behavior during the day and behavioral intentions for the following day and (b) a planning intervention(s) corresponding to their randomly assigned experimental condition. Action planning increased physical activity in those with weak habits but decreased physical activity in those with strong habits compared with those who did not create action plans. Action planning did not impact sedentary behavior. Action planning was a useful behavior change technique for increasing physical activity in people with weak habits, but may be iatrogenic for those with strong habits.

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Storm, Vera, Dominique Alexandra Reinwand, Julian Wienert, Shu-Ling Tan, and Sonia Lippke. "The Mediating Role of Perceived Social Support Between Physical Activity Habit Strength and Depressive Symptoms in People Seeking to Decrease Their Cardiovascular Risk: Cross-Sectional Study." JMIR Mental Health 5, no. 4 (November 14, 2018): e11124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/11124.

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Background Regular physical activity treatment has been advocated for the prevention and rehabilitation of patients at risk of cardiovascular diseases and depressive symptoms. How physical activity is related to depressive symptoms is widely discussed. Objective The aim of this internet-based study was to investigate the role of perceived social support in the relationship between physical activity habit strength and depressive symptoms. Methods In total, 790 participants (mean 50.9 years, SD 12.2, range 20-84 years) who were interested in reducing their cardiovascular risk were recruited in Germany and the Netherlands. Data collection was conducted via an internet-based questionnaire addressing physical activity habit strength, depressive symptoms, and perceived social support. Cross-sectional data analysis was done with SPSS version 24 using the Macro PROCESS version 2 16.3 by Hayes with bootstrapping (10,000 samples), providing 95% CIs. Results Physical activity habit strength was negatively related to depressive symptoms (r=–.13, P=.006), but this interrelation disappeared when controlling for perceived social support (beta=–.14, SE 0.09, P=.11). However, there was an indirect relationship between physical activity habit strength and depressive symptoms, which was mediated via perceived social support (beta=–.13; SE 0.04, 95% CI –0.21 to 0.06). The negative relationship between physical activity habit strength and depressive symptoms was fully mediated by perceived social support. Conclusions We suggest that physical activity treatment in people interested in reducing their cardiovascular risk should also embed social support to target depressive symptoms. Internet-based interventions and electronic health may provide a good option for doing so. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01909349; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01909349 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/73Y9RfdiY)

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Livingston, Kara, Micaela Karlsen, Gail Rogers, Sai Das, Alice Lichtenstein, Sara Folta, Remco Chang, Christina Economos, Paul Jacques, and Nicola McKeown. "Differences in Eating Behavior Among Followers of Popular Diets Across Categories of Perceived Adherence." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab051_024.

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Abstract Objectives To understand how eating behaviors, susceptibility to the food environment, and perceived dietary habit strength differ across self-reported categories of adherence. Methods We used data in a sample (n = 2829) from Adhering to Dietary Approaches for Personal Taste (ADAPT), an online study conducted in self-identified popular diet followers. Adherence was categorized into 3 groups: >95% of the time (high adherers = HA), between 75–95% (moderate adherers = MA); <75% time (lower adherers = LA). The Power of Food Scale (POF) assessed susceptibility to the food environment (availability, presentation, taste), with higher scores indicating food has a higher power over dietary decisions. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire captured cognitive restraint (CR), uncontrolled eating (UE), and emotional eating (EE), with higher scores indicating greater response to the specific eating behavior. The Self-Report Habit Index (SRHI) measured perceived habit strength with respect to eating, with a lower score indicating stronger habits. We used ANCOVA adjusting for age, sex, time on diet, and diet group to compare POF, CR, UE, EE, and SRHI outcomes across adherence groups. Results Sixty six percent were HA (n = 1881), 28% MA (n = 787), and 6% LA (n = 161). LA were significantly more susceptible to food availability (mean [95% CI] = 14.9 [13.8–16.1]), presentation (12.1 [11.2–13.1]), and taste (13.4 [12.6–14.2], compared to HA (11 [10.7–11.3], 8 [7.8–8.3],11.6 [11.4–11.9]), respectively. LA indicated significantly greater UE (21 [20.2–21.9]) than HA (17 [16.7–17.4]) and EE (LA = 8 [7.5–8.4] vs. HA = 6.1 [6–6.3]). No significant differences were observed with respect to CR. LA reported weaker SRHI habits (3.4 [3.2–3.6]) compared to HA (1.7 [1.7–1.8]). Differences seen between the LA and MA were similar to those described for HA. Conclusions Our findings show that higher self-reported adherence to dietary patterns is associated with lower susceptibility to negative influences in the food environment, lower uncontrolled and emotional eating, and greater habit strength. Future research should investigate the directionality of the relationship between eating behavior and adherence. Funding Sources USDA Cooperative Agreements 58-8050-9-004 & 58-8050-4-003, General Mills Bell Institute of Health & Nutrition

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Tao, Wanqiong, Chunhua Ju, and Chonghuan Xu. "Research on Relationship Strength under Personalized Recommendation Service." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 15, 2020): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041459.

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Relationship of users in an online social network can be applied to promote personalized recommendation services. The measurement of relationship strength between user pairs is crucial to analyze the user relationship, which has been developed by many methods. An issue that has not been fully addressed is that the interaction behavior of individuals subjected to the activity field preference and interactive habits will affect interactive behavior. In this paper, the three-way representation of the activity field is given firstly, the contribution weight of the activity filed preferences is measured based on the interactions in the positive and boundary regions. Then, the interaction strength is calculated, integrating the contribution weight of the activity field preference and interactive habit. Finally, user relationship strength is calculated by fusing the interaction strength, common friend rate and similarity of feature attribute. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the accuracy of relationship strength calculation.

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Vujošević, Marijana. "Kant’s Conception of Moral Strength." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 50, no. 4 (January 22, 2020): 539–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/can.2019.49.

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AbstractMost scholars assume that Kantian moral strength is needed only when it comes to following maxims. However, accounts based on this assumption can be challenged by Kant’s claim that virtue, as moral strength of the human will, can never become a habit because its maxims must be freely adopted in new situations. Even some accounts that are not based on this assumption fail to meet this challenge. By drawing on my interpretation of the Kantian capacity for self-control, I propose a twofold account of moral strength that can accommodate Kant’s point that maxims of virtue must always be freely adopted.

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de Bruijn, Gert-Jan, and Benjamin Gardner. "Active Commuting and Habit Strength: An Interactive and Discriminant Analyses Approach." American Journal of Health Promotion 25, no. 3 (January 2011): e27-e36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.090521-quan-170.

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Labrecque, Jennifer S., and Wendy Wood. "What measures of habit strength to use? Comment on Gardner (2015)." Health Psychology Review 9, no. 3 (April 17, 2015): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.992030.

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Ottar Olsen, Svein, Ana Alina Tudoran, Karen Brunsø, and Wim Verbeke. "Extending the prevalent consumer loyalty modelling: the role of habit strength." European Journal of Marketing 47, no. 1/2 (February 8, 2013): 303–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090561311285565.

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Şimşekoğlu, Özlem, Trond Nordfjærn, and Torbjørn Rundmo. "Predictors of car use habit strength in an urban Norwegian public." Transportation 44, no. 3 (December 8, 2015): 575–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11116-015-9668-0.

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Pullmer, Rachelle, Shannon Zaitsoff, and Rebecca Cobb. "Body Satisfaction During Pregnancy: The Role of Health-Related Habit Strength." Maternal and Child Health Journal 22, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-017-2406-9.

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Kaushal, Navin, NiCole Keith, Susan Aguiñaga, and Martin S. Hagger. "Social Cognition and Socioecological Predictors of Home-Based Physical Activity Intentions, Planning, and Habits during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Behavioral Sciences 10, no. 9 (August 31, 2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs10090133.

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‘Shelter in place’ and ‘lockdown’ orders implemented to minimize the spread of COVID-19 have reduced opportunities to be physically active. For many, the home environment emerged as the only viable option to participate in physical activity. Previous research suggests that availability of exercise equipment functions as a determinant of home-based physical activity participation among the general adult population. The purpose of this study was to use a socioecological framework to investigate how the availability of exercise equipment at home predicts behavioral decisions, namely, intention, planning, and habits with respect to participation in physical activity. Participants (n = 429) were adults recruited in U.S. states subject to lockdown orders during the pandemic who completed measures online. A structural equation model indicated that availability of cardiovascular and strength training equipment predicted physical activity planning. Social cognition constructs mediated the relationship between each type of exercise equipment and intentions. Autonomous motivation and perceived behavioral control were found to mediate the relationship between each type of exercise equipment and habit. The availability of large cardiovascular and strength training equipment demonstrated significant predictive effects with intention, planning, habit, and autonomous motivation. Facilitating these constructs for home-based physical activity interventions could be efficacious for promoting physical activity.

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Oba, S., T. Furutani, and F. Fujimoto. "Pod-shedding habit in Medicago species, evaluated by breaking strength of pedicels." Field Crops Research 66, no. 3 (June 2000): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4290(00)00081-2.

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Thurn, Julia, Emily Finne, Mirko Brandes, and Jens Bucksch. "Validation of physical activity habit strength with subjective and objective criterion measures." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 15, no. 1 (January 2014): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.09.009.

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Murtagh, Shemane, David A. Rowe, Mark A. Elliott, David McMinn, and Norah M. Nelson. "Predicting active school travel: The role of planned behavior and habit strength." International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 9, no. 1 (2012): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-65.

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Lansing, Jeni, Laura Ellingson, Alison Philips, and Greg Welk. "Increased Habit Strength and Self-Efficacy Promote PA with Wearable Fitness Monitors." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000517889.83575.d4.

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Mullan, Barbara, Vanessa Allom, Kirill Fayn, and Ian Johnston. "Building habit strength: A pilot intervention designed to improve food-safety behavior." Food Research International 66 (December 2014): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.09.027.

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Ferreira, Gabriela M., Murat Yücel, Andrew Dawson, Valentina Lorenzetti, and Leonardo F. Fontenelle. "Investigating the role of anticipatory reward and habit strength in obsessive-compulsive disorder." CNS Spectrums 22, no. 3 (January 9, 2017): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852916000535.

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AimsTo determine the rates and associated illness characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients who describe their symptoms as either rewarding or habitual.MethodsSeventy-three treatment-seeking OCD patients had their dominant compulsive behavior assessed with a structured interview (the Temporal Impulsive-Compulsive Scale–Revised) to track the progression of rewarding (ie, gain in positive affect), aversive (ie, decrease in negative affect), and neutral (or non-affective) states and a self-report scale (the Self-Report Habit Index) to evaluate their habitual features. Additional measures included structured diagnostic interviews for axis I and II disorders, measures of OCD symptoms severity, and a battery of instruments to comprehensively assess relevant aspects of sensitivity to reward and fear.ResultsAlmost half (49%) of our OCD patients (particularly washers) endorsed that they anticipated obtaining a reward (ie, positive affect) from the enactment of their dominant compulsive behavior. Washers stood out in that their positive affects during and after compulsive behaviors were highly (and positively) correlated with duration of illness. In contrast, habit strength did not differ between washers, checkers, and arrangers, although it also correlated with duration of illness among checkers. Furthermore, the severity of OCD and comorbidity with impulse control disorders predicted up to 35% of the variance in the habit strength of OCD behaviors.ConclusionCompulsive washing may be more clearly characterized by problems in reward processing. In contrast, duration of checking, severity of OCD, and comorbidity with impulse control disorders shape compulsive behaviors by imparting them with habitual tendencies.

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Lee, Mi Sook, and Mee Ock Gu. "Development and Effects of Combined Exercise and an Exercise Habit Formation Program for Undergraduate Nursing Students." Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing 27, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 413–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7739/jkafn.2020.27.4.413.

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Purpose: This study was conducted to develop and test the effects of a combined exercise and exercise habit formation program for undergraduate nursing students.Methods: A non-equivalent control group pre-post test design was used. The participants were 44 students (experimental group: 23, control group: 21) who had not done regular exercise for over 3 months before this study. The program was developed based on theory of planned behavior and the habit formation model. The program consisted of 24 sessions for 8 weeks and included combined exercise (aerobic exercise 30 minutes, resistance exercise 20 minutes, and flexibility exercise 10 minutes), exercise intention promotion strategy and exercise habit formation strategy (30 minutes, weekly). Data collection was done before, and immediately after the program: September 4 to October 29. Data were analyzed using t-test, paired t-test, <i>x</i><sup>2</sup> test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon signed rank-sum test with SPSS/ WIN 21.0 program.Results: Exercise intention, exercise habit strength, exercise behavior, and physical fitness (cardiopulmonary endurance, muscle strength, and muscle endurance) were significantly better and stress and fatigue were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the control group.Conclusion: The study findings indicate that the combined exercise and exercise habit formation program for undergraduate nursing students was effective and can be recommended as an intervention for improving healthy lifestyle of undergraduate nursing students.

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Hyde, Amanda L., Steriani Elavsky, Shawna E. Doerksen, and David E. Conroy. "Habit strength moderates the strength of within-person relations between weekly self-reported and objectively-assessed physical activity." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 13, no. 5 (September 2012): 558–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.03.003.

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Grove, J. Robert, Irja Zillich, and Nikola Medic. "A process-oriented measure of habit strength for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity." Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine 2, no. 1 (January 2014): 379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2014.896743.

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Takami, Kazushi. "Conceptualization and measurement of habit in exercise behavior." Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences) 59, no. 2 (2014): 689–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.5432/jjpehss.13085.

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Stehr, Paula, Constanze Rossmann, Tabea Kremer, and Johanna Geppert. "Determinants of Physical Activity in Older Adults: Integrating Self-Concordance into the Theory of Planned Behavior." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 5759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115759.

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Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), augmented by the concept of self-concordance (derived from self-determination theory, SDT), we conducted a study to identify the key determinants of physical activity in older adults. We applied structural equation modeling of telephone survey data from a random sample of adults aged 65 years and older living in Germany (N = 865). Relations of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (PBC) with intention strength and self-concordance of intention to be physically active were tested. Habit strength was analyzed as a moderator. Data analysis showed this model to be well-suited for explaining the intention to be physically active—especially for people with a weak habit. The influence of TPB components on intention would have been underestimated if we had investigated intention strength only, without considering the self-concordance of intention. While attitude and PBC had positive relations with a strong and self-determined intention, the subjective norm showed no relation with intention strength but, rather, with non-self-determined regulation forms. We conclude that the combined model provides a better theoretical foundation from which to explain physical activity intentions than does just one of the theories.

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Hashim, Hairul A., Golok Freddy, and Ali Rosmatunisah. "Relationships Between Negative Affect and Academic Achievement Among Secondary School Students: The Mediating Effects of Habituated Exercise." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 9, no. 7 (September 2012): 1012–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.9.7.1012.

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Background:The current study was undertaken to examine the associations between self-determination, exercise habit, anxiety, depression, stress, and academic achievement among adolescents aged 13 and 14 years in eastern Malaysia.Methods:The sample consisted of 750 secondary school students (mean age = 13.4 years, SD = 0.49). Participants completed self-report measures of exercise behavioral regulation, negative affect, and exercise habit strength. Midyear exam results were used as an indicator of academic performance. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.Results:The results of structural equation modeling revealed a close model fit for the hypothesized model, which indicates that higher levels of self-determination were positively associated with habituated exercise behavior. In turn, exercise habit strength fostered academic achievement and buffered the debilitative effect of stress, depression, and anxiety on student academic performance. The analysis of model invariance revealed a nonsignificant difference between male and female subjects.Conclusion:The findings support the notion that habituated exercise fosters academic performance. In addition, we found that habituated exercise buffers the combined effects of stress, anxiety and depression on academic performance. The finding also supports the roles of self-determination in promoting exercise habituation.

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Judah, Gaby, Barbara Mullan, Monica Yee, Lina Johansson, Vanessa Allom, and Caitlin Liddelow. "A Habit-Based Randomised Controlled Trial to Reduce Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption: the Impact of the Substituted Beverage on Behaviour and Habit Strength." International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 27, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 623–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12529-020-09906-4.

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Bartle, Toby, Barbara Mullan, Elizaveta Novoradovskaya, Vanessa Allom, and Penelope Hasking. "The role of choice in eating behaviours." British Food Journal 121, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 2696–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-04-2019-0222.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of choice on the development and maintenance of a fruit consumption behaviour and if behaviour change was underpinned by habit strength. Design/methodology/approach A 2×2×3 mixed model experimental design was used. The independent variables were pictorial cue and fruit consumption manipulated on two levels: choice and no choice, across three-time points: baseline, post-intervention (after two weeks) and follow-up (one week later). Participants (n=166) completed demographics, the self-report habit index and fruit intake at all three-time points. Findings All participants showed significant increases in fruit consumption and habit strength at post-intervention and follow-up. However, participants provided neither choice of cue nor fruit showed a significant decrease in consumption at follow-up. Practical implications Fruit consumption can be significantly increased with a relatively simple intervention; choice seems to have an effect on behaviour maintenance, providing no choice negatively effects behaviour maintenance post-intervention. This may inform future interventions designed to increase fruit and vegetable consumption. Originality/value The intervention that the authors designed and implemented in the current study is the first of its kind, where choice was manipulated in two different ways and behaviour was changed with a simple environmental cue intervention.

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Oba, Shinya, Yuusuke Suzuki, and Fumihiro Fujimoto. "Breaking Strength of Pedicel and Grain Shattering Habit in Two Species of Buckwheat (Fagopyrumspp.)." Plant Production Science 1, no. 1 (January 1998): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1626/pps.1.62.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Habit Strength'

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