Books on the topic 'Habitat definition'

In this chapter I offer some insight into our current context and needs in order to highlight some of the habits that schools should be fostering to sustain key elements of democracy and improve existing democracy. At the same time, I recognize that the educational approaches and goals themselves must be open to change. Aligned with the definition of responsibility I offered in chapter five, these habits are social and relational. They often entail a proclivity to act with others and are driven by concerns with the well-being of democracy and fellow citizens. Developing these habits can help our budding citizens fulfill their role responsibilities. I complete the cycle for sustaining democracy via education by describing improved citizenship education, including habits of democracy teachable within our schools, where we develop citizens through democracy and our public schools.

Variation in addiction suggests that a good definition will be précising: it should serve a purpose. The authors canvass the various purposes served by a definition of addiction in psychiatric, social, legal, economic, interpersonal and scientific contexts. They argue that addiction is a strong and habitual want that significantly reduces control and leads to significant harm. What counts as significant varies relative to purpose and context. The authors offer a basic account of the nature of control and how and why it can be reduced. The chapter explores the nature of harm and why it is part of the definition. And it concludes by suggesting that progress in understanding addiction depends on bearing in mind the various purposes and contexts of enquiry, together with the common-sense but often neglected point that both control and harm come in degrees.

The idea of lawful relations between sensory and motor patterns, or sensorimotor contingencies (SMCs), lies at the heart of sensorimotor approaches to perception. Yet despite the concept’s importance, surprisingly few attempts have been made to define it formally. On closer inspection, the notion admits different interpretations. In this chapter, a dynamical formalization of agent–environment interaction serves as the starting point to identify four kinds of SMCs, which are defined in operational terms. These are the notions of sensorimotor environment (open-loop motor-induced sensory variations), sensorimotor habitat (closed-loop sensorimotor trajectories), sensorimotor coordination (reliable sensorimotor patterns playing a functional role), and sensorimotor scheme (normative organization of sensorimotor coordination events). The definitions are put to the test in a simple simulated object-discrimination task and their effect on the conceptual development and empirical, as well as model-based testing of the claims of the sensorimotor approach is discussed.

Chapter 10 discusses the assessment and interpretation of physical activity in young people in three main sections. The first section is an introduction to why we need to measure physical activity more accurately with definitions of various terminologies commonly used in the field of physical activity research. It then moves on to describe methods used to measure habitual physical activity in children and adolescents, summarizing advantages and limitations of each. The last section discusses the issues surrounding the interpretation of physical activity data in young people.

This article focuses on the idea of material culture in primates. The ascription of culture to non-human animals has been controversial and a source of much debate. Much of this debate hinges on the definition of culture. This article cites the classic definition by Tylor which says that culture as ‘that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society’. The term ‘culture’ was first used in relation to non-human primates by Kummer. This article explains elementary technology among primates which concerns predominantly subsistence behaviours, expressed in, often complex, foraging techniques. Elementary technology among wild primates is typically based on natural materials, whether vegetation or non-organic matter. The various processes involved in the transmission of material culture are explained in detail. An in-depth analysis of the conditions of material culture followed by a study of culture among primates concludes this article.

Plants of Subtropical Eastern Australia describes the rich flora of this biogeographically distinct region located on the east coast of Australia, covering the north coast of New South Wales and coastal South-East Queensland. This guide presents a selection of common, threatened and ecologically significant plants found in the region’s major vegetation habitats including rainforest, heathland, grassy forest, wetlands and rock outcrops. More than 500 plants are featured, with photographs and descriptive features enabling the reader to identify these species if encountered. Interesting biological, cultural and historical characteristics of each species are included, along with notes on the plant’s biogeography and a map of its distribution. Suitable for anyone with an interest in plant ecology and botany, Plants of Subtropical Eastern Australia is the definitive guide to this fascinating region of Australia and its unique flora.

Mistletoes are an enigmatic group of plants. Lacking roots and depending on other plants for their livelihood, they have inspired a range of beliefs throughout the world. Some people regard them as being endowed with magical properties, others as destructive weeds that devalue native habitats, and still others as beautiful native plants that support wildlife. This second edition of Mistletoes of Southern Australia is the definitive authority on these intriguing native plants. With specially commissioned watercolours by artist Robyn Hulley and more than 130 colour photographs, it provides detailed species accounts for all 47 species found in the region. It is fully updated throughout, with new distribution maps and new sections on fire, climate change and mistletoes in urban areas. It also describes the ecology, life history and cultural significance of mistletoes, their distribution in Australia and around the world, and practical advice on their management.

The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals is the only definitive reference on all the land-breeding mammals recorded in the New Zealand region (including the New Zealand sector of Antarctica). It lists 65 species, including native and exotic, wild and feral, living and extinct, residents, vagrants and failed introductions. It describes their history, biology and ecology, and brings together comprehensive and detailed information gathered from widely scattered or previously unpublished sources. The description of each species is arranged under standardised headings for easy reference. Because the only native land-breeding mammals in New Zealand are bats and seals, the great majority of the modern mammal fauna comprises introduced species, whose arrival has had profound effects both for themselves and for the native fauna and flora. The book details changes in numbers and distribution for the native species, and for the arrivals it summarises changes in habitat, diet, numbers and size in comparison with their ancestral stocks, and some of the problems they present to resource managers. For this third edition, the text and references have been completely updated and reorganised into Family chapters. The colour section includes 14 pages of artwork showing all the species described and their main variations, plus two pages of maps.

Virginia Henderson’s classic definition of nursing, known as the unique function of the nurse, trades on the nurse imagining what patients would do for themselves to restore or promote health or to lead to a peaceful death, if they had the will, knowledge, or power. Nursing imagination involves sympathy, the feeling of caring for the humanity shared with another. In this way, imagination involves the kind of relationship Carol Gilligan calls the responsible relationship: nurses respond to the humanity of their patients through nursing imagination. Insofar as humanity is common, this imaginative exercise leads nurses to imagine the kind of human they want to be and the kind of society they want for all. The habit of imagination gives nurses the capacity to be touched by the circumstances of others, which is another aspect of the ethical significance of nursing.

Nepotism is a social habit that is commonly condemned because it threatens our confidence in meritocracy and offends our sense of fair play. Yet, nepotism has been a common practice in different cultures throughout ancient, modern, and contemporary history. This chapter explores the biological bases of this powerful human inclination to help one’s own and to introduce the reader to those evolutionary theories that account for nepotistic behaviors: kin selection and reciprocal altruism. The chapter briefly reviews the physiological and psychological mechanisms that allow kin recognition and the cultural means that have been developed by human societies to expand the definition of kinship to include nongenetic relatives. The concluding reflection of the chapter is that nepotism was a driving force in human evolution but, in contemporary large-scale societies, its practice can have disrupting effects because it is incompatible with individual rights.

Literature and Law in the Era of Magna Carta traces the fortunes of literary training and experimentation across the early history of the English common law, from its beginnings in the reign of Henry II to its tumultuous consolidations under the reigns of John and Henry III. The period from the mid-twelfth through the thirteenth centuries witnessed an outpouring of innovative legal writing in England, from Magna Carta to the scores of statute books that preserved its provisions. An era of civil war and imperial fracture, it also proved a time of intensive self-definition, as communities both lay and ecclesiastic used law to articulate collective identities. Literature and Law in the Era of Magna Carta uncovers the role that grammatical and rhetorical training played in shaping these arguments for legal self-definition. Beginning with Thomas Becket, the book interweaves the histories of literary pedagogy and English law, showing how foundational lessons in poetics helped generate both a language and theory of corporate autonomy. Geoffrey of Vinsauf’s phenomenally popular Latin compositional handbook, the Poetria nova, finds its place against the diplomatic backdrop of the English Interdict, while Robert Grosseteste’s Anglo-French devotional poem, the Château d’Amour, is situated within the landscape of property law and Jewish-Christian interactions. Exploring a shared vocabulary across legal and grammatical fields, this book argues that poetic habits of thought proved central to constructing the narratives that medieval law tells about itself and that later scholars tell about the origins of English constitutionalism.

Abduction was introduced by Peirce, first as an abstract logical concept, and secondly as an epistemological model, the first step of inquiry: hypothesizing. In response to doubt, abduction builds a plausible and testable, but not yet tested, hypothesis. Peirce, in his later writings, outlined the further extension of abduction to the analysis of invention as a social process of action. In this chapter, abduction is characterized as a collective effort to invent new habits for the future. Organization scholars have used this notion for methodological reflection, but rarely involved it when theorizing the emergence of novelty in organizations. After recalling the original logical and epistemological definitions of abduction by Peirce, this chapter presents a case study from the area of urban planning that suggests applying the theory of abduction to organizational or inter-organizational doubtful and exploratory situations. The implications of this view for organization research and managerial practices are discussed.

Synaesthesia is a neurological condition in which people make unusual associations between various sensations. This chapter investigates conceptually whether alleged non-developmental (i.e. artificial) forms of synaesthesia could be counted as genuine synaesthetic experiences. It focuses in particular on post-hypnotic suggestions, drug habits, flavor perception, and use of sensory substitution devices. It discusses a number of criteria that have been taken as definitional of synaesthesia; namely, inducer-concurrent pairing, idiosyncrasy, consistency over time, and automaticity of the process, and subsequently investigates whether those alleged non-developmental cases could fulfill these criteria. Although the response provided here is negative, as each of the cases fail to fulfill one or several of the criteria, the comparisons between these cases and congenital synaesthesia prove useful to highlight key differences between different kinds of multisensory experiences.

This chapter narrates the efforts of a hospital cardiology department to create its country’s first chronic heart failure (CHF) multidisciplinary unit. With an average treatment cost that was too high, threatening their required funding, the department’s actors strove to reduce it. They analyzed collective activity, made exploratory hypotheses about cost drivers, and developed new performance measurements to verify their hypotheses. This is an example of the social process of inquiry. The chapter presents the pragmatist definition of inquiry, a non-dualist and relational framework, recursively articulated with the concept of habit. It integrates action and thought, narrative and logical thought. The respective roles of the three types of inference identified by Peirce are analyzed: abduction, deduction, and induction. The chapter highlights the mediated and mediating nature of inquiry, illustrated in the hospital case by the reengineering of management indicators, and closes with the major differences between inquiry and the mainstream problem-solving framework.

Mistletoes are an enigmatic group of plants. Lacking roots and depending on other plants for their livelihood, they have inspired a range of beliefs throughout the world. Some people regard them as mystical plants endowed with magical properties, others as destructive weeds that devalue native habitats, and still others as beautiful native plants that support wildlife. This book represents the first thorough treatment of mistletoes in Australia. It summarises their evolutionary origin and global distribution, highlighting diversity patterns in Australasia, and describes the ecology and life history of mistletoes, detailing the variety of animals that depend on them for food and shelter. The book discusses the cultural significance of mistletoes, compares imported European beliefs with home-grown Indigenous lore and looks at the role of mistletoe in contemporary art, design and medicine. It also explores the management of mistletoes, noting those situations where mistletoe becomes too abundant and offering practical solutions to achieve a more balanced outcome. Finally, there is a guide to identifying mistletoes, including detailed species accounts for all 46 species found in southern Australia. With 51 specially commissioned watercolours by artist Robyn Hulley and more than 130 colour photographs, Mistletoes of Southern Australia is the definitive authority on these intriguing native plants.

Managing aggression is a challenge for psychiatry in all settings. Recognizing opportunities for appropriate assessment and intervention in correctional settings is an important component of correctional psychiatry. Studies reflect significant risks of violence for both correctional officers and inmates. Although prison homicides occur at rates below estimated community homicide rates, the rate of non-lethal violence is substantial. The data for assault are less clear, as definitions of what constitutes assault vary. Inmate-on-inmate assault has been estimated to range from 2 per 1000 inmates to as high as 200 per 1000 inmates. However assault is defined, correctional officers who have been the target of offender violence have elevated risk of emotional exhaustion and burnout. Effectively addressing aggression requires a thoughtful and comprehensive approach that may incorporate elements of environmental management, evaluation of potential motivating factors, differential diagnosis, and a coordinated intervention. This always involves includes effective communication among stakeholders including the patient. Recommended milieu changes and psychotherapeutic and / or pharmacologic interventions need to be explicitly defined; available data are described in this chapter. Consistent oversight and follow up to measure the effects of each component of the intervention(s) is critical, as aggressive behavior may be both habitual and episodic. This chapter reviews the factors that contribute to the broad range of assaultive behavior observed in correctional settings, and some of the pragmatic issues and opportunities for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of aggressive behaviors, both impulsive and predatory.

Managing aggression is a challenge for psychiatry in all settings. Recognizing opportunities for appropriate assessment and intervention in correctional settings is an important component of correctional psychiatry. Studies reflect significant risks of violence for both correctional officers and inmates. Although prison homicides occur at rates below estimated community homicide rates, the rate of non-lethal violence is substantial. The data for assault are less clear, as definitions of what constitutes assault vary. Inmate-on-inmate assault has been estimated to range from 2 per 1000 inmates to as high as 200 per 1000 inmates. However assault is defined, correctional officers who have been the target of offender violence have elevated risk of emotional exhaustion and burnout. Effectively addressing aggression requires a thoughtful and comprehensive approach that may incorporate elements of environmental management, evaluation of potential motivating factors, differential diagnosis, and a coordinated intervention. This always involves includes effective communication among stakeholders including the patient. Recommended milieu changes and psychotherapeutic and / or pharmacologic interventions need to be explicitly defined; available data are described in this chapter. Consistent oversight and follow up to measure the effects of each component of the intervention(s) is critical, as aggressive behavior may be both habitual and episodic. This chapter reviews the factors that contribute to the broad range of assaultive behavior observed in correctional settings, and some of the pragmatic issues and opportunities for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of aggressive behaviors, both impulsive and predatory.

Hablar de universidad creativa es referirse a una institución de educación superior que sistematiza las experiencias narradas y tiene un enfoque que se configura como un modo propio de presentar los resultados de ejercicios de docentes y estudiantes. En este libro usted encuentra un sensible carácter polifónico del discurso narrativo, un acercamiento complejo que secuencia y privilegia el contexto. Por eso, los criterios que aquí se desarrollan están redefinidos de manera congruente con las premisas teóricas y con el material objeto de estudio (Connelly y Clandinin, 1990). Esta sistematización de experiencias de narrativas en el aula le permite al lector un acercamiento interpretativo a los diversos asuntos desarrollados. Esto, en palabras de Lluis Duch2 , es una posibilidad antropológica del empalabrar la experiencia formativa, en este caso la profesional: se trata de lenguajear las maneras como se nombra el mundo, de nombrar la ubicación lingüística en él. Por eso es que se desarrollan temas en torno a rutas de análisis sobre enseñar a leer y a escribir, un ejercicio propio de la formación de maestros que atienden la infancia. Asimismo, la incidencia de la escritura a la hora de la creatividad en la generación de competencias para ingenieros; también se abordan las construcciones narradas en torno a la cultura, la política y el patrimonio; finalmente, se analiza la relación entre literatura y derecho gracias a que son posibles otras formas de asumir la formación de los profesionales en leyes. Y es que en las posibilidades para el abordaje de lo profesional en nuestros días, hay un alejamiento de las teorías clásicas sobre el tema, en tanto que en esta contemporaneidad es importante la mirada de disposiciones interaccionistas , y las que desde lo estructural4 trabajan la profesionalidad en estrecha relación con el desarrollo de una subjetividad que se pone en evidencia a través de lo biográfico. Este trabajo es precisamente un ejercicio de reconstrucción de la interacción al interior de las aulas de clase de una institución de educación superior, que emerge como una hermenéutica objetiva emanada de los análisis narrativos en torno a sucesos que se presentan en la formación de diferentes profesiones. Estas narrativas son definitivamente una opción para reconstruir un tejido que dota de sentido acciones de aula. Unas narrativas como las que Antonio Bolívar denomina Profesionalización desde abajo, ya que para este tipo de ejercicios resulta interesante observar las diversas maneras en las que se puede comprender que las profesiones se constituyen desde las interacciones cotidianas, y que están determinadas por una diversidad compleja de tensiones, paradojas y sentidos. Ellas están dadas por lo que W. Helsper6 denomina las antinomias del actuar pedagógico que es el vínculo cotidiano entre lo real, lo imaginario y lo simbólico. Es importante reiterar que Profesionalización desde abajo hace referencia entonces al grupo de trabajo representado por los sujetos conscientes de sí mismos y de su instalación histórica como profesionales. En este trabajo se evidencian subjetividades y configuración de formaciones de maestros y estudiantes, en medio de un habitus profesional, lo que tiene que ver con la obtención de una serie de habilidades científicas que les permite instalarse, para decidir y actuar como expertos. En síntesis, tematizar las profesiones, desde el análisis de las características, no es en definitiva una manera adecuada para proceder sobre ese asunto. Por eso, el gran valor de un texto como este es que le permite al lector interpretar la estructura de los problemas de la formación laboral, de manera que esta reconstrucción de lo que sucede en los espacios de formación puestos en narrativas –si se me permite, desde abajo-, permite pensar de otra manera y con amplitud de perspectivas las cuestiones propias de la formación de profesionales como la que exige nuestro tiempo. Hoy la pregunta por quienes atienden la sociedad debe plantearse en otros términos. La discusión científica sobre el trabajo y las labores profesionales ocupa estantes de bibliotecas. Entonces, un libro que reconstruye creativamente la universidad, desde la sistematización de las experiencias de narrativas, ocupa un lugar especial. Con todo lo antedicho, mis mejores deseos de una grata lectura