Journal articles: 'Habitat definition'

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Bullimore, Ross D., Nicola L. Foster, and Kerry L. Howell. "Coral-characterized benthic assemblages of the deep Northeast Atlantic: defining “Coral Gardens” to support future habitat mapping efforts." ICES Journal of Marine Science 70, no. 3 (January 23, 2013): 511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss195.

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Abstract Bullimore, R. D., Foster, N. L., and Howell, K. L. 2013. Coral-characterized benthic assemblages of the deep Northeast Atlantic: defining “Coral Gardens” to support future habitat mapping efforts – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 511–522. Providing statistically robust maps of habitat distributions on which to base spatial planning and management of the marine area is reliant upon established and agreed descriptions and definitions of habitats. “Coral Gardens” is an Oslo–Paris Convention (OSPAR) listed habitat, which currently cannot be reliably mapped as a result of poorly developed deep-sea habitat classification systems and habitat definitions. The aim of this study is to assess and inform development of the current definition of this habitat to support future mapping efforts. This study uses multivariate community analysis of video data to identify deep-sea benthic assemblages characterized by coral taxa and thus constituting a potential “coral gardens” habitat. Assemblages are assessed against a set of qualifying criteria, derived from current definitions of “coral gardens”, first at the assemblage level then sample by sample. The current definition of “coral gardens” captures a range of benthic assemblages, thus “Coral Gardens” cannot be considered a single “habitat”. While 19 assemblages are identified as being characterized by one or more coral garden taxa, only 8 meet the qualifying criteria. It is suggested that the current definition incorporates descriptions of the different “Coral Gardens” assemblages together with guidance on threshold densities for coral species specific to each assemblage type.

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Chamberlain, D. E., and R. J. Fuller. "Density-Dependent Habitat Distribution in Birds: Issues of Scale, Habitat Definition and Habitat Availability." Journal of Avian Biology 30, no. 4 (December 1999): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3677015.

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Kremsater, Laurie L., and Fred L. Bunnell. "Testing responses to forest edges: the example of black-tailed deer." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 2426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-326.

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Variations in deer response to edge habitat have been attributed to three sources: (1) differences in habitat mosaics among study areas, (2) inconsistent definition of habitat deemed available to a deer, and (3) differences in edge characteristics. The potential influences of these factors were evaluated using data for black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) collected on Vancouver Island, B.C. Edges were defined among clear-cut, second-growth, and old-growth habitats. Deer distributions and movements were determined using radiotelemetry. Little response of deer to edges was detectable where habitat was a fine-grained mosaic of forage and cover areas. Where forage and cover occurred in clearly distinct habitats, responses to edge were apparent. Techniques defining area available to wildlife in use–availability analyses differ among studies. We found that the impact of changing the area considered to be available mattered little when habitats were finely interspersed. We could not unequivocally separate effects of differences in habitat mosaics from effects of differences in vegetative characteristics of edge habitat, but results were consistent with other findings that edges are less important when forage and cover are interspersed. We discuss the implications of our findings for the interpretation of research results.

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Kaartvedt, Stein, Tom J. Langbehn, and Dag L. Aksnes. "Enlightening the ocean’s twilight zone." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 4 (February 4, 2019): 803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz010.

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Abstract By definition, the mesopelagic twilight zone extends from 200 to 1000 m depth. Rather than confining the twilight zone to a certain depth interval, we here propose a definition that covers absolute light intensities ranging from 10−9 to 10−1 μmol quanta m−2 s−1. The lowest intensity of this twilight habitat corresponds to the visual threshold of lanternfishes (Myctophidae). The highest intensity corresponds to the upper light exposure of pearlsides (Maurolicus spp.), which have a unique eye adapted to higher light intensities than the lanternfishes. By this definition, the daytime twilight habitat extends deeper than 1000 m in very clear oceanic water, while may even be largely located above 200 m in very murky coastal waters. During moonlit nights in clear water, the twilight habitat would still extend deep into the mesopelagic depth zone, while becoming compressed toward the surface in dark nights. Large variation in night light, from 10−3 μmol quanta m−2 s−1 during moonlit nights to 10−8 μmol quanta m−2 s−1 in dark overcast nights, implies that division of light into night- and daylight is insufficient to characterize the habitats and distributional patterns of twilight organisms. Future research will benefit from in situ light measurements, during night- as well as daytime, and habitat classification based on optical properties in addition to depth. We suggest some pertinent research questions for future exploration of the twilight zone.

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BRAMBILLA, MATTIA, CLAUDIO CELADA, and MARCO GUSTIN. "Setting Favourable Habitat Reference Values for breeding birds: general principles and examples for passerine birds." Bird Conservation International 24, no. 3 (October 29, 2013): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270913000488.

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SummarySetting Favourable Reference Values (FRVs) can assist the definition of the conservation status of a species. FRVs may consider population, habitat, and range. FRVs can indicate a range of values for different parameters, which should allow the long-term persistence of a species/population. We propose a method for the definition of reference values for the habitat (FRV-H or HRV) of breeding bird species. HRV should cover habitat extent and quality, both required to ensure long-term persistence. Extent HRV should express a measure of suitable area, whereas quality HRV could be defined as the range of values for habitat variables known to affect habitat quality. To define an extent HRV, we built species distribution models (SDMs) and set extent HRV as the extent of potentially suitable habitat under a conservative approach. Quality HRV should refer to environmental determinants/correlates of occurrence and breeding success, and should be defined by the identification of the habitat factors affecting occurrence and reproduction. When habitat selection is adaptive, habitat suitability may approximate habitat quality, being correlated with breeding success. In that case, fine-scaled habitat/distribution models may be used to identify determinants/correlates of reproductive output, and such species-habitat relationships may help define quality HRV. We show examples using the Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio as a model. The use of habitat selection models, which can be made spatially explicit generating distribution models, may assist the definition of both extension and quality HRVs. Species-habitat models can allow the individuation of factors and relative values affecting species occurrence/reproduction (quality HRV), and the definition of the spatial distribution and quantity of potentially suitable habitat (extent HRV). Our approach is one of the possible ones, aiming at finding a “suitable” trade-off between affordable data and scientific precision. HRVs should be used together with population and range FRVs to assess the status of a species/population.

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Bekkby, Trine, and Martin Isæus. "Mapping large, shallow inlets and bays: modelling a Natura 2000 habitat with digital terrain and wave-exposure models." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 2 (March 1, 2008): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn005.

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Abstract Bekkby, T., and Isæus, M. 2008. Mapping large, shallow inlets and bays: modelling a Natura 2000 habitat with digital terrain and wave-exposure models. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 238–241. EU member countries are obliged to protect a certain share of Natura 2000 habitats. Hence, these habitats must be mapped. This paper is an attempt to provide a tool for modelling one of the Natura 2000 habitat, the “large shallow inlets and bays” (Natura 2000 habitat 1160), using a Norwegian archipelagic area as a case study. The Natura 2000 definition of the habitat is interpreted into criteria used for modelling, and a spatial prediction is presented on a map. The effect of scale, regarding both spatial resolution of data and methodology, is also tested. This is the first publicly accessible attempt to model the Natura 2000 habitat. It shows that the result of the modelling depends on the spatial resolution of the data and the methods used in the modelling process. Using data at a 10-m and a 25-m resolution provides good results, and even the model based on the 50-m data provided an acceptable overall picture.

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Bonari, Gianmaria, Edy Fantinato, Lorenzo Lazzaro, Marta Gaia Sperandii, Alicia Teresa Rosario Acosta, Marina Allegrezza, Silvia Assini, et al. "Shedding light on typical species: implications for habitat monitoring." Plant Sociology 58, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pls2020581/08.

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Habitat monitoring in Europe is regulated by Article 17 of the Habitats Directive, which suggests the use of typical species to habitat conservation status. Yet, the Directive uses the term “typical” species but does not provide a definition, either for its use in reporting or for its use in impact assessments. To address the issue, an online workshop was organized by the Italian Society for Vegetation Science (SISV) to shed light on the diversity of perspectives regarding the different concepts of typical species, and to discuss the possible implications for habitat monitoring. To this aim, we inquired 73 people with a very different degree of expertise in the field of vegetation science by means of a tailored survey composed of six questions. We analysed the data using Pearson's Chi-squared test to verify that the answers diverged from a random distribution and checked the effect of the degree of experience of the surveyees on the results. We found that most of the surveyees agreed on the use of the phytosociological method for habitat monitoring and of the diagnostic and characteristic species to evaluate the structural and functional conservation status of habitats. With this contribution, we shed light on the meaning of “typical” species in the context of habitat monitoring.

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Herricks, Edwin E., and Maria I. Braga. "Habitat Elements in River Basin Management and Planning." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0063.

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Comprehensive river basin management mast move beyond narrowly focused programs dealing with water quantity or water quality. A more comprehensive approach to river basin management recognizes that both flow quantity and water quality can be summarized as habitat measures. A number of well developed physical habitat analysis and prediction procedures are presently available. Several computerized systems available from the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service (Habitat Suitability Index - HSI and PHysical HABitat SIMulation - PHABSIM) provide macrohabitat definition. We have developed a water quality based habitat component which operates effectively for general analysis. With an emphasis on site specific management in the United States, the macrohabitat definition procedures may not meet all river basin management and planning requirements. This paper reviews the results of research which characterizes microhabitat in streams and rivers and provides a valuable extension to basin management procedures.

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Ilich, Alexander R., Jennifer L. Brizzolara, Sarah E. Grasty, John W. Gray, Matthew Hommeyer, Chad Lembke, Stanley D. Locker, et al. "Integrating Towed Underwater Video and Multibeam Acoustics for Marine Benthic Habitat Mapping and Fish Population Estimation." Geosciences 11, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11040176.

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The west Florida shelf (WFS; Gulf of Mexico, USA) is an important area for commercial and recreational fishing, yet much of it remains unmapped and unexplored, hindering effective monitoring of fish stocks. The goals of this study were to map the habitat at an intensively fished area on the WFS known as “The Elbow”, assess the differences in fish communities among different habitat types, and estimate the abundance of each fish taxa within the study area. High-resolution multibeam bathymetric and backscatter data were combined with high-definition (HD) video data collected from a near-bottom towed vehicle to characterize benthic habitat as well as identify and enumerate fishes. Two semi-automated statistical classifiers were implemented for obtaining substrate maps. The supervised classification (random forest) performed significantly better (p = 0.001; α = 0.05) than the unsupervised classification (k-means clustering). Additionally, we found it was important to include predictors at a range of spatial scales. Significant differences were found in the fish community composition among the different habitat types, with both substrate and vertical relief found to be important with rock substrate and higher relief areas generally associated with greater fish density. Our results are consistent with the idea that offshore hard-bottom habitats, particularly those of higher vertical relief, serve as “essential fish habitat”, as these rocky habitats account for just 4% of the study area but 65% of the estimated total fish abundance. However, sand contributes 35% to total fish abundance despite comparably low densities due to its large area, indicating the importance of including these habitats in estimates of abundance as well. This work demonstrates the utility of combining towed underwater video sampling and multibeam echosounder maps for habitat mapping and estimation of fish abundance.

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Neat, Francis C., Alan J. Jamieson, Heather A. Stewart, Bhavani E. Narayanaswamy, Neil Collie, Michael Stewart, and Thomas D. Linley. "Visual evidence of reduced seafloor conditions and indications of a cold-seep ecosystem from the Hatton–Rockall basin (NE Atlantic)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315418000115.

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High definition video from a towed camera system was used to describe the deep-sea benthic habitats within an elongate depression located at the western margin of Rockall Bank in the Hatton–Rockall Basin. At depths greater than 1190 m, an extensive area (10 km long by 1.5 km wide) of what appeared to be reduced sediments, bacterial mats and flocculent matter indicated possible cold-seep habitat. Plumes of sediment-rich fluid were observed alongside raised elongate features that gave topographic relief to the otherwise flat seafloor. In the deepest section of the depression (1215 m) dense flocculent matter was observed suspended in the water column, in places obscuring the seabed. Away from the bacterial mats, the habitat changed rapidly to sediments dominated by tube-dwelling polychaete worms and then to deep-sea sedimentary habitats more typical for the water depth (sponges and burrowing megafauna in areas of gentle slopes, and coral gardens on steeper slopes).

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M. J. S. Bowman, D., and J. C. Z. Woinarski. "Biogeography of Australian monsoon rainforest mammals: implications for the conservation of rainforest mammals." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 2 (1994): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940098.

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Monsoon rainforests form an archipelago of small habitat fragments throughout the wet-dry tropics of northern Australia. According to the definition of Winter (1988) the current monsoon rainforest mammal assemblage contains only one rainforest specialist mammal species (restricted to Cape York Peninsula), and is dominated by eutherian habitat generalists (murids and bats) that mostly occur in surrounding savannah habitats. The mammal assemblages in monsoon rainforests across northern Australia (Cape York Peninsula, Northern Territory and the Kimberley) are essentially regional subsets of the local savannah and mangrove mammal assemblages, and consequently share only a limited number of species in common (most of which are bats). The lack of rainforest specialists in northwestern Australia is thought to be due to: (i) the lack of large tracts (> 1 000 ha) of monsoon rainforest habitat; (ii) the possible substantial contraction of these habitats in the past; and (iii) the limited extent of gallery rainforests, such rainforests being important habitats for rainforest mammals in South American savannahs. Unfortunately it is not possible to identify the threshold of habitat area required to maintain populations of monsoon rainforest specialist mammal species because of an impoverished fossil record pertaining to the past spatial distribution of monsoon rainforests. The implications of the lack of a specialist mammal fauna in Australian monsoon rainforests for the future of heavily fragmented tropical rainforests elsewhere in the world is briefly discussed. It is concluded that the analogy of habitat fragments to true islands is weak, that rainforest plant species are less vulnerable to local extinction than mammals, that the loss of mammal rainforest specialists may not result in a dramatic loss of plant species, and that corridors of rainforest may be critical for maintenance of rainforest mammal assemblages in areas currently subject to forest clearance.

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Bamford, Michael, and Michael Calver. "A precise definition of habitat is needed for effective conservation and communication." Australian Zoologist 37, no. 2 (January 2014): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2014.015.

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Arditi, Roger, and Bernard Dacorogna. "Optimal Foraging on Arbitrary Food Distributions and the Definition of Habitat Patches." American Naturalist 131, no. 6 (June 1988): 837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/284825.

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Tamjidi, Jelveh, and James A. Lutz. "Soil Enzyme Activity and Soil Nutrients Jointly Influence Post-Fire Habitat Models in Mixed-Conifer Forests of Yosemite National Park, USA." Fire 3, no. 4 (September 23, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire3040054.

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Disentangling the relative importance of habitat filtering and dispersal limitations at local scales (<1 km2) in shaping species composition remains an important question in community ecology. Previous studies have examined the relative importance of these mechanisms using topography and selected soil properties. We examined both topography and edaphic properties from 160 locations in the recently burned 25.6 ha Yosemite Forest Dynamics Plot (YFDP) in Yosemite National Park, California, USA. In addition to eight soil chemical properties, we included phosphatases and urease enzymes in a definition of habitat niches, primarily because of their rapid changes with fire (compared to soil nutrients) and also their role in ecosystem function. We applied environmental variables to the distributions of 11 species. More species–habitat associations were defined by soil properties (54.5%) than topographically-defined habitat (45.4%). We also examined the relative importance of spatial and environmental factors in species assemblage. Proportions explained by spatial and environmental factors differed among species and demographic metrics (stem abundance, basal area increment, mortality, and recruitment). Spatial factors explained more variation than environmental factors in stem abundance, mortality, and recruitment. The contributions of urease and acid phosphatase to habitat definition were significant for species abundance and basal area increment. These results emphasize that a more complete understanding of niche parameters is needed beyond simple topographic factors to explain species habitat preference. The stronger contribution of spatial factors suggests that dispersal limitation and unmeasured environmental variables have high explanatory power for species assemblage in this coniferous forest.

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Cooper, Gregory J., and Lawrence E. Hurd. "The House and the Household." Philosophical Topics 47, no. 1 (2019): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics20194712.

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The concept of population is central to ecology, yet it has received little attention from philosophers of ecology. Furthermore, the work that has been done often recycles ideas that have been developed for evolutionary biology. We argue that ecological populations and evolutionary populations, though intimately related, are distinct, and that the distinction matters to practicing ecologists. We offer a definition of ecological population in terms of demographic independence, where changes in abundance are a function of birth and death processes alone. However, demographic independence (DI) is insufficient on its own so we supplement it with the idea of shared habitat. An ecological population is a group of organisms of the same species in a habitat that manifests DI. Given the importance of metapopulation dynamics to modern ecology, an account of ecological population must apply to this domain as well. Thus, we extend our definition of ecological population to the metapopulation. To facilitate the extension, we introduce the metahabitat—a collection of spatially segregated habitat patches shared by a single DI population. This enables us to (1) diagnose some unhelpful trends in the metapopulation literature and (2) emphasize the importance of habitat dynamics in pursuit of the goals of theoretical ecology and conservation biology.

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Seegert, Greg. "Using Attainment of the Designated Aquatic Life Use to Determine Adverse Environmental Impact." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 1273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.296.

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Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act requires that cooling-water intake structures (CWIS) use Best Technology Available (BTA) to minimize adverse environmental impacts (AEI). The U.S. EPA has not defined AEI, and there is no clear consensus regarding its definition. Nonetheless, operational definitions are necessary to evaluate design alternatives and to measure the success of mitigative measures. Rather than having to develop measures of aquatic health that are highly site-specific, controversial, and often unlikely to elicit agreement from all sides of the environmental “fence”, it may be more productive to use existing ecological assessment tools. Aquatic Life Uses (ALU) already provide a regulatory framework to assess the quality (health) of the aquatic community in various habitats (e.g., warmwater habitat, exceptional warmwater habitat). Attainment of the ALU indicates that further point source controls are unnecessary, whereas nonattainment indicates that those pollutants or stressors causing the nonattainment must be reduced. A similar approach for existing water intakes is recommended. That is, attainment of the designated ALU will be taken as an indication that there is no AEI. Although attainment of the ALU may not be a foolproof indicator of a lack of AEI, this approach seems more reasonable that using scarce monetary resources to fix problems that likely do not exist, or having both regulators and the regulated community expend their resources debating whether various observed biological responses do or do not constitute AEI.

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Gairin, Emma, and Serge Andréfouët. "Role of habitat definition on Aichi Target 11: Examples from New Caledonian coral reefs." Marine Policy 116 (June 2020): 103951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103951.

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Turlure, Camille, Hans Van Dyck, Nicolas Schtickzelle, and Michel Baguette. "Resource-based habitat definition, niche overlap and conservation of two sympatric glacial relict butterflies." Oikos 118, no. 6 (June 2009): 950–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17269.x.

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A. R., Dyer, Goldberg D. E., Turkington R., and Sayre C. "Effects of growing conditions and source habitat on plant traits and functional group definition." Functional Ecology 15, no. 1 (February 2001): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.2001.00487.x.

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Haslett, John R. "Geographic information systems. A new approach to habitat definition and the study of distributions." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5, no. 7 (July 1990): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(90)90134-y.

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Bleicher, Sonny S. "The landscape of fear conceptual framework: definition and review of current applications and misuses." PeerJ 5 (September 12, 2017): e3772. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3772.

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Landscapes of Fear (LOF), the spatially explicit distribution of perceived predation risk as seen by a population, is increasingly cited in ecological literature and has become a frequently used “buzz-word”. With the increase in popularity, it became necessary to clarify the definition for the term, suggest boundaries and propose a common framework for its use. The LOF, as a progeny of the “ecology of fear” conceptual framework, defines fear as the strategic manifestation of the cost-benefit analysis of food and safety tradeoffs. In addition to direct predation risk, the LOF is affected by individuals’ energetic-state, inter- and intra-specific competition and is constrained by the evolutionary history of each species. Herein, based on current applications of the LOF conceptual framework, I suggest the future research in this framework will be directed towards: (1) finding applied management uses as a trait defining a population’s habitat-use and habitat-suitability; (2) studying multi-dimensional distribution of risk-assessment through time and space; (3) studying variability between individuals within a population; (4) measuring eco-neurological implications of risk as a feature of environmental heterogeneity and (5) expanding temporal and spatial scales of empirical studies.

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Pletser, Vladimir, and Bernard Foing. "European Contribution to Human Aspect Investigations for Future Planetary Habitat Definition Studies: Field Tests at MDRS on Crew Time Utilisation and Habitat Interfaces." Microgravity Science and Technology 23, no. 2 (December 4, 2010): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12217-010-9251-4.

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Boromisza, Zsombor, Zsuzsanna Illyés, Attila Gergely, Szilvia Mészáros, and Zsófia Monspart-Molnár. "Evaluation of the possibilities for stream restoration: preassessment of the Váli-stream (Hungary)." Landscape & Environment 10, no. 1 (May 7, 2016): 26–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21120/le/10/1/3.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of restoration of a stream section. The starting point of the multiple-step assessment process was a historical analysis, which resulted in the definition of different sections within the study area, providing a base for the further restoration goals. The assessment of the current conditions was elaborated particularly to determine those factors, which could limit restoration. These assessments cover the land use pattern, furthermore the analysis of vegetation and habitat patches. As a result of the historical analysis, it has been found that the stream side habitat patches have decreased significantly despite the constant space available. This change was not caused by the increased area of the settlement, but rather by the higher dominancy of arable forms of land use. The greatest share of wet and mesic meadows and agricultural habitats in the study areas, covering 57.5% of the total area, indicates significant anthropogenic effects. Consequently it can be stated that the reference conditions are not the only determining factors of the restoration possibilities. Restoration style and intensity have been defined on basis of all assessed factors.

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Ryan, Phil A., and Terry R. Marshall. "A Niche Definition for Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and Its Use to Identify Populations at Risk." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 2513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-250.

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Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) populations require cold water with high dissolved oxygen content for survival. We developed models that predict the availability of such habitat, using lake mean depth, which describes both the thermal regime and the initial oxygen reserves, and using a measure of primary productivity, which defines the subsequent oxygen demand of the sediments and water column. Measures of primary production include either phosphorus concentration, chlorophyll a concentration, or Secchi disk transparency. The models are presented as a series of seasonal oxygen depletion isopleths that predict the extent to which the oxygen content of thermally suitable habitat is lost during the period of thermal stratification. The presence or absence of native lake trout in lakes of northwestern Ontario superimposed on these graphs indicated that natural populations seldom occur in lakes in which the seasonal oxygen depletion exceeds 40%. This isopleth is a niche boundary in its representation of adverse temperature and oxygen conditions for lake trout. The delineation of this boundary permits the identification of lakes where lake trout populations could be seriously affected by cultural eutrophication, overfishing, or climate warming.

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Wheeler, B., M. Gilbert, and S. Rowe. "Definition of critical summer and fall habitat for bowhead whales in the eastern Canadian Arctic." Endangered Species Research 17, no. 1 (April 12, 2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00403.

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Hendrick, Vicki J., and Robert L. Foster-Smith. "Sabellariaspinulosa reef: a scoring system for evaluating ‘reefiness’ in the context of the Habitats Directive." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86, no. 4 (June 15, 2006): 665–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315406013555.

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‘Reefs’ are listed under Annex I of the Habitats Directive as a marine habitat to be protected by the designation of Special Areas of Conservation. Crucially for the implementation of the Directive, the distinction between what is considered as ‘reef’ and what is not is imprecise, particularly in relation to colonies of the tube-building polychaete Sabellaria spinulosa. Guidelines are proposed for the implementation of the Habitats Directive definition to provide a robust and transparent approach for the benefit of both regulators and offshore industry. Specifically, it is suggested that the conservation priority of a S. spinulosa aggregation could be determined using a scoring system based on a series of physical, biological and temporal characteristic reef features, weighted according to the perceived importance of each feature and augmented with a further score indicating the confidence in the feature score. Suggestions are given as to how these characteristics might be measured and scored, along with an example to illustrate the application of the approach.

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Pereira, Pedro Henrique Cipresso, Marcus Vinicius Bezerra dos Santos, Daniel Lino Lippi, Pedro Henrique de Paula Silva, and Breno Barros. "Difference in the trophic structure of fish communities between artificial and natural habitats in a tropical estuary." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 3 (2017): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15326.

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The present study tested the hypothesis that artificial habitats (pier and bridge) harbour different fish trophic guilds compared with natural habitats (mangrove roots) and that the trophic structure of fish communities on estuarine artificial habitats resembles adjacent coral reefs. High-definition cameras were used to survey the fish community associated with the different structures over a 6-month period. Benthos was also analysed following the point intercept method on the different habitats. In the estuary, fish abundance was up to threefold higher and species richness twofold higher on artificial structures compared with the natural habitat. Mangrove roots were mainly inhabited by juvenile carnivores, whereas the pier and bridge were mostly inhabited by sessile invertebrate feeders and roving herbivores. A less diverse benthic community was found on mangrove roots, mostly composed of mud and algae. In contrast, benthos at the bridge and pier was more diverse and dominated by sponges, octocorals and oysters. In addition, fish trophic structure from an adjacent coral reef area showed more than 60% similarity with the fish community on the artificial structures surveyed. The results of the present study indicate that artificial hard structures support unique fish communities compared with natural estuarine mangrove habitats.

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Natera-Rivas, Juan Jose, Remedios Larrubia-Vargas, and Susana Navarro-Rodríguez. "Description of the Intramunicipal Habitat with Significant Concentrations of Foreign Population. The Case of the Province of Málaga (Spain)." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 52, no. 52 (June 1, 2021): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2021-0012.

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Abstract The presence of foreigners in the province of Málaga is highly noticeable, especially in specific municipalities such as the city of Málaga, coastal areas, or villages in the Axarquia region. But from a geographical point of view, there are comparatively few investigations dedicated to the definition of the space in which foreign immigrants reside. The aim of this research is to provide a description of the habitats where people who were born abroad tend to concentrate in the province of Málaga. The main novelty of the research is the scale of analysis we have used being intramunicipal, based on Nomenclator statistics. This is especially relevant when we are dealing with small municipalities in some of which the proportion of foreigners is quite high, because it is the only one that allows us to characterise the habitat of the foreigners.

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Smith, Ian M. "WATER MITES (ACARI: PARASITENGONA: HYDRACHNIDA) OF SPRING HABITATS IN CANADA." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 123, S155 (1991): 141–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm123155141-1.

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AbstractThis paper reviews and summarizes information on the systematics, distribution, life history, and ecology of water mites in spring habitats in Canada, primarily on the basis of new data. The fauna comprises over 115 species, representing 57 genera and 25 families, in three ecological groups adapted for living in helocrenes, rheocrenes, and limnocrenes, respectively, though many species are able to exploit more than one type of spring habitat. The evolution of adaptations in water mites for living in spring habitats is discussed within the context of new hypotheses on the origins and zoogeography of spring-inhabiting taxa. A synopsis of available data suggests that knowledge of the species composition and structure of water mite communities can be used to characterize springs, and to assess and monitor the impact of environmental changes on these habitats. Inadequacies in the current database on Canadian species are identified, specifically uncertain species identities, incomplete zoogeographic data, inconsistent definition of spring habitats, and inadequate collecting techniques. Future studies are proposed to encourage research designed to overcome these inadequacies, and improve understanding of the biological roles of water mites inhabiting springs.

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Luzzi, Sergio, and Chiara Bartalucci. "HABITAT AND ACOUSTIC COMFORT IN THE NEW ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE GUIDELINES OF WHO." Akustika 32 (March 1, 2019): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36336/akustika201932305.

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The acoustic quality of the indoor and outdoor environment is connected to ecosystems and models of development. Like the other elements that characterize habitat, good and bad sounds influence the quality of life of the communities that inhabit it. In this paper a definition of acoustic comfort as element of a system of indicator combined in a Global Comfort Index, is given and referred to the evidences emerged by the Environmental Noise Guidelines recently published by the Regional Office for Europe of the World Health organization. A brief critical review of these guidelines is presented in the second part of the article.

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Munoz, François, Guillaume Fried, Laura Armengot, Bérenger Bourgeois, Vincent Bretagnolle, Joël Chadoeuf, Lucie Mahaut, et al. "Ecological Specialization and Rarity of Arable Weeds: Insights from a Comprehensive Survey in France." Plants 9, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9070824.

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The definition of “arable weeds” remains contentious. Although much attention has been devoted to specialized, segetal weeds, many taxa found in arable fields also commonly occur in other habitats. The extent to which adjacent habitats are favorable to the weed flora and act as potential sources of colonizers in arable fields remains unclear. In addition, weeds form assemblages with large spatiotemporal variability, so that many taxa in weed flora are rarely observed in plot-based surveys. We thus addressed the following questions: How often do weeds occur in other habitats than arable fields? How does including field edges extend the taxonomic and ecological diversity of weeds? How does the weed flora vary across surveys at different spatial and temporal scales? We built a comprehensive dataset of weed taxa in France by compiling weed flora, lists of specialized segetal weeds, and plot-based surveys in agricultural fields, with different spatial and temporal coverages. We informed life forms, biogeographical origins and conservation status of these weeds. We also defined a broader dataset of plants occupying open habitats in France and assessed habitat specialization of weeds and of other plant species absent from arable fields. Our results show that many arable weeds are frequently recorded in both arable fields and non-cultivated open habitats and are, on average, more generalist than species absent from arable fields. Surveys encompassing field edges included species also occurring in mesic grasslands and nitrophilous fringes, suggesting spill-over from surrounding habitats. A total of 71.5% of the French weed flora was not captured in plot-based surveys at regional and national scales, and many rare and declining taxa were of Mediterranean origin. This result underlines the importance of implementing conservation measures for specialist plant species that are particularly reliant on arable fields as a habitat, while also pointing out biotic homogenization of agricultural landscapes as a factor in the declining plant diversity of farmed landscapes. Our dataset provides a reference species pool for France, with associated ecological and biogeographical information.

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Di Capua, Massimiliano, Adam Mirvis, Omar Medina, and David L. Akin. "Minimum Functionality Lunar Habitat Element Design: Requirements and Definition of an Initial Human Establishment on the Moon." SAE International Journal of Aerospace 4, no. 1 (July 12, 2009): 108–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2369.

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Nomura, Tetsuro, Takuma Sasaki, and Yukio Taniguchi. "A molecular genetic method for estimating nest density in bumblebee populations without explicit definition of habitat area." Journal of Insect Conservation 25, no. 4 (June 30, 2021): 695–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-021-00334-7.

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COLEMAN, MELINDA A., TIM INGLETON, RUSSELL B. MILLAR, PETER L. DAVIES, ALAN JORDAN, and BRENDAN P. KELAHER. "Remotely sensed habitat variables are poor surrogates for functional traits of rocky reef fish assemblages." Environmental Conservation 43, no. 4 (August 5, 2016): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892916000205.

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SUMMARYConservation planning often relies on measures such as species richness and abundance to prioritize areas for protection. Nonetheless, alternative metrics such as functional traits have recently been shown to be useful complementary measures for detecting biological change. Timely conservation planning often precludes the collection of such detailed biological data relying instead on remotely-sensed habitat mapping as a surrogate for diversity. While there is evidence that habitat maps may predict taxonomic species richness and diversity in some coastal ecosystems, it is unknown whether similar strong relationships exist for functional traits and functional multimetrics. We compared the performance of physical habitat structural complexity obtained from high definition swath mapping in explaining variation in traditional taxonomic metrics as well as functional traits (e.g., maximum length, trophic level, gregariousness) and functional multimetrics (e.g., functional richness, dispersion) of fish assemblages. Reef complexity measures were good surrogates for fish species richness and abundance but not for functional traits or multimetrics, except functional richness at the scale of 1 m. Remotely sensed habitat maps may not be a good surrogate for predicting functional traits and multimetrics of fish assemblages, and must be used with caution when maximizing such aspects of assemblages is a priority for conservation planning.

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Franklin, S. E., E. E. Dickson, M. J. Hansen, D. R. Farr, and L. M. Moskal. "Quantification of landscape change from satellite remote sensing." Forestry Chronicle 76, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 877–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc76877-6.

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Satellite remote sensing data and methods can be used to develop maps of large areas at different times in order to assess changes in forest ecosystem patterns and processes. Such maps are useful in understanding wildlife populations and habitat, forest biodiversity, and forest productivity. They may be important in ecological monitoring programs at multiple spatial and temporal scales, and could include assessment of structural aspects of the landscape, such as forest or habitat fragmentation. Quantification and measurement of landscape structure depend on the definition of landscape classes or patches, defined on the basis of more or less homogeneous elements, which differ in some measurable way from neighbouring patches. In this paper, we review some of the issues, and provide examples using satellite remote sensing data, in the quantification of landscape structure in two Canadian forests. The link between landscape structure and biodiversity is provided through the emergence of ecological understanding of species richness, species-habitat or niches, and metapopulation dynamics. Key words: forest disturbance, landscape metrics, satellite remote sensing, forest fragmentation, monitoring, biodiversity, change detection

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Matoušková, Milada. "Assessment of the river habitat quality within European Water Framework Directive: Application to different catchments in Czechia." Geografie 113, no. 3 (2008): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2008113030223.

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The paper presents the method of ecomorphological assessment of river habitat quality EcoRivHab, based on field mapping with possible usage of distance data. EcoRivHab is a tool used to assess the state of streams which lays an emphasis on hydro morphological characteristics of channel, ecohydrological state of the riparian belt and flood plain. Definition of the local reference state of the river habitat in the given physiographic region serves as a precondition. Overall ecohydrological state is evaluated by five degrees (ES I-V), characterizing the state of the watercourse in the context of the EC Water Framework Directive. The goal ofthis research was to assess the ecohydromorphological state of selected catchments in Czechia, representing varied relief types, and at the same, representing landscape with differing degrees of anthropogenic impact.

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von Stuckrad, Kocku. "Reflections on the Limits of Reflection: An Invitation to the Discursive Study of Religion." Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 22, no. 2-3 (2010): 156–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006810x512347.

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AbstractIt has repeatedly been claimed that the study of religion should not essentialize “religion” as an object of study that exists “out there,” waiting for us to discover and understand “it.” Reflection on the contexts and hidden agendas of concepts of religion are part and parcel of scholarly activity. But can there be an end to such a circle of reflection? This paper argues that definitions of and approaches to religion are intrinsically linked to the episteme and the discourse of the time. After clarifying the terms “discourse,” “episteme,” and “field,” this dynamic is exemplified with the emergence of the academic field of “Western esotericism.” The paper concludes that rather than looking for a better definition of religion, the academic study of religion should focus on describing, analyzing, and demarcating the religious fields of discourse. These fields are both the object of study for scholars of religion and the scholars’ habitat.

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Fraga-Santiago, Pedro, Alejandro Gómez-Pazo, Augusto Pérez-Alberti, Pablo Montero, and Xose Lois Otero Pérez. "Trends in the Recent Evolution of Coastal Lagoons and Lakes in Galicia (NW Iberian Peninsula)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 8 (August 14, 2019): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7080272.

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Coastal lagoons are habitats of great environmental value. However, they are currently subject to major threats, particularly due to increasing sea levels. This study aims to identify changes—both natural and induced by anthropic activity—and their impact on the recent evolution of three different types of coastal lagoons in Galicia (Louro, Vixán, and Xuño). The application of information obtained through laser imaging detection and ranging (LiDAR) techniques suggests that the outer limits of the three lagoon systems have not experienced any relevant changes in the last 60 years (i.e., no occupation of the lagoon area has been identified). However, the internal configuration of these wetland areas has experienced some alterations. A generalized increase in the area occupied by macrophytic communities (Phragmites australis, Scirpus maritimus, Juncus maritimus, etc.) has been observed. Image interpretation by geographic information systems (GIS) and field surveys suggest that the area currently occupied by macrophytes experienced a 7% to 63% increase at the expense of the free water body. This loss of flooded area is consistent with the increase in sedimentation rates associated with the convergence of several causes, such as the abandonment of traditional macrophyte biomass harvesting and agricultural activities around the lagoons, the expansion of riparian forests, and sediment contributions by erosion due to recurrent forest fires within the drainage basins of each lagoon. Finally, water and sediment composition suggest that, of the three studied lagoons, two of them (Louro and Vixán) are included within the definition of “coastal lagoons” (habitat code 1150) by the Habitats Directive (Directive 92/43/EEC), while the Xuño lagoon should be considered a “natural eutrophic lake” (habitat code 3150).

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Bax, Nicholas, Rudy Kloser, Alan Williams, Karen Gowlett-Holmes, and Tim Ryan. "Seafloor habitat definition for spatial management in fisheries: A case study on the continental shelf of southeast Australia." Oceanologica Acta 22, no. 6 (November 1999): 705–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-1784(00)88961-6.

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Catry, Inês, Joana Marcelino, Aldina M. A. Franco, and Francisco Moreira. "Landscape determinants of European roller foraging habitat: implications for the definition of agri-environmental measures for species conservation." Biodiversity and Conservation 26, no. 3 (November 1, 2016): 553–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1241-4.

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Pinault, Lauren L., and Fiona F. Hunter. "Malaria Knowledge, Concern, Land Management, and Protection Practices among Land Owners and/or Managers in Lowland versus Highland Ecuador." Malaria Research and Treatment 2011 (January 26, 2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/765125.

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To control malaria effectively, it is essential to understand the current knowledge, beliefs, concerns, land management practices, and mosquito bite protection methods in use by citizens. This study presents a comparative, quantitative, interview-based study of land owners and/or managers () in the Ecuadorian lowlands (presently considered malarious) () and highlands (potentially malarious in the future) (). Although respondents had a strong understanding of where the disease occurs in their own country and of the basic relationship among standing water, mosquitoes, and malaria, about half of respondents in potential risk areas denied the current possibility of malaria infection on their own property. As well, about half of respondents with potential anopheline larval habitat did not report its presence, likely due to a highly specific definition of suitable mosquito habitat. Most respondents who are considered at risk of malaria currently use at least one type of mosquito bite prevention, most commonly bed nets.

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Davis, Aaron M., and Ricardo Betancur-R. "Widespread ecomorphological convergence in multiple fish families spanning the marine–freshwater interface." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1854 (May 17, 2017): 20170565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0565.

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The theoretical definition and quantification of convergence is an increasingly topical focus in evolutionary research, with particular growing interest on study scales spanning deep phylogenetic divergences and broad geographical areas. While much progress has recently been made in understanding the role of convergence in driving terrestrial (e.g. anole lizards) and aquatic (e.g. cichlids) radiations, little is known about its macroevolutionary effects across environmental gradients. This study uses a suite of recently developed comparative approaches integrating diverse aspects of morphology, dietary data, habitat affiliation and phylogeny to assess convergence across several well-known tropical–temperate fish families in the percomorph suborder Terapontoidei, a clade with considerable phenotypic and ecological diversity radiating in both marine and freshwater environments. We demonstrate significant widespread convergence across many lineages occupying equivalent trophic niches, particularly feeding habits such as herbivory and biting of attached prey off hard substrates. These include several examples of convergent morphotypes evolving independently in marine and freshwater clades, separated by deep evolutionary divergences (tens of millions of years). The Terapontoidei present a new example of the macroevolutionary dynamics of morphological and ecological coevolution in relation to habitat and trophic preferences, at a greater phylogenetic and habitat scale than most well-studied adaptive radiations.

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Teixeira, L., M. Nilsson, J. Hedley, and A. Shapiro. "BENTHIC HABITAT MAPPING AND BIODIVERSITY ANALYSIS IN THE PRIMEIRAS AND SEGUNDAS ARCHIPELAGO RESERVE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 30, 2015): 1009–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-1009-2015.

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The Primeiras and Segundas Archipelago Reserve is a recently established marine protected area, the largest in Africa, located in the waters of Northern Mozambique. This protected area is of significant local economic importance and global ecological relevance, containing the southernmost coral reefs in Eastern Africa. However, information related to the marine ecosystem, notably benthic habitat is very scarce. Twelve atolls were mapped in the region using object-based image classification of very-high resolution satellite imagery (IKONOS, Quickbird, and WorldView-2). Geographically referenced data on benthic cover and depth were gathered in the course of three fieldwork expeditions covering a total of four atolls and two shallow reef structures in the Segundas Archipelago. The resulting map allows the estimation of three distinct types of coral cover (field, patches, spurs and grooves); the differentiation of sand, rubble and rock substrate; and the detection of seagrass and brown macroalgae, identifying up to 24 benthic habitats. Average overall accuracy was above 50%. The high variability of the optical properties on the reef systems, in large due to the connectivity with the mainland via plumes, while interesting from an ecological perspective increases the challenges for remote sensing of bottom cover. New information indicates the presence of deep benthic cover extending from the atolls, suggesting the need for further research on Coastal Eastern African corals, namely on their resilience and connectivity, and supporting current knowledge of the existence of an almost continuous coral reef from Kenya to Mozambique. Coral and fish biodiversity data have been analysed together with the satellite-derived maps. Results support the local perception that ecosystems are in decline and uncover new information about biodiversity’s spatial patterns. Our work provides a detailed depiction of marine habitats that may aid the management of the protected area, namely in the definition of fishing zones and coral cover monitoring.

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Mohammadian, Zeynab, and Majid Shahbazi. "Study of the Effect of Sustainable Architecture on the Design of Residential Buildings (Case Study: Qazvin Pardis Complex)." Civil and Environmental Engineering 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2018-0012.

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AbstractHousing is a widespread and complex issue with a variety of dimensions. First, housing was considered as a physical location and as a shelter and basic necessity of the households, but today the concept of dwelling as the place that provides all the services and facilities necessary for a better life of the family has been created. One of the issues discussed at many conferences and in general in the scientific community is the definition of sustainability in the psychological point of view, along with the ways to introduce this concept into the architecture and human habitat environments. This research first begins with the main question about how the concept of sustainability can be found within the scope of housing. Then existing resources search is done and accessible projects are analyzed and the weaknesses and strengths of traditional architecture and contemporary architecture are compared. Finally, the relationship between the definitions of three concepts: dwelling, sustainable design and traditional Iranian architecture was discussed. At the end, the sustainable design that is also appropriate to the Iranian culture was presented.

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Kučera, A., K. Rejšek, P. Dundek, K. Marosz, P. Samec, and J. Sýkora. "Specification of the beechwood soil environment based on chosen soil properties, aiming at the Fageta paupera habitat." Journal of Forest Science 57, No. 5 (May 16, 2011): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/66/2010-jfs.

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ABSTRACT: This paper deals with a specific type of homogeneous beechwood called Fageta paupera. The aim is to acquire information about the heterogeneity of soil environment. As a material we used 20 research plots of semi-natural European beech stands, where the sampling of soil profile and the observation of floristic conditions were realized. Laboratory assessment of soil samples was focused on physicochemical and chemical properties of soil: pH/CaCl2, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, CEC (T, S, V), Cox, Nt, C/N, C-FA, C-HA, C-CHL, C-HA/FA. Data processing was done with the aim to discover a variability of soils, observing soil genetic horizons individually (H, A, B, C). Research plots were divided into biotopes with the cover of understory vegetation < 15% and > 15% (in accordance with the definition of Fageta paupera) and the variability of soil properties in each horizon for the two above-mentioned biotopes and furthermore for all plots together was investigated. Results show the highest variability of soil properties in the biotope of Fageta paupera, especially in its holorganic (H) and organomineral (A) horizons. Furthermore, regression analysis showed the strongest dependence of the variability of soil properties in the biotope of Fageta paupera.

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Villalobos, C., and Barry Keller. "Small Mammal Distributions in Riparian and Adjacent Habitats of Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 16 (January 1, 1992): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1992.3099.

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Riparian ecosystems are among the most productive biological systems providing food, water, shade, and cover for wildlife (Thomas et al. 1979a). Furthermore, they may display a greater diversity of plant and animal species and vegetative structure than adjacent ecosystems (USDI 1986). Thomas et al. (1979a) provide a descriptive definition which characterizes riparian ecosystems by the presence of trees, shrubs, or herbaceous vegetation that require free or unbound water, or conditions that are more moist than those of the surrounding areas. They suggest that more wildlife species depend entirely on or spend disproportionally more time in riparian habitat than any other. Although the importance of riparian vegetation to wildlife has been apparent since the 1970's, its overall importance to vertebrate species has not been widely studied, especially in the western United States (Patton 1977). Elsewhere, there is a paucity of information on the ecological role of small mammals in riparian areas. Because small vertebrate species may serve as an especially important link in the food chain of threatened, endangered, or reintroduced species, and because small mammal species seem to be compacted in environmentally diverse areas, analysis of riparian vertebrate communities should provide important insights in mechanisms of habitat subdivision and utilization. Clearly, riparian areas contain a greater variety of species than adjoining forest or upslope habitats (Cross 1985). The effect of patch shape on the number of species occupying riparian habitats also has received limited attention (Patton 1975). Because riparian habitat consists of a narrow patch, the elongated shape of riparian areas produces a low interior-toÂhigh-edge ratio which may facilitate or enhance ecological processes, especially the production and dispersal of small mammals. Unfortunately, no documentation exists about patterns of mammalian movement along stream corridors (Forman and Godron 1986). Thus, the importance of the relative use of the edge, riparian, and upland areas by small mammals needs to be investigated, especially in forested mountain land, where riparian areas tend to have smaller areal extent and economic value than upslope vegetation (Swanson et al. 1982). The principle objective of our study was to determine if consistent environmental and landscape features could be found in western riparian, edge, and upland communities, and if these features affected residency of small mammals in Grand Teton National Park. Three independent study sites were studied from June, 1991 through October, 1991 in preparation for a proposed long-term analysis of the role of riparian areas in production of small mammals.

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Dudley, Nigel, Jeffrey D. Parrish, Kent H. Redford, and Sue Stolton. "The revised IUCN protected area management categories: the debate and ways forward." Oryx 44, no. 4 (August 24, 2010): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000566.

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AbstractThe global protected area estate is the world’s largest ever planned land use. Protected areas are not monolithic and vary in their purpose, designation, management and outcomes. The IUCN protected area category system is a typology based on management objectives. It documents protected area types and is increasingly used in laws, policy and planning. As its role grows, the category system must be reactive to opinions and open to modifications. In response to requests from members IUCN undertook a 4-year consultation and recently published revised guidelines for the categories. These made subtle but important changes to the protected area definition, giving greater emphasis to nature conservation, protection over the long term and management effectiveness. It refined some categories and gave principles for application. Debates during revision were intense and highlighted many of the issues and challenges surrounding protected areas in the early 21st century. There was a consensus on many issues including the suitability of different governance models (such as indigenous and community conserved areas), sacred natural sites, moving the emphasis of Category IV from habitat manipulation towards species and habitat protection, and recognition of legally defined zones within a protected area as different categories. However, there was considerable disagreement about the definition of a protected area, the appropriateness of some categories with extensive human use, the possibility of linking category classification with biodiversity outcomes, and recognition of territories of indigenous peoples. We map these debates and propose actions to resolve these issues: a necessary step if the world’s protected area network is to be representative, secure and well managed.

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Liu, Xiu Bo, Yan Shu Jia, Na Li, He Gong, Yan He Zhang, and Wei Ma. "Research Progress on Ways of Secondary Metabolism in Plants." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 1004–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.1004.

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The function of secondary metabolites has been a subject of debate since the first isolation and characterization of these often times structurally complex chemical compounds. By definition, secondary metabolites are naturally produced compounds that are not essential for the survival of the producing organism, as opposed to primary metabolites. Bioassays have revealed a wide range of biological activities, such as cytotoxicity, ichthyotoxicity, antimicrobial and antifeedant activity, antifoulant and anti-cancer activities. However, some of these activities are manifested against organisms that do not represent logical targets, since they would never be encountered by the producing organism in their natural habitat.

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Butler, David R. "Geomorphic process-disturbance corridors: a variation on a principle of landscape ecology." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 25, no. 2 (June 2001): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913330102500204.

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The paradigm of landscape ecology describes a landscape as a mosaic of landscape elements including the matrix, patches and corridors. Corridors are described as linear disruptions to the matrix, produced by anthropogenic actions or by streams which produce riparian corridors. Snow avalanches and debris flows are other geomorphic processes that should be considered as geomorphic process corridors rather than as disturbance patches. They possess requisite linearity, and they accomplish the five functions of a corridor: habitat, conduit, filter, source and sink. The definition of corridor in landscape ecology should be modified to embrace the concept of geomorphic process corridors.

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HOLUBAVA, V. "CONSTRUCTION AS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY." Экономическая наука сегодня, no. 7 (June 25, 2018): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2309-6667-2018-7-122-131.

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In the context of science and technology development, the market saturation and increase of customer requirements for construction projects, construction is considered as economic activity. It allows: 1) to show that the main goal of the development of the construction complex is a creation of modern energy-efficient and resource-saving, ecologocally safe, accessible and comfortable buildings and structures; 2) to justify the need taking into account in the definition of the construction an increase in the habitat’s qualitative characteristics; 3) clarify the notion of "construction as economic activity" and introduce into the turnover "qualitative characteristics of the habitat".

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Journal articles on the topic 'Habitat definition'

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