Academic literature on the topic 'Habsburg army'
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Journal articles on the topic "Habsburg army"
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Sondhaus, Lawrence. "The Strategic Culture of the Habsburg Army." Austrian History Yearbook 32 (January 2001): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800011243.
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Sondhaus, Lawrence. "The Austro-Hungarian Naval Officer Corps, 1867–1918." Austrian History Yearbook 24 (January 1993): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800005257.
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Two Decades Ago, Holger Herwig's The German Naval Officer Corps: A Social and Political History, 1890–1918 (1973) chronicled the story of the new military elite that rose to prominence when imperial Germany went to sea: a corps that sought to emulate the traditions of the Prussian army, its middle-class officers eager to embrace the values and attitudes of the more aristocratic army officer corps.1 Recently Istvan Deak's excellent work Beyond Nationalism: A Social and Political History of the Habsburg Officer Corps, 1848–1918 (1990) has provided a comprehensive picture of the officer corps of the Habsburg army.2 Like imperial Germany, Austria-Hungary was a central European land power with few long-standing traditions at sea, but differences in social composition, training, and outlook distinguished the Austro-Hungarian naval officer corps from its German counterpart. Within the Dual Monarchy the navy had to deal with the nationality question and other challenges that also faced the army, but in many respects its officer corps reflected the diversity of the empire more than the Habsburg army officer corps did, contributing to the navy's relatively more successful record as a multinational institution.
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Palairet, Michael. "The Habsburg Industrial Achievement in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1878–1914: An Economic Spurt That Succeeded?" Austrian History Yearbook 24 (January 1993): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800005294.
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In 1878 The Habsburgs exercised their rights under the Treaty of Berlin and marched an army of occupation into the former Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Hercegovina. Between then and their expulsion in 1918, the Habsburg authorities attempted to weld their new province into the Austro-Hungarian polity and economy. Responsibility for governing Bosnia-Hercegovina was entrusted to the Common Finance Ministry. Its officials, especially during the administration of Count Benjamin Kalláy (1882–1903), saw their task as a “civilizing mission” and the Bosnian economy as clay to be worked according to their prescriptions. The developmental outcome of their endeavors forms the subject of this paper.
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Wingfield, Nancy Meriwether. "Conflicting Constructions of Memory: Attacks on Statues of Joseph II in the Bohemian Lands after the Great War." Austrian History Yearbook 28 (January 1997): 147–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800016362.
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In the wake of independence in October 1918, the leaders of Czechoslovakia designated a multitude of national symbols for the nascent state, among them a flag, an anthem, an emblem, coinage, holidays, and stamps. Czech (and Slovak) art, drama, literature, and music commemorated new heroes and resurrected national historic figures ignored under Austria-Hungary. In this break with the past, national memory helped legitimate the new Czechoslovakia through celebration of the anti-Habsburg leaders in the struggle for independence and through denigration of former Habsburg rulers. Some nationalist Czechs, particularly the Czech legionnaires who had served in the Czechoslovak Army Abroad during World War I, were not content with the simple construction or reconstitution of Czech national symbols, but demanded in addition the destruction of numerous symbols of Habsburg rule. Thus, physical representations of the Habsburg past, many of which were to be found in the German-populated border regions of the Bohemian lands, became targets of their opprobrium.
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Roider, Karl A. "The Habsburg Foreign Ministry and Political Reform, 1801–1805." Central European History 22, no. 2 (June 1989): 160–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900011481.
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On 6 December 1800, a courier galloped through the gates of Vienna, rushed to the Hofburg, the winter palace of the Habsburgs, and presented to Emperor Francis II a bitter message from Archduke John, the emperor's brother and commander of the Austrian armed forces in Germany. The message read that three days earlier the archduke's troops had engaged the French army under Jean Moreau at Hohenlinden, had suffered serious losses, and were falling back to Salzburg with the officers struggling to maintain order in the ranks while they did so. The news was a crushing blow to Francis. In 1799 the Austrians had begun the War of the Second Coalition with high hopes of reversing the years of defeat at the hands of Revolutionary France. Russia and Britain had agreed to cooperate closely with Austria; France seemed weaker than ever domestically; and Napoleon Bonaparte, who had caused Vienna such grief in 1797, was far away in Egypt trying to inflict damage upon the British Empire. But these hopes turned to ashes. Russia abandoned the Coalition after its army suffered serious losses in Switzerland—indeed, in their wake the Russian ruler, Tsar Paul, had thundered so vehemently against what he saw as Austrian treachery that he had broken relations with Vienna—; Britain had been able to provide much needed funds but not more-needed soldiers; and Bonaparte had returned to work his magic on both the French army and the French people. The result was Hohenlinden, Austrian defeat, and in February 1800 the Treaty of Lunéville that ceded to France primary influence in Germany and Italy.
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Hämmerle, Christa. "Ein gescheitertes Experiment? Die Allgemeine Wehrpflicht in der multiethnischen Armee der Habsburgermonarchie." Journal of Modern European History 5, no. 2 (September 2007): 222–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944_2007_2_222.
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A Failed Experiment? Conscription in the Multi-Ethnic Army of the Habsburg Monarchy The article first looks at public military debates around 1900 which focused on the implementation of universal conscription in Austria-Hungary and concentrated on ethnic tensions within the empire. Ethnic conflicts were increasingly made responsible for the erosion of the Habsburg dual monarchy's foundations and its joint military. Against this background, the introduction and organisation of universal conscription since 1868 are analysed with a particular focus on the regulations set up to respond to the multi-ethnic structure of the Austrian-Hungarian army. The analysis continues with some aspects that reveal the social acceptance of the new recruiting system and led to very different reactions in the various regions of the monarchy. As a result the factors behind the problems and limits in implementing universal conscription transcended the multi-ethnic structures of Austria-Hungary. Thus multi-ethnicity was by no means the only cause of the problems. Only in combination with other categories such as religion, class, gender or social inequality, ethnicity could develop a disintegrative effect. However, this disintegrative impact remained limited in most territories of the Habsburg monarchy and could not challenge the general acceptance of universal conscription during the First World War.
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WATSON, ALEXANDER. "Managing an ‘Army of Peoples’: Identity, Command and Performance in the Habsburg Officer Corps, 1914–1918." Contemporary European History 25, no. 2 (April 12, 2016): 233–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000059.
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AbstractThis article examines the officers who led the Habsburg Army during the First World War. It highlights the complexity of their identities, demonstrating that this went well beyond the a-national – nationalist dichotomy in much historiography. It also argues that these officers' identities had a profound impact on how their army functioned in the field. The article first studies the senior command in 1914–16, showing how its wartime learning processes were shaped by transnational attitudes. These officers had belonged in peace to an international military professional network. When disaster befell their army at the outset of the First World War, it was natural for them to seek lessons from foreign armies, at first from their major enemies, the Russians, and later their German allies. The second half of the article explores the changing loyalties of the reserve officers tasked with frontline command in the later war years. It contends that the officer corps' focus on maintaining social and educational standards resulted in an influx of middle-class junior leaders whose conditional commitment to the Empire and limited language skills greatly influenced the Habsburg Army's record of longevity but mediocre combat performance.
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Łazuga, Waldemar. "W kręgu mitu habsburskiego. Alicja Ankarcrona – Badeni – Habsburg – Altenburg (1889–1985)." Galicja. Studia i materiały 6 (2020): 375–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/galisim.2020.6.18.
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Alicja Ankarcrona lived in Stockholm, Brussels, Busko, Lviv, Vienna and Żywiec. She belonged to the European elite of the elites of the turn of the 19th and the 20th century. The Swedish aristocrat who married the Polish count and, after his death, married the Habsburg archduke. She did not stop being a Swede when she became Polish. She did not stop being Polish when during WWI she tied the knot with the Habsburg from Żywiec. She belonged to “the Beautiful Era”. In her life she experienced emperors and kings, two world wars and times of dictatorship but mentally never left that era. She was a member of the Home Army (AK). After the war she lived in a very modest way. She was addressed as the Habsburg duchess (after her husband) although the title no longer existed. She was the embodiment of “better times” and “the Habsburg myth”. Her life was the history of Europe in a miniature scale and an incredibly curious case of eternal entanglement in the past.
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Rothenberg, Gunther E. "The Shield of the Dynasty: Reflections on the Habsburg Army, 1649–1918." Austrian History Yearbook 32 (January 2001): 169–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800011218.
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Newman, John Paul, and Tamara Scheer. "The Ban Jelačić Trust for Disabled Soldiers and Their Families: Habsburg Dynastic Loyalty beyond National Boundaries, 1849–51." Austrian History Yearbook 49 (April 2018): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237818000139.
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It is fitting that a story about charitable donations and their provenance should begin with a gesture of gift giving. In 1849 a group of Habsburg subjects came together with the intention of raising money to purchase a gift for Josip Jelačić, general of the Habsburg army and Ban (Governor) of Civil Croatia. Jelačić was identified as one of the notional “saviors” of the Habsburg Empire, whose actions in the field had helped quell the revolutionary and military perils of the previous months. The proposed gift was a suitable symbol of imperial honor and military prowess: a ceremonial sabre designed especially for the Ban. Jelačić was apparently moved by the gesture but had a more practical idea: better to use the money raised for his gift to help those less fortunate (and less celebrated) than himself, it should be put toward a fund to support soldiers who had served in his units and militias and who had been injured in fighting—and also to the families of those that had been killed. To this end, a committee was already operating, based in Vienna, but collecting funds through the Ban's Council (Bansko Vijeće) in Zagreb. This would become a mobilization of Habsburg society whose impetus rested on precisely the same values of dynastic loyalty and respect for the Habsburg military as the ceremonial sabre, except that many more people would have a chance to show their devotion and support to the “heroes” of 1848–49.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Habsburg army"
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Roeder, Tobias Uwe. "Professional identity of army officers in Britain and the Habsburg Monarchy, 1740-1790." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277825.
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This thesis explores the existence and outlook of a European officer class in the mid- to later 18th century by studying the army officers of Britain and the Habsburg Monarchy from the War of the Austrian Succession to the eve of the French Revolutionary Wars. It illuminates the character of such an officer class of ‘Military Europe’ with its own cultural customs and practices. Furthermore, it details similarities, differences and peculiarities of both officer corps. This is achieved by analysing the social and national composition of both armies, with a focus here on the Habsburg Army due to the fact that it took in great numbers of foreigners and that the muster lists give an indication of how great the proportion of nobility was. A comparison with the British case shows striking similarities but also obvious differences. In a further step the ability of individuals for social advancement and national mobility is scrutinised on both sides. In this context, the state’s care for its officers and their social security is also taken into account. One possibility to acknowledge the officers’ service was to raise their status, either by ennoblement or through increasing the prestige of the uniform in court and society, its transformation into an ‘Ehrenkleid’ (garment of honour). As officers increasingly became servants to the state, rather than noble retainers and military enterprisers, they were also subject to professionalization efforts by the sovereigns. What becomes apparent, however, is that the officers did not only react to such measures but that at least a significant part of them actively worked on improving the service, thereby exhibiting a growing professionalism. In order to explore the coherence of the officer corps in those armies, with officers all following the same codes and accepting each other as equals, the thesis looks into core values (including honour, duty, courage and loyalty) binding them together and separating them from the enlisted men. The thesis will also offer a glimpse of their engagement with civilian society and culture as well as their role as ‘foot soldiers of Enlightenment’. On a European level, interaction between these officers proves their general acceptance of and respect for each other, while at the same time acting as state representatives in wartimes. Their interaction with non-European and non-state military forces and their leadership marks out the fluid boundaries of military Europe, but also exhibits the pervasiveness of European military culture.
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Foster, Ian. "The image of the Habsburg Army in Austrian prose fiction, 1888 to 1914." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272628.
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McFall, Kelly. "Ethnicity as a problem for grand strategy : Conrad Von Hotzendorf, nationalism and the Habsburg Imperial Army at war, 1914-1916 /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487950658545089.
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Woods, Kyle D. "Indivisible and Inseparable: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Question of Decline and Fall." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/593.
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The title of this work is “Indivisible and Inseparable” the motto of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This motto is just one of many ways in the Austro-Hungarian Empire fought against the centrifugal forces seeking to destroy it. I argue here that the historic theory of decline and fall is misguided as a model for understanding the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and question its usefulness when applied to other nation states and empires as well. I suggest that the Austro-Hungarian military, specifically its condition prior to the First World War, is an ideal lens for exploring the dissolution of the Empire at the end of the war in 1918. The Austro-Hungarian military was composed of over 10 different nationalities at a time of surging nationalism, and was the single most important institution charged with the preservation of the Empire. This unique linkage with the state of the Empire as a whole renders the military, in particular the Common Army, extremely useful for examining this issue. I will discuss the structure of the military, its response to the problems posed by nationalism, and contemporary public views about the military within the Empire.
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Couhault, Pierre. "Et les premiers furent nommés Honneur et Foi... : l'office d'armes dans la monarchie des Habsbourg au XVIe siècle, entre mythes et réalités." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040181.
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Au moyen âge et au début de l’époque moderne, un groupe de personnes se présentait comme les serviteurs de toute la noblesse : les hérauts. Ces personnages en apparence inférieurs se trouvaient investis de fonctions importantes pour l’identité des nobles et du prince. À la Renaissance, malgré un déclin certain cet office continua à exister et à servir princes et nobles dans un contexte d’évolution importantes. Auprès des Habsbourg, ils participèrent notamment aux guerres de Charles Quint, à la sédentarisation et à l’hispanisation de la cour sous Philippe II et à la révolte des Pays-Bas. A travers eux, c’est l’histoire du principat des premiers grands Habsbourg et de leur noblesse que l’on peut devinerDuring the middle-ages and the early modern period, a group of person was claiming to be the servants of the whole noble order. They were the heralds. Several important functions related with the identity of the prince and his nobility were associated with these apparently inferior persons. During the Renaissance, in spite of a manner of decline, this officeremained in existence and continued to serve both princes and nobles. The evolutions of these two traditionnal groups were nonetheless important. At the court of the Hapsburg, the heralds took part in particular in the wars of Charles V, in the sedentarisation an hispanisation of the court of Philip II and in the Dutch revolt. Through these persons, the history of the reign of the two first Hapsburg reveals itself
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Paták, Josef. "Venkov a válka. Rekruti z třeboňského panství v habsburské armádě na počátku 18. století." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-389137.
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(in English): Early modern standing army and countryside were connected with dense network of relationships and influences that were reflected in several different layers. The personal link between countryside and army was a very important part of a mutual interaction. This connection resulted from the simple fact that rural subjects constituted a significant part of ranks and files that served, risked their lives and died in the early modern army. The main topic of the diploma thesis is the recruitment within the rural population. The thesis sets two fundamental goals. The first one is the recognition of various methods and techniques that the clerks and patrimonial authorities employed in order to administrate the military issues. The second one is the search for particular people that joined the army, the explanation of their life conditions, family background and social status and the comparison with other subjects which did not choose a career in the army. The research is territorially and chronologically confined to the Třeboň dominion at the beginning of the 18th century. The thesis is based mainly on the original sources stored in the State Regional Archive in Třeboň.
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Švehelka, Ondřej. "Na okraji vojenské společnosti. Vojenští invalidé, zběhové a delikventi v císařsko-královské armádě za sedmileté války." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372376.
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This thesis concerns military invalids, deserters and delinquents in the Imperial-Royal Army during the Seven Years' War (1756-1763). Its essence lies in the research of documents originated from the activity of the Representations and Chambers, the supreme representative offices in Bohemia and Moravia. The elementary methodological approach comes from a positivist conception, therefore it interprets the information found within the sources as a story (in a certain sense of word) based on the reality which is recorded by them. The theoretical part is enhanced by the outcomes of study of auxiliary books called Elenchs that provide information even about such sources that have not been preserved till today. Thus, I try to answer the question to which extent it is still possible to use them. The main component of the work is formed by three chapters which are dedicated to particular categories of the military persons in an order stated above. Within them, I present the results of the source research that, in the case of the invalids, concern notably their economic security and utilization for the Habsburg Monarchy's war effort. The chapter about the military deserters continues my previous research and amends it (among else) with newly found facts within the sphere of the enlightened-absolutist...
Books on the topic "Habsburg army"
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The image of the Habsburg army in Austrian prose fiction, 1888 to 1914. Bern: Lang, 1991.
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The rebirth of the Habsburg army: Friedrich Beck and the rise of the general staff. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1995.
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Godsey, William D. The Sinews of Habsburg Power. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809395.001.0001.
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This book explores the domestic foundations of the immense growth of central European Habsburg power from the rise of a permanent standing army after the Thirty Years War to the end of the Napoleonic wars. With a force that grew in size from around 25,000 soldiers to half a million in the War of the Sixth Coalition, the Habsburg monarchy participated in shifting international constellations of rivalry and in some two dozen armed conflicts. Raising forces of such magnitude constituted a central task of Habsburg government, one that required the cooperation of society and its elites. The monarchy’s composite-territorial structures in the guise of the Lower Austrian Estates—a leading representative body and privileged corps—formed a vital, if changing, element underlying Habsburg international success and resilience. With its capital at Vienna, the archduchy below the river Enns (the historic designation of Lower Austria) was geographically, politically, and financially a key Habsburg possession. Fiscal-military exigency induced the Estates to take part in new and evolving arrangements of power that served the purposes of government; in turn the Estates were able in previously little-understood ways to preserve vital interests in a changing world. The Estates survived because they were necessary, not only thanks to their increasing financial potency but because they offered a politically viable way of exacting ever-larger quantities of money and other resources from local society. These circumstances persisted as ruling became more regularized and formalized, and as the very understanding of the Estates as a social and political phenomenon evolved.
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Godsey, William D. A Commissariat for the Standing Army, c.1650–1764. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809395.003.0005.
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This chapter shows how the Estates were transformed from a military factor in the older sense of territorial defense into an essentially civilian support organization for the standing army. The growth and durability of the commissariat they established for guiding, billeting, feeding, and paying troops reflected the rise of the army and the central agency responsible for military economy known as the General Field War Commissariat. This development suggests how the Habsburg dynastic state could dispense with expensive institution-building because it was able to rely on already-extant, corporately ordered, and territorially organized social groups that exhibited institutional attributes and possessed local expertise.
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Godsey, William D. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809395.003.0012.
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Under the impact of conditions of fiscal-military exigency as well as shifting conceptions of government and representation, the relationship between Habsburg rulers and their elites changed continually between 1650 and 1820. In an ongoing process characterized by both cooperation and conflict, the two sides came together around the standing army. The Estates’ operations on its behalf encompassed at varying times military administration, tax collection, credit mediation, among other activities. As lenders to the dynastic state, the Estates were never more important than between the Seven Years War and the Napoleonic wars. With the exception of Great Britain, whose national debt was guaranteed by Parliament, no other eighteenth-century great power accorded the representative tradition such significance in the question of borrowing and finances as the Habsburg monarchy. After 1830 political, social, and economic change undercut the Estates und unravelled their relationship to Habsburg authority. They would be abolished in 1849.
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Parrott, David. Armed Forces. Edited by William Doyle. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199291205.013.0004.
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In early 1645 Field Marshal Lennard Torstensson led a Swedish army of 9,000 cavalry, 6,000 infantry, and sixty cannon against a Habsburg-Imperial army of 10,000 cavalry, 5,000 infantry, and twenty-six cannon commanded by Melchior von Hatzfeld. Both armies were composed of regiments commanded by international colonel-proprietors, who had used their funds or credit to raise and maintain military units. Many of the soldiers in both armies had been in service for ten years or more. The colonel-proprietors and generals in both armies regarded the recruitment of their experienced veterans as a long-term investment, and both were supported in their enterprises by an international network of private credit facilities, munitions manufacturers, food suppliers, and transport contractors. In both cases this elaborate structure was funded through control of the financial resources of entire territories, largely extracted and administered by the military high command. The armies clashed at Jankow in Bohemia, and the Imperial forces, though superior in cavalry, were held and eventually defeated by the Swedes, in part thanks to their artillery.
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Rybak, Jan. Everyday Zionism in East-Central Europe. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897459.001.0001.
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Everyday Zionism in East-Central Europe examines Zionist activism during the years of war, occupation, revolution, the collapse of empires and the formation of nation states in the years 1914 to 1920. Before the background of the Great War, its brutal aftermath and consequent violence, the day-to-day encounters between Zionist activists and the Jewish communities in the region gave the movement credibility, allowed it to win support, and to establish itself as a leading force in Jewish political and social life for decades to come. Through activists’ efforts, Zionism came to mean something new. Rather than being concerned with debates over Jewish nationhood and pioneering efforts in Palestine, it came to be about aiding starving populations, organizing soup-kitchens, establishing orphanages, schools, kindergartens, and hospitals, negotiating with the authorities, and organizing self-defence against violence. It was in this context that the Zionist movement evolved from often marginalized, predominantly bourgeois groups into a mass movement that attracted and inspired tens of thousands of Jews throughout the region. The book approaches the major European events of the period from the dual perspectives of Jewish communities and the Zionist activists on the ground, demonstrating how war, revolution, empire and nation held very different meanings to people, depending on their local circumstances. During the war and its aftermath, the territories of the Habsburg Empire and formerly Russian-ruled regions conquered by the German army saw a large-scale nation-building project by Zionist activists who fought to lead their communities and shape for them a national future.
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Harris, Frances. 1709–1710. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802440.003.0012.
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The tenth chapter describes how peace slips from the Allies’ grasp. Louis XIV refuses to join in driving his grandson out of Spain; Marlborough refuses to mediate between the Dutch and the Habsburgs; and the Whig financiers reject a separate peace with France with a campaign to get Spain afterwards. Another battle at Malplaquet fails to solve the impasse. Marlborough withdraws from his diplomatic and ministerial roles. Godolphin, having completed his bargain with the Whigs by getting Orford into the Admiralty, feels himself master of them, but Marlborough contests control of the army with the queen (the Essex regiment crisis) and tries unsuccessfully to use the Whig majority in Parliament to drive Abigail Masham from court. The queen, advised by Harley behind the scenes, is now convinced Marlborough is a threat to her and has turned completely against his wife, though Godolphin retains her confidence.
Book chapters on the topic "Habsburg army"
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de Jong, Michiel. "Arms Exports and Export Control of the Dutch Republic 1585–1621." In NL ARMS, 289–309. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-471-6_16.
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AbstractThe Dutch Republic underwent a process of state formation, accelerated economic growth and military reforms during the Eighty Years War. In particular between 1585 and 1621, Dutch merchant-entrepreneurs built up a burgeoning arms industry and sector of arms exports. These exports required a system of passports, still an under-researched theme in current literature, organized by the States-General and admiralties in order to support exports to neutral and allied states, but to forestall these did not fall into enemy hands. In particular, the system of passports shows how merchants, acting as intermediaries between allies and the States-General and the admiralties, could meet the volatile demand of war materials. As a result, the supply side of the export market was oligopolistic, but the composition of the group of oligopolists varied depending on the region and the prevailing market conditions in question. From this study it can be concluded that the system of export control had only a limited effectiveness regarding the creative arms exports to Spanish Habsburg destinations, due to divergent central and local interests. However, the major part of the Dutch arms exports flowed to allies such as France, Venice, Sweden and the German protestant states. Dutch merchants provided them with batches of strategic materials and total package-deals of armaments for entire army and navy units. From 1621, the States-General supported these transactions by supplying war materials from the state arsenals fostering timely and largescale deliveries, meeting volatile demand conditions.
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"Emperor Charles and the Dissolution of the Habsburg Army:." In Army of Francis Joseph, 201–18. Purdue University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt6wq3wf.18.
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Mitchell, A. Wess. "The Habsburg Legacy." In The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire, 304–16. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691196442.003.0010.
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This chapter discusses the Habsburg grand strategy. The Habsburg Empire had an especially pressing need to engage in the pursuit of grand strategy because of its vulnerable location and the unavailability of effective offensive military instruments with which to subdue the threats around its frontiers. Weakness is provocative, and apathy is rarely rewarded in even the most forgiving of strategic environments. For an impecunious power in the vortex of east-central European geopolitics, these traits, if permitted to coexist for long, would lead to the extinction of the state. This was the signal lesson from the wars of the eighteenth century, which had culminated in a succession struggle that saw a militarily weak Austria dangerously bereft of allies invaded from three directions and almost destroyed. These experiences spurred Habsburg leaders to conceptualize and formalize the matching of means to large ends in anticipation of future threats. The result was a conservative grand strategy that used alliances, buffer states, and a defensive army to manage multifront dynamics, avoid strains beyond Austria’s ability to bear, and preserve an independent European center under Habsburg leadership.
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"APPENDIX A. RECRUITING PRACTICES OF THE HABSBURG ARMY." In Nutrition and Economic Development in the Eighteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy, 225–40. Princeton University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400860388.225.
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Kuzmics, Helmut. "The Fall of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Crisis of Modern Europe: A Historical–Sociological Comparison." In European Integration, 64–88. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455893.003.0004.
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The Habsburg Empire was for several centuries a major European power centre, and represents a highly instructive case of state formation. Its final failure has been the subject of a highly diverse debate, ranging from moral accusation to the acceptance of historical inevitability. A closer focus on structural reasons will highlight the question of military efficiency and the centrifugal impact of multiple nationalisms, exacerbated by parliamentarisation. Looking at recent crises of the European Union (centrifugal tendencies of and within member states, inability to act in emergency situations), we can observe striking similarities with the Habsburg Empire. European decision-making at the highest levels is reminiscent of debates in the Austrian Reichsrat. Both these supra-national survival units, as Norbert Elias would call them, can be described as economically efficient agencies of modernisation. A key difference is that the Union lacks both an army and an imperial charisma. Its military arm is external: the US as the pacifier of Europe. But attempts to change that are likely to end in disaster.
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Mitchell, A. Wess. "“The Monster”." In The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire, 159–93. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691196442.003.0006.
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This chapter details the struggle with Prussia, from Frederick the Great’s first invasion of Silesia to the stalemate of the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778–79). Though a member of the German Reich and titular supplicant to the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor, Prussia possessed predatory ambitions and a military machine with which to realize them. Under Frederick II (the Great), Prussia launched a series of wars against the Habsburg lands that would span four decades and bring the Habsburg Monarchy to the brink of collapse. Though physically larger than Prussia, Austria was rarely able to defeat Frederick’s armies in the field. Instead, it used strategies of attrition, centered on terrain and time management, to draw out the contests and mobilize advantages in population, resources, and allies. First, in the period of greatest crisis (1740–48), Austria used tactics of delay to separate, wear down, and repel the numerically superior armies of Frederick and his allies. Second, from 1748 to 1763, Austria engineered allied coalitions and reorganized its field army to offset Prussian advantages and force Frederick onto the strategic defensive. Third, from 1764 to 1779, it built fortifications to deter Prussia and finally seal off the northern frontier. Together, these techniques enabled Austria to survive repeated invasions, contain the threat from Prussia, and reincorporate it into the Habsburg-led German system.
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Šarenac, Danilo. "Golgotha: the retreat of the Serbian army and civilians in 1915–16." In Europe on the Move. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781784994419.003.0012.
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‘Golgotha’ (often referred to as the ‘Albanian Golgotha’) refers to the order given to the Serbian army by the high command in November 2015 to cross the border and retreat towards the Adriatic. Two major incursions by Habsburg forces in 1914 had already prompted the flight of civilians, but these upheavals paled into insignificance compared to ‘Golgotha’. By February 1916 most troops and civilians had been evacuated, although the retreat only came to an end at the beginning of April when the final group of soldiers embarked on Entente ships. In 1916, the Serbian army regrouped and reassembled on the Salonika front. Meanwhile refugees had been dispersed all over Europe and northern Africa. This chapter discusses the course of the retreat and its political, social and cultural significance.
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Scheer, Tamara. "Habsburg Jews and the Imperial Army before and During the First World War." In Beyond Inclusion and Exclusion, 55–78. Berghahn Books, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvw04hw4.7.
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"The Generation of 1683: The Scientific Revolution and Generalship in the Habsburg Army, 1686–1723." In Warfare in Eastern Europe, 1500-1800, 199–248. BRILL, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004221987_011.
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"On Whether the Venetians Should Ally with the Emperor or Stick to the Alliance with the King of France." In Debating Foreign Policy in the Renaissance, edited by Marco Cesa. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474415040.003.0008.
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This chapter considers how, once again, the Venetians had found themselves under steady pressure from two sides — this time between the new king of France, Francis I, and Charles of Habsburg, the king of Spain as well as the Holy Roman Emperor. Although they had not come to a clear rupture with the Emperor, the Venetians had dutifully performed their role in the war on the French side, and were now rather at sea as to what they should do next. On the one hand, Francis incited them to hold on, for he would soon send another army into Italy; on the other hand, Charles was trying to detach them from the French alliance with various reassurances and offers.