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2
Yŏn'guwŏn, Sŏul, ed. Chŏsŏngjang sidae Sŏul ŭi tosi chŏngch'aek ŭl mal hada: New paradigm for Seoul's urban policy in the low growth era. Kyŏnggi-do P'aju-si: Hanul Ak'ademi, 2016.
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Bauer, Dominique, and Camilla Murgia, eds. Ephemeral Spectacles, Exhibition Spaces and Museums. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463720908.
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This book examines ephemeral exhibitions from 1750 to 1918. In an era of acceleration and elusiveness, these transient spaces functioned as microcosms in which reality was shown, simulated, staged, imagined, experienced and known. They therefore had a dimension of spectacle to them, as the volume demonstrates. Against this backdrop, the different chapters deal with a plethora of spaces and spatial installations: the Wunderkammer, the spectacle garden, cosmoramas and panoramas, the literary space, the temporary museum, and the alternative exhibition space.
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Kang, Mathilde. Francophonie en Orient. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462985148.
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This book offers a pioneering study of Asian cultures that officially escaped from French colonisation but nonetheless were steeped in French civilisation in the colonial era and had heavily French-influenced, largely francophone literatures. It raises a number of provocative questions, including whether colonisation is the ultimate requirement for a culture's being defined as francophone, or how to think about francophone literatures that emerge from Asian nations that were historically free from French domination. The ultimate result is a redefining of the Asian francophone heritage according to new, transnational paradigms.
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Teo, Tze-Yin. If Babel Had a Form. Fordham University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9781531500184.001.0001.
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In twentieth-century intersections of China and Asia with the United States, translations did more than communicate meaning across politicized and racializing differences of language and nation. Instead, transpacific translation breached the regulative protocols that created those very differences of cultural value and meaning. The result saw translators cleaving to the sounds and shapes of poetry to imagine a translingual “likeness of form” but not of meaning or kind. At stake in this form without meaning is a new task of equivalence. As a concept, equivalence has been rejected for its colonizing epistemology of value, naming a broken promise of translation and false premise of comparison. Yet in veering from those very ways of knowing, the writers studied in this book theorized a poetic equivalence, negating the colonial foundations of the concept to discover the power of translation in surprising places. Igniting aporias of meaning into flashpoints for a radical literary translation, the book’s immanent readings narrate accounts of poetic equivalence across the iconoclastic poetics of American modernist Ernest Fenollosa, the vernacular experiments of Republican-era China’s central reformer Hu Shih, the trilingual musings of modern Chinese writer and Los Angeles expatriate Eileen Chang, the unfinished work of the Asian American transmedial artist Theresa Cha, and a post-Tiananmen elegy by the contemporary Chinese poet Yang Lian. The conclusion returns to the deconstructive genealogy of recent debates on translation and untranslatability, displacing the convention of radical alterity for a no less radical equivalence.
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Rodríguez, Nania. Realmente Era lo Que Ella Deseaba...: It What Was Truly What She Had Wished For... Page Publishing Inc., 2021.
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Tasar, Eren. The Brezhnev Era and its Aftermath, 1965–1989. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190652104.003.0007.
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After Nikita Khrushchev’s ouster in 1964, Soviet officials dealing with religion assessed the moderate line toward religion that had dominated the 1940s and 1950s, as well as the hard line that had animated Khrushchev’s anti-religious campaign. They determined that both had been too extreme and opted to reconcile the two lines. In the 1970s and 1980s the restriction of religion thus became more omnipresent but less potent. A notable example concerned anti-religious propaganda, which was more widespread but less virulent than in the past. In this situation, SADUM struggled unsuccessfully to restore the power it had enjoyed during the 1940s and 1950s while quietly forming ties with “unregistered” Islamic scholars who enjoyed greater breathing room under Late Socialism. An important new development during the final Soviet decades was the appearance in the Valley of illegal study circles (hujras) questioning aspects of the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam practiced in Central Asia. The scholars leading these circles were rapidly labeled as Wahhabis by their detractors in the state and among the ‘ulama.
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Armfield, Felix L. An Era of National Conflict and Cooperation. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036583.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the NUL as Eugene Kinckle Jones penetrated the executive ranks of the National Conference of Social Work (NCSW)—he was, in fact, the first African American to be elected to the NCSW's Executive Board. In this capacity, he gained valuable resources for the further training of black social workers, as well as financial and educational support for his cause. The NCSW moreover provided a national and integrated audience for addressing the social woes of black America, particularly as Jones had begun to achieve national prominence by this time, and his speaking engagements had since grown beyond strictly social-work audiences. This chapter also documents Jones's other efforts at advancing the social cause, particularly during the Great Depression.
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Hines, James R. The End of an Era. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039065.003.0005.
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This chapter details advances in figure skating as well as international competitions in the late nineteenth century. In England, combined skating reached a high level of perfection. On the Continent, the connection of figures provided the seminal beginning of modern free skating. In the Scandinavian countries, special figures became ever more intricate. Although these styles tended to remain regional in scope, communication through books, competitions, and fellowship at the winter resorts in Switzerland created a broad awareness of them, and some mixing of the styles would seem to have been inevitable. Unfortunately, they were fundamentally so different that any logical mixing of them was not possible. Ultimately, there had to be universal acceptance of one style rather than the creation of a new hybrid style. International competitions in the 1880s accelerated the need for change, and the establishment of the International Skating Union in 1892 provided a structure capable of effecting that change.
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Doering, James M. The War Years and a Shift to a New Era. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037412.003.0009.
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This chapter demonstrates how Judson's management empire began to plateau in the 1940s. The Depression had rattled music's funding structures. Technology had spawned greater competition for live musical experiences. Jazz had supplanted classical music on the pages of many newspapers and trade magazines. But particularly relevant for Judson was an emerging concern about the connection between music and big business. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) first raised this issue in 1938, when it launched an investigation into the chain-broadcasting practices of the NBC, CBS, and mutual radio networks. The commission also became concerned about the possibility of monopolistic behavior, specifically in the practice of networks representing artists and also buying artists for their radio programs.
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McCabe, Joshua T. From the Era of Easy Finance to Permanent Austerity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190841300.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 covers the transition from the “era of easy finance” to the “era of permanent austerity,” when macroeconomic changes reinforced logics. The onset of stagflation across the developed world led to new and intense economic pressures on families. Most scholars of this period focus on the confusion policymakers faced as the Keynesian consensus broke down and they were forced to recalibrate monetary and fiscal policy. Policymakers also faced uncertainty in how to deal with inflation-induced erosion of tax and social benefits for families. In countries with family allowances, like Canada and the UK, policymakers and the public traced these pressures to the erosion of family allowances. Because the US had no family allowance, policymakers and the public instead traced these pressures to the erosion of dependent exemptions in the tax system. In doing so, they reinforced the dominant logic of appropriateness that lay behind policy responses to the problem of inflation in each country.
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Judson, Pieter M. Nationalism in the Era of the Nation State, 1870–1945. Edited by Helmut Walser Smith. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199237395.013.0022.
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Under the first German nation state (1870–1945), nationalism became a more potent and, occasionally, a destabilizing force in politics and social life than it had previously been in German society. With the creation of a German nation state, governments and administrators began to treat nationalism as a legitimate tool for the promotion of their official policies at the same time that all manner of activists, politicians, journalists, and reformers used nationalist rhetoric to legitimate their diverse programs for Germany and claims on the state. This article focuses on nationalism in Germany and the concept of the nation state. This article analyses the concept of the German nation along with the idea of German diasporas, and societal and class conflict within German society and the changes that eventually came within German society.
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Lee, Francis L. F., and Joseph M. Chan. Media and Protest Logics in the Digital Era. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190856779.001.0001.
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Digital and social media are increasingly integrated into dynamics of protest movements. They strengthen the mobilization power of movements, extend movement networks, facilitate new modes of protest participation, and lead to the emergence of new protest formations. Meanwhile, conventional media remain an important arena where the contest for public support between protesters and their targets play out. This book examines the role of the media—understood as an integrated system composed of both conventional media institutions and digital media platforms—in the formation and dynamics of the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong in 2014. It grounds the analysis into the broad background of the rise of protest politics in Hong Kong since the early 2000s. More important, this book connects the case of the Umbrella Movement to recent theorizations of new social movement formations. It treats the Umbrella Movement as a case where connective action intervenes into a collective action campaign, leading to an extended occupation mixing old and new protest logics. The analysis shows how the media had not only empowered the protest movements in certain ways, but also introduced forces not conducive to the sustainability and efficacy of the movement. Conventional and digital media could also be used by the state to undermine protests. Through a combination of protester surveys, population surveys, analyses of news contents, and social media activities, this book reconstructs a rich and nuanced account of the Umbrella Movement, which helps shed light on numerous issues about the media-movement nexus in the digital era.
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Engels, Jens Ivo. Corruption and Anticorruption in the Era of Modernity and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.003.0012.
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Introducing a detailed discussion of the modernization or transition thesis, this chapter argues that understandings of anticorruption did indeed change dramatically around 1800. The revolutionaries declared war on corruption and deemed practices that had been common during the Ancien Régime—especially patronage and the use of public positions for private gain—as corrupt. The consequences of this for anticorruption were far-reaching: the public and the private were more sharply separated and all “old” practices (or recent ones construed as such) were attacked with “new” anticorruption rules. The belief grew that corruption could be eliminated. However, the chapter tells a non-linear story: the essential ambivalence of modernization is fully reflected in anticorruption discourse and efforts. The more closely modern societies are looking for corruption, the more corruption they will find. As the transgression of the public-private-boundary is unavoidable, the success even of present-day campaigns is very limited.
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Haug, Peter. Top 100 Women's Tennis Players Since 1985: The last Grand Slam champion to use a wooden racket was in 1983. By 1985 a new, power era had emerged. This ... "Modern Era". Where do your favorites rank? CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.
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Constantine, Antonopoulos. Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 20 The Larnaca Incident—1978. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0020.
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This contribution examines the 1978 Egyptian commando operation at Larnaca International Airport in Cyprus. It sets out the facts and context of the incident, the legal positions of the states involved (Egypt and Cyprus) and the international community’s reactions. It then evaluates the legality of the Egyptian operation by reference to the international legal framework governing the use of force as it stood at the time of the events. The final section examines if, and to what extent, the case has had an impact on the further development of the ius ad bellum, in particular whether it has contributed to an exception to the prohibition on the use of force for the protection of a state’s nationals abroad.
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Russo, Charles J. Religion, Extracurricular Activities, and Access to Public School Facilities. Edited by Michael D. Waggoner and Nathan C. Walker. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199386819.013.23.
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The Equal Access Act (EAA) is a federal law enacted to permit organized groups of high school students to meet in schools during noninstructional time, periods when classes are not scheduled so that non-curriculum-related clubs can gather. The EAA was designed to remedy situations in which religious speech had been excluded from schools as a form of impermissible viewpoint discrimination. In Board of Education of Westside Community Schools v. Mergens, the Supreme Court upheld the EAA. This chapter covers the situation that existed before the EAA was enacted; the EAA itself; Mergens and later judicial developments; and the meaning of Mergens and its progeny. To date, it appears that the EAA has achieved its goal of granting equal access to religious speech even as it has been applied in ways beyond what its authors likely intended by including LGBT groups and others.
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Stith, Charles R. Epilogue. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038877.003.0011.
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This chapter presents former ambassador Charles Stith's reflections on the impact of African Americans on U.S. foreign policy during particular historical periods. He identifies four eras of impact that reflect an African American imprint on U.S. foreign policy. Those are the slavery era, the Reconstruction era, the civil rights era, and the post-civil rights era. Each era is noteworthy for its changes in status and power of African Americans and thus has implications relative to the question of impact. Each era also had its distinct foreign policy issues and challenges. Among his observations are that the foreign policy concerns of African Americans were both major and mainstream from era to era, whether the issue was the slave trade or the war against terrorism; that the unique contribution of African Americans to the foreign policy mix is to see America's geopolitical interests through the lens of human rights; and that the breadth of foreign policy interests by African Americans has reflected their position and power within the American body politic.
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Tooze, Adam. The German National Economy in an Era of Crisis and War, 1917–1945. Edited by Helmut Walser Smith. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199237395.013.0018.
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This article gives an account of the German national economy amidst war and crisis. West Germany embraced market capitalism and parliamentary democracy as the only possible modes of social organization. Unlike the United States it had foresworn the temptations of fervent nationalism in exchange for the shared prosperity and peace of the European Community. The underpinning of this state of satisfaction was the relentless growth of the German economy, which meant that, distributional issues aside, the needs of the entire population were met in abundance. Again, such changes were far from particular to Germany. They, too, can be naturalized as part of a story of modernization. Germany's business community led the charge against the welfare spending and trade union recognition, which underpinned the domestic stability of the Weimar Republic. This article analyses how United States' economic aid, helped Germany to overcome its crisis.
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Brown, Christopher Leslie. Slavery and Antislavery, 1760–1820. Edited by Nicholas Canny and Philip Morgan. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199210879.013.0035.
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In 1760, the ownership of African slaves was common across the Americas, ubiquitous in Atlantic Africa, and tolerated if not always officially permitted in much of Western Europe. By 1820, a new moral critique of colonial slavery and the Atlantic slave had led to the first organised efforts for their abolition. It would seem that the revolutionary era brought with it the beginning of the end for slavery in the Atlantic world. Yet, at the same time, there had never been more slaves in the Americas than there were in 1820. The expansion of the Atlantic slave trade and its increasing concentration on Brazil had profound consequences for the peoples and societies of West Africa. The Age of Revolutions was an era of spectacular growth in the institution of slavery in the Americas, when considered from a hemispheric perspective. This article suggests that the history of warfare has particular relevance to the history of slavery, and, as will become apparent, anti-slavery, in the Atlantic world.
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Marc, Weller. Part 3 The Post 9/11-Era (2001–), 49 The Iraq War—2003. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0049.
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This contribution discusses the Iraq War of 2003. It begins by setting out the facts and context of the US and British invasion. It then considers the legal justifications put forward by the intervening states and assesses the reaction of the international community to these events. It then tests the legality of the intervention against the international legal framework governing the use of force as it stood at the time of the events. In particular it considers whether UNSC Resolution 1441 provided a legal basis for the use of force against Iraq. The final section examines if, and to what extent, the case had an impact on the further development of the jus ad bellum. The Iraq War of 2003 did indeed have an effect on the erosion of the prohibition of the use of force, however it was a cumulative effect, rather than an immediate and decisive one.
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Tom, Ruys. Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 8 The Indian Intervention in Goa—1961. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0008.
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This contribution discusses the 1961 Indian intervention in Goa. It sets out the facts and context of the crisis, the legal positions of the main protagonists (India and Portugal), and the international community’s reactions. It then tests the legality of the Indian intervention against the international legal framework governing the use of force as it stood at the time of the events. The final section examines if, and to what extent, the case has had an impact on the further development of the jus ad bellum, in particular whether it has contributed to an exception to the prohibition on the use of force for the recovery of 'pre-colonial' title.
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Dino, Kritsiotis. Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 15 The Indian Intervention into (East) Pakistan—1971. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0015.
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This contribution discusses the 1971 Indian intervention in east Pakistan. It sets out the facts and context of the crisis, the legal positions of the main protagonists (India and Pakistan), and the international community’s reactions. It then tests the legality of the Indian intervention against the international legal framework governing the use of force as it stood at the time of the events. The final section examines if, and to what extent, the case has had an impact on the further development of the jus ad bellum, in particular whether it is a precedent for humanitarian intervention.
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Andrea, de Guttry. Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 27 The Iran–Iraq War—1980–88. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0027.
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This contribution discusses the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq war. After presenting the facts and context of the crisis (on which the parties strongly disagreed), this chapter examines the legal positions of the main actors involved in the war (Iran and Iraq), and discusses the reaction, or lack thereof, of the international community, and specifically of the United Nations. The legality of the military operations carried out by both parties is then investigated. The final section analyses if, and to what extent, the case has had an impact on the further development and evolution of the concepts of self-defence and of preventive self-defence and comments on the limited role played by the United Nations during most part of the war.
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Schröder, Jan. Legal Scholarship. Edited by Heikki Pihlajamäki, Markus D. Dubber, and Mark Godfrey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198785521.013.23.
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The contribution is about the development of the concept of law, and the theory of legal sources and methods in the early modern period. The chapter builds on continental legal literature, with emphasis on the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation. The author distinguishes two developmental phases: 1. the period from 1500 to 1650, which covers the era of humanism, and 2. the era of the Enlightenment from 1650 to 1800. From the first period to the second, the concept of law changes. Until c.1650, in order to be in force law had to be rightful and acceptable. From the mid-seventeenth century onwards, positive law depended on the will of the lawgiver only, while natural law evolved into a complete embodiment of rational law. The chapter demonstrates the influence, which the change in the concept of law had on specific parts of legal methodology.
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Erika, de Wet. Part 2 The Post-Cold War Era (1990–2000), 38 The Gulf War—1990–91. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0038.
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This contribution discusses the Gulf War of 1991-1991. It sets out the facts and context of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, followed by the adoption of United Nation Security Council Resolution 678 (1990) and the subsequent military reaction by the United States-led international coalition. It assesses the reaction of the main protagonists and that of the broader international community to these events. In doing so, it also assesses the legal basis of the military response by the international coalition of the ‘willing and able’ against Iraq. It determines whether it was based on Article 42 of the United Nations Charter, or collective self-defence in terms of Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. The final section examines if and to what extent this case has had an impact on (the legal basis) of military measures taken in the interest of collective security in the post-Cold War era.
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Horne, Gerald. Back to Africa. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252041198.003.0007.
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This chapter looks at the Associated Negro Press (ANP) and its competitor, the Negro Newspaper Publishers Association (NNPA), in the early postwar era. In any case, in the early postwar era, both the ANP and the NNPA had competitors beyond the mainstream, among them the United Negro Press in Durham, North Carolina, and 13 others of the same caliber. Thus, by 1960, the NNPA agency was defunct. The ANP, on the other hand, had about 80 subscribers in the 1920s and 112 by 1945, then 60 by 1955 but 101 by 1964. This latter soaring was misleading in that it represented growth in Africa that was soon to be challenged by indigenous and mainstream competitors. In response, the ANP sought to centralize, requesting that certain sources forward information solely to their Chicago office, rather than affiliates. Nevertheless, it was evident that opportunities for ANP expansion were delimited: hence Claude Barnett's tendency to look abroad increasingly for investments.
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Tom, Ruys. Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 28 Israel’s Airstrike Against Iraq’s Osiraq Nuclear Reactor—1981. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0028.
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This contribution discusses Israel’s 1981 air strike against the nuclear reactor of Osiraq, Iraq. It sets out the facts and context of the operation, the legal arguments invoked by Israel and the reactions within the international community. It then tests the legality of the Israeli intervention against the international legal framework governing the use of force, having regard in particular to the right of self-defence, as well as to potential alternative legal bases. The final section examines if, and to what extent, the case has had an impact on the further development of the jus ad bellum, focusing in particular on its relevance for the debate on the permissibility of pre-emptive self-defence.
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Mac Suibhne, Breandán. Prologue. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738619.003.0001.
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Observing the abandonment of traditional beliefs and practices in the 1830s, the scholar John O’Donovan remarked that ‘a different era—the era of infidelity—is fast approaching!’ In west Donegal, that era finally arrived c.1880, when, over much of the district, English replaced Irish as the language of the home. Yet it had been coming into view since the mid-1700s, as the district came to be fitted—through the cattle trade, seasonal migration, and protoindustrialization—into regional and global economic systems. In addition to the market, an expansion of the administrative and coercive capacity of the state and an improvement in the plant and personnel of the Catholic Church—processes that intensified in the mid-1800s—proved vital factors, as the population dwindled after the Famine, in the people breaking faith with the old and familiar and adopting the new.
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Garcia, Maria Cristina. The Refugee Challenge in Post-Cold War America. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655303.001.0001.
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This book examines refugee and asylum policy in the United States since the end of the Cold War. For over forty years, from the end of World War II to the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Cold War had provided the ideological lens through which the United States had defined who a refugee was. Cold War concerns about national security and the political, economic, and military threat of communism had shaped the contours of refugee and asylum policy. In the post-Cold War era, the war on terrorism has become the new ideological lens through which the US government interprets who is worthy of admission as a refugee but the emphasis on national security is not the sole determinant of policy. A wide range of geopolitical and domestic interests, and an equally wide range of actors, influence how the United States responds to humanitarian crises abroad, and who the nation prioritizes for admission as refugees and asylees. This book examines these actors and interests, and the challenges of reconciling international humanitarian obligations with domestic concerns for national security. The case studies in each chapter examine the challenges of the post-Cold War era, and the actions taken by governmental and non-governmental actors in response to these challenges.
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Connell, Tula A. Collective Action and the Threat to Free Enterprise. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039904.003.0007.
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This chapter underlines the role of anti-unionism in challenges to the New Deal consensus, further highlighting the influence of economic conservatism in the immediate postwar years. New Deal-era laws increased workers' ability to form unions and set a minimum wage for many workers, fueling an economic prosperity that by the 1950s had created the century's narrowest income gap between the wealthy and middle-income workers. Corporate and conservative interests had challenged these laws from the start, and many emerged from World War II motivated by a renewed determination to slow labor's growing momentum and return workplace economics to the private sector.
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Cha-Jua, Sundiata Keita. “The cry of the Negro should not be remember the Maine, but remember the hanging of Bush”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037467.003.0006.
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This chapter analyzes lynching scholars' treatment of African American resistance, and traces African American responses to that racially inspired mob murder in central Illinois in the early years of the Jim Crow era. Academic interest in slavery, especially in slave resistance, escalated after the civil rights and Black Power movements. Moreover, race riots became a major topic of scholarly inquiry only after the 1960s urban insurrections. Scholarly attention to lynching has followed a similar pattern as historians' interest coincided with the 1980s-era resurgence in private racial violence. Consequently, lynching only emerged as a key concern among historians in the 1980s. By the late 1990s, lynching had become a significant area of historical research.
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García, María Cristina. Now That the Cold War Is Over, Who Is a Refugee? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655303.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 discusses American responses to refugee flows during the transitional period of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Fleeing a communist state had previously maximized one’s chances of admission to the United States, but as early as 1980, policymakers had questioned the logic of assuming that those fleeing communism had more legitimate needs for protection than other refugees. As government officials struggled to define a coherent refugee policy for the post–Cold War era, a wide range of domestic actors also tried to influence policy, advocating and lobbying on behalf of particular populations whose rights they felt had been ignored. The case studies in this chapter—the Soviet refuseniks, the Chinese university students, the Haitian and Cuban boat people—illustrate the changing political landscape both abroad and at home, as well as the importance of advocacy in eliciting responses from the Executive and Legislative branches of government.
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Doering, James M. New Alliances, New Media, New York. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037412.003.0005.
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This chapter talks about how Judson had transformed his professional life in less than five years. No longer a musical jack-of-all-trades, he was now a professional music manager, solidly established in the Philadelphia community. Judson's meteoric rise in the 1920s mirrored the United States' own economic prosperity during this era. But his success was more than a product of good economic times. Judson weighed his risks carefully, always kept a diverse management portfolio, and most importantly avoided pitting his various interests against each other. He had the ability to assure patrons of all types that their investments were not being wasted, and he had a similar effect on artists he managed. By the end of the 1920s, Judson wielded immense power, yet did so with the trust of the musical community.
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Milewski, Melissa. The Law of Contracts and Property. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190249182.003.0006.
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Chapter 4 examines cases between 1865 and 1899 in which black southerners faced off against whites over everyday economic matters, disputing contracts, contesting transactions of land or livestock, and demanding fair payment for work they had completed. More than one-third of these cases involved black and white participants who had known one another as master and slave. As they litigated such suits, African Americans throughout the South asserted their right to participate in the postwar economy on an independent, equal basis. In response, white litigants asserted their own view of black litigants’ place in the southern economy, which often looked all too similar to the era of slavery.
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Gamberini, Andrea. Law as a Field of Tension. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824312.003.0016.
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As it had been in the communal age, so, in the Visconti-Sforza era, law was the instrument that the public authority relied upon in order to subordinate the many actors present and to subjugate their political cultures. There is, therefore, the attempt to tighten a vice around competing powers—a vice that is at the same time legislative, doctrinal, and judicial. And yet, it is difficult to escape the impression of an effort whose outcomes were somewhat more uncertain than had been the case in the past. The chapter focuses on all these aspects of the deployment of legal and other stratagems to consolidate or to wrest power.
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Horne, Gerald. Back in the USSR. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037924.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses Patterson's travel to the Soviet Union for treatment for his collapsed lungs, as it was the only place where a Negro without money could get adequate medical care. The FBI maintained that it was during this era—the mid-1930s—that Patterson was ensconced in the anti-Nazi underground in Europe, darting furtively in and out of Hamburg and Paris particularly. The authorities had reason to know, as they kept track of his movements as the ailing Communist—then listed as residing at 181 West 135th Street in Harlem—departed from New York for Europe on July 21, 1934, after spending a tumultuous two weeks in Cuba in May. However, Patterson was not the only U.S. Negro who had served time in the Soviet Union, for his comrade James Ford had spent more than two years there as well, as Moscow—along with Hamburg—had become a fortress of anti-Jim Crow and anticolonial resistance.
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Vanmai, Jean. Jean Vanmai’s Chân Đăng The Tonkinese of Caledonia in the colonial era. Translated by Tess Do and Kathryn Lay-Chenchabi. University of Technology, Sydney, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/aai.
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Jean Vanmai’s Chân Đăng The Tonkinese of Caledonia in the colonial era is a rare insider’s account of the life experiences of Chân Đăng, the Vietnamese indentured workers who were brought from Tonkin to work in the New Caledonian nickel mines in the 1930s and 1940s, when both Indochina and New Caledonia were French colonies. Narrated from the unique perspective of a descendant of Chân Đăng, the novel offers a deep understanding of how Vietnamese migration, shaped by French colonialism and the indenture system, led to the implantation of the Vietnamese community in New Caledonia, in spite of the massive repatriation of the workers and their families to Vietnam in the 1960s. Through his writing which blends his own family story with the rich oral testimonies of his compatriots, Jean Vanmai, a passionate advocate for the recognition of the part played by the Chân Đăng in the New Caledonian national history, has succeeded in giving these often faceless and powerless ‘coolies’ a strong collective voice. The translation into English of that voice was long overdue. Only accessible until now to French speakers, this English version opens up the exceptional account of the personal and emotional complexities of the Chân Đăng’s experience to a global readership. The English version not only advances knowledge of the history of indentured labour and colonialism in the Asia-Pacific, thus offering Anglophone historians and interested readers a new understanding of the processes through which histories and memories travel and translate across national, oceanic, and linguistic borders, it also constitutes an invaluable historical resource for Anglophone Vietnamese diasporic communities. One of the significant revisions in this English version is the restitution of the diacritical marks to all the Vietnamese names in the novel. Rather than a simple correction of the printing of Vietnamese diacritics which was unavailable at the time of publication of the origin text, it lends greater authenticity to the story for the Anglophone reader and symbolically restores their full identity to the Chân Đăng protagonists, who had become mere matriculation numbers under the colonial indenture system. The critical introduction by Tess Do and Kathryn Lay-Chenchabi is a richly documented text that contextualizes the novel for the Anglophone reader. The photographs and official documents, carefully selected from a wealth of sources, including the National Archives of both New Caledonia and New Zealand, the private community collections and Jean Vanmai’s family photo albums, all contribute to an illuminating and informative visual overview of the Chân Đăng’s working and living conditions in New Caledonia. This emotive illustration of the past also functions as an important reference for the common future shared by all Caledonians, in that it conveys to the reader the long-lasting imprint left by the Vietnamese community on New Caledonia’s economic and cultural scene since the Chân Đăng first migrated to this country more than two centuries ago.
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Randall, David. The Medieval Reformulations of Conversation. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474430104.003.0003.
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Rhetoric as a whole fragmented during the medieval era, as did the conversational constellation in particular, not fully to cohere again until the humanist reintegration of the Renaissance. Yet the humanist recuperation did not restore an unchanged rhetoric. On the one hand, the concepts of friendship, familiarity, and conversatio had reoriented themselves around the universalizing Christian conception of community during rhetoric’s long medieval rupture, while the sermo of dialogue had begun to concern itself with that eminently Christian subject matter, the interiority of the soul. On the other hand, the ars dictaminis had shifted the medieval letter toward the public realm, and thus toward the traditional realm of oratory. Petrarch’s rediscovery of classical conversation retained these medieval innovations. The Renaissance variant of conversation that sprang from him would partly slough the theory and practice of its medieval predecessor—but the influence of Christianity and the ars dictaminis would endure.
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Muir, Rory. Gentlemen of Uncertain Fortune. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300244311.001.0001.
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In Regency England the eldest son usually inherited almost everything while his younger brothers, left with little inheritance, had to make a crucial decision: what should they do to make an independent living? This book begins with an exploration of the complicated relations between siblings during the Regency era, given the privileged position of the eldest son in the family. Not all gentlemen were rich; indeed, many had little money of their own and had to pursue a career. The eldest son would normally inherit the family estate, while the daughters and younger sons would receive no more than a start in life. Inequality was universal and taken for granted. The chapters discuss the career options for younger sons, often with bleak prospects. The book weaves together the stories of many obscure and well-known young men, shedding light on an overlooked aspect of Regency society.
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Drąg, Zbigniew. Think Locally, Act Globally. Polish farmers in the global era of sustainability and resilience. Edited by Krzysztof Gorlach. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/k7195.199/20.20.15508.
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The monograph should be seen as an attempt to present changes affecting the category of family farm owners in Poland over the last 70 years, since the end of World War II. These changes brought significant social transformations, including the dismantling of the landowner class (who had large agricultural farms in their possession), moving the state border westward and changing the multiethnic Polish society into one close to ethnic homogeneity. The main goal of this reflection is to recount ways in which family farms coped with various unfavorable forces and factors in order to remain in operation. One could say that the entire study can be viewed as a manifestation of the well-known phrase that served as the title of the James C. Scott book (1990): Domination and the Arts of Resistance. The monograph presented here refers to these analyses stemming from another edition of sociological research, completed within the framework of the MAESTRO project financed by the National Science Center of Poland. The main goal of the project was to depict the functioning of agricultural family farms as the traditional sector of agriculture in Poland in the contemporary context of globalization processes. The farms were examined in terms of the principles of sustainable development as well as flexibility and resilience in reaction to various crises. The monograph is divided into four essential parts. The first part is devoted to the theoretical issues and methodological groundwork for the entire publication. The second part of the book aims to capture the changes that took place from 1994 to 2017, which was an adequate period to encompass the changes and metamorphoses that mostly happened as a result of two things: the regime transformation which began in 1990, and Poland’s accession to the European Union on May 1, 2004. The third part deals with the crucial issues of regional variations, mostly in regard to life strategies and strategies of operating agricultural farms. Finally, there is a fourth part which places the focus on select themes, such as rural lifestyles, food safety and security, farmers’ utilization of new computer and IT resources, and the potential for socio-political mobilization.
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Patibandla, Murali. International Trade and Investment Behaviour of Firms. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190126865.001.0001.
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During last four decades the world has been significantly impacted by globalization and rapid technological changes. This in turn had major effects on the global economy. Several developing and socialist economies that earlier followed closed door and import substitution policies started to open their economies to world trade and investments. Some such countries, as India, managed to achieve a degree of economic prosperity over the last few years after opening their economy. The analyses in this book show that there are significant benefits from international trade and investment to emerging economies that possess critical-level initial conditions in technology, infrastructure, and ease of doing business, and have friendly policies. Focusing on Indian firms, the book spans the period from the pre-reform era to the post-reform era, when the market was responding to policy reforms and global market dynamics. It analyses firm-level behaviour with systematic theory and corresponding rigorous econometrics and qualitative information from field study across the country. In the Pre-reforms era, it was mostly small and medium scale firms that contributed to exports while most large firms were inward oriented in search of monopoly profits. This changed significant in the Post-reform era owing increased competitive conditions especially multinational firms. Large firms started to play important role in international trade and investment behaviour by acquiring world class technology and organizational practices.
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Kloes, Andrew. The German Awakening. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190936860.001.0001.
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Historians of modern German culture and church history refer to “the Awakening movement” (die Erweckungsbewegung) to describe a period in the history of German Protestantism between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the Revolution of 1848. The Awakening was the last major nationwide Protestant reform and revival movement to occur in Germany. This book analyzes numerous primary sources from the era of the Awakening and synthesizes the current state of German scholarship for an English-speaking audience. It examines the Awakening as a product of the larger social changes that were reshaping German society during the early decades of the nineteenth century. Theologically, awakened Protestants were traditionalists. They affirmed religious doctrines that orthodox Protestants had professed since the confessional statements of the Reformation era. Awakened Protestants rejected the changes that Enlightenment thought had introduced into Protestant theology and preaching since the mid-eighteenth century. However, awakened Protestants were also themselves distinctly modern. Their efforts to spread their religious beliefs were successful because of the new political freedoms and economic opportunities that the Enlightenment had introduced. These social conditions gave German Protestants new means and abilities to pursue their religious goals. Awakened Protestants were leaders in the German churches and in the universities. They used their influence to found many voluntary organizations for evangelism, in Germany and abroad. They also established many institutions to ameliorate the living conditions of those in poverty. Adapting Protestantism to modern society in these ways was the most original and innovative aspect of the Awakening movement.
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Armfield, Felix L. Between New York and Washington. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036583.003.0005.
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This chapter covers Eugene Kinckle Jones's involvement with the federal government, as he had political ties to the two presidents in office during his tenure with the NUL, Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose administrations sought and received advice and active participation from Jones and the NUL. The late 1920s ushered in a new day in national reform policies, after all, and Jones had proven himself as a progressive reformer. Thus the chapter examines how black social workers responded to “relief” efforts and the ways they facilitated institution building and community development during the 1930s. It also examines Jones's fund-raising activities, his relations with white philanthropists, and his position within the Department of Commerce during the New Deal era..
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Regalado, Samuel O. The New Bushido. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037351.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the emergence of baseball within the changing political landscapes in both Japan and the United States, with an emphasis on the former. In particular, it explores baseball's origins in Japan and how it had come to be accepted during the Meiji era—a time when the nation took on new ideological approaches and sought to modernize and engage with the wider world. Baseball had landed in Japan equipped with all of the proper ingredients—patriotism, industrial productivity, and modernization—to support the reform mentality of the Meiji leaders. Moreover, American promoters of baseball tirelessly reminded potential converts of the game's democratic values. And most importantly, here was a Western activity that seemingly posed no threat to Japanese tradition.
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Heins, Laura. Epilogue. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037740.003.0006.
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This concluding chapter reflects on the development of German melodrama in the aftermath of World War II. It traces a sense of disillusionment with the Nazi “deployment of sexuality” in films and how it had prepared the ground for the renewed postwar cultivation of domesticity and feminine nurturance in West Germany. The return to private life and to puritanical mores in the postwar era was partly a response to the attack on “bourgeois” sexual morality that had been carried out by the mass culture of the Third Reich. Turning against nudity and licentiousness in the early 1950s could be represented and understood as a turn against Nazism. Thus, this “reprivatization” and newly conservative culture left its mark on West German melodramas of the 1950s.
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Mowry, Melissa. Collective Understanding, Radicalism, and Literary History, 1645-1742. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844385.001.0001.
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Collective Understanding, Radicalism, and Literary History reaches back to the English civil wars (1642–1646, 1648) when a distinctive and anti-authoritarian hermeneutic emerged from the dissident community known as the Levellers. Active between 1645 and 1653, the Levellers argued that a more just political order required that knowledge, previously structured by the epistemology of singularity upon which sovereignty had built its authority, be reorganized around the interpretive principles and practices of affiliation and collectivity. Defined by the century’s central ideological conflict between sovereignty’s epistemology of singularity and the civil war era plebeian “hermeneutics of collectivity,” the book contends that late Stuart and eighteenth-century literature played a central role in marginalizing the non-elite methods of interpretation and knowledge production that had emerged in the 1640s.
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Howell, Martha. Gender in the Transition to Merchant Capitalism. Edited by Judith Bennett and Ruth Karras. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582174.013.015.
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This essay argues that the slow transition from the commercial economy of the later Middle Ages to early modern merchant capitalism produced significant changes in gender roles and gender meanings for women and men from the middle and upper ranks of cities where commerce had found its most secure home. The changes in gender were filtered, however, through a public/private divide that had taken shape in such cities during the centuries closing the Middle Ages, making this a story not just about economy and gender, but also about sociopolitical space. As prosperous men and women in commercial cities of the era came to be newly positioned along the axis dividing the public from the private, both acquired a new class identity presaging much that would characterize bourgeois Europe.
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Aminoff, Michael J. For God and Country. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190614966.003.0010.
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Charles Bell and his wife both had ecclesiastical backgrounds. Like many contemporary scientists, Bell was a creationist who believed in intelligent design. He not only published notes and supplementary dissertations to William Paley’s Natural Theology but also wrote a treatise on Animal Mechanics and a Bridgewater Treatise on The Hand. Natural theology had begun to decline in importance in the 1830s, however, seeming increasingly tired and dated in an era of change. Bell’s anatomical teaching—framed on the concept of intelligent design—was thus overshadowed by the concepts of Buffon, Geoffroy, Lamarck, Robert Grant, and Charles Darwin and by the teachings of younger, more modern professors. Nevertheless, national honors came his way—the Gold (Royal) Medal of the Royal Society for his work on the nervous system and a knighthood in 1831.
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Ng, Wing Chung. Itinerant Actors and Red Boats in the Pearl River Delta. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039119.003.0002.
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This chapter reconstructs the early history of Cantonese opera, from the theater activities in Ming-Qing Guangdong to opera troupes from various parts of China where major theatrical genres had taken shape. The ensuing process of domestication of such extra-provincial theatrical materials, mingled with local musical sources, gradually nurtured a regional style of theater that has been known for its eclectic quality ever since. By the last third of the nineteenth century, local opera had flourished as an itinerant operation with acting troupes performing on stage in temple courtyards and in makeshift structures at rural market fairs across the estuaries of the Pearl River Delta. This was the legendary “era of the red boat,” named after the flat-bottomed wooden crafts used as means of conveyance and as accommodations by the actors.