Academic literature on the topic 'Haemoglobin A1c'
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Journal articles on the topic "Haemoglobin A1c"
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Siddiqui, Muhammad Saeed, Makki Ahmad Ali, Muhammad Zakaria, and Muhammad Aziz. "HAEMOGLOBIN A1C;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 08 (August 8, 2017): 1162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.08.997.
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Objectives: Our aim was to determine the prevalence of controlled diabeteson the basis of HbA1c test (Hb ≤ 7 ) in registered diabetic population in three Primary HealthCenters of Ministry of Health Makkah al Mukarrahma. Study Design: Retrospective review ofmedical records of registered adult Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes. Setting: Three PrimaryHealth Centers of Ministry of Health Makkah al Mukarrahma. Period: 20 June 2015 to 31December 2015. Methods: The sample size calculated was 354 patients with confidence levelof 95% and confidence interval of 5. The cut of values adjusted for all diabetes mellitus patientswas, haemogloblin A1c (HBA1c) ≤ 7. Three last readings were recorded and to be declared ascontrolled diabetic case (valid control), last two readings were required to be within this normallimit. Data was processed on Microsoft Excel and SPSS-23 software. Results: Overall the agerange was 21–79 (58) years and a mean of +/- SD of 56.67 +/- 11.97. Male were 206 and female148 in number. Hb A1c test entries recorded in 292. On the basis of set HbA1c criteria no validcontrol entry was found in one PHC while in other two, there were 15 (4.23% prevalence) validcontrol entries. Valid control results were found significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Very lowPrevalence of controlled diabetes on bases of HbA1c test in Primary Health Centers indicatenoncompliance of this test in our study group. Guidelines of the Ministry of Health regardingcare of diabetic patients in Primary Health Care should be followed to achieve the recommendedoutcome.
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Mo, Yifei, Jian Zhou, Xiaojing Ma, Wei Zhu, Lei Zhang, Jie Li, Jingyi Lu, Cheng Hu, Yuqian Bao, and Weiping Jia. "Haemoglobin A1c variability as an independent correlate of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in Chinese type 2 diabetes." Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 15, no. 5 (May 31, 2018): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479164118778850.
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Objective: To examine the association between haemoglobin A1c variability and macrovascular complication in type 2 diabetes. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 5278 diabetes patients with no history of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis by ultrasound at their first visit to the hospital from 1999 to 2010. Patients had a median of 4 haemoglobin A1c (range = 3–9) measurements during follow-up. Average haemoglobin A1c and haemoglobin A1c variability were calculated as intra-individual mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and adjusted standard deviation. Cardiovascular disease events and ultrasound results were re-evaluated from the medical history at the end of the study. Results: A total of 972 patients had macrovascular complication. Compared to those without atherosclerosis/cardiovascular disease (n = 4306), haemoglobin A1c intra-individual mean and haemoglobin A1c variability levels were significantly higher in patients with macrovascular complication ( p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that haemoglobin A1c variability was associated with macrovascular complication. Moreover, 488 patients with only atherosclerosis had significantly higher haemoglobin A1c intra-individual mean and haemoglobin A1c variability values than those without atherosclerosis/cardiovascular disease ( p < 0.001), but in 484 patients with cardiovascular disease incidents, only higher haemoglobin A1c intra-individual mean level was found ( p = 0.004). Conclusions: In Chinese type 2 diabetes, haemoglobin A1c variability was associated with macrovascular complication. Long-term stabilization of glucose is important in diabetes management, especially in the early stage of atherosclerosis.
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Otabe, Shuichi, Hitomi Nakayama, Tsuyoshi Ohki, Eri Soejima, Yuji Tajiri, and Kentaro Yamada. "Haemoglobin variants may cause significant differences in haemoglobin A1c as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and enzymatic methods in diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 54, no. 4 (August 5, 2016): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004563216664366.
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Background We aimed to determine whether the discrepancy between haemoglobin A1c values determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and enzymatic haemoglobin A1c measurements in diabetic patients was clinically relevant. Methods We randomly recruited 1421 outpatients undergoing diabetic treatment and follow-up who underwent at least three haemoglobin A1c measurements between April 2014 and March 2015 at our clinic. In 6369 samples, haemoglobin A1c was simultaneously measured by HA-8160 and MetaboLead (enzymatic assay), and the values were compared. Results haemoglobin A1c measurements by high-performance liquid chromatography and enzymatic assay were strongly correlated (correlation coefficient: 0.9828, linear approximation curve y = 0.9986x − 0.2507). Mean haemoglobin A1c (6.8 ± 1.0%) measured by high-performance liquid chromatography was significantly higher than that measured by enzymatic assay (6.5 ± 1.0%, P < 0.0001). During the sample processing, four (0.3%) subjects presented consistently lower haemoglobin A1c values (<0.7%) by high-performance liquid chromatography than those from enzymatic assay. Of these, three had Hb Toranomon [β112 (G14) Cys→Trp]. The fourth had Hb Ube-2 [α68 (E17) Asn→Asp]. One other subject presented consistently higher haemoglobin A1c values (>1%) by high-performance liquid chromatography than those from enzymatic assay and was diagnosed with a −77 (T > C) mutation in the δ-globin gene. These unrelated asymptomatic subjects had normal erythrocyte profiles, without anaemia. Conclusions We showed that haemoglobin A1c values measured by high-performance liquid chromatography were significantly higher than those measured by enzymatic assay in diabetic subjects. However, when an oversized deviation (>0.7%) between glycaemic control status and haemoglobin A1c is apparent, clinicians should check the methods used to measure haemoglobin A1c and consider the possible presence of a haemoglobin variant.
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Wenk, R. E., H. McGann, and J. Gibble. "Haemoglobin A1c in donor erythrocytes." Transfusion Medicine 21, no. 5 (July 5, 2011): 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2011.01089.x.
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John, W. G. "Haemoglobin A1c towards global standardization." Diabetic Medicine 27, no. 7 (April 2, 2010): 733–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03044.x.
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Lo, V. M. H., E. S. K. Ma, E. M. C. Chau, and J. C. C. So. "A spuriously 'normal' haemoglobin A1c result." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 49, no. 4 (May 15, 2012): 408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/acb.2011.011202.
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Sharp, Patrick, and Sandra Rainbow. "Continuous glucose monitoring and haemoglobin A1c." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 39, no. 5 (September 1, 2002): 516–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/000456302320314557.
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Background: Measurement of HbA1c is the standard test for assessment of glycaemic control in diabetic subjects. Using new glucose sensing technology we re-evaluated the significance of HbA1c in terms of the aspects of the blood profile it measures in patients with diabetes. Methods: In a group of 27 patients with type 1 diabetes, interstitial fluid glucose concentrations were monitored for a mean of 2·6 days using the Continuous Glucose Monitoring SystemTM (MiniMed Inc, CA, USA). Results were correlated with an HbA1c measurement taken at the time of sensor insertion. Results: Results were available in 25 subjects, two datasets being lost due to patient error. There was a correlation between mean sensor glucose value, and the HbA1c value ( r=0·59, P=0·002). The correlation with standard deviation of the readings was weaker (r=0·3, P=0·15). No other descriptor of the sensor glucose concentration correlated with HbA1c. Conclusion: The mean interstitial glucose concentration recorded with the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System correlates with HbA1c level recorded at the time, but with no other marker of glucose control in diabetic subjects. These results have implications for the interpretation of HbA1c concentrations in type 1 diabetes.
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Yang, W. "Diagnosing diabetes using glycated haemoglobin A1c." BMJ 340, may17 2 (May 17, 2010): c2262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2262.
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Lee, I.-Te. "Mean and variability of annual haemoglobin A1c are associated with high-risk peripheral artery disease." Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 17, no. 3 (March 2020): 147916412090903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479164120909030.
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Background: Glucose variability is predictive of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. However, the association between peripheral artery disease and glucose variability has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the standard deviation of annual haemoglobin A1c was assessed in patients with type 2 diabetes for evaluating the different risks of peripheral artery disease. Methods: A total of 4144 patients underwent an evaluation for the ankle-brachial index and the percentage of mean arterial pressure at the ankle. The first haemoglobin A1c record was retrospectively collected from each year until the ankle-brachial index measurement. Results: The standard deviation of annual haemoglobin A1c was higher in patients with ankle-brachial index ⩽0.90 than in those with ankle-brachial index >0.90 (1.1 ± 0.9% vs 1.0 ± 0.8%, p = 0.009) and was higher in patients with percentage of mean arterial pressure ⩾45% than in those with percentage of mean arterial pressure <45% (1.1 ± 0.8% vs 1.0 ± 0.8%, p = 0.007). A high standard deviation and mean of annual haemoglobin A1c are associated with high-risk peripheral artery disease, which is defined as a combination of ankle-brachial index ⩽0.90, percentage of mean arterial pressure ⩾45% or both (odds ratio = 1.306; 95% confidence interval = 1.057–1.615; p = 0.014). Conclusion: Fluctuation in the haemoglobin A1c value indicates higher risk for peripheral artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and poor glucose control.
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Rajaratnam, HN, MI Weerakkody, M. Weerasinghe, and S. Siriwardena. "A diabetic with high haemoglobin A1c due to persistent haemoglobin F." Sri Lanka Journal of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism 1, no. 1 (March 25, 2012): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sjdem.v1i1.4192.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Haemoglobin A1c"
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Shultis, Wendy A. "Haemoglobin A1C in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414363.
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Belly, Michael Jörg [Verfasser]. "Das Haemoglobin A1c bei pulmonalarterieller Hypertonie - ein Marker mit prognostischer Relevanz? / Michael Jörg Belly." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1219983187/34.
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Belly, Michael [Verfasser]. "Das Haemoglobin A1c bei pulmonalarterieller Hypertonie - ein Marker mit prognostischer Relevanz? / Michael Jörg Belly." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1219983187/34.
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Shao, Jing. "Glycated haemoglobin A1c compared to fasting plasma glucose and oral glucose tolerance testing for diagnosing type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes : a meta-analysis." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43240.
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BACKGROUND
In 2010, glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was officially recommended as a screening tool to diagnose type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and pre-diabetes, with cut-off points 6.5% and 5.7% to 6.4% respectively. The implications of using the HbA1c criterion, compared to the general diagnostic criteria: fasting glucose test (FPG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), is however still being debated.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the pooled prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and pre-diabetes, as measured by the Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test, or the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Secondly, to determine and compare the diagnostic test characteristics (sensitivity, specificity) of these tests.
METHODS
Published papers, with a cross sectional study design, were selected for a systematic review and meta-analysis. The search strategy was an electronic review of journal articles listed on MEDLINE, PubMed and Google scholar between 1996 and 2012. Reference lists were checked, journals were hand searched and experts were contacted when necessary. Initially all studies related to the validation of HbA1c as a tool to detect pre-diabetes or T2DM in humans, published in English, were examined.
Studies were excluded if they did not meet the above mentioned criteria, and/or were conducted with pregnant women. Further analysis was done if FPG or OGTT was compared to HbA1c. The diagnosis of diabetes had to have been based on ADA or WHO criteria. These criteria are: HbA1c 5.7%-6.4% for pre-diabetes and >=6.5% for T2DM; FPG 5.6mmol-7mmol/l for pre-diabetes and >=7mmol/l for T2DM; OGTT 7.8mmol-11.1mmol/l for pre-diabetes and >=11.1mmol/l for T2DM). The OGTT and FPG tests were used as the reference tests and the prevalence reflected as a positive or negative proportion.
The sensitivity and specificity of HbA1c >=6.5% among cases defined by OGTT or FPG should have been reported, or it was possible to calculate these from the data provided. Study results relating to diagnostic accuracy were extracted and synthesized using multivariate random effects meta-analysis methods. This study focused on patients who were suspected of having T2DM, from two sub-groups (a community-based group and a high-risk group) to compare the detection rate of HbA1c with FPG and OGTT.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
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School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)
MSc
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Stenberg, Erik. "Preventing complications in bariatric surgery." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-50649.
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Obesity is a major public health problem. Bariatric surgery is currently the only available treatment that offers sufficient weight-loss and metabolic benefits over time. Although bariatric surgery is considered safe now, serious complications still occur. The aim of this thesis was to identify factors associated with an increased risk for postoperative complication after laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery. Study I included patients operated with laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery in Sweden from May 2007 until September 2012. The risk for serious complication was low (3.4%). Suffering an intraoperative adverse event or conversion of the operation to open surgery were the strongest risk factors for postoperative complication. The annual operative volume and experience of the procedure at the institution were also important risk factors. Patient-specific risk factors appeared to be less important although age was associated with an increased risk. In Study II, a raised glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was evaluated as a risk factor for serious postoperative complications in non-diabetics. A higher incidence of serious postoperative complications was seen with elevated HbA1c values, even at levels classified as ‘‘pre-diabetic’’. Study III was a multicentre, randomised clinical trial (RCT). 2507 patients planned for laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery were randomised to either mesenteric defects closure or non-closure. Closure of the mesenteric defects reduced the rate of reoperation for small bowel obstruction from 10.2% to 5.5% at 3 years after surgery. A small increase in the rate of serious postoperative complication within the first 30 days was seen with mesenteric defects closure. This relatively small increase in risk was however outweighed by the marked reduction of later reoperations for small bowel obstruction. Study IV was a comparison between study III and an observational study on the same population under the same period of time. Although the observational study reached the same conlusion as the RCT, the efficacy of mesenteric defects closure was less pronounced. Observational studies may thus be an alternative to RCTs under situations when RCTs are not feasible. The efficacy may however be underestimated.
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Muchiri, Jane Wanjiku. "Development and evaluation of a nutrition education programme for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a resource limited setting of the Moretele sub-district, North West Province (South Africa)." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31618.
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Background: Diabetes self-management education, including nutrition education (NE) is an essential component of diabetes management. Effective NE can assist individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in resource limited settings to improve their dietary self-care; an area cited among the most difficult with consequent improvement in health outcomes. Aim: To develop a NE programme that is tailored to the needs of adults with type 2 DM in a resource limited setting and to evaluate the programme's effectiveness on health outcomes. Setting: Makapanstad and Mathibestad community health centres in the Moretele sub-district, North West Province (South Africa). Methods: The study was done in three phases employing mixed methods research. Qualitative methods, using focus group discussions with 31 diabetic patients (a convenience purposive sample), and an open ended self-administered questionnaire with ten health professionals serving them, assessed the NE needs and preferences (phase 1). The data were analysed according to the framework approach. The results from the needs assessment were used to plan a tailored NE programme (phase 2). A randomised controlled trial (quantitative) with a sample of 82 patients (with HbA1c ≥ 8), allocated to either intervention or control groups, evaluated the effect of the NE programme (phase 3). Outcomes [HbA1c, dietary behaviours, blood lipids, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), diabetes knowledge and attitudes towards diabetes and its treatment] were assessed at baseline, six months and 12 months respectively. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) compared the groups on measured outcomes using baseline values, age, gender, and clinic as covariates. Rank ANCOVA was used for dietary intake. The level of significance for all tests was set at α < 0.05 for a two-tailed test. Results: Needs assessment Diabetes related knowledge deficits and inappropriate dietary practices, including food portion control problems, inadequate intake of vegetables and fruits and unbalanced diets, were observed. Eight barriers and two facilitators to dietary adherence were identified. Financial constraint was the major barrier while social support was the major facilitator. NE recommendations included content related to the disease and diet, group education at the clinic, a competent educator, provision of education materials and inclusion of family members. The planned NE programme consisted of eight weekly training sessions and six follow-up sessions (monthly and bi-monthly), vegetable gardening demonstrations and education materials. Nutrition education programme effects: Seventy six participants (38 per group) completed the study. The differences in HbA1c (primary outcome) between the intervention and control groups were -0.62% (p=0.15) at six months and -0.67% (p=0.16) at 12 months. Few participants, four from the intervention group and one from the control group, achieved HbA1c target (<7%) at both six and 12 months, [(p=0.20), (p=0.36)] respectively. There were no significant between group differences in BMI, lipid profile and blood pressure at six months and 12 months. Starchy foods intake (median servings) were significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group, 9.3 vs. 10.8 (p=0.005) at six months and 9.9 vs. 11.9 (p=0.017) at 12 months. The proportion of participants growing own vegetables significantly increased in the intervention group compared to the control group 17/41 vs. 5/40 (p=0.003) at six months and 16/38 vs. 5/38 at 12 months. No significant group differences in the intake of energy, macronutrients, vegetable and fruits, sodium, cholesterol and fibre were observed at six and 12 months. Diabetes knowledge improved in the intervention group +0.95 (p=0.033) and +2.2 (p=0.000) when compared with the control group at six and 12 months respectively. There were no significant group differences in the attitudes towards diabetes and its treatment. Conclusions: The qualitative needs assessment provided insight for planning a tailored NE programme. The NE improved some dietary behaviours (starchy foods portion control and growing own vegetables) and diabetes knowledge. A non-significant lowering of HbA1c was observed.Thesis (Phd)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Human Nutrition
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Adelugba, Aderemi O. "The assessment of reticulocyte and erythrocyte haemoglobin contents, and their use in the evaluation of iron status in hospitalised patients." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2012. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-assessment-of-reticulocyte-and-erythrocyte-haemoglobin-contents-and-their-use-in-the-evaluation-of-iron-status-in-hospitalised-patients(408b0c01-e682-4c2e-ae1c-8bf4cdbd506a).html.
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Current clinical practice relies on sufficiently low haemoglobin (HB) level, low serum ferritin (SF), low serum iron concentration and an elevated total iron binding capacity (TIBC) to identify iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). However, these parameters are sometimes not reliable in assessing iron status in patients with underlying conditions like chronic diseases, malignancies and inflammation. Growing evidence indicates the appropriate inclusion of reticulocyte haemoglobin content (RET-He) and red cell haemoglobin content (RBC-He) into the iron studies investigation could improve the early diagnosis. The aim of this study were to evaluate the extent to which RET-He and RBC-He values could improve the assessment of iron status in chronic disease and inflammation, and to evaluate if the inclusion could be used to preclude the need for further biochemical assessment in iron status. A total of 800 samples (89 normal, 611 patients and 100 haemochromatosis) were obtained and analysed for biochemical and haematological iron indicators. RET-He and RBC-He were added to the full blood counts parameters on the Sysmex XE2100TM, and C-reactive protein was added to indicate inflammation. The inclusion criteria were based on symptomatic and asymptomatic cases, such as gastroenterological, cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. Children and pregnant women were excluded from participating in the study. Stability of RET-He, RBC-He, HB, mean cell volume (MCV) and mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) were evaluated to determine if there was significant shift in the result over 96 h and at varying temperature 40C, 200C and 300C. RET-He and RBC-He were also added to the haematological iron assessment in the follow up monitoring of haemochromatosis patients to evaluate their usefulness. The serial measurement shows reasonable stability for MCH, HB, RET-He and RBC-He for up to 96 h. Elevated shift were recorded for MCV on all the samples in the same time frame. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to obtain sensitivity and specificity of the biochemical and haematological iron indices measured in the study. Female patients were classified into ID using SF ≤ 20 ng/mL. The area under the curve (AUC) in this group were (SF = 0.99 versus RET-He and RBC-He = 0.72). RET-He has (sensitivity, 89.6% and specificity, 58.0%), and RBC-He, (sensitivity 88.6% and specificity 57.0%) in detecting ID. Female patients with IDA were classified using HB ≤ 11.5 g/dL. The AUC were (HB = 0.99; versus RET-He = 0.87 and RBC-He = 0.86). RET-He has (sensitivity, 84.0% and specificity, 72.0%) and RBC-He (sensitivity 82.0% and specificity 71.0%) versus HB (sensitivity, 100.0% and specificity, 99.9%) in detecting IDA. In male patients with ID, SF < 20 ng/mL was used for classification, AUC were (SF = 1.00 versus RET-He = 0.78 and RBC-He = 0.79). RET-He has (sensitivity, 78.4% and specificity, 66.0%) and RBC-He (sensitivity 80.0% and specificity 61.2%), against SF (sensitivity, 100.0% and specificity, 100.0%) in detecting ID. In male patients with IDA, HB <13.5 g/dL was used for classification, AUC were (HB = 0.99 versus RET-He = 0.89 and RBC-He = 0.87). RET-He has (sensitivity, 88.6% and specificity, 83.0%) and RBC-He (sensitivity 83.8% and specificity 80.0%) in detecting IDA in male patients. Diagnostic plots were used to assess the ability of RET-He and RBC-He in comparison to other biochemical and haematological parameters, RET-He and RBC-He emerged as possible predictors of ID and IDA in inflammations and chronic diseases. The results of RET-He and RBC-He when measured with the other haematological parameters in the follow up treatment of haemochromatosis patients, shows 99% agreement with HB, MCV and MCH. In conclusion, the inclusion of RET-He and RBC-He into the iron studies investigation may improve the identification of ID and IDA in chronic disease and inflammation, and can possibly detect changes in the cohort of cells with inadequate haemoglobinisation. Therefore, both indices hold promise as an alternative to biochemical iron studies especially, in patients with acute phase response and chronic diseases.
Book chapters on the topic "Haemoglobin A1c"
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Gibson, Kathryn A., and Theodore Pincus. "Patient physical function in rheumatoid arthritis." In Oxford Textbook of Rheumatoid Arthritis, 221–50. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198831433.003.0020.
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A patient history is far more prominent in diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) than in many chronic diseases, such as hypertension and diabetes, in which biomarkers dominate clinical decisions. A patient history traditionally has been termed ‘subjective’, based on narrative descriptions, in contrast to ‘objective’ high-technology laboratory and other measures. Self-report questionnaires provide standard, quantitative, reproducible medical history data, which meet criteria for the ‘scientific method’. Patient self-report scores for physical function distinguish active from control treatment results in RA clinical trials as effectively as laboratory tests, joint counts, or indices which include these measures. Self-report physical function generally is more reproducible than joint counts, and more significant than radiographic scores or laboratory tests in the prognosis of severe RA outcomes of work disability and mortality, providing a prognostic indicator analogous to blood pressure or haemoglobin A1C. Four prominent, feasible self-report questionnaires are the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), its multidimensional version (MDHAQ), the 36-item Short Form (SF-36), and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). The MDHAQ also includes ‘medical’ information (i.e. self-report joint count, symptom checklist, and medical history). Despite documentation of their scientific value and pragmatic advantages to document relevant information while saving time, patient questionnaires remain regarded primarily as providing ancillary rather than essential information to inform clinical decisions, based in part on perceived barriers concerning feasibility and complexities to interface with electronic medical records. Quantitative assessment of physical function on patient questionnaires prior to every routine rheumatology encounter could improve patient care and outcomes.
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Tuomilehto, Jaakko, and Lars Rydén. "Dysglycaemia: definition, classification, and diagnosis." In ESC CardioMed, 912–20. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0214.
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Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases globally; today over 400 million people have diabetes. Diabetes is associated with multiple co-morbidities, and it multiplies the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Diabetes is defined by elevated glucose in the circulating blood. The level of glycaemia has a graded relation with CVD risk. When CVD patients without previously diagnosed diabetes are tested for glycaemia, the proportion of those found to have disturbed glucose metabolism is 60–70%. In the general population, half of people with type 2 diabetes are undiagnosed due to the lack of specific symptoms and a lack of systematic early detection efforts. Yet efficient methods exist for population screening that can be started by using non-laboratory diabetes risk scores. People identified at high risk need to be tested for glycaemia determining fasting plasma glucose, post-challenge plasma glucose, or haemoglobin A1c. The combination of fasting and 2-hour post-challenge plasma glucose using an oral glucose tolerance test is the most sensitive method, and it is recommended for every person with diagnosed CVD. Despite considerable improvements in the management of CVD, patients with disturbed glucose metabolism may not benefit to the same extent as those without diabetes, and require special attention with evidence-based multifactorial management. People with dysglycaemia but not reaching diagnostic criteria for diabetes benefit from multidomain lifestyle interventions. Therefore, simultaneous actions directed towards the underlying complex glucometabolic disorder are required for efficient primary and secondary prevention in people with diabetes and other disturbances in glucose metabolism.
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Schenck-Gustafsson, Karin. "Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors." In ESC CardioMed, edited by Noel Bairey Merz, 2830–32. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0676.
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The American Heart Association and American Stroke Association have published special guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. The European Union project ‘A Road Map for Gender Medicine in Europe’ pointed out the lack of female aspects in the guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology. So far, about 200 risk factors or non-healthy lifestyle factors have been identified in women The INTERHEART study highlighted nine risk factors that are responsible for 90% of cardiovascular disease in both genders. The nine risk factors are important for both men and women but differ in impact. For women, diabetes and hypertension appear to be the strongest. The Framingham Risk Score has been criticized because it underestimates the risk in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. The SCORE system ranges between 45 and 65 years only, it estimates fatal but not total risk, it is limited to the major determinants of risk, and not adapted to different ethnic or sex difference. Because the same risk factors for both sexes have been used in risk calculations for the last 40 years, the Reynolds score system for women was introduced, adding age, systolic blood pressure, haemoglobin A1c, current smoking, total high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and family history. Only a further 5% risk is added in the medium-risk group and taken away from the low-risk group. Traditional risk factors include the major ones of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, smoking, and family history of premature heart disease, as well as the non-independent risk variables of physical inactivity and body weight and composition.
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Schenck-Gustafsson, Karin. "Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors." In ESC CardioMed, edited by Noel Bairey Merz, 2830–32. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0676_update_001.
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The American Heart Association and American Stroke Association have published special guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. The European Union project ‘A Road Map for Gender Medicine in Europe’ pointed out the lack of female aspects in the guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology. So far, about 200 risk factors or non-healthy lifestyle factors have been identified in women The INTERHEART study highlighted nine risk factors that are responsible for 90% of cardiovascular disease in both sexes. The nine risk factors are important for both men and women but differ in impact. For women, diabetes and hypertension appear to be the strongest. The Framingham Risk Score has been criticized because it underestimates the risk in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. The SCORE system ranges between 45 and 65 years only, it estimates fatal but not total risk, it is limited to the major determinants of risk, and not adapted to different ethnic or sex difference. Because the same risk factors for both sexes have been used in risk calculations for the last 40 years, the Reynolds score system for women was introduced, adding age, systolic blood pressure, haemoglobin A1c, current smoking, total high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and family history. Only a further 5% risk is added in the medium-risk group and taken away from the low-risk group. Traditional risk factors include the major ones of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, smoking, and family history of premature heart disease, as well as the non-independent risk variables of physical inactivity and body weight and composition. New guidelines have appeared since this chapter was originally published with no major differences between the treatment recommendations between men and women.
Conference papers on the topic "Haemoglobin A1c"
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Plywaczewski, Robert, Barbara Kazanecka, Dorota Gorecka, and Pawel Sliwinski. "Plasma Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Concentration And Cardiovascular Complications In Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) Patients With And Without Diabetes." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a3696.
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