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Journal articles on the topic 'Haemolytic activity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 June 2025

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1

Takeda, Kein, Yoshikazu Tanaka та Jun Kaneko. "The N-terminal amino-latch region of Hlg2 component of staphylococcal bi-component γ-haemolysin is dispensable for prestem release to form β-barrel pores". Journal of Biochemistry 168, № 4 (2020): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jb/mvaa052.

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Abstract The contribution of N-terminal regions of staphylococcal bi-component γ-haemolysin toxin components to haemolytic activity towards human erythrocyte cells was investigated in this study. A deletion construct of N-terminal amino acids 1–10 of Hlg2 (Hlg2 ΔN10), which is the S-component protein of γ-haemolysin, had little effect on its haemolytic activity, whereas N-terminal 1–11 amino acid deletion (Hlg2 ΔN11) significantly delayed haemolysis. Moreover, a deletion of N-terminal amino acids 1–17 of LukF, which is the F-component protein of γ-haemolysin, increased its haemolytic activity in combination with either the wild-type or Hlg2 ΔN10. Unlike the N-terminal amino-latch region of staphylococcal α-haemolysin, which is a single component β-barrel pore-forming toxin, the N-terminal regions present in γ-haemolysin components are dispensable for the haemolytic activity of the bi-component toxin. These results strengthen our recent proposal that staphylococcal bi-component γ-haemolysin toxin uses an N-terminal amino-latch independent molecular switch for prestem release during the formation of β-barrel pores.

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2

Avila-Campos, Mario Julio. "Haemolytic activity of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains on different blood types." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 37, no. 3 (1995): 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651995000300006.

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Haemolytic activity of sixty nine Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains on different animal and human blood types was examined by using a trypticase soy agar supplemented with yeast extract (0.5%). Blood types used were: rabbit, sheep and human (A, Rh+; A, Rh-; B, Rh+; B, Rh-; O, Rh+; O, Rh-; AB, Rh+; AB, Rh- groups). Plates were inoculated and, incubated in microaerophilic conditions, at 37ºC, for 48 h. The haemolytic activity of the tested strains was characterized as alpha-haemolysis. Only two isolates were not haemolytic on all blood types (2.9%), two strains were haemolytic only on human blood (one strain on AB, Rh+ group and another one on A, Rh+ and AB, Rh+ groups). No specificity between haemolysin produced by the tested strains and blood type was observed.

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3

Karunakaran, T., and B. G. Devi. "Characterisation of haemolytic activity fromAeromonas caviae." Epidemiology and Infection 112, no. 2 (1994): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800057708.

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SUMMARYAeromonas caviae, an enteropathogen associated with gastroenteritis, displays several virulence characteristics. Studies on the kinetics of growth ofA. caviaeand expression of β–haemolytic toxin revealed thatA. caviaeproduced maximum haemolytic activity extracellularly during the stationary phase. Preliminary studies on the properties ofA. caviaehaemolysin suggested that divalent cations (Mg2+and Ca2+) and thiol compounds, dithiothreitol and mercaptoethanol enhanced the haemolytic activity. Addition of L–cysteine, glutathione and EDTA reduced the haemolytic activity. The iron chelator, 2–2' bipyridyl, significantly inhibited the growth ofA. caviaepossibly by iron limitation, with parallel enhancement of haemolysin production compared toA. caviaegrown in excess of iron. These results suggest thatA. caviaeproduces only β-haemolysin, which resembles the haemolysins reported for several other bacteria and the activity might be regulated by environmental factors especially iron.

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4

Tabata, Atsushi, Yuji Sato, Kentaro Maya та ін. "A streptolysin S homologue is essential for β-haemolytic Streptococcus constellatus subsp. constellatus cytotoxicity". Microbiology 160, № 5 (2014): 980–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.075580-0.

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Streptococcus constellatus is a member of the Anginosus group streptococci (AGS) and primarily inhabits the human oral cavity. S. constellatus is composed of three subspecies: S. constellatus subsp. constellatus (SCC), S. constellatus subsp. pharyngis and the newly described subspecies S. constellatus subsp. viborgensis. Although previous studies have established that SCC contains β-haemolytic strains, the factor(s) responsible for β-haemolysis in β-haemolytic SCC (β-SCC) has yet to be clarified. Recently, we discovered that a streptolysin S (SLS) homologue is the β-haemolytic factor of β-haemolytic Streptococcus anginosus subsp. anginosus (β-SAA), another member of the AGS. Furthermore, because previous studies have suggested that other AGS species, except for Streptococcus intermedius, do not possess a haemolysin(s) belonging to the family of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, we hypothesized that, as with β-SAA, the SLS homologue is the β-haemolytic factor of β-SCC, and therefore aimed to investigate and characterize the haemolytic factor of β-SCC in the present study. PCR amplification revealed that all of the tested β-SCC strains were positive for the sagA homologue of SCC (sagA SCC). Further investigations using β-SCC strain W277 were conducted to elucidate the relationship between sagA SCC and β-haemolysis by constructing sagA SCC deletion mutants, which completely lost β-haemolytic activity. This loss of β-haemolytic activity was restored by trans-complementation of sagA SCC. Furthermore, a co-cultivation assay established that the cytotoxicity of β-SCC was clearly dependent on the presence of sagA SCC. These results demonstrate that sagA SCC is the factor responsible for β-SCC β-haemolysis and cytotoxicity.

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5

Dailey, D. C., C. Te-Hung, and J. F. Alderete. "Characterization ofTrichomonas vaginalishaemolysis." Parasitology 101, no. 2 (1990): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000063204.

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The haemolytic activity of liveTrichomonas vaginalisorganisms was investigated. Optimal haemolysis of human erythrocytes was observed at a parasite to erythrocyte ratio of 1:5 during a 2 h incubation period. No haemolytic activity was detected in concentrated culture supernatants after overnight growth of trichomonads or when parasites were separated from erythrocytes by a 3 μm filter, suggesting a contact-dependent mechanism for haemolysis. The haemolytic activity was temperature-dependent and maximal haemolysis occurred at 37 °C. Treatment of trichomonads with metronidazole reduced levels of haemolysis by > 50%. Maximal haemolysis occurred at the pH range of the vagina during trichomoniasis.N-μ-tosyl-L-lysyl-chloromethyl ketone and iodoacetamide, inhibitors of trichomonad cysteine proteinases, reduced the haemolytic activity of live parasites.

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6

Hasegawa, Hiroaki, and Claudia C. Häse. "The extracellular metalloprotease of Vibrio tubiashii directly inhibits its extracellular haemolysin." Microbiology 155, no. 7 (2009): 2296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.028605-0.

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Vibrio tubiashii is a re-emerging pathogen of molluscs that secretes a variety of extracellular products (ECPs), including a metalloprotease and a cytolysin/haemolysin. Previously, we reported that the V. tubiashii haemolysin locus consists of two ORFs (vthB and vthA), similar to that of the homologous haemolysin genes (vvhB and vvhA) found in Vibrio vulnificus. Here, we demonstrate that the concomitant expression of both V. tubiashii genes resulted in significantly higher haemolytic activity than the vthA gene alone. In addition, we created a VthAB− mutant strain of V. tubiashii that was virtually devoid of haemolytic activity in liquid media. Interestingly, significant production of an additional haemolysin(s) was observed on blood plates. Moreover, we have previously reported that in V. tubiashii, proteolytic and haemolytic activities are inversely produced during bacterial growth. Here, we study this correlation in more detail and present evidence that the VtpA metalloprotease inhibits haemolytic activity in culture supernatants, based on the following evidence: (i) loss of metalloprotease activity by either mutation or EDTA inhibition resulted in increased haemolytic activity; (ii) overexpression of the vtpA gene resulted in decreased haemolytic activity; (iii) purified VtpA metalloprotease directly diminished haemolytic activity by purified VthA haemolysin. Importantly, we found not only that vthAB gene expression remained high throughout growth but also that there were no dramatic differences in vthAB gene expression between the parent and VtpA− mutant strains. Thus, our results strongly suggest that the V. tubiashii metalloprotease directly targets its haemolysin.

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7

Ahsan, Chowdhury Rafiqul, Farah Shamma, Nazmul Ahsan, and Moutusee Jubaida Islam. "Environmental Factors Regulate the hlyE Gene Expression in Both S. typhi and E. coli in a Similar Way to Display Haemolytic Activity." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 42, no. 1 (2017): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v42i1.32001.

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Haemolysin (HlyE) is an essential virulence factor of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and other enteric bacteria. Although, a substantial degree of haemolytic activity is not seen under normal culture conditions in these organisms, however, the non-haemolytic E. coli K-12 showed significant haemolytic activity under stress conditions. To confirm this phenomenon in other enteric bacteria, in this study, the production of haemolysin in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi under stress conditions, like oxygen and glucose starvations in vitro was investigated during March-December 2015. For this, S. typhi was cultured under oxygen or glucose starvation condition separately and this organism showed high haemolytic activity. The activity was found to be much higher when both the conditions were applied together. Also, the role of the transcription factor SlyA of S. typhi was investigated on induction of haemolytic activity. When E. coli K-12 was transformed with plasmid containing the gene of SlyA, the recombinant bacteria without any starvation condition, also showed similar haemolytic activity that was exhibited by S. typhi grown under oxygen and glucose starvation conditions. All these findings suggest that both environmental factors like oxygen or glucose starvation and overexpression of the transcription factor SlyA have important role in inducing hlyE gene expression in S. typhi.

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8

CHEN, Desong, R. Manjunatha KINI, Raymond YUEN, and Hoon Eng KHOO. "Haemolytic activity of stonustoxin from stonefish (Synanceja horrida) venom: pore formation and the role of cationic amino acid residues." Biochemical Journal 325, no. 3 (1997): 685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3250685.

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Stonustoxin (SNTX) is a two-subunit protein toxin purified from the venom of the stonefish (Synanceja horrida), which induces potent haemolytic activity. We examined the pore-forming property of this non-enzymic protein by an osmotic protection assay. SNTX-induced haemolysis was completely prevented by osmotic protectants of adequate size [poly(ethylene) glycol 3000; molecular diameter approx. 3.2 nm]. Uncharged molecules of smaller size, such as raffinose and poly(ethylene) glycol 1000–2000, failed to protect against cell lysis. These findings indicate that SNTX induces the formation of hydrophilic pores in the cell membrane, which results in the lysis of erythrocytes. Since cationic residues contribute significantly to the cytolytic activity of several other pore-forming toxins, we examined the role of positively charged lysine and arginine residues in the haemolytic activity of SNTX. SNTX lost its haemolytic activity when the positively charged side chains of lysine residues were neutralized or converted into negatively charged side chains upon carbamylation or succinylation respectively. The haemolytic activity of SNTX was also inhibited by the modification of positively charged arginine residues using 2,3-butanedione. The loss of haemolysis showed strong correlation with the number of Lys or Arg residues modified. CD analyses, however, showed that the conformation of SNTX was not significantly affected by these chemical modifications. Further, the haemolytic activity of SNTX was competitively inhibited by various negatively charged lipids, such as phosphatidylserine, cardiolipin and monosialogangliosides. These results indicate that SNTX induces potent haemolytic activity through the formation of pores in the cell membrane, and that cationic residues play a crucial role in its cytolytic mechanism.

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9

Green, Sarah, Erica Partridge, Edore Idedevbo, and Anton Borg. "Steroid Refractory Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia Secondary to Sarcoidosis Successfully Treated with Rituximab and Mycophenolate Mofetil." Case Reports in Hematology 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9495761.

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Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia is not a well-recognised complication of sarcoidosis. We describe the case of a 30-year-old female who presented with acute warm haemolytic anaemia and widespread lymphadenopathy. Sarcoidosis was diagnosed on lymph node biopsy and further investigation. The haemolytic anaemia responded only to a high dose of steroids. Evidence regarding treatment of steroid refractory autoimmune haemolysis secondary to sarcoidosis is lacking. Based on the emergent evidence that both disorders share common immunopathogenic mechanisms involving Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes, our patient was given rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil to successfully suppress the haemolysis and sarcoid activity.

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10

Papi, M., M. C. Lauriola, V. Palmieri, G. Ciasca, G. Maulucci, and M. De Spirito. "Plasma protein corona reduces the haemolytic activity of graphene oxide nano and micro flakes." RSC Advances 5, no. 99 (2015): 81638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra15083c.

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GO flakes, able to disrupt the erythrocyte plasma membrane, greatly reduce their haemolytic activity after interacting with plasma proteins. Haemolysis activity increases inversely to the GO flakes size.

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11

Wimmer, K., C. Lipperheide, S. Ponsuksili, et al. "Haemolytic complement activity and C3c serum concentration in pigs." Archives Animal Breeding 42, no. 1 (1999): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-42-93-1999.

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Abstract. Because of the importance of the complement system in disease resistance through direct lysis of target cells and support of other mechanisms of the immune System, individual Variation in haemolytic complement activity and C3 concentration in pigs prior and after vaccination were evaluated. Possible effects on the variation of these parameters were investigated. Total complement activity was determined based on complement-mediated haemolysis of antibody-sensitised erythrocytes and C3c levels were measured by immunonephelometry in Gemian Landrace pigs and an experimental pig population. Both methods revealed remarkable individual differences. The arithmetic means of total haemolytic complement activity including all pigs were 42.3 ± 28.2 U/ml before vaccination and 59.1 ± 50.6 U/ml after three immunisations. Mean plasma concentrations of C3c were between .102 ± .035 g/1 before immunisation and .126 ± .038 g/1 on day 4 after Aujeszky vaccination. Existing phenotypic variation may be in part influenced by pig genetic factors. Both haemolytic complement activity as well as C3c semm levels are potentially useful measures of complement capacity on the way to improve defence power against many pathogens by breeding.

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12

SWARNAKAR, Snehasikta, Rengasamy ASOKAN, James P. QUIGLEY та Peter B. ARMSTRONG. "Binding of α2-macroglobulin and limulin: regulation of the plasma haemolytic system of the American horseshoe crab, Limulus". Biochemical Journal 347, № 3 (2000): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3470679.

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The mediator of haemolysis in the plasma of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, is limulin, a sialic acid-binding lectin. The haemolytic activity of limulin is inhibited by thiol ester-reacted forms of Limulus α2-macroglobulin, the third-most abundant protein of the plasma. Limulus α2-macroglobulin that has experienced cleavage of its internal thiol ester bond, consequent to reaction with proteases, or with the small primary amine, methylamine, reduces the haemolytic activity of limulin when present at molar excesses that approximate the relative concentrations of these two proteins in the plasma. Native, unreacted Limulus α2-macroglobulin has no effect on the haemolytic activity of limulin. Limulin binds thiol ester-reacted forms of Limulus α2-macroglobulin both in a solid-phase assay and in solution with an avidity 10-25 times higher than native, unreacted Limulus α2-macroglobulin. Protease-reacted α2-macroglobulin functions as a marker for the presence of foreign proteases in the blood of Limulus, and thus of pathogenic organisms that release proteases as facilitators of invasion and pathogenicity. Modulation of the haemolytic system represents a novel function for α2-macroglobulin.

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13

Wetherall, B. L., and A. M. Johnson. "Haemolytic activity ofCampylobacter pylori." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 8, no. 8 (1989): 706–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01963756.

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14

Döğen, Aylin, Ramazan Gümral, and Macit İlkit. "Haemolytic and co-haemolytic (CAMP-like) activity in dermatophytes." Mycoses 58, no. 1 (2014): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/myc.12269.

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15

Oropeza-Wekerle, R. L., S. Muller, J. P. Briand, R. Benz, A. Schmid, and W. Goebel. "Haemolysin-derived synthetic peptides with pore-forming and haemolytic activity." Molecular Microbiology 6, no. 1 (1992): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb00843.x.

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16

Spivak, Baruch, Marguerite Radwan, Jonathan Brandon, et al. "Reduced total complement haemolytic activity in schizophrenic patients." Psychological Medicine 23, no. 2 (1993): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700028397.

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SynopsisSerum concentrations of the third and fourth components of the complement system and total complement haemolytic activity were measured in 167 psychiatric patients. Total complement haemolytic activity was decreased in chronic schizophrenic patients as compared to healthy controls and bipolar patients. The relatively diminished total haemolytic activity was not attributable to drug treatment. It is not clear if the reduced total haemolytic activity is an epiphenomenon or related to the involvement of an autoimmune process in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

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17

Seoane, S., P. Riobó, and J. Franco. "Haemolytic activity in different species of the genus Prymnesium (Haptophyta)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, no. 3 (2016): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416001077.

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The genus Prymnesium includes several species that produce toxins with cytotoxic, ichthyotoxic, neurotoxic and haemolytic activity. Bloom episodes of Prymnesium species have been reported from several parts of the world (North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia), especially from temperate and subtropical regions and most of them from brackish waters. Blooms cause great economic losses to aquaculture and fisheries around the world. The ichthyotoxic and allelopathic effects of Prymnesium have been linked to the presence of Haemolysin 1, Prymnesins 1 and 2 and, more recently, fatty acids and fatty acid amides. The toxicology of this genus with regard to different growth conditions such as light, nutrients and other parameters has been well documented. It is unknown, however, whether different species and strains from the Prymnesium genus all produce the same types and level of toxins. In this study, we have determined the haemolytic activity of eight different strains from the genus Prymnesium in both exponential and stationary phases of growth. We have also evaluated the efficiency of the extraction solvent.

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18

Isomaa, Boris, Henrik Lilius, and Anne West. "Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of the First Twenty MEIC Chemicals by Using Haemolysis of Human Erythrocytes as an Endpoint." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 20, no. 2 (1992): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299202000208.

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The cytotoxicity of the first twenty chemicals on the MEIC list was evaluated by determining the haemolytic activity of the chemicals. All the tested chemicals, except malathion, were haemolytic. With digoxin and sodium fluoride, however, the maximum degree of haemolysis achieved remained less than 50%. The EC10 for the chemicals varied from 0.38mM (digoxin) to 4,830mM (ethylene glycol). Comparing our data for the first ten MEIC chemicals with data obtained with other in vitro test systems, they correlated well with data reported for human lymphocytes (r = 0.93), rat hepatocytes (r = 0.98) and 3T3 cells (r = 0.95). However, in comparison with these tests, the haemolysis assay was less sensitive. The EC10 for the first ten MEIC chemicals correlated rather well (r = 0.84) with human lethal blood concentrations, but the haemolysis assay underestimated the toxicity of most of the chemicals and particularly underestimated the toxicity of digoxin.

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19

Lehmann, Vidar. "HAEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF ACINETOBACTER CALCOACETICUS." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Section B Microbiology and Immunology 79B, no. 1 (2009): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1971.tb00033.x.

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20

Goluszko, Pawel, and Maciej R. Nowacki. "Extracellular haemolytic activity ofSerratia marcescens." FEMS Microbiology Letters 61, no. 1-2 (1989): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03580.x.

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21

Kellar, A., and M. J. Lawrence. "Haemolytic activity of nonionic surfactants." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 4 (September 1996): S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-0987(97)86189-1.

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22

SODERLIND, E., and L. KARLSSON. "Haemolytic activity of maltopyranoside surfactants." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 62, no. 3 (2006): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2005.08.012.

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23

Klajnert, Barbara, Sylwia Pikala, and Maria Bryszewska. "Haemolytic activity of polyamidoamine dendrimers and the protective role of human serum albumin." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 466, no. 2117 (2009): 1527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2009.0050.

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We have examined the haemolytic activity of polyamidoamine dendrimers. Haemolysis increased in a generation- and concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the longer the incubation time, the greater the amount of haemoglobin released. When human serum albumin (HSA) was present in the incubation buffer, the extent of haemolysis decreased. This protective effect may be due to the high affinity of dendrimers for proteins: dendrimers that interact with HSA are unable to disrupt the membrane to the same extent as free dendrimers. The presence of HSA makes the buffer more relevant to physiological conditions. The results of this study suggest that the actual haemotoxicity of dendrimers in vivo is lower than is observed in vitro .

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24

Jumpertz, Thorsten, Christian Chervaux, Kathleen Racher, et al. "Mutations affecting the extreme C terminus of Escherichia coli haemolysin A reduce haemolytic activity by altering the folding of the toxin." Microbiology 156, no. 8 (2010): 2495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.038562-0.

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Escherichia coli haemolysin A (HlyA), an RTX toxin, is secreted probably as an unfolded intermediate, by the type I (ABC transporter-dependent) pathway, utilizing a C-terminal secretion signal. However, the mechanism of translocation and post-translocation folding is not understood. We identified a mutation (hlyA99) at the extreme C terminus, which is dominant in competition experiments, blocking secretion of the wild-type toxin co-expressed in the same cell. This suggests that unlike recessive mutations which affect recognition of the translocation machinery, the hlyA99 mutation interferes with some later step in secretion. Indeed, the mutation reduced haemolytic activity of the toxin and the activity of β-lactamase when the latter was fused to a C-terminal 23 kDa fragment of HlyA carrying the hlyA99 mutation. A second mutant (hlyAdel6), lacking the six C-terminal residues of HlyA, also showed reduced haemolytic activity and neither mutant protein regained normal haemolytic activity in in vitro unfolding/refolding experiments. Tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy indicated differences in structure between the secreted forms of wild-type HlyA and the HlyA Del6 mutant. These results suggested that the mutations affected the correct folding of both HlyA and the β-lactamase fusion. Thus, we propose a dual function for the HlyA C terminus involving an important role in post-translocation folding as well as targeting HlyA for secretion.

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25

Ghanayem, Burhan I., and Chantal A. Sullivan. "Assessment of the Haemolytic Activity of 2-Butoxyethanol and its Major Metabolite, Butoxyacetic Acid, in Various Mammals Including Humans." Human & Experimental Toxicology 12, no. 4 (1993): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719301200409.

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2-Butoxyethanol (BE) is a glycol ether produced in volumes exceeding 335 million pounds/year for industrial and domestic uses. BE causes acute haemolytic anaemia in rats and some other mammals. While BE is inactive in vitro, 2-butoxyacetic acid (BAA) is a potent haemolytic agent in vivo and in vitro. This finding suggests that metabolic activation of BE to BAA is required for haemolysis of erythrocytes to occur in vivo. Haemolysis of red blood cells (RBC) by BAA is preceded by swelling (increased mean cell volume [MCV] and haematocrit [HCT]). In an attempt to assess the potential risk to humans exposed to BE, studies were designed to determine the in vitro effect of BAA on RBCs from 10 mammalian species including humans. Blood samples from each mammalian species (n=3-5) were incubated with BAA at a final concentration of 0 (vehicle), 1 or 2 mM and kept at 37°C in a gently shaking water bath. Complete blood counts (CBCs) were measured at 0, 1, 2 and 4 h. BAA caused a time- and concentration-dependent increase in MCV and HCT of blood from rats, mice and hamsters (rodents), rabbits (lagomorphs), and baboons (primates). In contrast, blood from pigs (artiodactyis), dogs and cats (carnivores), guinea pigs (rodents/marsupials), and humans (primates), was minimally affected by BAA. These results were confirmed in guinea pigs and rats in vivo. Gavage administration of BE (250 mg kg-1) to rats resulted in increased MCV and HCT followd by haemolysis (decreased RBCs). Identical treatment with BE resulted in no significant change in these parameters in guinea pigs. These data clearly demonstrated that BE-induced haemolytic anaemia is species-dependent. This information may prove important for selecting appropriate animal models for use in the assessment of the health risk to humans exposed to BE. Future studies will focus on the cellular basis of the differential sensitivity of RBCs from various mammals to BAA.

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26

RAHIM, Z., S. I. KHAN, and A. K. CHOPRA. "Biological characterization of Aeromonas spp. isolated from the environment." Epidemiology and Infection 132, no. 4 (2004): 627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268804002298.

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Cytotoxic enterotoxin (Act) is a key virulence factor in the pathogenesis of infections caused by Aeromonas spp. The cytotoxic enterotoxin gene (act) was detected in 32 out of 69 environmental isolates of Aeromonas spp. by hybridization with the act gene probe. To evaluate the pathogenic potential of the act gene probe-positive isolates, 32 act gene probe-positive and 31 randomly selected act gene probe-negative isolates were tested for enterotoxicity in a suckling mice assay (SMA), for haemolytic activity on sheep blood agar plates, for the presence of CAMP-like factors, and for cytotoxicity in a Vero cell line. The act gene probe-positive isolates significantly differed from the toxin gene probe-negative ones with respect to enterotoxicity in the SMA (P=0·009) and haemolytic activity (P=0·005). The CAMP–haemolysin phenotype was significantly associated with the rabbit ileal loop assay (P=0·08), Vero cell assay (P=0·064), and haemolysin production under the microaerophilic conditions (P=0·056) of the act gene probe-positive isolates of Aeromonas spp. These data indicated the role of Act in the pathogenesis of Aeromonas infections and that the enterotoxic potential of Aeromonas spp. could be assessed by simply performing a CAMP–haemolysin assay.

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27

Budarina, Zhanna I., Dmitri V. Nikitin, Nikolay Zenkin, et al. "A new Bacillus cereus DNA-binding protein, HlyIIR, negatively regulates expression of B. cereus haemolysin II." Microbiology 150, no. 11 (2004): 3691–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27142-0.

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Haemolysin II, HlyII, is one of several cytotoxic proteins produced by Bacillus cereus, an opportunistic human pathogen that causes food poisoning. The hlyII gene confers haemolytic activity to Escherichia coli cells. Here a new B. cereus gene, hlyIIR, which is located immediately downstream of hlyII and regulates hlyII expression, is reported. The deduced amino acid sequence of HlyIIR is similar to prokaryotic DNA-binding transcriptional regulators of the TetR/AcrA family. Measurements of haemolytic activity levels and of hlyII promoter activity levels using gene fusions and primer-extension assays demonstrated that, in E. coli, hlyII transcription decreased in the presence of hlyIIR. Recombinant HlyIIR binds to a 22 bp inverted DNA repeat centred 48 bp upstream of the hlyII promoter transcription initiation point. In vitro transcription studies showed that HlyIIR inhibits transcription from the hlyII promoter by binding to the 22 bp repeat and RNA polymerase, and by decreasing the formation of the catalytically competent open promoter complex.

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Somani, Aayush, Shilpa Abbay Gaidhane, Priti Abbay Gaidhane, Nazli Khatib, and Sourya Acharya. "Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) in Haemolytic Anaemia – A Case Report." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 9 (2021): 656–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/140.

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Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is a sporadic disease commonly presenting as headache, vomiting, visual disturbances, seizures and confusion. Acute changes in blood pressure are commonly associated with this. 1 It is understood that many medical conditions and medicines raise the risk of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. We report an unusual case of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in patient with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Due to the advancement and affordability of brain imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), identification of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is possible. A high index of suspicion and prompt treatment can decrease the morbidity, decrease mortality and result in an early recovery. Haemolysis is the premature destruction of erythrocytes. Haemolysis expedites to haemolytic anaemia when the increased loss of red blood cells cannot be replaced by bone marrow activity. Immune haemolysis is a shortening of the survival of red blood cells due to antibodies, either directly or indirectly. Autoantibodies or alloantibodies can be such antibodies. In order to choose suitable blood for transfusion, these atypical antibodies have to be detected in the patient's serum.

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Tay, S. T., S. Devi, S. D. Puthucheary, and I. M. Kautner. "Detection of haemolytic activity of campylobacters by agarose haemolysis and microplate assay." Journal of Medical Microbiology 42, no. 3 (1995): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00222615-42-3-175.

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30

Barnham, M., and R. A. Bradwell. "Acute peritonsillar abscess caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 106, no. 11 (1992): 1000–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100121590.

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AbstractA patient is reported with a peritonsillar abscess yielding Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. This appears to be only the fifth such case described in the medical literature and the first from Europe. The organism has been reported as an occasional cause of tonsillopharyngitis with rash, resembling infection with Streptococcus pyogenes but often unresponsive to penicillin therapy. A. haemolyticum easily passes unrecognized in bacteriological cultures as a result of its slow growth, coryneform appearance in the Gram's stain and weak haemolytic activity on conventional laboratory media.

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31

Allam, A. A., A. M. El-shawadfy, W. A. E. Hassanein, et al. "Biochemical and immunological characterization of haemolysin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 isolated from burn wounds." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 21, no. 2 (2020): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v21i2.7.

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Background: Infection of burn wounds by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and remains one of the most challenging concerns for the burns unit. The aim of this study is purify and characterize the haemolysin produced by multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa PAO1 isolated from burn wounds. Methods: Isolation and identification of P. aeruginosa from burns was done by standard bacteriological methods. P. aeruginosa PAO1 was identified by PCR amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The haemolysin of P. aeruginosa PAO1 was purified by 70% ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, and separation by SDS-Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. In vivo toxicity of the purified haemolysin was determined by intraperitoneal injection of Swiss albino mice, and in vitro toxin-antitoxin neutralization test was performed as previously described. Results: The pure haemolysin had a molecular weight of 37 kDa, with maximum activity at 25°C for 30 minutes and stable within pH range of 4-9 (maximum activity at pH 7). The haemolysin was activated by Ca2+, Fe3+ and Cu2+. Intraperitoneal injection of mice with 0.5ml of haemolysin (128 HU/ml) caused 100% mortality while 0.5 and 0.1 ml of haemolytic titer (64 HU/ml) of the heated haemolysin (toxoid) caused 50% and 0% mortality respectively. In vitro toxin-antitoxin neutralization test revealed that anti-haemolysin antitoxin was present in the serum of the mice that were previously vaccinated with heated toxin. Conclusion: This study concluded that haemolysin can be a potential vaccine component for prevention of haemolysis caused by multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa in burn patients.Keywords: haemolysin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, multidrug resistant organism

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32

Voutquenne, Laurence, Catherine Lavaud, Georges Massiot, and Louisette Le Men-Olivier. "Structure-Activity Relationships of Haemolytic Saponins." Pharmaceutical Biology 40, no. 4 (2002): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/phbi.40.4.253.8470.

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33

Bornstein, N., M. Nowicki, and J. Fleurette. "Haemolytic activity in the genus Legionella." Annales de l'Institut Pasteur / Microbiologie 139, no. 3 (1988): 325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0769-2609(88)90024-5.

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34

Léry, Louis. "Haemolytic activity of calcium phosphate adjuvant." Vaccine 12, no. 5 (1994): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410x(94)90129-5.

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35

Winston, Judith E., and Alan W. Bernheimer. "Haemolytic activity in an Antarctic bryozoan." Journal of Natural History 20, no. 2 (1986): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222938600770271.

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36

Juntachai, Weerapong, Aksarakorn Kummasook, Malee Mekaprateep, and Susumu Kajiwara. "Identification of the haemolytic activity ofMalasseziaspecies." Mycoses 57, no. 3 (2013): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/myc.12125.

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37

Kilian, Mognis. "THE HAEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF HAEMOPHILUS SPECIES." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Section B Microbiology 84B, no. 6 (2009): 339–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1976.tb01950.x.

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38

Ansorg, R., R. Rein, A. Spies, and G. Recklinghausen. "Cell-associated haemolytic activity ofHelicobacter pylori." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 12, no. 2 (1993): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01967582.

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39

Birkhoelzer, Sarah, Alexandra Belcher, and Helen Peet. "Diagnostic dilemma: Severe thrombotic microangiopathy in pregnancy." Journal of the Intensive Care Society 18, no. 4 (2017): 348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1751143717715969.

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A diagnostic dilemma occurred when thrombotic microangiopathy developed during pregnancy. The diagnostic criteria of thrombotic microangiopathy include thrombocytopenia (platelets <100) and microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and haemolytic-uraemic syndrome). An urgent interdisciplinary approach is required to treat thrombotic microangiopathy in pregnancy to differentiate between thrombotic microangiopathy and HELLP syndrome (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets).1 This case presented with the pentad of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: severe thrombocytopenia (platelets 9 × 109/L), microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (reticular count 245 × 109/L (20–110)), LDH >5000 U/L (<425)), neurological abnormalities (Glasgow Coma Scale 10/15), renal failure (creatinine 140 µmol/L (<97)), fever (37.7℃). A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with a Thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13 (ADAMTS13) activity of less than 5% and anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies retrospectively confirmed the diagnosis of acquired idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy. The immediate management in the Emergency Department with an interdisciplinary team of Consultant Nephrologists, Intensivists, Haematologists and Obstetricians facilitated prompt diagnosis resulting in immediate plasma exchange (PEX) and coordination of semi-elective delivery of the foetus.

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40

Raj, Masilamani Mohan, Subramanian Bragadeeswaran, and Anbukkarasu Suguna. "Studies on Haemolytic Properties of Puffer Fishes from South East Coast of India." International Letters of Natural Sciences 30 (December 2014): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.30.11.

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Marine fishes play an important role for health care. The objectives of the present study was to evaluate the haemolytic activity of crude extracts of six puffer fishes Cyclichthys orbicularis, Diodon holocanthus, Canthigaster solandri, Arthron hispidus, A. inermis and Lagocephalua inermis collected from Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, South East Coast of India. The haemolytic activity was tested against red blood cells (RBCs) of chicken, goat and human blood. The haemolytic activity was high in chicken blood (128HU) against of Cyclichthys orbicularis and A. inermis and minimum (16HU) in Lagocephalua inermis. In goat erythrocytes the highest haemolytic activity (256HU) against Arthron hispidus and minimum (16HU) against A. inermis and Lagocephalua inermis were observed. In human erythrocytes the maximum haemolytic activity of 32HU against Cyclichthys orbicularis, Arthron hispidus were recorded. In blood agar plate assay the highest zone of inhibition of 6.4±0.9 and 6.3±0.1 mm were observed in A. inermis against chicken erythrocytes and Arthron hispidus against goat erythrocytes respectively. The results strongly suggest that, the Marine puffer fish extracts showed good cytolytic properties against blood RBCs.

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Raj, Masilamani Mohan, Subramanian Bragadeeswaran, and Anbukkarasu Suguna. "Studies on Haemolytic Properties of Puffer Fishes from South East Coast of India." International Letters of Natural Sciences 30 (December 14, 2014): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-bq77y7.

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Marine fishes play an important role for health care. The objectives of the present study was to evaluate the haemolytic activity of crude extracts of six puffer fishes Cyclichthys orbicularis, Diodon holocanthus, Canthigaster solandri, Arthron hispidus, A. inermis and Lagocephalua inermis collected from Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, South East Coast of India. The haemolytic activity was tested against red blood cells (RBCs) of chicken, goat and human blood. The haemolytic activity was high in chicken blood (128HU) against of Cyclichthys orbicularis and A. inermis and minimum (16HU) in Lagocephalua inermis. In goat erythrocytes the highest haemolytic activity (256HU) against Arthron hispidus and minimum (16HU) against A. inermis and Lagocephalua inermis were observed. In human erythrocytes the maximum haemolytic activity of 32HU against Cyclichthys orbicularis, Arthron hispidus were recorded. In blood agar plate assay the highest zone of inhibition of 6.4±0.9 and 6.3±0.1 mm were observed in A. inermis against chicken erythrocytes and Arthron hispidus against goat erythrocytes respectively. The results strongly suggest that, the Marine puffer fish extracts showed good cytolytic properties against blood RBCs.

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42

Daly, Norelle L., Bin Chen, Philip Nguyencong, and David J. Craik. "Structure and Activity of the Leaf-Specific Cyclotide vhl-2." Australian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 5 (2010): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch10007.

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Cyclotides are plant-derived macrocyclic peptides with potential applications in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. In addition to their presumed natural function as host-defence peptides arising from their insecticidal activity, their other biological activities include antimicrobial, haemolytic, and cytotoxic activities, but at present, only limited information is available on the structural and chemical features that are important for these various activities. In the current study, we determined the three-dimensional structure of vhl-2, a leaf-specific cyclotide. Although the characteristic cyclic cystine knot fold of other cyclotides is maintained in vhl-2, it has more potent haemolytic activity than well-characterized cyclotides such as kalata B1 and kalata B8. Analysis of surface hydrophobicity and haemolytic activity for a range of cyclotides indicates a correlation between them, with increasing hydrophobicity resulting in increased haemolytic activity. This correlation is consistent with membrane binding being a vital step in mediating the various cytotoxic activities of cyclotides. The gene sequence for vhl-2 was determined and indicates that vhl-2 is processed from a multidomain precursor protein that also encodes the cyclotide cycloviolacin H3.

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43

Kundishora, Anesu, Simbarashe Sithole, and Stanley Mukanganyama. "Determination of the Cytotoxic Effect of Different Leaf Extracts from Parinari curatellifolia (Chrysobalanaceae)." Journal of Toxicology 2020 (October 27, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8831545.

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Despite plants being a rich source of useful chemical compounds with different pharmacological properties, some of these compounds may be toxic to humans. Parinari curatellifolia, among its other important pharmacological activities, has been shown to have significant antiproliferative activity on cancer cell lines. Toxicity studies are required to determine the safety profile of P. curatellifolia in the consideration of its potential pharmaceutical benefits as a source of lead compounds in cancer therapy. The effects of P. curatellifolia on both the integrity of the erythrocyte membrane and on normal cells were determined. The dried leaf powder of P. curatellifolia was used in serial exhaustive extraction procedures using hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water as solvents in addition to extraction using DCM: methanol in equal ratio. Alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins were isolated from the ethanol extract. The leaf extracts were tested for haemolytic activity on sheep erythrocytes at concentrations of 0.625 to 5 mg/ml. The extracts were also tested for toxicity activity on normal mammalian cells such as the BALB/c mice peritoneal cells using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) at the concentrations of 6.3 to 50 μg/ml. In the haemolysis assays, none of the plant extracts had a significant haemolytic activity with the saponin-enriched extract having the maximum haemolytic activity of 12.2% for a concentration of 5 mg/ml. In the MTT cell viability assay, none of the 11 plant extracts had significant cytotoxicity. The water extract, however, had significant ( p < 0.01 ) proliferative activity towards the murine immune cells at all concentrations. P. curatellifolia leaf extracts were, therefore, not toxic to both erythrocytes and immune cells, and the water extract may have immunostimulatory effects. It is concluded that P. curatellifolia leaf extracts are not toxic in vitro and, therefore, our results support the use of the plant for ethnomedicinal use.

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44

Ameh, Matthew P., Mamman Mohammed, Yusuf P. Ofemile, Magaji G. Mohammed, Ada Gabriel, and Akefe O. Isaac. "Detoxifying Action of Aqueous Extracts of Mucuna pruriens Seed and Mimosa pudica Root Against Venoms of Naja nigricollis and Bitis arietans." Recent Patents on Biotechnology 14, no. 2 (2020): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872208313666191025110019.

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Background: The World Health Organization included snakebite envenomation among Neglected Tropical Diseases in 2017. The importance of natural products from plants is enormous, given that most prescribed drugs originate from plants. Among this is Mucuna pruriens and Mimosa pudica, with many registered patents asserting their health benefits. Objective: This study investigated the in vitro neutralizing effects of Mucuna pruriens seed and Mimosa pudica root extracts on venoms of Naja nigricollis and Bitis arietans. Methods: In mice, the LD50 and phytochemical analysis of M. pruriens and M. pudica plant extracts were carried out prior to the evaluation of their haemolytic and fibrinolytic effect. Their effects on the activities of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were also assessed. Results: At a concentration of 50 mg/ml, both plant extracts were found to neutralize the fibrinolytic activity of N. nigricollis, but 400 mg/ml was required to neutralize the fibrinolytic activity of B. arietans. In haemolytic studies, 50 mg/ml concentration of M. pruriens extract suppressed haemolysis caused by N. nigricollis venom by 70% but at the same concentration, M. pudica extract reduced haemolysis by 49.4%. M. pruriens, at 50 mg/ml concentration, only inhibited phospholipase A2 activity by 7.7% but higher concentrations up to 400mg/ml had no effect against the venom of N. nigricollis; at 200 mg/ml. M. pudica extract inhibited PLA2 activity by 23%. Conclusion: The results suggest that M. pruriens and M. pudica may be considered as promising antivenom agents for people living in a snake-bite prone environment.

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45

Lehmann, Vidar. "HAEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS STRAINS OF ACINETOBACTER." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Section B Microbiology and Immunology 81B, no. 4 (2009): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1973.tb02226.x.

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46

Al-Assadi, Hassan M. T., A. J. Baillie, and A. T. Florence. "THE HAEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 42, S1 (1990): 161P. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1990.tb14534.x.

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47

Proesmans, W., A. VanCauter, L. Thijs, and P. Lijnen. "Plasma renin activity in haemolytic uraemic syndrome." Pediatric Nephrology 8, no. 4 (1994): 444–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00856527.

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48

Bielawski, Józef. "Two types of haemolytic activity of detergents." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1035, no. 2 (1990): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(90)90119-h.

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49

Seebacher, Werner, Ernst Haslinger, Karin Rauchensteiner, Johann Jurenitsch, Armin Presser, and Robert Weis. "Synthesis and Haemolytic Activity of Randianin Isomers." Monatshefte für Chemie / Chemical Monthly 130, no. 7 (1999): 887–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00010270.

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50

Flanagan, J., N. Collin, J. Timoney, T. Mitchell, J. A. Mumford, and N. Chanter. "Characterization of the haemolytic activity ofStreptococcus equi." Microbial Pathogenesis 24, no. 4 (1998): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mpat.1997.0190.

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