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Journal articles on the topic 'Hafting'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Quinn, Colin P., Nathan Goodale, William Andrefsky, Ian Kuijt, and Bill Finlayson. "Lithic Technological Organization and Hafting in Early Villages." American Antiquity 84, no. 4 (June 27, 2019): 708–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2019.45.

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Hafting is an important part of lithic technology that can increase our understanding of socioeconomic behavior in the past. In this article, we develop a holistic approach to studying hafting by using the concept of curation within a broader assessment of lithic technological organization in early villages. Early villages were loci of socioeconomic transformation as part of the shift from mobile foraging to more sedentary cultivation lifeways. We suggest that an examination of hafting can provide new insights into how early villagers negotiated technological requirements, economic decision making, and social interactions in these novel contexts. As a case study, we develop a curation index and apply it to an archaeological context of hafted and unhafted pointed tools from the early Neolithic village of Dhra’, Jordan. This curation index allows for a discussion of the technological, economic, and social dimensions of hafting strategies at Dhra’. The presence of multiple hafting traditions within early Neolithic villages of Southwest Asia is evidence of persistent social segmentation despite food storage and ritual practices that emphasized communal integration. Through the lens of lithic technological organization, we demonstrate that hafting and curation patterns can increase our understanding of technological, economic, and social strategies in early villages.

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2

Flenniken, J. Jeffrey, and Anan W. Raymond. "Morphological Projectile Point Typology: Replication Experimentation and Technological Analysis." American Antiquity 51, no. 3 (July 1986): 603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281755.

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Morphological typologies of projectile points in North America have often been employed as time-sensitive prehistoric cultural markers. This article demonstrates that the contingencies of point manufacture, hafting, use, and rejuvenation create morphological changes that may render questionable use of these morphological typologies as prehistoric cultural markers. Thirty projectile points were replicated according to the attributes of a commonly employed typological scheme for the Great Basin. Experiments with hafting, impact, and rejuvenation demonstrate that a single point-type may manifest more than one "time-sensitive" shape within its normal uselife.

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3

Fauvelle, Mikael, Erin M. Smith, Sean H. Brown, and Matthew R. Des Lauriers. "Asphaltum hafting and projectile point durability: an experimental comparison of three hafting methods." Journal of Archaeological Science 39, no. 8 (August 2012): 2802–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.014.

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4

Holdaway, Simon. "Tool hafting with a mastic." Nature 380, no. 6572 (March 1996): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/380288a0.

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5

Rots, Veerle. "Towards an understanding of hafting: the macro- and microscopic evidence." Antiquity 77, no. 298 (December 2003): 805–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00061743.

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6

Sankhyan, Anek R. "Palaeolithic Hafting in Himachal Sub-Himalaya." Advances in Anthropology 10, no. 04 (2020): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aa.2020.104014.

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7

Howard, Calvin D. "Projectile Point and Hafting Design Review." North American Archaeologist 16, no. 4 (April 1996): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/7fhr-tjjg-yc1y-fbl4.

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Design review provides insight into possible factors influencing the rapid change of lithic point types and their associated hafting technology during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. The contribution of foreshafts, fluting, notching, and point morphology to weapon system performance was reviewed. Comparison of functional characteristics of lithic projectile points versus rod-shaped points of calcareous materials suggests a prehistoric preference for lithic points that was primarily due to the comparative nature and hemorrhage characteristics of the wounds produced. The design review indicates that the technological chronology observed in the archaeological record is far too complex and non-linear to be envisioned simply as a continuum of functional and maintainability improvement, but is best explained as the result of experimentation and design variation in response to continuous change in hunting conditions, methods, and emphasis.

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8

Tankersley, Kenneth B. "Clovis Mastic and its Hafting Implications." Journal of Archaeological Science 21, no. 1 (January 1994): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1994.1012.

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9

Arp, Don. "Hafting with a Living Tree: A Historical Review of the Alleged Practice of Growth-Assisted Hafting." Lithic Technology 46, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2021.1899443.

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10

Boëda, Eric, J. M. Geneste, C. Griggo, N. Mercier, S. Muhesen, J. L. Reyss, A. Taha, and H. Valladas. "A Levallois point embedded in the vertebra of a wild ass (Equus africanus): hafting, projectiles and Mousterian hunting weapons." Antiquity 73, no. 280 (June 1999): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00088335.

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The hunting methods of the Neanderthals are rarely evident in detail in the archaeological record. Here, the rare and important discovery of a fragment of broken Levallois point, embedded in the neck-bones of a wild ass, provokes plenty of discussion of the methods of hafting and killing game in the Middle Palaeolithic of Syria.

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11

Boëda, Eric, Stéphanie Bonilauri, Jacques Connan, Dan Jarvie, Norbert Mercier, Mark Tobey, Hélène Valladas, Heba al Sakhel, and Sultan Muhesen. "Middle Palaeolithic bitumen use at Umm el Tlel around 70 000 BP." Antiquity 82, no. 318 (December 1, 2008): 853–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00097623.

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AbstractThe authors identify natural bitumen on stone implements dating to 70 000 BP. It is proposed that this represents residue from hafting, taking the practice back a further 30 000 years from the date previously noted and published in Nature. The bitumen was tracked to a source 40km away, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and carbon isotopes.

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12

Helwig, Kate, Valery Monahan, and Jennifer Poulin. "The Identification of Hafting Adhesive on a Slotted Antler Point from a Southwest Yukon Ice Patch." American Antiquity 73, no. 2 (April 2008): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000273160004227x.

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This article describes the identification of a hafting adhesive on an antler point, slotted for microblade insertion. The adhesive, found in the slots of the point, would have held the microblades in place. Radiocarbon dated to 7310 ± 40 B.P. (uncalibrated), the point is one of the oldest and best-preserved artifacts recovered from the melting alpine ice patches in southwestern Yukon, Canada. Because the artifact was frozen, the organic components have not degraded and a detailed chemical analysis was possible. Analyses of residue in the slots of the point by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that a conifer resin adhesive was used. The high concentration of diterpene resin acids with an abietane or pimerane skeleton confirmed a Pinaceae source for the resin. There were no chemical markers to indicate that the resin had been strongly heated to produce tar or pitch. Based on a comparison with five Pinaceae resins from trees common to southern Yukon, the resin from the slotted point most closely resembles the chemical profile of spruce (Picea sp.). The identification of this hafting adhesive on a slotted point adds significantly to our understanding of early hunting technology in Yukon.

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13

Blinkhorn, J. "Examining the Origins of Hafting in South Asia." Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology 2, no. 4 (July 13, 2019): 466–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41982-019-00034-4.

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14

Tarkanian, Michael J., and Dorothy Hosler. "America’s First Polymer Scientists: Rubber Processing, Use and Transport in Mesoamerica." Latin American Antiquity 22, no. 4 (December 2011): 469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.22.4.469.

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AbstractAncient Mesoamericans were making rubber by at least 1600 B.C, mixing latex from Castilla elastica trees with juice from Ipomoea alba (morning glory) vines. The combination of ethnographic, archaeological and mechanical data presented in this text illustrate that ancient Mesoamericans had fully developed this process, and consciously tailored the mechanical properties of rubber to suit requirements of specific applications by altering the ratio of latex to I. alba juice. Our data focus on rubber balls, sandal soles, and rubber bands for hafting and joining. Elasticity, the mechanical property that defines the ability of a rubber ball to bounce, is maximized with a 1:1 volume ratio of latex to I. alba juice. Rubber with high wear resistance, vital to the life and functionality of a sandal sole, can be created by mixing C. elastica latex with 25 percent I. alba juice by volume. Unprocessed C. elastica latex, without I. alba juice, is the material best suited for joining applications, such as adhesives or hafting bands, where strength and ability to absorb shock is of the greatest importance. Tribute data from sixteenth-century codices substantiate that rubber was processed for specific applications within the Aztec empire—rubber and latex goods were processed and constructed in the C. elastica-bearing regions, and then shipped to the capital for use or further distribution.

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15

Boëda, Eric, Jacques Connan, Daniel Dessort, Sultan Muhesen, Norbert Mercier, Hélène Valladas, and Nadine Tisnérat. "Bitumen as a hafting material on Middle Palaeolithic artefacts." Nature 380, no. 6572 (March 1996): 336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/380336a0.

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16

Schmidt, Patrick, Matthias Blessing, Maxime Rageot, Radu Iovita, Johannes Pfleging, Klaus G. Nickel, Ludovic Righetti, and Claudio Tennie. "Birch tar production does not prove Neanderthal behavioral complexity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 36 (August 19, 2019): 17707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911137116.

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Birch tar production by Neanderthals—used for hafting tools—has been interpreted as one of the earliest manifestations of modern cultural behavior. This is because birch tar production per se was assumed to require a cognitively demanding setup, in which birch bark is heated in anaerobic conditions, a setup whose inherent complexity was thought to require modern levels of cognition and cultural transmission. Here we demonstrate that recognizable amounts of birch tar were likely a relatively frequent byproduct of burning birch bark (a natural tinder) under common, i.e., aerobic, conditions. We show that when birch bark burns close to a vertical to subvertical hard surface, such as an adjacent stone, birch tar is naturally deposited and can be easily scraped off the surface. The burning of birch bark near suitable surfaces provides useable quantities of birch tar in a single work session (3 h; including birch bark procurement). Chemical analysis of the resulting tar showed typical markers present in archaeological tar. Mechanical tests verify the tar’s suitability for hafting and for hafted tools use. Given that similarly sized stones as in our experiment are frequently found in archaeological contexts associated with Neanderthals, the cognitively undemanding connection between burning birch bark and the production of birch tar would have been readily discoverable multiple times. Thus, the presence of birch tar alone cannot indicate the presence of modern cognition and/or cultural behaviors in Neanderthals.

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17

Kay, Marvin. "Prehension and Hafting Traces on Flint Tools: A Methodology. Veerle Rots." Journal of Anthropological Research 67, no. 3 (October 2011): 475–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.67.3.41303344.

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18

Buchanan, Briggs, Michael J. O'Brien, J. David Kilby, Bruce B. Huckell, and Mark Collard. "An Assessment of the Impact of Hafting on Paleoindian Point Variability." PLoS ONE 7, no. 5 (May 30, 2012): e36364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036364.

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19

Powell, Owen, Roderick J. Fensham, and Paul Memmott. "Indigenous Use of Spinifex Resin for Hafting in North-Eastern Australia." Economic Botany 67, no. 3 (July 12, 2013): 210–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12231-013-9238-3.

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20

Akerman, Kim. "Observations on edge-ground stone hatchets with hafting modifications in Western Australia." Australian Archaeology 79, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03122417.2014.11682030.

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21

Wadley, Lyn, Bonny Williamson, and Marlize Lombard. "Ochre in hafting in Middle Stone Age southern Africa: a practical role." Antiquity 78, no. 301 (September 2004): 661–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00113298.

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Ochre is well-known as a substance used in Stone Age symbolism, but it can be shown to have had practical functions too. The authors used microscopic examination of Middle Stone Age tools to show they had been hafted, making use of an adhesive compound which included ochre in its recipe.

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22

Baales, Michael, Susanne Birker, and Frank Mucha. "Hafting with beeswax in the Final Palaeolithic: a barbed point from Bergkamen." Antiquity 91, no. 359 (September 20, 2017): 1155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.142.

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23

Odell, George H. "Prehistoric Hafting and Mobility in the North American Midcontinent: Examples from Illinois." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 13, no. 1 (March 1994): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jaar.1994.1004.

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24

Sahle, Yonatan. "Ethnoarchaeology of compound adhesive production and scraper hafting: Implications from Hadiya (Ethiopia)." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 53 (March 2019): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2018.11.001.

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25

Goring-Morris, A. Nigel. "Square pegs into round holes: a critique of Neeley & Barton." Antiquity 70, no. 267 (March 1996): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00082958.

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The Levantine Epipalaeolithic, c. 20,000–10,000 BP, represents one of the most intensively studied periods in prehistoric research in the past 30 years, with literally hundreds of sites being discovered and many systematically investigated. The researchers involved come from a diverse range of backgrounds and national 'schools', and include American, Australian, British, French and Israeli scholars. Some, myself included, see its variability in chipped stone tool morphology, techniques of manufacture and specific means of hafting to reflect, in addition to functional factors, the stylistic traditions of specific groups in the landscape (Bar-Yosef 1991a; Goring-Morris 1987; 1995). This evidence is further bolstered by chrono-stratigraphy, settlement patterns, inter- and intra-site organization and patterning, as well as other material culture residues (Goring-Morris 1989a; 1989b; 1991).

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26

Jennings, Thomas A. "San Patrice: An Example of Late Paleoindian Adaptive Versatility in South-Central North America." American Antiquity 73, no. 3 (July 2008): 539–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600046862.

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Coincident with the climatic changes occurring during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, a number of regionally distinct Paleoindian projectile-point styles emerged throughout North America. This paper examines one understudied and poorly understood Late Paleoindian style, the San Patrice point. Although traditionally considered woodland-adapted hunter-gatherers, projectile-point distributions indicate that San Patrice groups, utilizing the same hafting and resharpening technologies, also made significant use of plains resources. Raw material sourcing reveals that while all San Patrice populations focused on local toolstone sources, plains bands were more mobile than those in the woodlands. These findings have implications for our greater understanding of Paleoindian adaptations. While some hunter-gatherers developed specialized, environmentally specific strategies, San Patrice groups adopted more generalized strategies enabling them to succeed in diverse settings.

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27

Alperson-Afil, Nira, and Naama Goren-Inbar. "Acheulian hafting: Proximal modification of small flint flakes at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel." Quaternary International 411 (August 2016): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.068.

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28

Tomasso, Sonja, Dries Cnuts, Abdeslam Mikdad, and Veerle Rots. "Changes in hafting practices during the Middle Stone Age at Ifri n’ Ammar." Quaternary International 555 (July 2020): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.03.026.

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29

Zipkin, Andrew M., Mark Wagner, Kate McGrath, Alison S. Brooks, and Peter W. Lucas. "An Experimental Study of Hafting Adhesives and the Implications for Compound Tool Technology." PLoS ONE 9, no. 11 (November 10, 2014): e112560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112560.

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30

AKERMAN, KIM, MERVYN HARTWIG, and D. W. BORCHARDT. "NOTES ON THE KIMBERLEY STONE-TIPPED SPEAR FOCUSING ON THE POINT HAFTING MECHANISM." Mankind 11, no. 4 (May 10, 2010): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.1978.tb01190.x.

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31

Rots, Veerle, Philip Van Peer, and Pierre M. Vermeersch. "Aspects of tool production, use, and hafting in Palaeolithic assemblages from Northeast Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 60, no. 5 (May 2011): 637–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.01.001.

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32

Shaham, Dana, Leore Grosman, and Naama Goren-Inbar. "The red-stained flint crescent from Gesher: new insights into PPNA hafting technology." Journal of Archaeological Science 37, no. 8 (August 2010): 2010–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.03.006.

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33

Weedman, Kathryn J. "An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Hafting and Stone Tool Diversity among the Gamo of Ethiopia." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 13, no. 3 (September 2006): 188–237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10816-006-9010-4.

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34

Lynch, Virginia, and Darío O. Hermo. "EVIDENCE OF HAFTING TRACES ON LITHICS END-SCRAPERS AT MARIPE CAVE SITE (SANTA CRUZ, ARGENTINA)." Lithic Technology 40, no. 1 (January 16, 2015): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2051618514y.0000000008.

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35

Veall, Margaret-Ashley. "‘Stuck like glue’: assessing variability in hafting adhesives in the southern African Later Stone Age." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 54, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2019.1591090.

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36

McCall, Grant. "Prehension and Hafting Traces on Flint Tools: A Methodology, by Veerle Rots, Leuven University Press." Lithic Technology 36, no. 1 (April 2011): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lit.2011.36.1.91.

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37

Rots, V., L. Pirnay, Ph Pirson, and O. Baudoux. "Blind tests shed light on possibilities and limitations for identifying stone tool prehension and hafting." Journal of Archaeological Science 33, no. 7 (July 2006): 935–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2005.10.018.

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38

Hodgskiss, Tammy. "Ochre Use in the Middle Stone Age at Sibudu, South Africa: Grinding, Rubbing, Scoring and Engraving." Journal of African Archaeology 11, no. 1 (October 25, 2013): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/2191-5784-10232.

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Many Middle Stone Age (MSA) sites have evidence of the regular collection and use of ochre. Sibudu (KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa) has a large MSA ochre assemblage of over 9000 pieces from layers dating between ~77 ka and ~38 ka. There are 682 pieces with signs of use. All usetraces were examined and activity categories were defined based on published ochre experiments. The most frequent markings on ochre pieces are grinding striations that are smoothed by subsequent rubbing. Grinding and rubbing also occur independently on many pieces. Scored pieces are rare, but are more common in the pre-Still Bay (~77 ka) industry than elsewhere in the sequence. Some scored pieces may represent deliberate engravings. Markings acquired during powder-production are most numerous in the assemblage. Powder was mostly produced from bright-red pieces, but scoring was mainly performed on brown-red pieces. Pieces with mica inclusions are not common, but were favoured for powder production. Ochre powder was used as an aggregate in hafting adhesives, but other possible applications are as paint or as a substance to aid hide tanning.

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39

Smith, Geoffrey M., Pat Barker, Eugene M. Hattori, Anan Raymond, and Ted Goebel. "Points in Time: Direct Radiocarbon Dates on Great Basin Projectile Points." American Antiquity 78, no. 3 (July 2013): 580–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.78.3.580.

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AbstractTypological cross-dating is the primary means by which archaeological sites are placed into chronological frameworks. This approach relies on the assumption that artifacts at undated sites—usually projectile points—are coeval with similar artifacts found at Other, dated sites. While typological cross-dating is necessary in regions dominated by open-air lithic scatters, the approach can be problematic when undated and dated sites are separated by significant distances. Here, we present radiocarbon dates on projectile points with organic hafting material still attached or found within organic storage bags. Our results provide unequivocal ages for various morphological projectile point types at several Great Basin locales and should be useful to researchers seeking local age estimates for those point types, which often involves relying on chronological data from more distant sites. The results also highlight potential issues with uncritically applying typological cross-dating using typologies based on metric attributes, and in two cases, suggest the need to revise the age ranges for certain point styles in the western Great Basin.

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40

Jéquier, Camille. "The incised bone points from the Early Aurignacian of Potočka zijalka (Slovenia), hafting system or ornament?" Quaternary International 403 (June 2016): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.060.

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41

Scerri, Eleanor M. L. "On the spatial and technological organisation of hafting modifications in the North African Middle Stone Age." Journal of Archaeological Science 40, no. 12 (December 2013): 4234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.011.

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42

Degano, Ilaria, Sylvain Soriano, Paola Villa, Luca Pollarolo, Jeannette J. Lucejko, Zenobia Jacobs, Katerina Douka, Silvana Vitagliano, and Carlo Tozzi. "Hafting of Middle Paleolithic tools in Latium (central Italy): New data from Fossellone and Sant’Agostino caves." PLOS ONE 14, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): e0213473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213473.

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43

Devièse, Thibaut, Margaret-Ashley Veall, Richard Allen, Marabel Riesmeier, Jamie Cameron, Dominique Bonjean, and Thomas Higham. "From photogrammetry to radiocarbon dating; investigating hafting adhesives on stone tools using a multi-analytical approach." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 34 (December 2020): 102664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102664.

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44

Pawlik, Alfred F., and Philip J. Piper. "The Philippines fromc.14,000 to 4,000 cal.bpin Regional Context." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 29, no. 1 (July 17, 2018): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774318000306.

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In this paper, we review the current Philippine archaeological record between c. 14,000 and 4000 cal.bpin the context of our developing understanding of human adaptation to post-glacial environments at the end of the Pleistocene, and the cultural and technological changes that were occurring across Southeast Asia during this period. Due to their location at the northwestern fringes of Wallacea, close proximity to Borneo and Taiwan, and the long Palawan coastline bordering the southern margins of the South China Sea, the Philippines have likely acted as a conduit for the movements of people, material culture and ideas between the islands of Southeast Asia throughout prehistory. Current research suggests that the Philippines were possibly embedded in larger maritime networks from the Late Pleistocene onwards. This appears to have been a period of significant social change and technological innovation, as illustrated by the appearance of new organic and inorganic technologies and the emergence of diverse burial traditions across Southeast Asia. These included sophisticated fishing strategies, techniques of hafting and composite tool production, and long-distance interaction across the Philippine archipelago and Island Southeast Asia perhaps as far as Near Oceania.

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45

Groß, Daniel, Harald Lübke, Ulrich Schmölcke, and Marco Zanon. "Early Mesolithic activities at ancient Lake Duvensee, northern Germany." Holocene 29, no. 2 (November 16, 2018): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618810390.

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The ancient lake Duvensee in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, is one of the prime locations in northern Europe for early Holocene research. Archaeological sites on the former lakeshore provide vivid illustrations of early Mesolithic life, with bark mats and other organic finds preserved, including evidence for the extensive use of hazelnuts. Although the area has been the subject of research for almost 100 years, a coherent summary of these discoveries has not yet been written. Here we review past research at Duvensee, and give some prospects for further research. We show that the Duvensee sites varied in their structure and chronology. While only a limited number of sites can be connected to hazelnut exploitation, some of them show signs of hafting and retooling and other domestic activities. At a few sites, specific hearths were excavated which can be connected with hazelnut roasting and other subsistence activities. Finally, we show that while most earlier studies focused almost exclusively on archaeological research questions, Duvensee has the potential to reveal not only transformations in human behaviour, but also environmental changes at a detailed scale; we therefore argue for a more holistic perspective and multidisciplinary approach to reconstructing prehistoric landscapes and cultural transformations.

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46

Jerardino, Antonieta. "Diversity in mastic-mounted stone adzes and the use of mastic in precolonial South Africa: evidence from Steenbokfontein Cave." Antiquity 75, no. 290 (December 2001): 859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00089432.

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Composite tools and hafted tools were used world-wide over the last 35,000 years, and possibly earlier than that (Boëda et al. 1996; Holdaway 1996). Evidence for the use of composite tools in South Africa is provided by a small number of arrows from ethnohistorical and archaeological collections (Binneman 1994; Deacon & Deacon 1999: 158–9), a handful of mounted stone artefacts, and a significant number of mastic stained stone artefacts from archaeological sites (Deacon & Deacon 1999). On the basis of the limited sample of near intact mounted artefacts found in South Africa, it appears that small scrapers were side-mounted (at almost 90° to the axis of the handle) and fixed asymmetrically by surrounding resin (Deacon & Deacon 1980: 31–2). Adzes, on the other hand, were end-mounted (on one extreme, and along the same plane, of the handle) and held by a large ovoid lump of mastic (Hewitt 1921; Goodwin & Van Riet Lowe 1929: plate 42; Sampson 1974: figure 105). From their analysis of the available material two decades ago, Deacon & Deacon (1980: 37) concluded that the size and form of the insert was determined largely by the mode of hafting.

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Chen, Hong, Huiru Lian, Jun Wang, Xin Ding, Mengxia Fang, and Ya-Mei Hou. "Hafting wear on quartzite tools: An experimental case from the Wulanmulun Site, Inner Mongolia of north China." Quaternary International 427 (January 2017): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.01.060.

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Perrault, Katelynn A., Lena M. Dubois, Dries Cnuts, Veerle Rots, Jean-François Focant, and Pierre-Hugues Stefanuto. "Characterization of hafting adhesives using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry." Separation Science Plus 1, no. 11 (November 2018): 726–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sscp.201800111.

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Helwig, Kate, Valery Monahan, Jennifer Poulin, and Thomas D. Andrews. "Ancient projectile weapons from ice patches in northwestern Canada: identification of resin and compound resin-ochre hafting adhesives." Journal of Archaeological Science 41 (January 2014): 655–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.09.010.

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Hodgskiss, Tammy. "Cognitive Requirements for Ochre Use in the Middle Stone Age at Sibudu, South Africa." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 24, no. 3 (October 2014): 405–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774314000663.

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Ochre is found at many Middle Stone Age sites and its use is often associated with enhanced mental abilities and symbolism, but the links between the visible uses of ochre and cognition have not been clearly defined. By establishing the technology and processes involved in using ochre, one can determine the skill, knowledge and cognitive abilities required to execute those activities. This is done here by constructing thought-and-action and inferential cognitive sequences for the various ochre activities performed at Sibudu, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Powder production alone is not an indicator of complex cognitive processes, although some planning, foresight and knowledge of materials is required. Some ochre powder was used in the creation of hafting adhesives which is a cognitively demanding process requiring attention-switching, response inhibition, analogical reasoning and abstract thought. The direct transfer of ochre powder from an ochre piece to a soft material through grinding and rubbing requires some complex thought and action procedures — analogical reasoning and the ability to multi-task and switch attention between activities. Scoring a piece of ochre with a sharp tool does not necessitate enhanced executive functioning. However, some engravings demonstrate intentionality and an awareness of space and symmetry that may imply abstract thought.

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