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Journal articles on the topic 'Hail'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

SURESH, R., and A. K. BHATNAGAR. "Unusual hail storms during May 2002 in Chennai and its suburbs – A study using data from a single Doppler Weather Radar." MAUSAM 55, no. 4 (2022): 655–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v55i4.1367.

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Climatologically, hail storm phenomena over Chennai and its neighbourhood is extremely rare throughout the year. However two hail storm were reported during the year 2002, one by print / electronic media on 29 May within the city limits and the other on 30 May 2002 by a meteorological observatory maintained by Indian Navy at Arakonam located at the outskirts of city. These two storms were analysed based on the data received from the newly installed Doppler Weather Radar at Cyclone Detection Radar station, Chennai. The analysis reveals that the vertical extent of the hailstorms was well beyond

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2

Fan, Hongyun, Xi Wang, and Liping Zhou. "Interannual variation trend of hail days in hail prone areas in Xinjiang." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1087, no. 1 (2022): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1087/1/012060.

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Abstract Hail causes significant agricultural losses in Xinjiang every year, and the study of interannual variation of hail days and its causes can provide a climatic background for hail warning and defense. This study analyzes the trends and abrupt changes in the interannual variability of hail days in the areas with frequent hail using linear trend analysis and abrupt climate change detection methods, and explains the climatic causes of these trends using atmospheric stability. The results show that areas with frequent hails in Xinjiang are located on both sides of the Tianshan Mountains and

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3

Lahman, Maria K. E. "Hail." Qualitative Inquiry 25, no. 9-10 (2018): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077800418792017.

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4

Porsch, Annkatrin, Markus Gandorfer, and Vera Bitsch. "Strategies to manage hail risk in apple production." Agricultural Finance Review 78, no. 5 (2018): 532–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-07-2017-0062.

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Purpose Hail risk management is essential for successful farm management in German fruit production, particularly because hail events and associated losses have increased in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a detailed risk analysis comparing different strategies to manage hail risk, taking into account farmers’ risk aversion and farm-specific conditions. Design/methodology/approach Within an expected utility framework, two different strategies for managing hail risk are compared: one belonging to the group of financial instruments (hail insurance) and the other to the grou

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5

Blair, Scott F., Jennifer M. Laflin, Dennis E. Cavanaugh, et al. "High-Resolution Hail Observations: Implications for NWS Warning Operations." Weather and Forecasting 32, no. 3 (2017): 1101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-16-0203.1.

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Abstract A field research campaign, the Hail Spatial and Temporal Observing Network Effort (HailSTONE), was designed to obtain physical high-resolution hail measurements at the ground associated with convective storms to help address several operational challenges that remain unsatisfied through public storm reports. Field phases occurred over a 5-yr period, yielding hail measurements from 73 severe thunderstorms [hail diameter ≥ 1.00 in. (2.54 cm)]. These data provide unprecedented insight into the hailfall character of each storm and afford a baseline to explore the representativeness of the

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6

Kim, Min Hee, Jaeyong Lee, and Seung-Jae Lee. "Hail: Mechanisms, Monitoring, Forecasting, Damages, Financial Compensation Systems, and Prevention." Atmosphere 14, no. 11 (2023): 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14111642.

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Hail has long caused extensive damage and economic loss in places inhabited by humans. Climate change is expected to lead to different types of damage due to the geographic characteristics of each continent. Under changing environment, hail is becoming increasingly unstable and is causing damage that is difficult to repair, making it essential to study the occurrence of hail and hail-damage. Hail formation has been studied at the micro- and macrophysical scales as well as thermal and dynamical scales. Hail forms in various sizes, and the scale of damage varies with size. Hail precipitation occ

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7

Barras, Hélène, Olivia Martius, Luca Nisi, Katharina Schroeer, Alessandro Hering, and Urs Germann. "Multi-day hail clusters and isolated hail days in Switzerland – large-scale flow conditions and precursors." Weather and Climate Dynamics 2, no. 4 (2021): 1167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1167-2021.

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Abstract. In Switzerland, hail regularly occurs in multi-day hail clusters. The atmospheric conditions prior to and during multi-day hail clusters are described and contrasted to the conditions prior to and during isolated hail days. The analysis focuses on hail days that occurred between April and September 2002–2019 within 140 km of the Swiss radar network. Hail days north and south of the Alps are defined using a minimum area threshold of a radar-based hail product. Multi-day clusters are defined as 5 d windows containing 4 or 5 hail days and isolated hail days as 5 d windows containing a s

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Wallace, Robinson, Katja Friedrich, Evan A. Kalina, and Paul Schlatter. "Using Operational Radar to Identify Deep Hail Accumulations from Thunderstorms." Weather and Forecasting 34, no. 1 (2019): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-18-0053.1.

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Abstract Thunderstorms that produce surface hail accumulations, sometimes as large as 60 cm in depth, have significantly affected the residents of the Front Range and High Plains of Colorado and Wyoming by creating hazardous road conditions and endangering lives and property. To date, surface hail accumulation is not part of a routine forecasting or monitoring system. Extensive coordinated hail accumulation reports and operational products designed to identify deep hail accumulating storms in real time are lacking. Kalina et al. used dual-polarization WSR-88D radar observations to calculate ha

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9

Labriola, Jonathan, Nathan Snook, Ming Xue, and Kevin W. Thomas. "Forecasting the 8 May 2017 Severe Hail Storm in Denver, Colorado, at a Convection-Allowing Resolution: Understanding Rimed Ice Treatments in Multimoment Microphysics Schemes and Their Effects on Hail Size Forecasts." Monthly Weather Review 147, no. 8 (2019): 3045–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-18-0319.1.

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Abstract Day-ahead (20–22 h) 3-km grid spacing convection-allowing model forecasts are performed for a severe hail event that occurred in Denver, Colorado, on 8 May 2017 using six different multimoment microphysics (MP) schemes including: the Milbrandt–Yau double-moment (MY2), Thompson (THO), NSSL double-moment (NSSL), Morrison double-moment graupel (MOR-G) and hail (MOR-H), and Predicted Particle Properties (P3) schemes. Hail size forecasts diagnosed using the Thompson hail algorithm and storm surrogates predict hail coverage. For this case hail forecasts predict the coverage of hail with a h

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10

Ni, Xiang, Andreas Muehlbauer, John T. Allen, Qinghong Zhang, and Jiwen Fan. "A Climatology and Extreme Value Analysis of Large Hail in China." Monthly Weather Review 148, no. 4 (2020): 1431–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-19-0276.1.

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Abstract Hail size records are analyzed at 2254 stations in China and a hail size climatology is developed based on gridded hail observations for the period 1960–2015. It is found that the annual percentiles of hail size records changed sharply and national-wide after 1980, therefore two periods, 1960–79 and 1980–2015, are studied. There are some similarities between the two periods in terms of the characteristics of hail size such as the spatial distribution patterns of mean annual maximum hail size and occurrence week of annual maximum hail size. The 1980–2015 period had higher observation d

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11

Rasuly, A. A., K. K. W. Cheung, and B. McBurney. "Hailstones across the Greater Sydney Metropolitan Area." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 11 (2014): 6973–7016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-6973-2014.

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Abstract. This study addresses the recent climatology of hail occurrence in the Greater Metropolitan Severe Thunderstorm Warning Area (GMSTWA) of New South Wales, Australia, which is a sprawling suburban area, with a population of nearly 4.7 million and one of Australia's largest metropolis. The main objective is to highlight the recent temporal-spatial fluctuations of hailstone frequencies and magnitudes for each of recognized and vastly inhabited Local Government Areas (LGAs). The relevant hail event data from 1989 to 2013 were initially derived from the severe storm archive of Australian Bu

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12

Gagne, David, Amy McGovern, Jerald Jerald, Michael Coniglio, James Correia, and Ming Xue. "Day-Ahead Hail Prediction Integrating Machine Learning with Storm-Scale Numerical Weather Models." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 29, no. 2 (2015): 3954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v29i2.19053.

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Hail causes billions of dollars in losses by damaging buildings, vehicles, and crops. Improving the spatial and temporal accuracy of hail forecasts would allow people to mitigate hail damage. We have developed an approach to forecasting hail that identifies potential hail storms in storm-scale numerical weather prediction models and matches them with observed hailstorms. Machine learning models, including random forests, gradient boosting trees, and linear regression, are used to predict the expected hail size from each forecast storm. The individual hail size forecasts are merged with a spati

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13

Adams-Selin, Rebecca D., and Conrad L. Ziegler. "Forecasting Hail Using a One-Dimensional Hail Growth Model within WRF." Monthly Weather Review 144, no. 12 (2016): 4919–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0027.1.

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Abstract The HAILCAST hail growth model has been integrated into the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) Model to predict hail size at the ground. Significant updates to the physics of the hail growth model are added, including variable hail density for both wet and dry growth regimes, an updraft multiplier that parameterizes advection of the hail embryo across an updraft, temperature-dependent ice collection efficiency, mass growth by vapor deposition or condensation, and an improved liquid water shedding threshold. Sample hail trajectories from three d

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14

Lainer, Martin, Killian P. Brennan, Alessandro Hering, et al. "Drone-based photogrammetry combined with deep learning to estimate hail size distributions and melting of hail on the ground." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 17, no. 8 (2024): 2539–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2539-2024.

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Abstract. Hail is a major threat associated with severe thunderstorms, and estimating the hail size is important for issuing warnings to the public. For the validation of existing operational, radar-derived hail estimates, ground-based observations are necessary. Automatic hail sensors, for example within the Swiss Hail Network, record the kinetic energy of hailstones to estimate the hail sizes. Due to the small size of the observational area of these sensors (0.2 m2), the full hail size distribution (HSD) cannot be retrieved. To address this issue, we apply a state-of-the-art custom trained d

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15

Sisson, Adam J., Yuba R. Kandel, Alison E. Robertson, et al. "Effect of Foliar Fungicides on Hail-damaged Corn." Plant Health Progress 17, no. 1 (2016): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-rs-15-0046.

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To test if fungicide applied to hail-injured corn improves yield and reduces disease, we simulated hail at VT and R2 growth stages for three years at three Iowa locations for a total of five site years. Hail damage was simulated using a string trimmer or an ice-propelling machine and non-hail controls were included. Estimated defoliation ranged from 5 to 51%, along with ear and stalk injury. After hail events, Headline AMP fungicide (pyraclostrobin + metconazole) was applied at an “immediate” or “deferred” timing (averaging 3 and 8 days afterwards, respectively). A non-fungicide treated contro

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16

Skripniková and Řezáčová. "Comparison of Radar-Based Hail Detection Using Single- and Dual-Polarization." Remote Sensing 11, no. 12 (2019): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11121436.

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The comparative analysis of radar-based hail detection methods presented here, uses C-band polarimetric radar data from Czech territory for 5 stormy days in May and June 2016. The 27 hail events were selected from hail reports of the European Severe Weather Database (ESWD) along with 21 heavy rain events. The hail detection results compared in this study were obtained using a criterion, which is based on single-polarization radar data and a technique, which uses dual-polarization radar data. Both techniques successfully detected large hail events in a similar way and showed a strong agreement.

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17

Snook, Nathan, Youngsun Jung, Jerald Brotzge, Bryan Putnam, and Ming Xue. "Prediction and Ensemble Forecast Verification of Hail in the Supercell Storms of 20 May 2013." Weather and Forecasting 31, no. 3 (2016): 811–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-15-0152.1.

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Abstract Despite recent advances in storm-scale ensemble NWP, short-term (0–90 min) explicit forecasts of severe hail remain a major challenge as a result of the fast evolution and short time scales of hail-producing convective storms and the substantial uncertainty associated with the microphysical representation of hail. In this study, 0–90-min ensemble hail forecasts for the supercell storms of 20 May 2013 over central Oklahoma are examined and verified, with the goals of 1) evaluating ensemble forecast performance, 2) comparing the advantages and limitations of different forecast fields po

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18

Miles, Wayne. "Hail Fellows." Australasian Psychiatry 9, no. 3 (2001): 264–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1665.2001.0355b.x.

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19

Hallett, Vicki S. "Hail Mary." Journal of Autoethnography 1, no. 4 (2020): 354–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/joae.2020.1.4.354.

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Through an exploration of the imbricated identities of mother, feminist academic, and Recovering Catholic, the author demonstrates how poetry can be a method of inquiry into the self and the culture(s) that gave birth to it, and a method of meaning making. This autoethnographic essay invites readers to make their own meanings of motherhood through an encounter with poetry. Poetry is used as a way to convey the author’s own experiences of motherhood and mothering within a particular religious and cultural tradition so as to provide some critical perspective on both.

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20

Carrington, Paul D. "Hail! Langdell!" Law & Social Inquiry 20, no. 03 (1995): 691–760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1995.tb00784.x.

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Christopher Columbus Langdell (whose career ended a century ago) achieved fame by devising the case method to turn law into a laboratory science divorced from politics and to make his course so rigorous that it would attract able students seeking to test and prove themselves with the severest academic challenge. The method was adapted by many law teachers who were unpersuaded by the idea of law as apolitical science. These included Langdell's colleagues, James Bradley Thayer and John Chipman Gray, who shared Holmes's disdain for the theory. The method survived and flourished despite its theore

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21

Smith, Bill. "Hail David." New Scientist 219, no. 2928 (2013): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(13)61946-6.

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22

Arista, Michele. "Hail Mary." Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 23, no. 2 (2007): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/fsr.2007.23.2.87.

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23

Stone, Tom. "All Hail." Traffic Technology International 2021, no. 2 (2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1356-9252(23)40495-9.

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Gridwise co-founder and CEO Ryan Green started his app to help gig-mobility drivers maximize profits – now he’s using its data to create the first ever ride-hailing analytics that reveal exactly how Uber and others are impacting wider transport networks

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24

Pentecost, Michael J. "Hail Massachusetts." Journal of the American College of Radiology 7, no. 4 (2010): 248–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2010.01.003.

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25

Nash, Ira S. "Hail Mary." JAMA Neurology 77, no. 2 (2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.3950.

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Trendell, E. R. "Lenticular hail." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 70, no. 305 (2010): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49607030506.

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Dyson, Lauren. "All Hail!" Traffic Technology International 2023, no. 3 (2023): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1356-9252(24)40008-7.

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After years of planning, the UK’s first fully autonomous bus service has launched in Scotland. It’s being billed as the world’s most ambitious and complex autonomous bus pilot, and could pave the way towards safer, more reliable, efficient and accessible public transportation. Lauren Dyson talks to the experts overseeing critical testing

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Trendell, E. R. "Lenticular hail." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 70, no. 305 (2009): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49707030506.

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29

Dinneen, James. "Hail hunters." New Scientist 266, no. 3550 (2025): 24–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(25)01088-7.

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30

Burcea, Sorin, Roxana Cică, and Roxana Bojariu. "Hail Climatology and Trends in Romania: 1961–2014." Monthly Weather Review 144, no. 11 (2016): 4289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0126.1.

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Abstract A climatology and trend of hail events in Romania are presented using hail data spanning the years 1961–2014. Hail observations from weather stations and model reanalysis data were used to document the spatial and temporal distributions, variabilities, and environments of hail events. The results show that hail occurs most frequently in mountainous areas, while the smallest average number of hail days per year is found in the southeast. Herein, the convective season was defined as April–September, given that 94.2% of all mean monthly hail days were identified in this period. During th

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31

Kelley, Daniel M., and Glen C. Griffin. "Hail to the Old—Hail to the New." Postgraduate Medicine 82, no. 1 (1987): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1987.11699888.

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32

Gandorfer, M., A. Hartwich, and V. Bitsch. "Hail risk management in fruit production: anti-hail net versus hail insurance in Germany." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1132 (April 2016): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1132.19.

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33

Zhang, Chunxi, Qinghong Zhang, and Yuqing Wang. "Climatology of Hail in China: 1961–2005." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, no. 3 (2008): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1603.1.

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Abstract A previous hail climatology of China was based upon observations during 1951–60. An effort has been made in this study to update this hail climatology in China with the use of a much longer record of observations from 1961 to 2005. This is made possible with the release of a new, comprehensive collection of hail observational data in May 2006 by the National Meteorological Information Center of China. The focus herein is to document the mean annual geographical distribution of hail frequency and seasonal and diurnal variations of hail occurrence. The results show that hail occurs most

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Tuovinen, Jari-Petteri, Ari-Juhani Punkka, Jenni Rauhala, Harri Hohti, and David M. Schultz. "Climatology of Severe Hail in Finland: 1930–2006." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 7 (2009): 2238–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2707.1.

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A climatology of severe hail (2 cm in diameter or larger) in Finland was constructed by collecting newspaper, storm-spotter, and eyewitness reports. The climatology covered the warm season (1 May–14 September) during the 77-yr period of 1930–2006. Altogether, 240 severe-hail cases were found. The maximum reported severe-hail size was mainly 4 cm in diameter or less (65% of the cases), with the number of cases decreasing as hail size increased. In a few extreme cases, 7–8-cm (baseball sized) hailstones have been reported in Finland. Most of the severe-hail cases (84%) occurred from late June th

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35

Nicolaides, K. A., G. Photiou, K. Savvidou, et al. "The impact of hail storms on the agricultural economy of Cyprus and their characteristics." Advances in Geosciences 17 (March 13, 2009): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-17-99-2009.

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Abstract. The contemporary economy of Cyprus is mostly based on services; agriculture was by tradition a strong contributor to the economy of the island, but nowadays its contribution is rather limited. At all times, the agricultural economy suffers from the consequences of weather phenomena such as hail, frost, drought, dust storms, etc. The present study focuses on the impact of hail to the agricultural economy, since hailstorms can straightforwardly destroy crops and plantations. Any knowledge concerning hail is useful for the improved understanding of the underlying thermodynamic and dynam

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36

Wallace, Robinson, Katja Friedrich, Wiebke Deierling, Evan A. Kalina, and Paul Schlatter. "The Lightning and Dual-Polarization Radar Characteristics of Three Hail-Accumulating Thunderstorms." Weather and Forecasting 35, no. 4 (2020): 1583–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-19-0224.1.

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AbstractThunderstorms that produce hail accumulations at the surface can impact residents by obstructing roadways, closing airports, and causing localized flooding from hail-clogged drainages. These storms have recently gained an increased interest within the scientific community. However, differences that are observable in real time between these storms and storms that produce nonimpactful hail accumulations have yet to be documented. Similarly, the characteristics within a single storm that are useful to quantify or predict hail accumulations are not fully understood. This study uses lightni

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Tuovinen, Jari-Petteri, Harri Hohti, and David M. Schultz. "Enlarging the Severe Hail Database in Finland by Using a Radar-Based Hail Detection Algorithm and Email Surveys to Limit Underreporting and Population Biases." Weather and Forecasting 35, no. 2 (2020): 711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-19-0142.1.

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Abstract Collecting hail reports to build a climatology is challenging in a sparsely populated country such as Finland. To expand an existing database, a new approach involving daily verification of a radar- and numerical weather prediction–based hail detection algorithm was trialed during late May–August for the 10-yr period, 2008–17. If the algorithm suggested a high likelihood of hail from each identified convective cell in specified locations, then an email survey was sent to people and businesses in these locations. Telephone calls were also used occasionally. Starting from 2010, the expe

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Friedrich, Katja, Robinson Wallace, Bernard Meier, et al. "CHAT: The Colorado Hail Accumulation from Thunderstorms Project." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, no. 3 (2019): 459–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0277.1.

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AbstractIn recent years, hail accumulations from thunderstorms have occurred frequently enough to catch the attention of the National Weather Service, the general public, and news agencies. Despite the extreme nature of these thunderstorms, no mechanism is currently in place to obtain adequate reports, measurements, or forecasts of accumulated hail depth. To better identify and forecast hail accumulations, the Colorado Hail Accumulation from Thunderstorms (CHAT) project was initiated in 2016 with the goals of collecting improved and more frequent hail depth reports on the ground as well as stu

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Barras, Hélène, Alessandro Hering, Andrey Martynov, Pascal-Andreas Noti, Urs Germann, and Olivia Martius. "Experiences with >50,000 Crowdsourced Hail Reports in Switzerland." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, no. 8 (2019): 1429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0090.1.

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AbstractCrowdsourcing is an observational method that has gained increasing popularity in recent years. In hail research, crowdsourced reports bridge the gap between heuristically defined radar hail algorithms, which are automatic and spatially and temporally widespread, and hail sensors, which provide precise hail measurements at fewer locations. We report on experiences with and first results from a hail size reporting function in the app of the Swiss National Weather Service. App users can report the presence and size of hail by choosing a predefined size category. Since May 2015, the app h

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Púčik, Tomáš, Christopher Castellano, Pieter Groenemeijer, et al. "Large Hail Incidence and Its Economic and Societal Impacts across Europe." Monthly Weather Review 147, no. 11 (2019): 3901–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-19-0204.1.

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Abstract By 31 December 2018, 39 537 quality-controlled reports of large hail had been submitted to the European Severe Weather Database (ESWD) by volunteers and ESSL. This dataset and the NatCatSERVICE Database of Munich RE jointly allowed us to study the hail hazard and its impacts across Europe over a period spanning multiple decades. We present a spatiotemporal climatology of the ESWD reports, diurnal and annual cycles of large hail, and indicate where and how they may be affected by reporting biases across Europe. We also discuss which hailstorms caused the most injuries and present the o

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Schmid, Timo, Raphael Portmann, Leonie Villiger, Katharina Schröer, and David N. Bresch. "An open-source radar-based hail damage model for buildings and cars." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 3 (2024): 847–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-847-2024.

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Abstract. Severe hailstorms result in substantial damage to buildings and vehicles, necessitating the quantification of associated risks. Here, we present a novel open-source hail damage model for buildings and cars based on single-polarization radar data and 250 000 geolocated hail damage reports in Switzerland from 2002 to 2021. To this end, we conduct a detailed evaluation of different radar-based hail intensity measures at 1 km resolution and find that the maximum expected severe hail size (MESHS) outperforms the other measures, despite a considerable false-alarm ratio. Asset-specific hail

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Brimelow, Julian C., Gerhard W. Reuter, Ron Goodson, and Terrence W. Krauss. "Spatial Forecasts of Maximum Hail Size Using Prognostic Model Soundings and HAILCAST." Weather and Forecasting 21, no. 2 (2006): 206–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf915.1.

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Abstract Forecasting the occurrence of hail and the maximum hail size is a challenging problem. This paper investigates the feasibility of producing maps of the forecast maximum hail size over the Canadian prairies using 12-h prognostic soundings from an operational NWP model as input for a numerical hail growth model. Specifically, the Global Environmental Multiscale model run by the Canadian Meteorological Center is used to provide the initial data for the HAILCAST model on a 0.5° × 0.5° grid. Maps depicting maximum hail size for the Canadian prairies are generated for 0000 UTC for each day

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Brimelow, Julian C., Terry W. Krauss, and Gerhard W. Reuter. "Operational Forecasts of Maximum Hailstone Diameter in Mendoza, Argentina." Journal of Weather Modification 34, no. 1 (2018): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54782/jwm.v34i1.230.

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A coupled one-dimensional cloud and hail growth model was used to simulate the growth of hailstones in Mendoza, Argentina. The model-derived maximum hail size forecasts were based on 118 representative soundings released during the 1999-2000 hail season. Model ensemble, persistence and subjective hail forecasts were also verified against daily observations of the maximum size. The model control and ensemble showed promising skill when forecasting the occurrence of hail as measured by the Heidke’s Skill Score (HSS=0.60). On days with severe hail (diameter of 2 cm or more), the model control for

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Bunkers, Matthew J., Steven R. Fleegel, Thomas Grafenauer, Chauncy J. Schultz, and Philip N. Schumacher. "Observations of Hail–Wind Ratios from Convective Storm Reports across the Continental United States." Weather and Forecasting 35, no. 2 (2020): 635–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-19-0136.1.

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Abstract The objective of this study is to provide guidance on when hail and/or wind is climatologically most likely (temporally and spatially) based on the ratio of severe hail reports to severe wind reports, which can be used by National Weather Forecast (NWS) forecasters when issuing severe convective warnings. Accordingly, a climatology of reported hail-to-wind ratios (i.e., number of hail reports divided by the number of wind reports) for observed severe convective storms was derived using U.S. storm reports from 1955 to 2017. Owing to several temporal changes in reporting and warning pro

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Ortega, Kiel L. "Evaluating Multi-Radar, Multi-Sensor Products for Surface Hailfall Diagnosis." E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology 13, no. 1 (2021): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.55599/ejssm.v13i1.69.

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The operational deployment of the multi-radar, multi-sensor (MRMS) system has made available new products to use for hail detection. MRMS products are provided on a spatial grid and can give information on hail size and the spatial extent and distribution of the hail fall. This information is important to a wide audience, including warning forecasters needing to focus on areas for warning verification and insurance users needing to verify a claim. Products are typically verified and evaluated using hail reports from Storm Data, which are reports collected by local National Weather Service Offi

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Gagne, David John, Amy McGovern, Sue Ellen Haupt, Ryan A. Sobash, John K. Williams, and Ming Xue. "Storm-Based Probabilistic Hail Forecasting with Machine Learning Applied to Convection-Allowing Ensembles." Weather and Forecasting 32, no. 5 (2017): 1819–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-17-0010.1.

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Abstract Forecasting severe hail accurately requires predicting how well atmospheric conditions support the development of thunderstorms, the growth of large hail, and the minimal loss of hail mass to melting before reaching the surface. Existing hail forecasting techniques incorporate information about these processes from proximity soundings and numerical weather prediction models, but they make many simplifying assumptions, are sensitive to differences in numerical model configuration, and are often not calibrated to observations. In this paper a storm-based probabilistic machine learning h

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Hulton, Faye, and David M. Schultz. "Climatology of large hail in Europe: characteristics of the European Severe Weather Database." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 4 (2024): 1079–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1079-2024.

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Abstract. Large hail (greater than 2 cm in diameter) can cause devastating damage to crops and property and can even cause loss of life. Because hail reports are often collected by individual countries, constructing a Europe-wide large-hail climatology has been challenging to date. However, the European Severe Storm Laboratory's European Severe Weather Database provides the only pan-European dataset for severe convective-storm reports. The database is comprised of 62 053 large-hail reports from 40 CE to September 2020, yet its characteristics have not been evaluated. Thus, the purpose of this

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Johnson, Aaron W., and Kelly E. Sugden. "Evaluation of Sounding-Derived Thermodynamic and Wind-Related Parameters Associated with Large Hail Events." E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology 9, no. 5 (2021): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55599/ejssm.v9i5.57.

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Severe-convective hailstorms are one of the most frequent weather hazards across the United States. However, studies evaluating the ability of various environmental indices to differentiate lower-end severe hail (≤1.25 in, 32 mm) from significant hail (≥2.0 in, 51 mm) prior to storm formation are limited and typically overlap very little with microphysically based research. To bridge this gap, this study builds a database of 520 hail reports that sort into one of four hail-diameter ranges. For each report, various thermodynamic and wind-related fields are then extracted from Rapid Update Cycle

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Guo, Junjiao, Yu Guo, Panpan Tong, Xiang Wang, and Jiangbo Wang. "Effects of Different Coverage Years of Hail-Proof Nets on Environment, Leaf Traits and Fruit Quality in Apple Orchards." Horticulturae 11, no. 2 (2025): 198. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020198.

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The aim of this study was to explore the impacts of hail-proof nets with different coverage years on the environment, leaf traits and fruit quality of ‘Fuji’ apple orchards, with the expectation of providing a basis for the scientific application of the coverage years of hail-proof nets. The test results indicated that hail nets with different coverage years could reduce light intensity in the orchard and increase air humidity to a certain extent, exerting a certain positive regulatory effect on the orchard’s temperature. The laying of hail nets had no significant influence on the thickness of

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Li, Na, Jun Zhang, Di Wang, and Ping Wang. "Research on Hail Mechanism Features Based on Dual-Polarization Radar Data." Atmosphere 14, no. 12 (2023): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14121827.

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Hail is a type of severe convective weather disaster characterized by abundant water vapor and strong updrafts, resulting in intense and high reflectivity echoes in hail clouds, often accompanied by an overhanging form. Although hail research has made great progress, it is still challenging to achieve accurate identification of hail. Compared with traditional radar, dual-polarization radar can output a variety of polarization parameters and provide information about the shape and phase of precipitation particles, which is conducive to the identification of hail particles. In this study, dual-p

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