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Journal articles on the topic 'Hailstone'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Grieser, Juergen, and Marc Hill. "How to Express Hail Intensity—Modeling the Hailstone Size Distribution." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 58, no. 10 (2019): 2329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-18-0334.1.

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AbstractThe local intensity of hail can be expressed by a variety of variables, such as hail kinetic energy, maximum hailstone size, and radar reflectivity–driven algorithms. All of these variables are connected by the hailstone size distribution. In the United States, the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network (CoCoRaHS) provides more than 37 000 observations that describe the diameter of the smallest, average, and largest hailstone; duration of hail; and overall hailstone number density. We use these data and the assumption of an exponential hailstone size distribution aloft to

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2

Cheng, Kai-Yuan, Pao K. Wang, and Chen-Kang Wang. "A Numerical Study on the Ventilation Coefficients of Falling Hailstones." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 71, no. 7 (2014): 2625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-13-0229.1.

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Abstract The ventilation coefficients that represent the enhancement of mass transfer rate due to the falling motion of spherical hailstones in an atmosphere of 460 hPa and 248 K are computed by numerically solving the unsteady Navier–Stokes equation for airflow past hailstones and the convective diffusion equation for water vapor diffusion around the falling hailstones. The diameters of the hailstones investigated are from 1 to 10 cm, corresponding to Reynolds number from 5935 to 177 148. The calculated ventilation coefficients vary approximately linearly with the hailstone diameter, from abo

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3

Giammanco, Ian M., Benjamin R. Maiden, Heather E. Estes, and Tanya M. Brown-Giammanco. "Using 3D Laser Scanning Technology to Create Digital Models of Hailstones." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 7 (2017): 1341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00314.1.

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Abstract The emergence of 3D scanning technologies has provided a new opportunity to explore the shape characteristics of hailstones in great detail. The ability to effectively map the shape of hailstones will improve assessments of hailstone aerodynamic properties, how their density relates to their strength, and how radar energy is scattered. Ultimately, 3D scanning of hailstones will contribute toward research in hail detection, forecasting, and damage mitigation of severe hail, which accounts for well over $1 billion in annual insured losses. The use of a handheld 3D laser scanner in a fie

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4

Uz, Mehmet E. "Examining Dent Formation Caused by Hailstone Impact." Shock and Vibration 2019 (May 16, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6175206.

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Hailstorms pose significant risk for exposed building cladding materials. Steel sheeting is the most important cladding material used. The understanding of steel sheets behavior under hail impact loading is not sufficient for the manufacturing of hail-resistant sheets. With the purpose-built equipment, artificial hailstones of different sizes were launched to impact at steel sheets of different thicknesses and yield stresses as targets. A theoretical approach for the problem of predicting the dent size due to hailstone impact was developed and compared to the test results. The expressions deve

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5

List, Roland. "New Hailstone Physics. Part I: Heat and Mass Transfer (HMT) and Growth." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 71, no. 4 (2014): 1508–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0164.1.

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Abstract An all-encompassing new theory of heat and mass transfer (HMT) and growth equations have been developed for freely falling spherical hailstones with diameters of 0.5–8 cm. The initial six variables are diameter, liquid water content, air and hailstone surface temperatures, net collection efficiency, and ice fraction of spongy deposit. They are replaced by three or four new ones, depending on the three growth categories. Two new variables are products of “old” ones: (i) the square root of the Reynolds number Re and the liquid water content and (ii) net collection efficiency and ice fra

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6

Jiang, Zhiyuan, Matthew R. Kumjian, Robert S. Schrom, et al. "Comparisons of Electromagnetic Scattering Properties of Real Hailstones and Spheroids." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 58, no. 1 (2019): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0344.1.

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AbstractSevere (>2.5 cm) hail causes >$5 billion in damage annually in the United States. However, radar sizing of hail remains challenging. Typically, spheroids are used to represent hailstones in radar forward operators and to inform radar hail-sizing algorithms. However, natural hailstones can have irregular shapes and lobes; these details significantly influence the hailstone’s scattering properties. The high-resolution 3D structure of real hailstones was obtained using a laser scanner for hail collected during the 2016–17 Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS) Hail

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7

Schuster, S. S., R. J. Blong, R. J. Leigh, and K. J. McAneney. "Characteristics of the 14 April 1999 Sydney hailstorm based on ground observations, weather radar, insurance data and emergency calls." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 5 (2005): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-613-2005.

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Abstract. Hailstorms occur frequently in metropolitan Sydney, in the eastern Australian State of New South Wales, which is especially vulnerable due to its building exposure and geographical location. Hailstorms challenge disaster response agencies and pose a great risk for insurance companies. This study focuses on the Sydney hailstorm of 14 April 1999 – Australia's most expensive insured natural disaster, with supporting information from two other storms. Comparisons are drawn between observed hailstone sizes, radar-derived reflectivity and damage data in the form of insurance claims and eme

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8

Kumjian, Matthew R., and Kelly Lombardo. "A Hail Growth Trajectory Model for Exploring the Environmental Controls on Hail Size: Model Physics and Idealized Tests." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 77, no. 8 (2020): 2765–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-20-0016.1.

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Abstract A detailed microphysical model of hail growth is developed and applied to idealized numerical simulations of deep convective storms. Hailstone embryos of various sizes and densities may be initialized in and around the simulated convective storm updraft, and then are tracked as they are advected and grow through various microphysical processes. Application to an idealized squall line and supercell storm results in a plausibly realistic distribution of maximum hailstone sizes for each. Simulated hail growth trajectories through idealized supercell storms exhibit many consistencies with

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9

Liu, Changjiang, Fan Wang, Xiaowei Deng, et al. "Hailstone-induced dynamic responses of pretensioned umbrella membrane structure." Advances in Structural Engineering 24, no. 1 (2020): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220940149.

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The membrane structure is a flexible structure, which is easy to vibrate or even relax under dynamic load. Engineering accident analysis shows that the relaxation of membrane structure is more likely to lead to structural failure. In this article, the impact load problem is combined with the flexible structure to analyze the impact of hailstone impact load on the dynamic response of membrane structure. First, the umbrella membrane stretching device was designed and manufactured, and the hailstone impact test was carried out on the umbrella membrane structure with polyvinyl chloride membrane ma

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10

Dieling, Christian, Milton Smith, and Mario Beruvides. "Review of Impact Factors of the Velocity of Large Hailstones for Laboratory Hail Impact Testing Consideration." Geosciences 10, no. 12 (2020): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10120500.

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The terminal velocity of hailstones is an essential quantity in hail research. It is an important value for the kinetic energy of hailstones and has to be carefully considered when laboratory hail impact testing is being planned. Many standardized hail impact testing procedures require specific impact velocities. Several empirical models for various hailstone diameter ranges have been developed to calculate the velocity based on the diameter, indicating somewhat inconsistent results. The velocity is influenced by factors such as their density, drag coefficient, shape or air density, and strong

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11

Baccelli, François, Héctor A. Chang-Lara, and Sergey Foss. "Shape theorems for Poisson hail on a bivariate ground." Advances in Applied Probability 48, no. 2 (2016): 525–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apr.2016.13.

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Abstract We consider an extension of the Poisson hail model where the service speed is either 0 or ∞ at each point of the Euclidean space. We use and develop tools pertaining to sub-additive ergodic theory in order to establish shape theorems for the growth of the ice-heap under light tail assumptions on the hailstone characteristics. The asymptotic shape depends on the statistics of the hailstones, the intensity of the underlying Poisson point process, and on the geometrical properties of the zero speed set.

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12

Theis, Alexander, Stephan Borrmann, Subir Kumar Mitra, Andrew J. Heymsfield, and Miklós Szakáll. "A Wind Tunnel Investigation into the Aerodynamics of Lobed Hailstones." Atmosphere 11, no. 5 (2020): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050494.

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The complex surface geometries of hailstones affect their fall behavior, fall speeds, and growth. Systematic experimental investigations on the influence of the number and length of lobes on the fall velocity and the drag coefficient of hailstones were performed in the Mainz vertical wind tunnel to provide relationships for use in numerical models. For this purpose, 3D prints of four artificial lobed hailstone models as well as spheres were used. The derived drag coefficients show no dependency in the Reynolds number in the range between 25,000 and 85,000. Further, the drag coefficients were f

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13

Liu, Changjiang, Fan Wang, Jian Liu, Xiaowei Deng, Zuoliang Zhang, and Haibing Xie. "Theoretical and Numerical Studies on Damped Nonlinear Vibration of Orthotropic Saddle Membrane Structures Excited by Hailstone Impact Load." Shock and Vibration 2019 (July 24, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9234832.

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The orthotropic http://mts.hindawi.com/update/) in our Manuscript Tracking System and after you have logged in click on the ORCID link at the top of the page. This link will take you to the ORCID website where you will be able to create an account for yourself. Once you have done so, your new ORCID will be saved in our Manuscript Tracking System automatically."?>membrane structures have been popular in architectural structures. However, because of its lightweight and small stiffness, large nonlinear deflection vibration may occur under impact load, which leads to structural failure. In this

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14

Brook, Jordan P., Alain Protat, Joshua Soderholm, Jacob T. Carlin, Hamish McGowan, and Robert A. Warren. "HailTrack—Improving Radar-Based Hailfall Estimates by Modeling Hail Trajectories." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 60, no. 3 (2021): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-20-0087.1.

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AbstractA spatial mismatch between radar-based hail swaths and surface hail reports is commonly noted in meteorological literature. The discrepancy is partly due to hailstone advection and melting between detection aloft and observation at the ground. This study aims to mitigate this problem by introducing a model named HailTrack, which estimates hailfall at the surface using radar observations. The model operates by detecting, tracking, and collating hailstone trajectories using dual-polarized, dual-Doppler radar retrievals. Notable improvements in hailfall forecasts were observed through the

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15

Li, Xiaofei, Qinghong Zhang, Liping Zhou, and Yongrui An. "Chemical composition of a hailstone: evidence for tracking hailstone trajectory in deep convection." Science Bulletin 65, no. 16 (2020): 1337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2020.04.034.

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16

Lokshin, B. Ya. "Motion of a single hailstone." Moscow University Mechanics Bulletin 64, no. 3 (2009): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0027133009030042.

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17

KATO, Yuzo. "Accretionary lapilli originated from hailstone." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 92, no. 6 (1986): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.92.429.

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18

Zakinyan, R. G. "On the theory of hailstone growth." Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics 44, no. 2 (2008): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0001433808020084.

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19

Brooks, C. E. "The frequency distribution of hailstone sizes." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 70, no. 305 (2009): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49707030512.

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20

Michaud, Alexander B., John E. Dore, Deborah Leslie, W. Berry Lyons, David C. Sands, and John C. Priscu. "Biological ice nucleation initiates hailstone formation." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, no. 21 (2014): 12,186–12,197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jd022004.

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21

Bardsley, W. E. "On the Maximum Observed Hailstone Size." Journal of Applied Meteorology 29, no. 11 (1990): 1185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1990)029<1185:otmohs>2.0.co;2.

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22

Dessens, Jean, and Roberto Fraile. "Hailstone size distributions in southwestern France." Atmospheric Research 33, no. 1-4 (1994): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(94)90013-2.

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23

Sun, Jing, Nelson Lam, Lihai Zhang, Dong Ruan, and Emad Gad. "Contact forces generated by hailstone impact." International Journal of Impact Engineering 84 (October 2015): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.05.015.

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24

Kumjian, Matthew R., Rachel Gutierrez, Joshua S. Soderholm, et al. "Gargantuan Hail in Argentina." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 8 (2020): E1241—E1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0012.1.

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Abstract On 8 February 2018, a supercell storm produced gargantuan (&gt;15 cm or &gt;6 in. in maximum dimension) hail as it moved over the heavily populated city of Villa Carlos Paz in Córdoba Province, Argentina. Observations of gargantuan hail are quite rare, but the large population density here yielded numerous witnesses and social media pictures and videos from this event that document multiple large hailstones. The storm was also sampled by the newly installed operational polarimetric C-band radar in Córdoba. During the RELAMPAGO campaign, the authors interviewed local residents

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25

Kennedy, Patrick C., Steven A. Rutledge, Brenda Dolan, and Eric Thaler. "Observations of the 14 July 2011 Fort Collins Hailstorm: Implications for WSR-88D-Based Hail Detection and Warnings." Weather and Forecasting 29, no. 3 (2014): 623–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-13-00075.1.

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Abstract The issuance of timely warnings for the occurrence of severe-class hail (hailstone diameters of 2.5 cm or larger) remains an ongoing challenge for operational forecasters. This study examines the application of two remotely sensed data sources between 0100 and 0400 UTC 14 July 2011 when pulse-type severe thunderstorms occurred in the jurisdiction of the Denver/Boulder National Weather Service (NWS) Forecast Office in Colorado. First, a developing hailstorm was jointly observed by the dual-polarization Colorado State University–University of Chicago–Illinois State Water Survey (CSU–CHI

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26

List, Roland. "New Hailstone Physics. Part II: Interaction of the Variables." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 71, no. 6 (2014): 2114–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0165.1.

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Abstract The reduction of parameter dimensions in Part I is complemented by the compaction of parameter space in Part II. The range of diameters is 0.5 ≤ D ≤ 8 cm, and the assumed liquid water content varies within 1 ≤ Wf ≤ 3 for dry growth and Wf ≤ 6 g m−3 for shedding. Entirely new data throw new light onto HMT and growth. Results are as follows: (i) dry growth is unimportant, since most hailstones grow spongy; (ii) radial growth is slow for dry and fast for spongy growth because less latent heat of freezing needs to be discarded if a smaller portion of the accreted water is frozen: this gro

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27

Wong, Raymond K. W., Norman Chidambaram, Lawrence Cheng, and Marianne English. "The Sampling Variations of Hailstone Size Distributions." Journal of Applied Meteorology 27, no. 3 (1988): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0254:tsvohs>2.0.co;2.

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28

Wan, Huisong, Shuming Jiang, Zhiqiang Wei, Jian Li, and Fengjiao Li. "Hailstone classifier based on Rough Set Theory." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 231 (September 2017): 012087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/231/1/012087.

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29

Palencia, Covadonga, Dario Giaiotti, Fulvio Stel, Amaya Castro, and Roberto Fraile. "Maximum hailstone size: Relationship with meteorological variables." Atmospheric Research 96, no. 2-3 (2010): 256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.08.011.

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30

Hammetter, C. I., R. L. Jones, H. L. Stauffacher, and T. F. Schoenherr. "Measurement and modeling of supersonic hailstone impacts." International Journal of Impact Engineering 99 (January 2017): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.09.001.

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31

Giammanco, Ian M., Tanya M. Brown, Rosemarie G. Grant, Douglas L. Dewey, Jon D. Hodel, and Robert A. Stumpf. "Evaluating the Hardness Characteristics of Hail through Compressive Strength Measurements." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 11 (2015): 2100–2113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0081.1.

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AbstractThroughout historical literature anecdotal or visual observations have been used to describe the hardness property of hailstones (e.g., hard, soft, slushy). A unique field measurement device was designed and built to apply a compressive force to the point of fracture on hailstones in the field. The device uses a pistol-grip clamp to apply a compressive load to a hailstone and integrates a fast-response load cell and associated data acquisition components to measure the applied force through the point of fracture. The strain rate applied to the stone is fast enough to produce a brittle

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32

Wallace, Robinson, Katja Friedrich, Wiebke Deierling, Evan A. Kalina, and Paul Schlatter. "The Lightning and Dual-Polarization Radar Characteristics of Three Hail-Accumulating Thunderstorms." Weather and Forecasting 35, no. 4 (2020): 1583–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-19-0224.1.

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AbstractThunderstorms that produce hail accumulations at the surface can impact residents by obstructing roadways, closing airports, and causing localized flooding from hail-clogged drainages. These storms have recently gained an increased interest within the scientific community. However, differences that are observable in real time between these storms and storms that produce nonimpactful hail accumulations have yet to be documented. Similarly, the characteristics within a single storm that are useful to quantify or predict hail accumulations are not fully understood. This study uses lightni

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33

Palencia, Covadonga, Amaya Castro, Dario Giaiotti, Fulvio Stel, and Roberto Fraile. "Dent Overlap in Hailpads: Error Estimation and Measurement Correction." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50, no. 5 (2011): 1073–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jamc2457.1.

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AbstractThe measurement of the physical characteristics of hailstones reaching the ground is usually carried out by means of hailpads, on which the impact of hailstones leaves dents. Hailstone dents provide information about parameters, such as the number N of hailstones, their size M, and their kinetic energy E. In the case of intense hailfalls, however, the dents often overlap and the final measurement may not be totally reliable. This paper presents a computerized simulation with the aim of assessing measurement errors caused by dent overlap. The simulated dents represent several random hai

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34

ANKER, ARTHUR, and MARTHA NIZINSKI. "Description of a new deep-water species of Alpheus Fabricius, 1798 from the Gulf of Mexico (Crustacea, Decapoda, Alpheidae)." Zootaxa 2925, no. 1 (2011): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2925.1.5.

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A new deep-water species of the snapping shrimp genus Alpheus Fabricius, 1798 is described from two offshore localities in the northern Gulf of Mexico, south of Louisiana. Alpheus lentiginosus n. sp. belongs to the A. macrocheles (Hailstone, 1835) species group and is most closely related to the western Atlantic A. pouang Christoffersen, 1979 and A. amblyonyx Chace 1972, the eastern Atlantic A. platydactylus Coutière, 1897 and A. macrocheles (Hailstone, 1835), and perhaps also to the eastern Pacific A. exilis Kim & Abele, 1988. The new species is associated with deep-water soft sediments a

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35

Liu, Xiang Yang, Hui Song Wan, Yuan Yuan Zhang, and Shu Ming Jiang. "Hailstone Classifier Based on Back Propagation Neural Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (October 2013): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.685.

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The Back Propagation (BP) neural network was used for the construction of the hailstone classifier. Firstly, the database of the radar image feature was constructed. Through the image processing, the color, texture, shape and other dimensional features should be extracted and saved as the characteristic database to provide data support for the follow-up work. Secondly, Through the BP neural network, a machine for hail classifications can be built to achieve the hail samples auto-classification.

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36

Zheng, Guoguang, and Roland List. "Thermal conductivity of porous ice in hailstone shells." Journal of Glaciology 42, no. 141 (1996): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000004056.

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AbstractThe thermal conductivity and diffusivity of porous ice accreted on spherical and spheroidal hailstone models were measured over a density range of 620–915 kg m−3. By scanning the evolving surface temperature distributions during cooling in a cold airflow the thermal conductivity was varied in iterative fashion until the internal heat flux produced the correct surface temperature distribution. The results indicate a linear dependence of the thermal conductivity,ki, and diffusivity,αi, on density. For example, lowering the density by 10% lowerskiby 15%. Within the range of cloud conditio

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37

Fraile, Roberto, Amaya Castro, Laura López, José L. Sánchez, and Covadonga Palencia. "The influence of melting on hailstone size distribution." Atmospheric Research 67-68 (July 2003): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-8095(03)00052-8.

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38

Zheng, Guoguang, and Roland List. "Thermal conductivity of porous ice in hailstone shells." Journal of Glaciology 42, no. 141 (1996): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000004056.

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AbstractThe thermal conductivity and diffusivity of porous ice accreted on spherical and spheroidal hailstone models were measured over a density range of 620–915 kg m−3. By scanning the evolving surface temperature distributions during cooling in a cold airflow the thermal conductivity was varied in iterative fashion until the internal heat flux produced the correct surface temperature distribution. The results indicate a linear dependence of the thermal conductivity, ki, and diffusivity, αi, on density. For example, lowering the density by 10% lowers ki by 15%. Within the range of cloud cond

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39

Dennis, Eli J., and Matthew R. Kumjian. "The Impact of Vertical Wind Shear on Hail Growth in Simulated Supercells." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, no. 3 (2017): 641–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0066.1.

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Abstract Severe hailstorms produce over $1 billion in insured losses annually in the United States, yet details of a given storm’s hail threat (e.g., maximum hailstone size and total hailfall) remain challenging to forecast. Previous research suggests that, in addition to maximum updraft speed, the storm-relative airflow could be equally important for hail formation and growth. This study is a first step toward determining how changes in environmental wind shear and subsequent changes in simulated supercell storm structure affect hail growth. Using Cloud Model 1 (CM1) with 500-m horizontal and

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40

Farley, Richard D. "Numerical Modeling of Hailstorms and Hailstone Growth. Part III: Simulation of an Alberta Hailstorm—Natural and Seeded Cases." Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 26, no. 7 (1987): 789–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1987)026<0789:nmohah>2.0.co;2.

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41

Baccelli, Francois, and Sergey Foss. "Poisson hail on a hot ground." Journal of Applied Probability 48, A (2011): 343–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200099332.

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We consider a queue where the server is the Euclidean space, and the customers are random closed sets (RACSs) of the Euclidean space. These RACSs arrive according to a Poisson rain and each of them has a random service time (in the case of hail falling on the Euclidean plane, this is the height of the hailstone, whereas the RACS is its footprint). The Euclidean space serves customers at speed 1. The service discipline is a hard exclusion rule: no two intersecting RACSs can be served simultaneously and service is in the first-in–first-out order, i.e. only the hailstones in contact with the grou

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42

Baccelli, Francois, and Sergey Foss. "Poisson hail on a hot ground." Journal of Applied Probability 48, A (2011): 343–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1318940476.

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We consider a queue where the server is the Euclidean space, and the customers are random closed sets (RACSs) of the Euclidean space. These RACSs arrive according to a Poisson rain and each of them has a random service time (in the case of hail falling on the Euclidean plane, this is the height of the hailstone, whereas the RACS is its footprint). The Euclidean space serves customers at speed 1. The service discipline is a hard exclusion rule: no two intersecting RACSs can be served simultaneously and service is in the first-in–first-out order, i.e. only the hailstones in contact with the grou

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43

Zhang, Chuang Chuang, and Ming Ma. "A Research on the Characteristics of Lightning in Hailstorms of Beijing Area by the Method of Analysis the Lightning Detection Data and Numerical Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 1993–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.1993.

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In this paper, by using lightning detection material of Beijing area, we analyzing the characteristics of lightning in four hailstorms. The results show that the mean percentage of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning accounting for the total lightning is 8.28%, which is lower than the normal thunderstorms. On the contrary, the CG lightning has a higher proportion of positive CG than the normal thunderstorms. All cases variation trend of lightning frequency show a conspicuous intensive increase before the hail reaches the ground. The peak lightning frequency usually occurs 5 to 80min earlier than ha

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44

Cheng, L., M. English, and R. Wong. "Hailstone Size Distributions and Their Relationship to Storm Thermodynamics." Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 24, no. 10 (1985): 1059–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1985)024<1059:hsdatr>2.0.co;2.

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Smith, Paul L., and Albert Waldvogel. "On Determinations of Maximum Hailstone Sizes from Hallpad Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology 28, no. 1 (1989): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1989)028<0071:odomhs>2.0.co;2.

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Lozowski, E. P., M. Brett, N. Tait, and T. Smy. "Simulating giant hailstone structure with a ballistic aggregation model." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 117, no. 498 (1991): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711749811.

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Fraile, R., A. Castro, and J. L. Sánchez. "Analysis of hailstone size distributions from a hailpad network." Atmospheric Research 28, no. 3-4 (1992): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(92)90015-3.

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Zheng, Guoguang, and Roland List. "Preliminary investigation of convective heat transfer of hailstone models." Atmospheric Research 32, no. 1-4 (1994): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(94)90052-3.

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Labriola, Jonathan, Nathan Snook, Youngsun Jung, Bryan Putnam, and Ming Xue. "Ensemble Hail Prediction for the Storms of 10 May 2010 in South-Central Oklahoma Using Single- and Double-Moment Microphysical Schemes." Monthly Weather Review 145, no. 12 (2017): 4911–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-17-0039.1.

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Explicit prediction of hail using numerical weather prediction models remains a significant challenge; microphysical uncertainties and errors are a significant contributor to this challenge. This study assesses the ability of storm-scale ensemble forecasts using single-moment Lin or double-moment Milbrandt and Yau microphysical schemes in predicting hail during a severe weather event over south-central Oklahoma on 10 May 2010. Radar and surface observations are assimilated using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) at 5-min intervals. Three sets of ensemble forecasts, launched at 15-min intervals,

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Pokhrel, Padma, Dinesh Dhakal, Devendra Gauchan, Harikrishna Panta, and Ram P. Mainali. "Impact of climate change on rice production: an empirical study in Kaski and Nawalparasi, Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 4, no. 1 (2021): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v4i1.33229.

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Abstract:

This study explores the relationship between climate variables to rice production in Kaski and Nawalparasi district of Nepal. The study was conducted in the year 2016. This study captured the time series data ranging from 1995 to 2014 on rice production, temperature and rainfall of two different districts and analyzed through panel data regression. Regarding primary data collection, a total of 120 sampled households were surveyed by using simple random sampling to understand the perception of farmers to change in climatic parameters using a semi-structured pre-tested questionnaire and Focus Gr

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