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Journal articles on the topic 'Hair structure'
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1
Erdsack, Nicola, Guido Dehnhardt, Martin Witt, Andreas Wree, Ursula Siebert, and Wolf Hanke. "Unique fur and skin structure in harbour seals ( Phoca vitulina )—thermal insulation, drag reduction, or both?" Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 104 (2015): 20141206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.1206.
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Vertebrate surface structures, including mammalian skin and hair structures, have undergone various modifications during evolution in accordance with functional specializations. Harbour seals rely on their vibrissal system for orientation and foraging. To maintain tactile sensitivity even at low temperatures, the vibrissal follicles are heated up intensely, which could cause severe heat loss to the environment. We analysed skin samples of different body parts of harbour seals, and expected to see higher hair densities at the vibrissal pads as a way to reduce heat loss. In addition to significantly higher hair densities around the vibrissae than on the rest of the body, we show a unique fur structure of hair bundles consisting of broad guard hairs along with hairs of a new type, smaller than guard hairs but broader than underhairs, which we defined as ‘intermediate hairs’. This fur composition has not been reported for any mammal so far and may serve for thermal insulation as well as drag reduction. Furthermore, we describe a scale-like skin structure that also presumably plays a role in drag reduction.
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Wyrostek, Anna, Katarzyna Roman, Katarzyna Czyż, Marzena Janczak, and Bożena Patkowska-Sokoła. "Analysis of the hair coat of domestic cats with special focus on histological structure." Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 13, no. 1 (2017): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5309.
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The aim of the study was to characterize the hair coat of domestic cats. The research material consisted of hairs of different fractions collected in winter from female cats with a uniform hair coat colour: white,cream, red, brown and black. The hairs were divided into individual fractions, i.e. underhair, bristle hair and guard hair, and the following characteristics were evaluated: thickness, length, long and short axis length, stress at break and elongation. SEM (scanning electron microscope) images of all types of hair were taken and used to characterize each hair type and to calculate the number of scales per mm of hair length. The content of ions of various chemical elements was determined as well. Underhairs, which accounted for the largest percentage in the coat, were the thinnest and shortest, and had the most regular and distinct scale pattern. Guard hairs were the least numerous, but were the longest and thickest of all hairs examined. Both guard and bristle hairs had irregular scales with jagged edges. The cross-sections of these hairs revealed the presence of all the layers, i.e. the cuticle, cortex and medulla. In the underhair fraction the medulla was observed only in red cats. In all hairs the share of carbon, oxygen and sulphur ions was largest; these are the main omponents of hair protein, i.e. keratin.
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Blomstedt, Leena. "Pelage cycle and hair bundle structure in the young and adult ferret, Mustela putorius." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 10 (1995): 1937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-227.
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The pelage growth cycle and hair bundle structure of three male ferrets, Mustela putorius, as young animals and adults were examined histologically. The follow-up period was 17 months. The growth phase of guard hairs and underfur hairs in follicular bundles was analyzed. Skin samples from the hip were prepared for light microscopy; paraffin sections were cut parallel to the skin surface and stained with a modified SACPIC method. Guard hairs started to develop earlier than underfur hairs. Young ferrets shed hairs between August and mid-November, the guard hairs in three waves and the underfur hairs in one period. In the adult ferrets, guard hair growth peaked three times between June and October. There were individual differences in the summer underfur: growth occurred in one period or in two separate waves. Moulting of the summer coat ended late in October, coinciding with the maximum number of growing winter underfur hairs. In the winter pelage the two hair types matured simultaneously. There was a guard hair in all mature winter coat hair bundles. In addition, all hairs had a medulla.
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Chernova, O. F., V. F. Kulikov, and A. V. Abramov. "The hair structure of the long-eared gymnure (Otohylomys megalotis)." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 319, no. 3 (2015): 428–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2015.319.3.428.
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Weak degree of hair differentiation and microstructure of hair and whiskers of Otohylomys megalotis are similar to those in Hylomys suillus and Neotetracus sinensis: there are spear-shaped lead hairs and zigzag guard hairs of three orders, downy hairs are missing. In O. megalotis: 1) hairs are longer than those of other gymnures; 2) thin convoluted hair bases bound up contributing to the formation of the inert layer of air near the surface of the skin, improves the thermal insulation properties of hair in the absence of downy hairs; 3) strength in thinnest areas of the shaft (at its base and excesses) is provided by thickening of its cuticular scales, the special interconnection between cuticle and cortex, and cruciform layout of medulla discs in these places; 4) the pineal cuticular ornament of hair bases is characteristic of all three species of gymnures and resembles that of other insectivores, as well as of some marsupials and carnivores that reflects similar hair adaptations to the habitats; 5) for the first time discovered specialized pyramidal medulla of vibrissae, stiffening a shaft that is necessary for effective transfer of mechanical impulses to nerve cells of vibrissae follicle and functioning of whiskers as a tactile organ; 6) a long proboscis with well-developed nasal vibrissae and also numerous long whiskers on muzzle, neck, wrists and forearms are important and effective for the O. megalotis orientation in complex terrain karst habitats.
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Wang, Qian, Kun Xu, Cheng Fan, Lining Sun, Lei Zhang, and Kejun Wang. "Research on Material and Morphological Structure of Venus Flytrap Trigger Hair." Journal of Bionic Engineering 18, no. 5 (2021): 1126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42235-021-00082-z.
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AbstractVenus flytrap can sense the very small insects that touch its tactile receptors, known as trigger hairs, and thus capture prey to maintain its nutrient demand. However, there are few studies on the trigger hair and its morphological structure and material properties are not fully understood. In this study, the trigger hair is systematically characterized with the help of different instruments. Results show that trigger hair is a special cantilever beam structure and it has a large longitudinal diameter ratio. Besides, it is composed of a hair lever and a basal podium, and there is a notch near the hair base. The cross-section of the trigger hair is approximately a honeycomb structure, which is composed of many holes. Methods to measure mechanical properties of trigger hair are introduced in this paper. Based on the mechanical tests, trigger hair proved to be a variable stiffness structure and shows a high sensitivity to the external force. These features can provide supports for the understanding of the high-sensitivity sensing mechanism of trigger hairs from the perspective of structure and material, and offer inspirations for the development of high-performance tactile sensors.
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Nagase. "Hair Structures Affecting Hair Appearance." Cosmetics 6, no. 3 (2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics6030043.
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Optical factors affecting hair appearance are reviewed based on hair structures from macroscopic to microscopic viewpoints. Hair appearance is the result of optical events, such as reflection, refraction, scattering, and absorption. The effects of hair structures on such optical events are summarized and structural conditions for hair appearance are considered. Hair structures are classified into the following: the alignment of multiple hair fibers, the cross-sectional shape of the hair fiber, and the microstructures of hair fiber (cuticle, cortex, and medulla). The alignment of multiple hair fibers is easily affected by the existence of meandering fibers and their alignment along hair length becomes less-synchronized. The less-synchronized orientation of multiple fibers causes the broadening of the apparent reflection and luster-less dull impression. The cross-sectional shape of hair fiber affects light reflection behavior. Hair fibers with elliptical cross-section show glittering colored light based on total reflection in the hair. The scaly structures of cuticles at the surface of hair are often uplifted and cause light scattering, and then affect hair luster. The porous structure of the cortex and medulla in hair fiber can cause light scattering and affect hair luster and color. The above phenomena suggest that important factors for hair appearance are the alignment of multiple hair fibers, appropriate cross-sectional shape, ordered scaly structure, and pore-less internal structure.
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Pei, Han-Wen, Hong Liu, You-Liang Zhu, and Zhong-Yuan Lu. "Understanding the wettability of a hairy surface: effect of hair rigidity and topology." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 28 (2016): 18767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp02376b.
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Harrison, S., and R. Sinclair. "Hair colouring, permanent styling and hair structure." Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2, no. 3-4 (2003): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-2130.2004.00064.x.
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Zheng, Qiu Ting, Yi Zhang, Meng Xing Yang, and Hua Wu Liu. "Morphological Structures of Rabbit Hair." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 1063–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.1063.
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Rabbit hair has been expected to be a partial replacement of cashmere, due to its excellent performance and relatively cheaper price. However, the attempt has not been successful, since the morphological structure of the rabbit hair is quite different from other animal hairs. The literature regarding rabbit hair is fairly rich, but the morphology of rabbit hair is too complex to make a very certain conclusion. Hence, the morphological structure of rabbit hair was investigated again in this study, using optical microscopy and the scanning electron microscopy. The basic shape of the hair scale, the cortex distribution and the medulla of different fineness were studied. It was founded that no medulla existed when the diameter was less than 10um. When the fiber diameter was between 10um and 20um, there was normally one medulla layer. Two and three medulla layers occurred when fiber diameter was between 20um and 30um. When the diameter was more than 50um, multi-layers of medulla presented. Keywords: Rabbit Hair, Morphological Structure, Scale Layer, Cortex Layer, Medulla Layer.
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Devaraj, H., Kean C. Aw, E. Haemmerle, and R. Sharma. "Fluid–Structure Interaction of High Aspect-Ratio Hair-Like Micro-Structures Through Dimensional Transformation Using Lattice Boltzmann Method." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 08, no. 08 (2016): 1650095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825116500952.
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3D printed hair-like micro-structures have been previously demonstrated in a novel micro-fluidic flow sensor aimed at sensing air flows down to rates of a few milliliters per second. However, there is a lack of in-depth understanding of the structural response of these ‘micro-hairs' under a fluid flow field. This paper demonstrates the use of lattice Boltzmann methods (LBM) to understand this structural response towards a better optimization of the micro-hair flow sensors designed to suit the end applications' needs. The LBM approach was chosen as an efficient alternative to simulate Navier–Stokes equations for modeling fluid flow around complex geometries primarily for improved accuracy and simplicity with lesser computational costs. As the spatial dimensions of the sensor's flow channel are much larger in comparison to the actual micro-hairs (the sensing element), a multidimensional approach of combining two-dimensional (D2Q9) and three-dimensional (D3Q19) lattice configurations were implemented for improved computational speeds and efficiency. The drag force on the micro-hairs was estimated using the momentum-exchange method in the D3Q19 configuration and this drag force is transferred to the structural analysis model which determines the micro-hair deformation using Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. The entirety of the LBM Fluid–Structure Interaction (FSI) model was implemented within MATLAB and the obtained results are compared against the numerical model implemented on a commercially available software package.
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Newland, P. L., B. Watkins, N. J. Emptage, and T. Nagayama. "The structure, response properties and development of a hair plate on the mesothoracic leg of the locust." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 11 (1995): 2397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.11.2397.
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A hair plate is present on the proximal anterior face of the pro- and mesothoracic tibiae of the legs of the locust Schistocerca gregaria, but not on the metathoracic legs. The hair plate is in a depression of the cuticle and contains about 11 hairs, which are all polarised with their tips pointing towards the dorsal surface of the tibia. The hairs are all of the same trichoid sensilla type and vary in length from 90 to 140 microns. Associated with the hair plate is a pronounced distal extension of the anterior femoral coverplate, the inner face of which is concave, that makes contact with the hairs during flexion and extension movements of the tibia. During postembryonic development, no tibial hair plate hairs are present in the first four larval stages. In fifth-instar larvae just three hairs are present, while the full complement is attained only after the final moult to adulthood. The distal extension of the posterior coverplate is present through all instar stages, becoming more pronounced after each moult. Sensory neurones innervating the hairs of an adult may be divided into two classes on the basis of their responses. The first type responds phasically to imposed deflections and is velocity-sensitive. The second type responds phasotonically and is also sensitive to the velocity of the stimulus but has an additional tonic component sensitive to maintained angular deflections. Both types of afferents are directionally sensitive and respond best to deflections against the natural bend of the hair, equivalent to extension movements of the tibia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Luo, Linjie, Hao Li, and Szymon Rusinkiewicz. "Structure-aware hair capture." ACM Transactions on Graphics 32, no. 4 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2461912.2462026.
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Koch, P. J., M. G. Mahoney, G. Cotsarelis, K. Rothenberger, R. M. Lavker, and J. R. Stanley. "Desmoglein 3 anchors telogen hair in the follicle." Journal of Cell Science 111, no. 17 (1998): 2529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.111.17.2529.
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Little is known about the function of desmosomes in the normal structure and function of hair. Therefore, it was surprising that mice without desmoglein 3 (the autoantigen in pemphigus vulgaris) not only developed mucous membrane and skin lesions like pemphigus patients, but also developed hair loss. Analysis of this phenotype indicated that hair was normal through the first growth phase (‘follicular neogenesis’). Around day 20, however, when the hair follicles entered the resting phase of the hair growth cycle (telogen), mice with a targeted disruption of the desmoglein 3 gene (DSG3-/-) lost hair in a wave-like pattern from the head to the tail. Hair then regrew and was lost again in the same pattern with the next synchronous hair cycle. In adults, hair was lost in patches. Gentle hair pulls with adhesive tape showed that anagen (growing) hairs were firmly anchored in DSG3-/- mice, but telogen hairs came out in clumps compared to that of DSG3+/− and +/+ littermates in which telogen hairs were firmly anchored. Histology of bald skin areas in DSG3-/- mice showed cystic telogen hair follicles without hair shafts. Histology of hair follicles in early telogen, just before clinical hair loss occurred, showed loss of cell adhesion (acantholysis) between the cells surrounding the telogen club and the basal layer of the outer root sheath epithelium. Electron microscopy revealed ‘half-desmosomes’ at the plasma membranes of acantholytic cells. Similar acantholytic histology and ultrastructural findings have been previously reported in skin and mucous membrane lesions of DSG3-/- mice and pemphigus vulgaris patients. Immunoperoxidase staining with an antibody raised against mouse desmoglein 3 showed intense staining on the cell surface of keratinocytes surrounding the telogen hair club in normal mice. Similar staining was seen in human telogen hair with an anti-human desmoglein 3 antibody. Finally, a scalp biopsy from a pemphigus vulgaris patient showed empty telogen hair follicles. These data demonstrate that desmoglein 3 is not only critical for cell adhesion in the deep stratified squamous epithelium, but also for anchoring the telogen hair to the outer root sheath of the follicle and underscore the importance of desmosomes in maintaining the normal structure and function of hair.
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Roberts, DG. "Root-hair structure and development in the seagrass Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. F." Marine and Freshwater Research 44, no. 1 (1993): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9930085.
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The seagrass Halophila ovalis normally produces one mature root, covered with a permanent mat of root hairs, per node. In this study, the development of the root hairs increased the effective root surface absorptive area by 215%. Of the root surface examined, 39% was devoted to root-hair production. Epidermal cells that produced root hairs contained more cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies than did adjacent hairless cells. In addition to appearing to be more metabolically active, root-hair-producing cells had a greater number of plasmodesmatal connections with the underlying outer cortical cells than did adjacent cells that did not produce root hairs. This would suggest that cells that produce root hairs play a more active role in nutrient uptake and exchange than do other cortical cells.
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Tridico, Silvana R., Sandra Koch, Amy Michaud, Gordon Thomson, K. Paul Kirkbride, and Michael Bunce. "Interpreting biological degradative processes acting on mammalian hair in the living and the dead: which ones are taphonomic?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1796 (2014): 20141755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1755.
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Although the taphonomic (post-mortem) degradation processes relevant to teeth and bones have been well described, those taking place with regards to mammalian hairs have not been characterized to the same extent. This present article describes, in detail, microscopic changes resulting from the actions of biological agents that digest and degrade hairs. The most noteworthy and prevalent agents responsible for the destruction of hair structure are fungi, which use a range of strategies to invade and digest hairs. One of the most important finds to emerge from this study is that taphonomic structures and processes can easily be interpreted by the unwary as ‘real’, or as class characteristics for a particular animal taxon. Moreover, under certain conditions, ‘taphonomic’ processes normally associated with the dead are also present on the hairs of the living. This work will improve the reliability of hair examinations in forensic, archaeological and palaeontological applications—in addition, the finding has relevance in the protection of mammalian collections susceptible to infestation. This article also addresses the popular myth that ancient peoples were often red-haired and discusses phenomena responsible for this observation. Insights gained from detailed characterization of taphonomic processes in 95 hairs from a variety of species demonstrate the range and breadth of degradative effects on hair structure and colour. Lastly, the study demonstrates that hairs often tell a story and that there is value of extracting as much morphological data as possible from hairs, prior to destructive sampling for biomolecules.
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Grymowicz, Monika, Ewa Rudnicka, Agnieszka Podfigurna, et al. "Hormonal Effects on Hair Follicles." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (2020): 5342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155342.
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The hair cycle and hair follicle structure are highly affected by various hormones. Androgens—such as testosterone (T); dihydrotestosterone (DHT); and their prohormones, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and androstendione (A)—are the key factors in terminal hair growth. They act on sex-specific areas of the body, converting small, straight, fair vellus hairs into larger darker terminal hairs. They bind to intracellular androgen receptors in the dermal papilla cells of the hair follicle. The majority of hair follicles also require the intracellular enzyme 5-alpha reductase to convert testosterone into DHT. Apart from androgens, the role of other hormones is also currently being researched—e.g., estradiol can significantly alter the hair follicle growth and cycle by binding to estrogen receptors and influencing aromatase activity, which is responsible for converting androgen into estrogen (E2). Progesterone, at the level of the hair follicle, decreases the conversion of testosterone into DHT. The influence of prolactin (PRL) on hair growth has also been intensively investigated, and PRL and PRL receptors were detected in human scalp skin. Our review includes results from many analyses and provides a comprehensive up-to-date understanding of the subject of the effects of hormonal changes on the hair follicle.
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Chernova, O. F., I. V. Kirillova, G. G. Boeskorov, F. K. Shidlovskiy, and M. R. Kabilov. "Architectonics of the hairs of the woolly mammoth and woolly rhino." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 319, no. 3 (2015): 441–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2015.319.3.441.
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SEM studies of hairs of two individuals of the woolly rhinoceros (rhino) Coelodonta antiquitatis and six individuals of the woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius, and hairs of matted wool (“wads”) of a possible woolly mammoth and/or woolly rhinoceros (X-probe) showed that coloration and differentiation of the hair, hair shaft shape, cuticle ornament and cortical structure are similar in both species and in the X-probe. The cortex has numerous longitudinal slits, which some authors misinterpret as medullae. In both species, the medulla is degenerative and does not affect the insulation properties of the hairs. Nevertheless its architectonics, occasionally discernible in thick hairs, is a major diagnostic for identification of these species. The hair structure of rhino is similar to that of the vibrissae of some predatory small mammals and suggests increased resilience. The X-probe contained numerous the woolly mammoth hairs, a few hairs of the woolly rhino and ancient bison Bison spp. The morphological identification of these mammals hairs is confirmed by genomic sequencing. The multi-layered long fur (not the architectonic of hairs) was a major adaptation of the woolly mammoth and woolly rhino to a cold climate.
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Lanjewar, Ameya, Soni Maurya, Devender Sharma, and Anchal Gaur. "Review on Hair Problem and its Solution." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 3-s (2020): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i3-s.4066.
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Hair is simple in structure. Hair is formed of an extreme protein called Keratin. Cleanser may be a hair care item, ordinarily as a gooey fluid, that's utilized for cleaning hair. the problems related with it incorporates male pattern baldness, raucous hair, absence of hair volume, molding, youthful turning gray, dandruff, diminishing of hair, bluntness then on. Male pattern baldness are often caused due to various reasons, for instance , hereditary propensities, ecological triggers and presentation to synthetic compounds, medications, healthful inadequacy, outrageous pressure or long ailment then on. Gentle dandruff can for the foremost part be settled by washing the hair a day with a mellow cleanser hair. Sedated hostile to dandruff cleanser clean both the hair and scalp and leave the hair reasonable, not bother sebaceous organs. It contains an enemy of microbial to forestall development of expanded occurrence of microorganisms. Dynamic material ought not sharpen the scalp and diminish the extent of tingling and scaling. the most objective of article give idea about hairs problem, the way to solve these problems with cost effectiveness and also help to pick the which sort of treatment with selective dosage form preparation as per hairs problem by researcher for society.
Keywords Antidandruff, Surfactants, Shampoo, Scalps
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Roman, Katarzyna, Anna Wyrostek, Katarzyna Czyż, Marzena Janczak, and Bożena Patkowska-Sokoła. "Characterization of the hair coat of the Polish Konik and Hucul pony focusing on the physical features and histological structure of different hair types." Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 12, no. 4 (2016): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5417.
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The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of the hair coat of the Polish Konik and Hucul pony, focusing on the histological structure and physical parameters of the hair. Hair samples were obtained from 20 mares—10 of each breed. They were collected in winter, from the side of barrel, the mane, the tail, and front and rear fetlock. The hairs from the barrel were divided into overhair and underhair fractions. A higher percentage of underhair (about 70%) as compared to overhair (30%) was noted in both breeds. The overhair of the Polish Konik was about 50% longer than that of the Hucul pony, while the length of underhair did not differ between breeds. Both the overhair and the underhair of the Polish Konik were about 25% thicker than that of the Hucul pony. Elongation of particular types of hair did not differ significantly between the breeds. It was lowest for fetlock hair (about 45%) and highest for mane hair (about 55%). The histological structure of the cuticle layer of the hair did not differ between breeds.
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Yang, Fei-Chi, Yuchen Zhang, and Maikel C. Rheinstädter. "The structure of people’s hair." PeerJ 2 (October 14, 2014): e619. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.619.
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Hashimoto, Ken. "The structure of human hair." Clinics in Dermatology 6, no. 4 (1988): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0738-081x(88)90060-0.
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Xiao, Chufeng, Deng Yu, Xiaoguang Han, Youyi Zheng, and Hongbo Fu. "SketchHairSalon." ACM Transactions on Graphics 40, no. 6 (2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3478513.3480502.
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Recent deep generative models allow real-time generation of hair images from sketch inputs. Existing solutions often require a user-provided binary mask to specify a target hair shape. This not only costs users extra labor but also fails to capture complicated hair boundaries. Those solutions usually encode hair structures via orientation maps, which, however, are not very effective to encode complex structures. We observe that colored hair sketches already implicitly define target hair shapes as well as hair appearance and are more flexible to depict hair structures than orientation maps. Based on these observations, we present SketchHairSalon , a two-stage framework for generating realistic hair images directly from freehand sketches depicting desired hair structure and appearance. At the first stage, we train a network to predict a hair matte from an input hair sketch, with an optional set of non-hair strokes. At the second stage, another network is trained to synthesize the structure and appearance of hair images from the input sketch and the generated matte. To make the networks in the two stages aware of long-term dependency of strokes, we apply self-attention modules to them. To train these networks, we present a new dataset containing thousands of annotated hair sketch-image pairs and corresponding hair mattes. Two efficient methods for sketch completion are proposed to automatically complete repetitive braided parts and hair strokes, respectively, thus reducing the workload of users. Based on the trained networks and the two sketch completion strategies, we build an intuitive interface to allow even novice users to design visually pleasing hair images exhibiting various hair structures and appearance via freehand sketches. The qualitative and quantitative evaluations show the advantages of the proposed system over the existing or alternative solutions.
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Gebhardt, A., C. Kosan, B. Herkert, et al. "Miz1 is required for hair follicle structure and hair morphogenesis." Journal of Cell Science 120, no. 15 (2007): 2586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.007104.
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Zhang, Yi, Qiu Ting Zheng, Xiao Qing Wang, and Hua Wu Liu. "Structure Structural Characteristics of Rabbit Hair." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 1073–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.1073.
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Key morphological features of rabbit hair were investigated and compared with these of cashmere fiber. When the rabbit fiber diameter was about 10um, the angle of scale edge to the fiber axis was small. When the fiber diameter was around 40um, scale edges inclined larger angles to the axis. In addition, no overlapping and checks along the scale edges were observed in such coarse hair. The rabbit fiber diameters were normally between 10um and 20um and the scales of these fibers were long strip shaped with sharp tip at the middle. There was obvious boundary in the cashmere fiber after dyeing. One side is far darker than the other. On the contrast, this bilateral structure was not observed in the rabbit hair samples. The cortical cells presented in an uneven distribution in the rabbit hair. The mean ratio of medulla (filled with plenty of air) to fiber diameter was about 40%, which provide excellent thermal insulation to the rabbit hair assemblies.
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Elgmork, K., and H. Riiser. "Hair structure of brown bears (Ursus arctos L.) from North America and Scandinavia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 9 (1991): 2404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-337.
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Analysis of measurements of guard hairs from North American brown or grizzly bears and Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos L.) showed variation over the body and along the hair shaft. Using the medullary index, i.e., the medullary diameter as a percentage of the hair diameter, comparisons were made among body areas, age groups, geographical areas, sexes, and seasons. Statistically significant differences were found among body areas. Hairs from the foreleg were shorter and wider, with a smaller medullary index than those from other body areas. There was a weak but statistically significant negative correlation between the medullary index and age of individuals. Medullary indices from Scandinavian bears were significantly greater than those from Alaskan bears, which in turn were greater than those from bears of the contiguous United States. There were no statistically significant differences between the medullary index and sex or season.
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Renehan, W. E., M. F. Jacquin, R. D. Mooney, and R. W. Rhoades. "Structure-function relationships in rat medullary and cervical dorsal horns. II. Medullary dorsal horn cells." Journal of Neurophysiology 55, no. 6 (1986): 1187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1986.55.6.1187.
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In Nembutal-anesthetized rats, 31 physiologically identified medullary dorsal horn (MDH) cells were labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Ten responded only to deflection of one or more vibrissae. Six cells were activated by guard hair movement only, six by deflection of guard hairs or vibrissa(e), and seven by pinch of facial skin with serrated forceps. Different classes of low-threshold cells could not be distinguished on the basis of their somadendritic morphologies or laminar distribution. Neurons activated by multiple vibrissae were unique, however, in that one sent its axon into the medial lemniscus, and three projected into the trigeminal spinal tract. None of the guard hair-only or vibrissae-plus-guard hair neurons had such projections. Cells that responded best to noxious stimulation were located mainly in laminae I, II, and deep V, while neurons activated by vibrissa(e) and/or guard hair deflection were located in layers III, IV, and superficial V. Low-threshold neurons generally had fairly thick dendrites with few spines, whereas high-threshold cells tended to have thinner dendrites with numerous spines. Moreover, the dendritic arbors of low-threshold cells were, for the most part, denser than those of the noxious cells. Neurons with mandibular receptive fields were located in the dorsomedial portion of the MDH; cells with ophthalmic fields were found in the ventrolateral MDH, and maxillary cells were interposed. Cells sensitive to deflection of dorsal mystacial vibrissae and/or guard hairs were located ventral to those activated by more ventral hairs. Neurons with rostral receptive fields were found in the rostral MDH, while cells activated by hairs of the caudal mystacial pad, periauricular, and periorbital regions were located in the caudal MDH. Receptive-field types were encountered that have not been reported for trigeminal primary afferent neurons: multiple vibrissae; vibrissae plus guard hairs; and wide dynamic range. The latter two can be explained by the convergence of different primary afferent types onto individual neurons. Our failure to find a significant relationship between dendritic area (in the transverse plane) and the number of vibrissae suggests that primary afferent convergence may not be responsible for the synthesis of the multiple vibrissae receptive field. Excitatory connections between MDH neurons may, therefore, account for multiple vibrissae receptive fields in the MDH.
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Feng, Ying, Ping Xu, Bosheng Li, et al. "Ethylene promotes root hair growth through coordinated EIN3/EIL1 and RHD6/RSL1 activity in Arabidopsis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 52 (2017): 13834–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711723115.
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Root hairs are an extensive structure of root epidermal cells and are critical for nutrient acquisition, soil anchorage, and environmental interactions in sessile plants. The phytohormone ethylene (ET) promotes root hair growth and also mediates the effects of different signals that stimulate hair cell development. However, the molecular basis of ET-induced root hair growth remains poorly understood. Here, we show that ET-activated transcription factor ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3) physically interacts with ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6 (RHD6), a well-documented positive regulator of hair cells, and that the two factors directly coactivate the hair length-determining gene RHD6-LIKE 4 (RSL4) to promote root hair elongation. Transcriptome analysis further revealed the parallel roles of the regulator pairs EIN3/EIL1 (EIN3-LIKE 1) and RHD6/RSL1 (RHD6-LIKE 1). EIN3/EIL1 and RHD6/RSL1 coordinately enhance root hair initiation by selectively regulating a subset of core root hair genes. Thus, our work reveals a key transcriptional complex consisting of EIN3/EIL1 and RHD6/RSL1 in the control of root hair initiation and elongation, and provides a molecular framework for the integration of environmental signals and intrinsic regulators in modulating plant organ development.
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Pikhtirova, A. V., V. D. Ivchenko, and O. I. Shkromada. "Characteristics of the microscopic hair structure of domestic mammals from Equidae family." Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences 2, no. 2 (2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/10.32718/ujvas2-2.07.
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Hair is an indispensable component of the animal body. Having structural features of the structure, it allows you likely to identify the type and age of animals, conditions of keeping animals, feeding and even sex. Paleontologist's findings prove, the hairline stores the undisputed information on its “owner” for thousands of years. According to the results of the conducted research it is established, that the hair coat of the studied animal species – Equinus asinus and Equus caballus – has significant differences in the structure of the brain substance and superficial drawing of the cuticle. Microscopic examination of discolored samples of animal hair well-recognizes the structure of the brain substance, which makes it possible to differentiate the species of animal. The brain substance in the donkey mane hair occupies most of the hair, is represented by densely grouped cells, sometimes interrupted, whereas in the horse mane hair, it has the appearance of grouped rounded cells with small intervals between sections of 6–10 cells. The brain substance of the donkey covering hair is represented by cells of different size and shape, which disappear from the middle of the hair to the peripheral end. This tendency is also typical for the brain substance of the horse covering hair, but unlike donkey hair – cells of the same size, begin with a continuous cord at a distance of 1–1.5 mm from the root of the hair, towards the peripheral end of the hair the gaps between them increase to the complete disappearance of cells. Ultramicroscopic examination of the cuticle superficial drawing of hair samples allowed to establish the peculiarities of two species of the same animal genus. The donkey and horse mane hair had almost the same thickness, the number of scales (waves) per 100 μm of hair length and the size of the scales (wavelength), however, the overall drawing was significantly different. Superficial drawing of hair cuticle from horse mane represented by irregular waves with sharp pointed edges of scales, instead, the donkey has fringed edges of scales. The horse's covering hair was thicker than the donkey's hair and had differences in the location and shape of the scales. Superficial drawing of covering hair cuticle of donkey represented by a regular wave of scales with clear and even edges, while the scales on the surface of the covering hair of the horse have indistinct torn edges and collected in intermittent (irregular) waves.
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Pikhtirova, A. V., V. D. Ivchenko, and O. I. Shkromada. "Characteristics of the microscopic hair structure of domestic mammals from Equidae family." Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences 2, no. 2 (2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/ujvas2-2.07.
Full textAbstract:
Hair is an indispensable component of the animal body. Having structural features of the structure, it allows you likely to identify the type and age of animals, conditions of keeping animals, feeding and even sex. Paleontologist's findings prove, the hairline stores the undisputed information on its “owner” for thousands of years. According to the results of the conducted research it is established, that the hair coat of the studied animal species – Equinus asinus and Equus caballus – has significant differences in the structure of the brain substance and superficial drawing of the cuticle. Microscopic examination of discolored samples of animal hair well-recognizes the structure of the brain substance, which makes it possible to differentiate the species of animal. The brain substance in the donkey mane hair occupies most of the hair, is represented by densely grouped cells, sometimes interrupted, whereas in the horse mane hair, it has the appearance of grouped rounded cells with small intervals between sections of 6–10 cells. The brain substance of the donkey covering hair is represented by cells of different size and shape, which disappear from the middle of the hair to the peripheral end. This tendency is also typical for the brain substance of the horse covering hair, but unlike donkey hair – cells of the same size, begin with a continuous cord at a distance of 1–1.5 mm from the root of the hair, towards the peripheral end of the hair the gaps between them increase to the complete disappearance of cells. Ultramicroscopic examination of the cuticle superficial drawing of hair samples allowed to establish the peculiarities of two species of the same animal genus. The donkey and horse mane hair had almost the same thickness, the number of scales (waves) per 100 μm of hair length and the size of the scales (wavelength), however, the overall drawing was significantly different. Superficial drawing of hair cuticle from horse mane represented by irregular waves with sharp pointed edges of scales, instead, the donkey has fringed edges of scales. The horse's covering hair was thicker than the donkey's hair and had differences in the location and shape of the scales. Superficial drawing of covering hair cuticle of donkey represented by a regular wave of scales with clear and even edges, while the scales on the surface of the covering hair of the horse have indistinct torn edges and collected in intermittent (irregular) waves.
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Murakoshi, Noriyuki. "Aspects of Hair Structure and Damaged Hair Observed with Fluorescent Reagents." Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan 49, no. 2 (2015): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5107/sccj.49.87.
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Loenko, N. N., I. E. Chernova, and T. S. Kunitsina. "Influence of the biologically active dietary supplement Floravit® on the skin and hair structure in sable (Martes zibellina)." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 22, no. 2 (2018): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj18.356.
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It is important to search for new highly effective multicomponent compounds that are able to influence several of animals’ homeostasis systems simultaneously to improve the physiological adaptation of fur animals to different conditions of nutrition. This is the function of the feed additive Floravit® – a natural bioregulator. The compound is a combination of biologically active ingredients produced by the mycelial fungus Fusarium sambucinum. Studied was the effect of Floravit® on the structure of the skin and hair in adult female sable (Martes zibellina). The scientific and economic experiment was conducted at the JSC “Plemzavod Pushkinskyi” in the Moscow Region during the period of winter fur formation in October-November. The study of the morphological structure of the hair and skin cover was carried out in the chine, side and rump topographical areas. The structure of the guard hairs in the main topographical areas was examined on a scanning electron microscope. The experiment showed that administration of Floravit® per os to adult female sable at a dose of 1.0 ml per head per day throughout the period of winter pelt formation in October-November has an influence on the morphological structure of all the categories of hair on all topographic pelt areas. Animals in the test group exposed to Floravit® exhibited an increase in guide hair length on the chine and side, when compared to controls, by 4.1 mm (p < 0.001) and by 2.8 mm (p < 0.01), respectively. The length of guard hair on the chine, side and rump increased by 8.1, 7.8 and 7.8 mm (p < 0.001), respectively. An increase in down hair length was recorded in all areas of the pelt, when compared to controls, by 13.0, 4.5 and 6.3 mm (p < 0.001). An increase in dermal thickness was recorded in the chine area by 0.7 mm (p < 0.001). The specified changed in the skin and hair structure in sable adult females after using Floravit® have shown a positive influence on the quality of hair cover. As a result, bioregulator Floravit® takes part in the adaptation process of the sable organism to external factors.
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Мікава, Н. М. "STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH CONCEPT HAIR." Writings in Romance-Germanic Philology, no. 2(43) (December 7, 2019): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2307-4604.2019.2(43).186246.
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Schlake, Thomas. "Determination of hair structure and shape." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 18, no. 2 (2007): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.01.005.
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Tobin, D. "Structure and Function of Human Hair." Cell Biology International 24, no. 2 (2000): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cbir.1999.0471.
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Ram Ramaprasad, K., S. B. Ruetsch, H.-D. Weigmann, and Y. K. Kamath. "Combing damage to hair cuticle structure." International Journal of Cosmetic Science 30, no. 1 (2008): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2494.2007.00403_4.x.
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Fernandez, J. M. "RNA STRUCTURE: Pulling on Hair(pins)." Science 292, no. 5517 (2001): 653–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1060884.
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Czyż, Katarzyna, Bożena Patkowska-Sokoła, Andrzej Filistowicz, Marzena Janczak, and Robert Bodkowski. "Analysis of Hair Coat of Dachshund of Longhaired, Shorthaired, and Wirehaired Variety." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 56, no. 4 (2012): 643–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10213-012-0113-2.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to analyse the hair coat of the three dachshund varieties, i.e. shorthaired, longhaired, and wirehaired, with respect to its histological structure and content of selected chemical elements. The study was conducted on female dachshunds originating from individual breeders. The study included the assessment of the contribution of particular hair fractions, measurements of hair thickness and length, and also the analysis of histological structure of particular hair fractions. A great differentiation in the parameters and structure of particular kinds of hair from the examined dogs was demonstrated. Thickness and length of hair of particular varieties showed statistically significant differentiation, as well as percentage contribution of particular hair fractions. As regard the content of chemical elements in particular hair fractions and dachshund variety, it appeared that the elements forming hair keratin were the most abundant. The findings presented in the paper may be a useful tool for the recognition of dachshund varieties based on their hair coat structure. They may be also a valuable contribution to the expanding breed standards, which lack histological hair description.
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Khan, Kamal Ahmed, and Tengteng Liu. "Morphological Structure and Distribution of Hairiness on Different Body Parts of Apis mellifera with an Implication on Pollination Biology and a Novel Method to Measure the Hair Length." Insects 13, no. 2 (2022): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13020189.
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Bees play a very important role in pollination, especially western honey bees, which contribute upwards of billions of dollars concerning crop pollination. Hairiness plays an important role in pollination success by transporting pollen, and pollen intake, but there is a lack of detailed studies on the morphological mechanisms. The hairiness trait is barely discussed in pollinator trait analysis because of the lack of systematic techniques used to measure hairiness. This paper reports a novel method that is used to measure the hair length of different body parts of a western honey bee through a stereomicroscope equipped with live measurement module software. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to update the knowledge regarding the hair structure of a western honey bee. We explained different types of hairs, hair branches, and their distributions on different body parts, which are discussed in detail. A positive correlation was found between hair length and the number of branches on all body parts. Five types of branches were observed, and these branches vary with different body parts. Our study provides sufficient details about the hair morphology of the western honey bee and a new methodology for measuring hair length. This methodology will improve the knowledge about understanding the pollination efficiency of the western honey bee.
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Charjan, Rupali, N. C. Nandeshwar, S. B. Banubakode, N. V. Kurkure, and S. W. Bonde. "Cuticular and Medullary Structure of Some Wild Herbivoresof India." INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 15, no. 01 (2019): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21887/ijvsbt.15.1.3.
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The dorsal guard hair is considered as a mammalian exoskeleton. The anatomical feature of the three concentric layers of the mammalian hair, viz., medulla, cortex, and cuticle vary considerably with different species. The characteristics features of cuticular scales and medullary pattern can be used as an important tool for species identification by using various methods for hair analysis. The morphological features of cuticle and medulla of dorsal guard hair samples of Sambar (Rusa unicolor), Nilgai/blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and Spotted deer (Axix axis), six each, were studied during post-mortem examination. The microscopic studies showed a difference in some of the cuticular scale and medullar cells among three species. Hence, a single morphological feature of hair may not be a confirmative tool for species identification but multiple morphological features can be used as a confirmative tool of species identification. This study provides pictographic details in eead of some wild species which can be used to curb criminal acts against wild animals.
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Blume-Peytavi, U., J. Föhles., R. SCHULZ, G. WORTMANN, H. GOLLNICK, and C. E. ORFANOS. "Hypotrichosis, hair structure defects, hypercysteine hair and glucosuria: a new genetic syndrome?" British Journal of Dermatology 134, no. 2 (1996): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb07621.x.
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BLUME-PEYTAVI, U., J. FOHLES, R. SCHULZ, G. WORTMANN, H. GOLLNICK, and C. E. ORFANOS. "Hypotrichosis, hair structure defects, hypercysteine hair and glucosuria: a new genetic syndrome?" British Journal of Dermatology 134, no. 2 (1996): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.07728.x.
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WANG, QINGLI, XIANGYANG SHI, JI-HUAN HE, and Z. B. LI. "FRACTAL CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATION TO EXPLANATION OF BIOMECHANISM OF POLAR BEAR HAIRS." Fractals 26, no. 06 (2018): 1850086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x1850086x.
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The polar bear hairs have special hierarchical structure with fractal dimensions of golden ratio, which endows the creature with remarkable cool prevention. Fractal calculus is adopted in this paper to reveal its thermal properties, and a fractal derivative model of one-dimensional heat conduction along the hair is established and solved, the results reveal that there is an optimal hair length for the cool prevention. This paper sheds a new light on bio-inspired fabrics for fire-protection clothing and clothing for extreme environment.
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Rowe, M. H., and E. H. Peterson. "Autocorrelation Analysis of Hair Bundle Structure in the Utricle." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 5 (2006): 2653–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00565.2006.
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The ability of hair bundles to signal head movements and sounds depends significantly on their structure, but a quantitative picture of bundle structure has proved elusive. The problem is acute for vestibular organs because their hair bundles exhibit complex morphologies that vary with endorgan, hair cell type, and epithelial locus. Here we use autocorrelation analysis to quantify stereociliary arrays (the number, spacing, and distribution of stereocilia) on hair cells of the turtle utricle. Our first goal was to characterize zonal variation across the macula, from medial extrastriola, through striola, to lateral extrastriola. This is important because it may help explain zonal variation in response dynamics of utricular hair cells and afferents. We also use known differences in type I and II bundles to estimate array characteristics of these two hair cell types. Our second goal was to quantify variation in array orientation at single macular loci and use this to estimate directional tuning in utricular afferents. Our major findings are that, of the features measured, array width is the most distinctive feature of striolar bundles, and within the striola there are significant, negatively correlated gradients in stereocilia number and spacing that parallel gradients in bundle heights. Together with previous results on stereocilia number and bundle heights, our results support the hypothesis that striolar hair cells are specialized to signal high-frequency/acceleration head movements. Finally, there is substantial variation in bundle orientation at single macular loci that may help explain why utricular afferents respond to stimuli orthogonal to their preferred directions.
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Gandyra, Daniel, Stefan Walheim, Stanislav Gorb, Wilhelm Barthlott, and Thomas Schimmel. "The capillary adhesion technique: a versatile method for determining the liquid adhesion force and sample stiffness." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (January 2, 2015): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.2.
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We report a novel, practical technique for the concerted, simultaneous determination of both the adhesion force of a small structure or structural unit (e.g., an individual filament, hair, micromechanical component or microsensor) to a liquid and its elastic properties. The method involves the creation and development of a liquid meniscus upon touching a liquid surface with the structure, and the subsequent disruption of this liquid meniscus upon removal. The evaluation of the meniscus shape immediately before snap-off of the meniscus allows the quantitative determination of the liquid adhesion force. Concurrently, by measuring and evaluating the deformation of the structure under investigation, its elastic properties can be determined. The sensitivity of the method is remarkably high, practically limited by the resolution of the camera capturing the process. Adhesion forces down to 10 µN and spring constants up to 2 N/m were measured. Three exemplary applications of this method are demonstrated: (1) determination of the water adhesion force and the elasticity of individual hairs (trichomes) of the floating fern Salvinia molesta. (2) The investigation of human head hairs both with and without functional surface coatings (a topic of high relevance in the field of hair cosmetics) was performed. The method also resulted in the measurement of an elastic modulus (Young’s modulus) for individual hairs of 3.0 × 105 N/cm2, which is within the typical range known for human hair. (3) Finally, the accuracy and validity of the capillary adhesion technique was proven by examining calibrated atomic force microscopy cantilevers, reproducing the spring constants calibrated using other methods.
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Zhang, Yuchen, Richard J. Alsop, Asfia Soomro, Fei-Chi Yang, and Maikel C. Rheinstädter. "Effect of shampoo, conditioner and permanent waving on the molecular structure of human hair." PeerJ 3 (October 1, 2015): e1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1296.
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The hair is a filamentous biomaterial consisting of thecuticle, thecortexand themedulla, all held together by the cell membrane complex. Thecortexmostly consists of helical keratin proteins that spiral together to form coiled-coil dimers, intermediate filaments, micro-fibrils and macro-fibrils. We used X-ray diffraction to study hair structure on the molecular level, at length scales between ∼3–90 Å, in hopes of developing a diagnostic method for diseases affecting hair structure allowing for fast and noninvasive screening. However, such an approach can only be successful if common hair treatments do not affect molecular hair structure. We found that a single use of shampoo and conditioner has no effect on packing of keratin molecules, structure of the intermediate filaments or internal lipid composition of the membrane complex. Permanent waving treatments are known to break and reform disulfide linkages in the hair. Single application of a perming product was found to deeply penetrate the hair and reduce the number of keratin coiled-coils and change the structure of the intermediate filaments. Signals related to the coiled-coil structure of theα-keratin molecules at 5 and 9.5 Å were found to be decreased while a signal associated with the organization of the intermediate filaments at 47 Å was significantly elevated in permed hair. Both these observations are related to breaking of the bonds between two coiled-coil keratin dimers.
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Dias, Maria Fernanda Reis Gavazzoni, Aline Falci Loures, and Chloe Ekelem. "Hair Cosmetics for the Hair Loss Patient." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 54, no. 04 (2021): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1739241.
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AbstractMedical professionals that treat patients with alopecia usually lack knowledge about hair cosmetics. Trichologists focus on hair cycling and growth problems and not on the hair shaft integrity. This may lead to abandon of the use of the prescribed treatment, such as topical minoxidil or to inadequate traumatic grooming habits that may jeopardize hair follicle health. Shampoos, hair dyes, and hair-straightening products may alter hair fiber structure, remove lipids, and elude protein. Hair procedures such as hair dying and straightening have side effects and health concerns, especially for pregnant women or sensitive hair and scalp patients. Hair breakage, follicle traction, frizz, contact dermatitis, and mutagenicity are possible side effects of hair cosmetics misuse. The proper use of hair care products may help to increase patients' adherence to alopecia treatments and avoid health problems related to inadequate application of hair cosmetics and procedures.
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Stpiczyńska, Małgorzata. "Structure of the extrafloral nectaries of Vicia (L.) Fabaceae." Acta Agrobotanica 53, no. 2 (2013): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2000.010.
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Extrafloral nectaries on the abaxial surface of stipules were investigated in the <i>Vicia angustifolia, Vicia sativa, Vicia sepium</i> and <i>Vicia grandiflora</i>. In V. <i>angustifolia</i> nectaries were also located on the calyx surface. Nectaries were consisted of secretory hairs and 2-31ayers of subepidermal cells. Secretory hair was built of four cells of head, one stalk cell and basal cell. Head cells showed character of transfer cells because of walls ingrowths and dense cytoplasm with numerous mitochondria.
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Lademann, J., F. Knorr, H. Richter, et al. "Hair follicles as a target structure for nanoparticles." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 08, no. 04 (2015): 1530004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545815300049.
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For at least two decades, nanoparticles have been investigated for their capability to deliver topically applied substances through the skin barrier. Based on findings that nanoparticles are highly suitable for penetrating the blood–brain barrier, their use for drug delivery through the skin has become a topic of intense research. In spite of the research efforts by academia and industry, a commercial product permitting the nanoparticle-assisted delivery of topically applied drugs has not yet been developed. However, nanoparticles of approximately 600 nm in diameter have been shown to penetrate efficiently into the hair follicles, where they can be stored for several days. The successful loading of nanoparticles with drugs and their triggered release inside the hair follicle may present an ideal method for localized drug delivery. Depending on the particle size, such a method would permit targeting specific structures in the hair follicles such as stem cells or immune cells or blood vessels found in the vicinity of the hair follicles.
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Kumar, Jitendra, and Ranjana Yadav. "Keratinolysis of chicken feather and human hair by nondermatophytic keratinophilic fungi isolated from soil." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 4 (2020): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i4.2398.
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Development in food industry increases consumption of chicken by people and it is estimated that tons of poultry feathers are produced by poultry farms. Hairs are other forms of keratinous waste which is generated in huge amounts by leather industries and parlours worldwide. Chicken feathers and hairs are waste contains high-quality protein, hard to degraded. Eleven nondermatophytic keratinophilic fungi were isolated from soil by hair baiting method and were used to deteriorate hairs and feathers. Pictographic authentication showed that the microbial incidence started with surface colonization of keratinous substrate, mechanical interference of substrate by penetrating hyphae and development of broad perforating organs. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of degraded and undegraded hair and the feather was made. In the sulphoxide region at 1073, the band corresponding to S-O was observed with low intensity and poorly visible in control feathers, while in degraded feather intensity of the band was high in case of Chrysosporium indicum and Chrysosporium tropicum. In Hairs, S-O band was more intense in C indicum as compared to C. tropicum while it was absent in undegraded human hair. The present work observed keratin degradation activity on human hair and chicken feather by FTIR spectra which are useful in the study of structure and mechanism of keratinolysis. Keratinous waste degradation has great potential to convert them into various byproducts such as enzymes, amino acids, biofertilizer and animal feed.
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Kołodziejek, Jeremi. "Hair types in Polish selected taxa of Potentilla subsect. Collinae (Rosaceae)." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 77, no. 3 (2011): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2008.027.
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Leaf hair types in Polish selected taxa from <em>Potentilla</em> subsect. Collinae Juz., i.e. <em>P. collina</em> Wibel s.str., <em>P. silesiaca</em> Uechtr. <em>P. thyrsiflora</em> Hillsen ex Zimmeter, <em>P. wimanniana</em> Gilnther and Schummel, <em>P. leucopolitana</em> P.J. Milller and <em>P. leucopolitana</em> P.J. Milller x <em>P. incana</em> <em>P. Graebner</em> were studied. A total of five unicellular hair types could be distinguished, based on the structure of the hair: straight, involuted, crispate, curved and stellate. The occurrence of involuted, curved and stellate hairs was observed for the first time for the majority of investigated taxa. There is a variation in density, position, as well as in the number of arms of stellate hairs. Although they are difficult to see without a stereo microscope, these differences seem to be systematically important. The study of hair types on surfaces of leaves supports the opinion that <em>P. collina</em> s.lato is a hybrid between <em>P. argentea</em> L. s.la-to, <em>P. tabernaemontani</em> Ascherson and <em>P. incana</em> P. Gaertner. Hairs form consistent characters which are highly suited for systematic purposes. The key to Polish taxa based on leaf hair types is given as well.