Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Haïti – Politique et gouvernement – 21e siècle'
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Lucien, Georges Eddy. "Port-au Prince (1915-1956) : modernisation manquée : centralisation et dysfonctionnements." Toulouse 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU20068.
Full textOur research, without giving a long-term study, highlights the index on urban development of Haiti's Capital Port au Prince. The main idea of our work, supported for several years, is to stress on important elements of the issue, in particular its historic evolution and specific environment of haitian Government. Thanks to an historic graph, based on description, it seems to us in the wake of our first researches, that the years of the American invasion in Haiti ( 1915-1934), secondly the years before the Duvalier dictature ( 1957-1986) play a main role concerning the development of Port au Prince. Then, our historian look focuses on this decisive period. Are the years 1915-1956 responsible for the fail regarding the development attempt of Haiti's Capital, as the Haitian and foreign Authorities wish it? The theme of urban development covers a study in three cases on which we come back regularly in this work: projects of modernization, or transformation of urban structures; planning programs by the Authority in power, like foreign leaders or Haitian Administrations ( State, city council). Finally, assessment of companies regarding the Capital, about its urban crisis and management of the growth by the authorities. Then, we stress on a political history way concerning the urban fact. How is the capital's city centre managed, governed by its authorities in a period of crucial transformations for the country
Jean-Gilles, Jude. "La distanciation de l'administration publique haïtienne par rapport aux principes de la nouvelle gestion publique : une approche quantitative." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22317.
Full textOdonel, Pierre-Louis. "L’ Emancipation au cœur de la politique du sentiment et de la logique humanitaire en Haïti : utopie ou impasse ?" Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA070108.
Full textWhat can the emancipatory gesture of another be by means of a policy that reflects the sense of sentiment (feelings) and that of humanitarian logic? This research attempts to address the tension originated within this question in two complementary and interdependent parts (including three chapters each) of this thesis. It defends the idea: the act of emancipation of the other may feel secure in what is taken by the emancipated emancipation even in the instance that it will move its emancipation. From this point of view results the following philosophical propositions: a policy that is based on sentiment (be that of pity or compassion) hinders political emancipation itself. Then, when sentiments (feelings) take reins in policy implementation, relational virtues such as compassion and pity, permeate citizen reports/ state and notions of solidarity As such, through its humanitarian institutions and practices, these actions act as a barrier to citizenship skills and to the development of fulfillment through policy because it replaces the state and its citizens. In an untimely gesture, this work examines some possible implications (practical and theoretical) arising from the humanitarian experience in Haiti after the earthquake of January 12th, 2010 and which, examines the installation of rescue institutions in this country commonly referred to today as the " Republic of NGOs". The approach consists in a dual investigation both in philosophical reasoning and its effects, anthropological and sociological in how to approach the field of investigation per say
Désir, Marc. "Presse écrite et pouvoir politique en Haïti dans l'interrègne de 1956 à 1958." Antilles-Guyane, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AGUY0389.
Full textOur thesis deals with this issue related to written Press and political power during the 1956 - 1958 events that occurred in Haiti. This period, originating from President Magloire resignation in 1956 to François Duvalier's mandate conslodation in April 1958 is marked by strong political tensions. That begins with the struggles launched by President Magloire's supporters and opponents at the end of his presidential mandate. A period of instability followed Magloire departure with the succession of five governments in ten months. Besides, those two years are relevant to Haitian journalism , in a country where written Press finds its particularity from oldness and great frality. The consolidation of François Duvalier's regime goes with an offensive against written Press that reaches its climax at the end of April 1958, with the closing of Haiti-Miroir, the last journal of opposition. However, in this difficult situation, journals, by interfering with political struggles during this period, from 1956 to 1958, experienced an important downturn. They ceased to be the place of a single gouvernemental thought to reflect the plurality of coexisting trends of thoughts. Moreover, those journals were also used as a fouth power that tended to cling to actuality and gear the events, in a period stressed by confusion
Jabouin, Evens. "Entre péripéties, luttes et participations : l'émigration des Haïtiens en Floride et en région parisienne au cours du vingtième siècle." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0044.
Full textWhen one mentions the question of the emigration of the Haitians throughout the world, one of the recurrent themes relating to it is that it is almost systematically associated with the years 1960, and more particularly with the advent of Papa Doc to the power in Haiti. As for the favored destinations of the Haitians, there is another recurrent theme which consists of presenting Miami as the bastion of the poor boat people, whereas Paris is regarded as the destination of a more elite Haitian migration or of the persecuted political actors. This study intends to show that what seemed true in Paris during the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century has not been the case for already a few decades. Going back to the first wave of emigration towards Cuba in the years 1910, it shows that the emigration of the Haitians precedes Duvalier, and examines the issue relating to the hosting and the settlement of recent waves of Haitian immigrants in France, in the United States and elsewhere. Regarded as undesirable, they were received rather unfavorably in their respective countries of reception. Nevertheless, recently, the Haitians abroad are shifting from their status of the undesirable poor to that of an influential and respectable group. In Florida today, the Haitians have come to be an important municipal players, elected to the head city institutions which has long been inaccessible to them. In the Paris region, the Haitians have not had equivalent electoral and political success, because they are less visible socially. But they have been, in recent years, part for a very encouraging sociocultural dynamic
Casula, Marina. "Identité, territoire et projet politique en Corse : l'exemple du processus de Matignon (1999-2002)." Toulouse 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU10055.
Full textTremos, Dimosthenis. "La modernisation de l'administration publique irlandaise à l'aube du 21e siècle." Caen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CAEN1340.
Full textZoleko, Tsane Patrice. "Le nouveau système continental de maintien de la paix en Afrique subsaharienne au début du XXIe siècle." Toulon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUL0056.
Full textThe new African peacekeeping system is rooted in the transformations in international society since the early 1990s. It is simultaneously a response to the limitations of African previous mechanisms for conflicts resolution and a regional response to the evolution of the UN strategy to sharing responsibility with regional organizations. It opened in any case a new page of peacekeeping in Africa and African IGOs raise the rank of major players in the prevention, management and resolution of conflicts on the continent. African IGOs Activism in the peace progress in Ivory Coast, Darfur (Sudan), Somalia, Central African Republic and in many other conflict situations in sub-saharian Africa testifies to he main role now occupied by the African peacekeeping strategy. These peace initiatives taken in less than a decade do not conclude to the existenceof an African peacekeeping strategy. But they establish at least the beginnings of a control of any African State on the new security system. It arises from the functions and powers of the new structures of collective security that the African State is at the heart of continental security system because it is the primary or sole subject and object. However, new African conflicts involve a multitude of actors other than States, where one of a major inconsistencies of the system. Furthermore, configuration of various bodies and the articulation of their respective powers and skills, raise significant doubts about hte ability of the new system to ensure the prevention, management and resolution of the new African conflicts. Thus the main limitations of the new continental security system are essentially inherent in its origin. It would thus need less foreign States and IGOSs support, that an internal reinforcement consisting mainly of restoring the authority of the Peace and Security Council (PSC) of the AU, which seems to be more a state representative structure than central body for prevention, mangement and resolution of conflicts
Abbadie-Guigue, Marie-Hélène. "Identité, citoyenneté et politiques de la diversité en Grande-Bretagne de 2001 à 2007." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOL014.
Full textSince the American and London terror attacks, multiculturalism and the British identity have been increasingly debated. The identity crisis of the country, growing in diversity, is changing the relation to the Other, to the Nation. The policies of Tony Blair, at the head of the Labour Party were meant to empower the many owing to the promotion of social cohesion, more equal opportunities and a common glue: Britishness viewed as active citizenship. But have the philosophical foundations, which led to the advent of the British individual-citizen such as individualism and liberalism as well as the imperial past of the country, constituted a favourable prerequisite to the success of the PM’s multicultural policies and the recognition of the citizen?
Makaga, Pea Vivien Patrice. "La souveraineté des Etats africains au 21e siècle : impératifs et menaces." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020027.
Full textColonization then independence require a deep knowledge of Africa in all its geographic, historical, demographic, ethnic, religious and political diversity. Where does Africa stand today as regards economic and political freedom and good governance? Independence has not been given to the people but was rather entrusted to the independence opponents and was maintained in their hands for almost 50 years. Power which is the independence’s concrete expression and sovereignty its symbol have been diverted and given to individuals chosen by the colonial power. Hence, through an intermediary, the colonizer was still in fact managing people’s fate. In order to free itself from dependence, Africa shall supply a tremendous effort by gathering its intellectual, spiritual, moral, material and scientific strengths. Since models cannot be copied, Africa-in order to achieve its goal-will have to build its own patterns from scratch and tailor them to suit various societies. Such models shall be implemented by national and local innovative stakeholders as well as States so-called “nurseryman”. By doing so, the youth will develop themselves through training, funding, organizational and association systems altogether constituent of ecosystem and mutual dependence within African territories. Digital revolution, information technologies and communication have been a game-changer both in Africa and in the rest of the world. Civil society rise in power by the assertion of people’s power is now manifest
Collombier, Virginie. "Le parti sera-t-il la solution ? : le parti national démocratique égyptien, instrument de conquête du pouvoir dans un régime autoritaire en transition." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENH026.
Full textFrom 2000, as the Egyptian regime has to adapt to a context – because of increased internal and external pressure and the perspective of presidential succession – a new group of political actors led by Gamal Mubarak, the younger son of the president, starts implementing a strategy for gaining power. These newcomers on the political scene – most of whom are businessmen and academics – decide to use the National Democratic Party, the presidential party heir to the former single party, as the main instrument of their strategy. They consider it to the most appropriate tool at their disposal since 'democracy' has become a central reference everywhere in the world. In order to get ready for 2011 presidential election, they aim at reforming the presidential party and turning it into a modern and efficient organization thanks to which they could gain power through elections and thus become legitimate rulers, both at the national and international level. In 2008, the main pillars of their strategy have been set up. Gamal Mubarak and his associates have acquired important responsibilities within the political system. They have managed to initiate change : the party is better organized and operates differently. Despite the efforts they have made and the results they have reached however, it remains uncertain whether Gamal Mubarak and his associates will be able to gain power in 2011
Gosselin, Marianne. "The centralization-of-power thesis revisited : a multi-level analysis of the 2015 migrant crisis." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27993.
Full textThis research paper assesses the well-known centralization-of-power thesis and analyses it at both the supranational level (European Union) and the national level (Germany) during the 2015 migrant crisis. The centralization-of-power thesis is a widely studied and recognized phenomenon in the field of crisis management building on the subsidiarity principle saying that power tends to be centralized in the hands of the highest ranks of a hierarchy when lower ranks are unable to cope with a crisis. The centralization can either take place through a top-down approach – highest ranks take the lead unilaterally – or a bottom-up approach – lowest ranks deliberately delegate power to the higher ranks. According to this thesis, in the case of the 2015 migrant crisis it is expected that the centralization of power happened at both the national and supranational levels as the context aggravated but also through a top-down approach, due to the complex context of the European Union and the highly decentralized structure of German federalism. The paper first examines the 2015 migrant crisis from a quantitative standpoint, tracing its evolution and aggravation. It also presents a computer-assisted content analysis of 94 official statements issued by the European Commission and the German Federal Government’s officials in response to the 2015 migrant crisis. The paper then provides a detailed analysis of the qualitative and quantitative evidence recovered that led to three main conclusions. Firstly, the centralization of power is observed at both the supranational and national levels during the 2015 migrant crisis, but in significantly different ways. Secondly, the centralization of power can be seen as triggered by the aggravation of the context and to the intensification of the crisis. Lastly, it was put into place as a top-down approach; it was German and European’s high officials that took over the crisis management effort and constrained lower levels of government to act accordingly.
Audin, Judith. "Vie quotidienne et pouvoir dans trois quartiers de Pékin : une microsociologie politique comparée des modes de gouvernement urbain au début du 21e siècle." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. http://spire.sciences-po.fr/hdl:/2441/dambferfb7dfprc9m28294h86.
Full textThis thesis offers a study of power exercise in three different types of neighbourhoods in Beijing, China, where the author carried out fieldwork from 2007 until 2009. This approach « from below » aims at understanding daily life by crisscrossing urban microsociology and comparative politics. The urban neighbourhood, as a site of power, undergoes different forms of hetero-control, social control and self-control. The neighourhood space is produced by the interactions and theatrical dispositions of the inhabitants, but also by the local workers, among whom the people who work in residents' committees. This organization located at the root-level, though not officially part of the urban administration, is involved in the reform of local public action known as « neighbourhood communities » building (shequ jianshe). An essential link between the inhabitants and the upper-level administration, the committee can be seen as a new generation of street-level bureaucracy. The process of domination is initiated both by the state's strategies aiming at shaping modern civilized citizens living in an international metropolis, and by the inhabitants' yearning for comfort, order, stability. The converging of these different interests leads to the new residential model (xiaoqu), which creates mechanisms of submission (to the logic of the market) as well as subjection (the individuals being able to invent new frames with their daily practices). The eneighbourhood has thus become the core of the state's local formation, a place where each individual is more and more responsible of his own domination, a place more and more conform to the social image of the « good life »
Joseph, Délide. "Genèse d'« une idée avantageuse d'Haïti » : socio-histoire de l'engagement des intellectuels haïtiens, 1801-1860." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0013.
Full textA " Haitian Intellectual " is a person who, by all sorts of practices, product ideas that tend to define, question Haitian society. The study takes as its starting point, the Constitution of 1801 and ended with the restoration of the republican regime in 1859. Haitian intellectuals themselves as defenders of Haiti but also present as the embodiment of the capacity of countries access Civilization. This objective gives rise to a dual strategy of positioning. It is, first, to address the external stakeholders, as must be met defamatory writings of the ancient settlers and opponents of the project of a new state born of the struggle against slavery. It was then express a clear desire to distance themselves from other social groups in the country who do not share or do not master the accepted and dominant at the time social codes. The thesis therefore explores how such recognition sought out. The quest for recognition of intellectual expresses himself through a claim of Haiti's ability to access the civilization and progress, but also by the development of a knowledge that legitimize their political power. A practical effect of their application for recognition through the rehabilitation ofthe "black race. " This thesis shows how the Haitian intellectuals fail to think the relationship between universalism from their westemized training and the particularity of other cultures existing in Haitian society
Begin, Johanne. "Insécurités : une interprétation environnementale de la violence au Ouaddaï (Tchad oriental)." Paris 1, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00406684.
Full textAudesse, Alexandre. "Dérives et misères populistes : analyse des politiques pénales érigées, modifiées et abrogées sous le gouvernement de Stephen Harper, 2006-2015." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33748.
Full textPlébiscité à titre de 22ième Premier ministre du Canada, Stephen Harper dirigea pendant près d’une décennie un gouvernement conservateur qui, mû par une philosophie Tough on Crime, ratifia plus de cinquante politiques pénales ayant toutes comme épicentre la promotion et l’accentuation de l’usage de la force pénale. Or, il appert que les réformes pénales de l’administration Harper ne reposaient pas uniquement sur des desseins répressifs ; elles étaient également traversées par une série d’idéaux populistes. Marquée par les possibles répercussions d’une telle approche pénale, la présente recherche documente certains des aspects populistes ayant sous-tendu les politiques pénales ratifiées par le gouvernement de Stephen Harper. Pour réaliser un tel objectif, la première partie de ce mémoire illustre que le gouvernement Harper a engendré, à des fins politiques, un impetus de punitivité sans précédent dans la sphère pénale canadienne. Poussant la réflexion à un autre niveau, la seconde partie de la présente recherche est constituée d’une série d'analyses qualitatives et de réflexions critiques portant sur trois des politiques harperiennes ayant eu les impacts les plus significatifs sur le champ pénal canadien, soit les projets de loi C-2, C-10 et C-59. À la lumière de ces analyses et de ces réflexions, ce mémoire aspire à mettre en exergue diverses facettes de l’ancrage populiste du gouvernement Harper en matière pénale. Loin de se limiter à l’oeuvre pénale du gouvernement Harper ce mémoire tente également d’offrir une compréhension des réalités sous-tendant les vagues populistes et les dérives que celles-ci peuvent engendrer en justice pénale.
Elected as the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada, Stephen Harper’s Conservative government ruled for close to a decade. Driven by a “Tough on Crime” philosophy, the Harper government ratified over fifty penal policies. All of these policies were centered on the promotion and increased use of penal force. It appears, however, that Harper’s penal reforms did not rest solely on such repressive intents but were also laced with a plethora of populist ideals. Struck by the implications of such a penal approach, this study is built on the necessity to document the populist aspects undergirding Harper’s penal policies. To achieve such an objective, the first part of this thesis illustrates that the Harper government created, under political imperatives, an unprecedented punitivity impetus on the Canadian penal scene. Pushing the reflection to another level, the second part of this thesis consists in a series of qualitative analyses and critical reflections on three of Harper’s penal policies which had the most significant impacts for the Canadian penal field: Bills are C-2, C-10 and C-59. From these analyses, this thesis highlights various aspects of the Harper government's penal populist stance. Going well beyond the penal work of the Harper government, this thesis also attempts to offer an understanding of the realities behind populist waves and drifts that can occur in Criminal justice.
Roy, Jean-Olivier. "Une compréhension critique des nations et du nationalisme autochtones au Canada : traditionalisme et modernité politique et étude de cas sur les Innus au Québec." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25757.
Full textThis dissertation examines the evolving nature of indigenous nations and nationalism in Canada. Nations self-identification and normative foundations of indigenous nationalism are mainly rooted in tradition and continuity. In return, we note the increasing integration of indigenous discourse in a very modern repertoire, making use of concepts such as "self-determination", "sovereignty" citizenship and "government", among others, as certain political elites and citizens actions demonstrate a modern conception of the nation. Research therefore focuses on the impact of tradition and modernity in the contemporary definition of the nation and the indigenous nationalism. This research proposes a cross perspective between political thought, empirical analysis, and normative theories. Two interpretive scenarios are considered. First, the thesis of continuity, following the primordialist approach, where one would observe among Aboriginals the presence, prior to contact with Europeans and the advent of modernity, of nations and structured political elements. It is a dominant speech among Aboriginal nationalist elites. A second scenario, derived from the theory of ethnosymbolism, does not exclude that some core elements have remained, such as myths, symbols, traditions, and that nations are formed around pre-existing ethnic cores. However, it also takes into account the evolution towards more political standards, due to the impact of modernity and the influence of surrounding nations and nationalism. This scenario is favored in the research. Following the observation of various types of contemporary indigenous nationalism in Canada, with regard to the relation with the state, its structures and the role playing by elites and citizens. Then, a case study is presented, that of the Innu in Quebec, consisting of interviews with key players, which allows to verify the validity of the interpretative scenario. In parallel, research has a considerable normative part. The latter, based on the self-determination of nations, examines the normative assumptions of Aboriginal nationalism which perform a synthesis between tradition and modernity. To conclude, some reformulation of the nature of Aboriginal nations and nationalism is proposed, in which the normative bases, mainly rooted in the past, are reconsidered by integrating and taking more modern elements as well, depending on the conclusions reached by the research.
Savoie, Justin. "La cartellisation politique québécoise : une étude de cas quantitative." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33747.
Full textBarboni, Thierry. "Les changements d'une organisation : le parti socialiste, entre configuration partisane et cartellisation (1971-2007)." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00485941.
Full textGenest, Philippe, and Philippe Genest. "La construction de l'idée de la souveraineté territoriale par le discours politique : étude de cas du gouvernement du Canada par rapport à l'Arctique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22368.
Full textDe toutes les manifestations du réchauffement climatique planétaire, une des plus évidentes est sans aucun doute la fonte de la calotte polaire arctique. À mesure que les glaces pluriannuelles de l’Arctique disparaissent, la dernière frontière géostratégique de la Terre émerge. L’ouverture du mythique passage du Nord-Ouest laisse alors présager l’accès aux ressources naturelles dont regorge l’Arctique et ramène à la vie le fantasme des explorateurs des derniers siècles de raccourcir par plusieurs milliers de kilomètres le passage maritime entre l’Asie et l’Europe. Depuis quelques années, ce scénario a ravivé le débat sur l’Arctique et les questions de souveraineté qui l’entourent, un sujet sensible pour le Canada, notamment en raison de ses significations identitaires. Le théâtre arctique est donc la scène de plusieurs revendications territoriales, mais également de nombreuses spéculations sur la manière dont celles-ci se régleront. Conséquemment, les discours politiques des représentants du gouvernement canadien ont été nombreux dans les dernières années à affirmer haut et fort la vision souveraine du Canada sur sa portion de l’Arctique. Le projet de recherche qui suit vise à étudier le rôle que ces discours jouent dans la construction sociale de la souveraineté du Canada en Arctique.
Of all the manifestations of global warming, one of the most obvious is undoubtedly the melting of the Arctic polar icecap. As the multi-year ices of the Arctic disappear, the last geostrategic frontier of the Earth emerges. The opening of the mythical Northwest Passage foreshadows access to the natural resources which abound in the Arctic, and resuscitates the unrealised desires of past centuries’ explorers to shorten by several thousand miles the sea passage between Asia and Europe. In recent years, this scenario has reignited the debate over the Arctic, as well as issues of sovereignty surrounding it, a sensitive topic for Canada, particularly because of the Arctic’s role in its meanings of identity. The Arctic theatre is therefore the scene of various territorial claims, but also of several speculations as to how they will be settled. As a result, political discourses of Canadian government officials have been numerous in recent years to affirm loud and clear the sovereign vision of Canada on its portion of the Arctic. The following research aims to study the role played by these discourses in the social construction of Canada’s sovereignty in the Arctic.
Of all the manifestations of global warming, one of the most obvious is undoubtedly the melting of the Arctic polar icecap. As the multi-year ices of the Arctic disappear, the last geostrategic frontier of the Earth emerges. The opening of the mythical Northwest Passage foreshadows access to the natural resources which abound in the Arctic, and resuscitates the unrealised desires of past centuries’ explorers to shorten by several thousand miles the sea passage between Asia and Europe. In recent years, this scenario has reignited the debate over the Arctic, as well as issues of sovereignty surrounding it, a sensitive topic for Canada, particularly because of the Arctic’s role in its meanings of identity. The Arctic theatre is therefore the scene of various territorial claims, but also of several speculations as to how they will be settled. As a result, political discourses of Canadian government officials have been numerous in recent years to affirm loud and clear the sovereign vision of Canada on its portion of the Arctic. The following research aims to study the role played by these discourses in the social construction of Canada’s sovereignty in the Arctic.
De todas las manifestaciones del calentamiento global, una de las más obvias es el derretimiento del Ártico. A medida que los hielos plurianuales del Ártico desaparecen, surge la última frontera geoestratégica de le Tierra. El mítico paso del Noroeste hace posible el acceso a los recursos naturales que abundan en el Ártico, y vuelve realidad el sueño de los exploradores de siglos pasados de reducir miles de kilómetros de pasaje marítimo entre Asia y Europa. En los últimos años, este escenario ha intensificado el debate acerca del Ártico y las cuestiones de soberanía que lo rodean, un tema sensible para Canadá, especialmente por el significado identitario. El teatro ártico es entonces el escenario de varias reivindicaciones territoriales, pero también de muchas especulaciones sobre la manera en que éstas serán resueltas. Como consecuencia, en los últimos años han habido diversos discursos políticos por parte de los representantes del gobierno canadiense para reafirmar de manera clara su soberanía en el Ártico. Este proyecto de investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar el papel que éste discurso de soberanía desempeña en la construcción social de la soberanía de Canadá en el Ártico.
De todas las manifestaciones del calentamiento global, una de las más obvias es el derretimiento del Ártico. A medida que los hielos plurianuales del Ártico desaparecen, surge la última frontera geoestratégica de le Tierra. El mítico paso del Noroeste hace posible el acceso a los recursos naturales que abundan en el Ártico, y vuelve realidad el sueño de los exploradores de siglos pasados de reducir miles de kilómetros de pasaje marítimo entre Asia y Europa. En los últimos años, este escenario ha intensificado el debate acerca del Ártico y las cuestiones de soberanía que lo rodean, un tema sensible para Canadá, especialmente por el significado identitario. El teatro ártico es entonces el escenario de varias reivindicaciones territoriales, pero también de muchas especulaciones sobre la manera en que éstas serán resueltas. Como consecuencia, en los últimos años han habido diversos discursos políticos por parte de los representantes del gobierno canadiense para reafirmar de manera clara su soberanía en el Ártico. Este proyecto de investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar el papel que éste discurso de soberanía desempeña en la construcción social de la soberanía de Canadá en el Ártico.
Paquet, Marie-Ève. "Vivre ensemble au quotidien : expérience urbaine des autochtones et des non-autochtones à l’ère du vivir bien à El Alto et La Paz en Bolivie." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40079.
Full textEn Bolivie, l’élection du président autochtone Evo Morales en 2005 et la réforme constitutionnelle de 2009, intégrant le concept ancestral du vivir bien ont fait couler beaucoup d’encre ces dernières années. Alors que la plupart des ouvrages se penchent principalement sur l’apport théorique du vivir bien, ce mémoire cherche à enrichir la compréhension de ce concept dans sa dimension pratique et locale. Ce mémoire porte plus particulièrement sur l’expérience urbaine des autochtones, principalement des Aymaras, et des non-autochtones dans leur quête du bien-vivre à La Paz et à El Alto, en Bolivie. L’analyse se penche principalement sur la négociation des identités en mettant en lumière les différentes dimensions, tant politiques, économiques, sociales, culturelles qu’artistiques, du quotidien des autochtones, mais aussi des non-autochtones. En particulier, ce mémoire explore les stratégies d’affirmation mises en avant pour se sentir bien, notamment la création de réseaux, le maintien de pratiques rituelles et la participation à diverses manifestations culturelles et artistiques dont l’entrada folclórica universitaria, un festival folklorique auxquels prennent part les étudiants. -- Mots-clés : vivir bien, identité, authenticité, anthropologie urbaine, fête, danse, culture, LaPaz, El Alto, Bolivie.
In Bolivia, the election of indigenous president Evo Morales in 2005 and the constitutional reform of 2009, incorporating the ancestral concept of living well have been the subject of much attention in recent years. While most books primarily focus on the theoretical contribution of the living well concept, this thesis seeks to enrich the understanding of its practical and local dimensions. This thesis examines the urban experience of Indigenous people, mainly Aymaras, and non-Indigenous people in their pursuit of living well in La Paz and El Alto, in Bolivia. The analysis focuses on the negotiation of identities by highlighting the different dimensions, both political, economic, social, cultural and artistic, of the everyday lives of Indigenous people, but also of non-Indigenous people. This thesis more specifically explores the affirmation strategies put forward to feel good, including the creation of networks, the preservation of ritual practices and the participation in various cultural and artistic activities including the entrada folclórica universitaria, a university festival in which students partake. -- Keywords: Aymaras, living well, identity, authenticity, urban anthropology, fiesta, dance,culture, La Paz, El Alto, Bolivia.
En Bolivia, la elección del presidente indígena Evo Morales en 2005 y la reformaconstitucional de 2009, que incorpora el concepto ancestral del vivir bien, han sido objeto de mucha atención en los últimos años. Si bien la mayoría de los libros se enfocan en la contribución teórica del vivir bien, esta tesis busca enriquecer la comprensión de este concepto en su dimensión práctica y local. Esta tesis se centra en la experiencia urbana de los indígenas, principalmente los Aymaras y de los no indígenas en su búsqueda del vivir bien en La Paz y El Alto, en Bolivia. El análisis se enfoca en la negociación de identidades, destacando las diferentes dimensiones, tanto políticas, económicas, sociales, culturales y artísticas, de la vida cotidiana de los indígenas, como también de los no indígenas. En particular, esta tesis explora las estrategias de afirmación presentadas para sentirse bien, incluyendo la creación de redes, el mantenimiento de prácticas rituales y la participación en diversos eventos culturales y artísticos, como la entrada folclórica universitaria, un festival universitario al que participan varios estudiantes. -- Palabras claves: Aymaras, vivir bien, identidad, autenticidad, antropología urbana, fiesta, baile, cultura, La Paz, El Alto, Bolivia.
Rodriguez-Ruiz, Jose Antonio. "La communication politique de Nicolas Sarkozy du 6 mai 2002 au 6 mai 2012." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020022/document.
Full textNicolas Sarkozy is a figure unlike any other in French politics. In five years (from 2002 to 2007), he rose to a level of prominence, allowing him to be elected President in his first attempt. President Sarkozy was elected even after stepping out of visibility in French politics for seven years, due to his unfavorable support of Eduard Balladur, who lost the Presidential election in 1995. How did Sarkozy accomplish this? He implemented a communication strategy, inspired by political and business marketing. Sarkozy’s main strategy was to saturate mainstream media and create his own news rather than be subject to third party reporting. Sarkozy also used “story telling” and pop culture to portray himself as a “people”, presenting his day-to-day life, outside of politics. That’s how he succeeded in seducing the electorate by exposing his private life and becoming a media celebrity. So what happened after his election?By showing off his private life, losing his temper in public and revealing his keen taste for money and luxury, Sarkozy presented a man very different than the figure he constructed during his five years campaign. From 2007 to 2012, Sarkozy’s approval rating dropped consistently, even before presenting any unpopular reforms. Therefore one can see the limits of political marketing and communications, which were fundamental in Sarkozy’s rise to power but proved to be inadequate in facilitating the use of this newly acquired power. Why? In the end Sarkozy’s marketing and communications strategy was merely a superficial instrument, lacking any real substance. After all, what did Sarkozy accomplish for France? What was the impact of Sarkozy’s politics for France’s democracy? What is the opinion of the foreign press, concerning the former president? Finally and more importantly still, what is our responsibility as citizens?
Vaisset, Natacha. "Les politiques d’éducation au Venezuela depuis 1998 : de l'école à la cité, portrait in itinere d'une société en métamorphose." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN20053.
Full textAfter Hugo Chávez election as president of the Republic of Venezuela in 1998, a new Constitution was democratically adopted and a reforming process of the institutions begun. In this PhD, we study the changes that overcame in the field of education in the “Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela” since 1998. The purpose is to determine through a multidisciplinarymethod if, how much and in what conditions the educational politics of the governments ruled by Hugo Chávez follow the global political project of the Bolivarian Revolution, which is thought about as a transforming process of the Venezuelan society. First, we analyze the sociopolitical context in which are realized the educational reforms. Afterward, in thesecond chapter, we study the evolution of the constitutional, legal and administrative frames of this system during the last twelve years, after reminding its situation in 1998. Then, in the third chapter, we analyze how the pedagogical principles and practices of the “bolivarian” education are seen as decisive factors in order to accomplish the ongoing political project
Covo, Manuel. "Commerce, empire et révolutions dans le monde atlantique : la colonie de Saint-Domingue, entre métropole et Etats-Unis (ca. 1778-ca. 1804)." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0095.
Full textThis dissertation addresses the question of the links between the commercial revolution and the political revolution at the end of the eighteenth century. In particular, it analyses the connected issue of the colonial exclusif and of liberty of trade; as a problem of political economy, as a sum of legal norms and as commercial practices. This enables to shed light on the variety of political associations that emerged in the Age of Revolutions. The case study is the political and economic relationships between the wealthiest colony in the world, Saint-Domingue, the metropole and the United States, From the 1778 French-American alliance to the birth of Haiti i 1804. This dissertation aims at questioning the so-called rise of the nation-state. It disputes the idea that the French Revolution exclusively created a unitary and centralized nation-state, founded on national sovereignty and defined as the political expression of the community of citizens. It also places the United States in its postcolonial history and reminds that independence was not the only possible end to the revolution in Saint-Domingue. This illuminates the multiplicity of imperial experimentations that took place in the Atlantic World at different scales, both within and beyond national borders and in the framework of a globalized economy. Thus, it becomes possible to follow the sinuous paths and crossings of intertwined revolutions
Pereira, de Grandmont Pascal-Olivier. "«Négocier les interdépendances» : autonomie, action politique et identité au Henua 'Enana." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28266.
Full textBéliveau-Beaulac, Victor Amadeus. "Conserver l'influence acquise : les États-Unis face à des dictatures amies en péril." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31905.
Full textJean-Jacques, Gérard. "Power relations and good governance : a social network analysis of the evolution of the integrity in public office act in the Commonwealth of Dominica." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26874.
Full textThe World Bank proposes good governance as the strategy to correcting the evils of bad governance and to facilitate development in developing states (Carayannis, Pirzadeh, & Popescu 2012; Hilyard & Wilks 1998; Leftwich 1993; World Bank 1989). From this perspective, institutional reform and a more inclusive public policy arena are two critical strategies that will likely lead to good governance, according to the Bank and other Bretton Woods institutions. The problem is that many of these states do not have the pre-requisite institutional architecture to accommodate such measures. This thesis studies and discusses how one developing state, the Commonwealth of Dominica, approached the development of an institution to oversee integrity in public office. This Act, the Integrity in Public Office Act (IPO) was passed in 2003 and implemented in 2008. The focus in the thesis is on power relations among dominant actors surrounding the IPO consequently, it employs a combination of social network analysis and qualitative research techniques to answer the principal question: Why did the state develop and implement the current design of the IPO (2003)? This question is all the more significant when we consider that contrary to existing research on the subject, the Dominican IPO diverges considerably in structure from the ideal-type IPO. We argue that “rational” actors, cognizant of their structural position in a network of actors, have used their power resources to shape the institution so that it serves them and their allies. We hypothesized that: First, the choice of a specialised anti-corruption agency and the subsequent design of that agency reflect the preferences of the dominant actors who were involved in the creation of the IPO and second, our rival hypothesis, the characteristics of alternative options and models of public integrity institutions are those of the non-dominant actors. Our results are mixed. Power play was limited among a small group of dominant actors who sought to use the creation of the Act as an opportunity for political legitimacy and survival. Not surprisingly, there was no alternative model advanced. We concluded therefore that the Act resulted from a purely partisan agenda. This research responds to the paucity of studies on the design of institutions of public integrity, which largely seem to have an organisational and structural bias. In addition, by embracing the topic from the perspective of power relations, the thesis adds conceptual, methodological, and analytical rigour to discourses on the creation of such institutions by studying their evolution from both agential and structural perspectives. Finally, the results offer us an opportunity to predict when and in what intensity actors will deploy their power resources.
Ménard, Myriam. "Hidden cooperation : How nuclear antagonists collaborated on counter-narcotics efforts in Iran from 2007 to 2011." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30633/30633.pdf.
Full textIran has long been considered as a pariah state in international affairs due to the development of the country’s nuclear program. Yet, the very same states that have denounced Iran’s nuclear ambitions and pushed for the imposition of international sanctions have collaborated with Iranian authorities on counter-narcotics issues. This research explores how members of the international community framed their public discourse on Iran in order to justify both counter-narcotics cooperation with Iran and denunciation of the country’s nuclear program. The political statements of seven governments that provided assistance to Iran’s counter-narcotics efforts from 2007 to 2011 were systematically analysed with the help of Qualitative Content and Discourse analyses. Our analysis revealed that these donor countries held contradictory representations of Iran, constructing it simultaneously as an enemy and a partner. These findings suggest that nuclear confrontation with Iran is not inevitable but rather results from the discursive practices of international actors.
Kennes, Erik. "Fin du cycle post-colonial au Katanga, RD Congo : Rébellions, sécession et leurs mémoires dans la dynamique des articulations entre l'État central et l'autonomie régionale 1960-2007." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26228/26228.pdf.
Full textIonascu, Alexandra A. "Les élites politiques et la prise de décision gouvernementale: considérations sur le cas roumain, 1989-2007." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210401.
Full textDe la sorte, menée d’une manière constructiviste, la recherche suscite la délimitation d’une série de réponses à la question :Comment les trajectoires politiques des ministres et des secrétaires d’Etat influent-elles sur la prise de décision gouvernementale en Roumanie postcommuniste ?L’influence des élites gouvernementales est analysée sur deux grands axes de recherche :(1) une dimension qui vise les relations qui se forgent entre les acteurs au niveau organisationnel –institutionnel et (2) une dimension qui porte sur le contenu même des politiques entamées. D’une manière compréhensive, intégrant plusieurs approches centrées sur les élites, le cadre analytique imbrique les effets estimés au niveau du parti et les effets établis au niveau du fonctionnement des exécutifs.
Les conclusions de la thèse soulignent l’importance du profil des acteurs gouvernementaux dans la coordination de l’activité des exécutifs durant la période 1989-2007. L’expérience politique des acteurs, tout comme leur position dans le parti sont des facteurs essentiels dans la définition des degrés d’autonomie décisionnelle et des marges de liberté dont les gouvernants disposent dans la création des politiques. L’étude met en exergue le fait que cette caractéristique décrivant l'existence d'un impact direct des acteurs individuels sur le caractère collégial, consensuel ou conflictuel de l’activité du cabinet, tout comme leur influence sur la réalisation du programme gouvernemental ne constituent pas une idiosyncrasie de la transition démocratique, mais un modèle de comportement consolidé dans le cas des exécutifs roumains.
Doctorat en sciences politiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Pinsonneault, Audrey. "Donner naissance en Bolivie : regard sur les rapports ethniques et la résistance autochtone dans la province de Chapare." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28460/28460.pdf.
Full textArji, Mohamed. "La question berbère, le cas du Maroc." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030063.
Full textThe Berber question in Morocco is the problem of connections between the Moroccan national State and its Berber constituent in its linguistic and cultural dimensions this question and more particularly the Berber demands is impossible to clarify so much that it is the object of misunderstandings and passions … Connections between the two main actors of the Berber question: the Moroccan State and the Berber cultural movement evolved in the time. The attitude of the Moroccan State towards the Berber cultural movement has moved from denial through repression and recently we can talk about concessions and the beginning of the institutionalization … This process corresponds to the evolution of the political existence of the social movements including the three steps: the anti-institutional break then the political confrontation and finally the institutional influence. We wonder about a Berber question? Its contents? Its specificity? connections between the Moroccan State and the cultural Berber movement. How the authoritarian monarchic State manages the question of the Berber demand? How the Berber movement answers the domination of the State? How these connections evolved of the negation till the beginning of its institutionalization at present? To encircle well the Berber question we placed it in the regional context and we analyzed its dynamic transnational
Coman, Ramona. "La carrière publique de la consolidation des garanties d'indépendance de la justice: un phénomène social et politique dans la Roumanie post-communiste." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210520.
Full textLa présente dissertation se situe certes dans la prolongation de cette recherche, mais ce n’est pas le désir de la continuer qui justifie notre intérêt pour la réforme de la justice dans le contexte de l’adhésion de la Roumanie à l’Union européenne. Un siècle plus tard, d’autres raisons nous ont poussée à convertir une question médiatisée en problématique de recherche en science politique. Dans les années 2000, le processus de « retour à l’Europe » de la Roumanie a été sérieusement ralenti. La crise de l’institution judiciaire roumaine était d’une actualité évidente. Elle se présentait, d’ailleurs, comme le dernier bastion de résistance aux changements imposés par la transition vers la démocratie et par la nécessité de s’adapter aux exigences formulées par l’Union européenne. Devant une littérature récente qui met l’accent sur l’exceptionnalisme du communisme et du post-communisme roumain, la question qui a stimulé au départ notre réflexion a été de savoir comment et pourquoi ce pays, dont les réformes sont lentes et difficiles, s’adapte aux exigences de l’Union européenne.
A partir de cet encadrement générique, quelques précisions méthodologiques s’imposent. Construire un objet scientifique consiste d’abord à réaliser une mise en problématique de la réalité que l’on souhaite observer et analyser. Dans le cas qui nous intéresse, ce qu’on appelle « la réforme de la justice » est un champ d’action publique extrêmement vaste, mais ce qui fédère les différentes mesures de réforme est leur finalité :une indépendance plus affirmée de l’institution judiciaire vis-à-vis du pouvoir politique.
Que doit-on expliquer et en quoi doit consister l’explication lorsque l’on veut comprendre et expliquer une réforme dans ce domaine ?Pour nous, l’exercice de reconstruction de l’émergence et du développement de ce processus législatif consiste à mettre en lumière à la fois ses étapes et ses phases, mais aussi les interactions entre des facteurs qui accélèrent ou freinent le mouvement de réforme. Cette dissertation traite de la façon dont la consolidation des garanties d’indépendance de la justice a été envisagée comme problème public dans la Roumanie post-communiste, des significations ainsi que des réponses politiques et institutionnelles qui ont été données à travers le temps à ce problème. La dissertation se propose de voir comment et dans quelles conditions on passe, lors de l’adhésion à l’UE, d’une justice « aveugle » et asservie au pouvoir politique vers ce qu’un magistrat qualifiait récemment de « paradis de la démocratie de la magistrature ».
Cette première opération de problématisation s’est poursuivie par la formulation d’une série d’hypothèses. Comme toute étude sur le policy change se focalise sur un ou plusieurs facteurs explicatifs, au départ, nous avons envisagé d’analyser cette décision politique dans une double perspective :comme l’effet de la conditionnalité de l’Union européenne et comme le résultat de la compétition partisane. Au fur et à mesure que la vérification de ces deux hypothèses avançait, nous en avons testé une 3ème à partir de laquelle nous avons analysé la consolidation des garanties d’indépendance de la justice comme le résultat de la compétition des acteurs nationaux dans la définition politique et sociale du secteur à réformer. Nous avons opérationnalisé ces 3 hypothèses en utilisant des concepts propres à trois littératures distinctes :le néo-institutionnalisme historique, la littérature sur l’européanisation et l’approche cognitive des politiques publiques.
Précisons d’abord que cette recherche a été commencée dans le contexte d’un apparent « renouveau » conceptuel dans l’étude des transformations post-communistes. Vers la fin des années 1990, la littérature sur l’européanisation lançait de nouvelles pistes de recherche et offrait de nouveaux outils d’analyse et hypothèses de recherche. C’est dans cette perspective que nous avons inscrit notre réflexion en postulant que dans l’étude de la consolidation des garanties d’indépendance de la justice en Roumanie, l’Union européenne met la question de l’indépendance de la justice à l’agenda du pays et qu’elle impulse le changement par un large éventail de mécanismes d’européanisation.
Ensuite, une deuxième hypothèse a été formulée - centrée sur le rôle des élites politiques nationales - pour expliquer la résistance au changement. Si par le rôle de l’UE on se proposait d’expliquer le changement, la lenteur de la réforme de l’institution judiciaire résultait à nos yeux de l’absence au niveau national d’une matrice cognitive et normative qui conduise à un renouveau de l’institution judiciaire.
Mais, le test de ces deux hypothèses a révélé un certain nombre de surprises. La première survalorisait le rôle de l’UE, la portée de sa conditionnalité et des mécanismes d’européanisation tandis que la deuxième minimalisait le rôle du législateur roumain et la modernité de sa réflexion sur une indépendance plus affirmée de l’institution judiciaire. Qui plus est, en formulant ces deux hypothèses, la recherche se focalisait uniquement sur la période post-communiste. La longue durée était écartée et le processus de réforme était analysé comme une réponse des élites politiques de Bucarest à un paquet de normes prédéfinies à Bruxelles. Nous avons observé que, d’une part, il fallait « faire de l’histoire » pour comprendre le changement, car la méconnaissance du passé de l’organisation judiciaire roumaine nous empêchait d’avancer dans la compréhension du présent et que, d’autre part, les deux axes d’analyse - la conditionnalité de l’UE et les réponses données par les élites politiques de Bucarest – s’avéraient insuffisantes pour comprendre l’émergence et le développement de cette politique publique.
En testant ces deux hypothèses, combinées avec la prise en considération de la longue durée, nous sommes arrivée à un ensemble de conclusions dont les plus importantes sont les suivantes :
Premièrement, le chapitre consacré à l’histoire moderne de l’institution judiciaire roumaine permet d’observer que les dysfonctionnements actuels de la justice sont similaires à ceux signalés par les élites politiques et judiciaires roumaines à la fin du 19ème siècle, et pointés justement par ce docteur de 1903. La réforme de la justice, dans le sens qu’on lui donne en 2004, est exigée depuis 1859. En dépit de la reprise de modèles d’organisation politique occidentaux, la création de la Roumanie moderne est la période de la formation et de la reproduction d’un pattern institutionnel qui ne sort pas l’institution judiciaire de son archaïsme et de son retard. Dans une perspective néo-institutionnaliste, nous pouvons dire que l’institution judiciaire roumaine connaît deux points de bifurcation :l’instauration du communisme et sa chute en 1989. L’institution judiciaire a fait l’objet d’une longue série de réformes, plus ou moins ambitieuses, mais qui n’ont jamais été à la hauteur des attentes sociales ou politiques.
La deuxième série de conclusions se rapporte au rôle des élites politiques post-communistes, les principaux acteurs qui participent à la redéfinition du cadre institutionnel roumain. Après 1989, leur vision normative sur le rôle et le fonctionnement de l’institution judiciaire s’impose. En 1992, une large majorité politique soutient la reprise du modèle d’organisation judiciaire instauré lors de la création de la Roumanie moderne, modèle largement critiqué à l’époque pour l’étendue des prérogatives du pouvoir exécutif en matière d’administration de la justice. Malgré le fait que l’indépendance de la justice s’impose comme un thème central des répertoires critiques de la politique, malgré les recommandations formulées par les organisations internationales qui exigent une indépendance plus affirmée des juges, les partis politiques post-communistes procèdent tous à une consolidation des pouvoirs de l’exécutif sur l’institution judiciaire.
C’est à ce stade de la recherche que l’hypothèse relative au rôle de l’Union européenne est avancée et décortiquée. C’est ainsi qu’on découvre les points forts et les faiblesses de la conditionnalité européenne et des mécanismes d’européanisation. On observe que la conditionnalité ne peut pas être utilisée comme variable uniforme, que l’UE n’impose pas un modèle d’organisation de la justice et que la principale caractéristique de la conditionnalité en la matière est la fluidité. Son inconsistance s’explique par la diversité des modèles de justice existants dans les pays européens. Tous les systèmes manient les mêmes principes :efficacité, indépendance et responsabilité de la justice et tous les systèmes les abordent dans des termes similaires. Mais quand il s’agit de les interpréter et de les mettre en œuvre à travers des institutions et des pratiques concrètes, chaque pays produit un modèle différent. C’est ainsi que nous sommes arrivée à la conclusion que la conditionnalité informelle de l’UE est un construit politique et social.
Pour toutes ces raisons, une fois ces deux premières hypothèses testées, au lieu de terminer le travail, nous l’avons continué en rajoutant une nouvelle séquence analytique. Dans le processus étudié, à savoir l’élaboration des lois sur l’indépendance de la justice, le véritable législateur, « n’est pas le rédacteur de la loi », ni la Commission européenne, mais un ensemble d’acteurs « qui, dans des champs différents, élaborent des aspirations, les font accéder à l’état de problèmes sociaux, organisent les expressions et les pressions pour faire avancer » des normes et des valeurs par des algorithmes et des images. Des lors, une troisième hypothèse a été rajoutée pour étudier ce processus de décision politique comme le résultat d’une compétition entre des acteurs politiques et sociaux nationaux dans le processus de définition politique et sociale de la réalité sur laquelle le législateur roumain a dû intervenir.
Ce troisième niveau d’analyse nous amène aux résultats suivants. Dans les années 2000, la consolidation des garanties d’indépendance de la justice a suscité des passions politiques et médiatiques incontrôlables. Ce processus de décision politique a eu lieu dans une situation de crise. Et les récits (une série d’histoires causales) ont été le principal vecteur par lequel ils ont été diffusés. Un récit de délégitimation des institutions politiques et judiciaires a été forgé par les médias, par un nombre réduit de professionnels de droit et par des représentants de la société civile. Ces récits synthétisent « le paradigme de la dégradation », le « déficit de modernité » de la démocratie roumaine et les aspects défectueux de son fonctionnement. Les conditions de la démocratie roumaine sont difficiles mais leur interprétation et narration leur donne un élan décisif sur la critique radicale du système. Ces récits visent tant les institutions politiques que les institutions judiciaires. La classe politique roumaine est discréditée. Mais ces critiques n’ont en rien empêché ceux à qui elles étaient adressées de maintenir leurs positions dans les dispositifs du pouvoir. C’est dans ces conditions qu’on exige de doter la magistrature d’une capacité d’intervention dans l’espace politique pour sanctionner les illégalismes des classes dirigeantes et pour pouvoir « participer à la distribution des titres d’opprobre ou de légitimité sur le marché politique ». Mais la justice roumaine et les professionnels du droit ne bénéficient pas d’une attitude plus clémente. Selon les récits, tant les uns que les autres sont corrompus et ont fait partie des anciennes administrations coercitives du régime communiste. Quelle indépendance peut-on donner à ces juges dont on dit qu’ils ne sont « pas des anges », mais des anciens cadres de la Securitate ou des anciens tortionnaires ?
Dans ce contexte, l’indépendance de la justice est mise en avant comme la solution miracle pour résoudre un large éventail de problèmes de la société post-communiste, des problèmes du passé toujours présents ou des problèmes du présent provoqués par la transition vers la démocratie. La mission qu’on souhaite que l’institution judiciaire roumaine accomplisse est avant tout axiologique. Tant au milieu du 19ème siècle qu’après la chute du communisme, la justice est appelée à contribuer à la reconnaissance des valeurs sociales et à la séparation du « bon grain » de « l’ivraie ». En dépit de ses faiblesses et de ses propres difficultés, l’institution judiciaire est appelée à apaiser les tensions sociales et à restaurer au sein de la vie politique la moralité et la transparence. C’est dans ce contexte que des membres de ce corps professionnel parviennent à blanchir leur image en se représentant comme des victimes du pouvoir politique et de la hiérarchie interne de la magistrature.
Des communautés de politique publique se constituent qui dialoguent avec les représentants des institutions internationales, discutent des problèmes et réfléchissent à des solutions. A partir du moment où le gouvernement de Bucarest n’est plus crédible, les médias et les membres de ces communautés de politique publique deviennent de véritables interlocuteurs des organisations internationales. La crédibilité deviendra l’atout des magistrats, des journalistes et de tous ceux qui se sont autoproclamés les représentants de la société civile. Ces récits, qui parlent de la déroute d’un régime qualifié de démocratique et par lesquels on exige la moralisation de la vie publique, ont influencé la perception des élites politiques européennes lors de l’adhésion de la Roumanie à l’UE. Les acteurs politiques et sociaux roumains procèdent tous à la construction de la « vérité du moment » sur le fonctionnement de l’institution judiciaire, sur ses problèmes et ses besoins de réforme. Ils mobilisent des normes et des valeurs, des images et des causes qui jouent fort dans la définition d’un modèle institutionnel de consolidation des garanties d’indépendance de la justice. C’est par la multiplication de ces récits diffusés par des magistrats, des journalistes et des représentants de la société civile qu’on parvient à passer d’un système où la justice est soumise au pouvoir politique à une institution judiciaire qui, d’un point de vue institutionnel, vit dans « le paradis de la démocratie ».
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Charles, Florent. "La question coréenne et le problème de la réunification." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0004/document.
Full textFor already sixty years, Korea has been divided into two states, the Popular Democratic Republic of Korea in the North and the Republic of Korea in the South. The Korean civilisation exists in the korean peninsula since the era of the prehistory. The Korean nation will develop itself progressively and will be unified before its annexion by Japan from 1910 until 1945. Afterwards Korea will be free from Japan thanks to the armed intervention of the soviet troups above the 38th parallel and of the american troups below. This temporary demarcation line will become definitive after the creation of two governments and the occupation of the South by the american army. The Korean war from 1950 until 1953 will make the situation worse leaving side by side two governments leading to recurrent political and military conflicts. Because of this division imposed from the outside, the two Korean states came closer to each other to cooperate in certain fields. However the korean reunification seems to be compromised since the conservative government in the South came into power and refused the korean peninsula to be reunified using the system of confederation, the Republic of Korea prefering absorbing the North. The problem of the reunification overtake the borders of the peninsula. It concerns above all China and the United States. Japan is also concerned. Europe is missing from the debates. The Federation of Russia seems to be the only big power having no objection to the reunification of the korean peninsula and ready to help Korea to accomplish this goal
Selek, Pinar. "Les possibilités et les effets de convergences des mouvements contestataires, sous la répression : les mobilisations au nom de groupes sociaux opprimés sur la base du genre, de l'orientation sexuelle ou de l'appartenance ethnique, en Turquie." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAA002/document.
Full textThis study of Turkish activism, focussing on four protest mouvements based on gender, sexual orientation or ethnicity, shows that a repressive context can actually open up possibilities for the emergence of new protest mouvements as well as for their coalescences. Despite their differences, these movements are still interdependent in their dynamics and complexity, and belong to the same cycle of contention, which was born in the eighties and matured in the nineties when it became a powerful agent in the deconstruction of the ideological, organizational, and political monopoly of the militant space. The interdependenceof these mouvements, based on several factors, promotes their convergence and their interactions, which also depend on their cleavages, relative to the internal structure of social relations and to various forms of their organizational hierarchies. These conflicts are slowing down renewal and the innovation process within these organisations. Thanks to the sustained alliances, though, they cause internal disputes that bring transformation and reinforce the concord of communities around these mouvements. From the complexities of this process between interdependence, tensions and mutual influences, a new cycle of contention arises in 2010, in the form of a multiplicity of relations within an intermediate space where concepts, repertoires, ideas and experiences are in mouvement
Mariani, Américo. "De la démocratie en Argentine : représenter le peuple après le 2001." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812345.
Full textHan, Jingjing. "Le droit foncier chinois : le droit d'usage du terrain d'Etat." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020005.
Full textThe issue of ownership has been a fundamental question throughout Chinese history. Different from what has been established by western legal systems, the private ownership has never been considered as a subjective natural right , not an absolute right. In addition, there exists a contradiction between the market economy and the socialism. The land use right was created under the circumstances aiming to encourage economic development without breaking with the socialist ideology. Therefore, the land use right and the public ownership interact with each other in a very original way. The land use right develops along with the economic demands. In order to extend the protection to private ownership, the Chinese Constitution is amended in 2004. Accordingly, the Property Law of 2007 explicitly recognizes the very nature of the land use right, and offers equal protection to both private ownership and public ownership. It is important to keep in mind that the recognition of such new element in Chinese Property Law raises many legal questions as well as political ones. What are the consequences of governmental land finance? Is there a need to address the issue of ineffectiveness in the protection of land use right against the State? How to respond to the dissatisfaction of the private person whose property is expropriated? All these questions lead us to the conclusion that the land use right is still far from a sac red right. It requests a further extensive reform. In our view, a comprehensive political reform is both necessary and unavoidable
Aliberti, Davide. "Sefarad : une communauté imaginée : 1924-2015." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3092.
Full textThe Royal Decree of 1924 is often considered the culminating point of the campaign of Spanish senator Ángel Pulido. It’s an initiative that reflects the Spanish ambiguity towards Sephardim. The law of 2015 concerning the granting of nationality to descendants of Jews expelled in the XV century and the Royal Decree of 1924 were respectively chosen as the starting point and the end point of the present work. During this period, there was a series of events that have been the backbone of this imagined community called Sepharad. Sepharad corresponds to an undefined space resulting from a biblical misinterpretation. However, for centuries the idea of Sepharad continued to be associated with the geographical area known as Spain. From the second half of the twentieth century, the Spanish government has increasingly identified himself with this ideal space. This superposition process aims to support the national interests. The law of 2015 and the Royal Decree of 1924, are two initiatives addressed to the international public opinion rather than Sephardim. These two laws are indicative of a Spanish political tendency based on sephardist argumentations. The purpose of this work is to show how the Spanish Government, through the reproduction of this sephardist rhetoric, managed to rebuild an imagined community known as Sepharad
Poulin, Jean-Félix, and Jean-Félix Poulin. "Terre de parole, Terre de partage? : regard anthropologique sur les relations interethniques dans les bars et nakamals de Nouméa (Nouvelle-Calédonie)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36970.
Full textL’objectif de ce mémoire est de décrire et analyser les dynamiques sociales à l’oeuvre dans deux types de lieux importants de la sociabilité de Nouméa, en Nouvelle-Calédonie, les bars et boîtes de nuit ainsi que les nakamals (bars à kava), en tenant compte du contexte sociopolitique global dans lequel elles s’inscrivent. Ne pouvant pas couvrir l’ensemble des bars, boîtes de nuit et nakamals de Nouméa, la recherche porte particulièrement sur douze lieux, six bars et boîtes de nuit ainsi que six nakamals, situés dans quatre différentes régions de la ville. L’analyse de certaines « situations sociales » révélatrices observées dans ces lieux démontre que le type d’espace dans lequel se déroulent les situations, ainsi que les substances qu’on y consomme, influencent les types de rapports sociaux qui y prennent place. La recherche révèle ainsi que les nakamals sont les lieux les plus susceptibles d’être la scène de différentes formes de réconciliation entre membres de communautés ethniques différentes, alors que dans les bars et boîtes de nuit, les relations interethniques sont généralement plus tendues, voire conflictuelles, ce qui participe au maintien d’un sentiment d’insécurité. Mots-clés : Nouvelle-Calédonie, ethnicité, Kanak, Zoreille, Caldoche, Nouméa, milieu urbain, bar, boîte de nuit, nakamal, kava, insécurité, réconciliation.
The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyze the social dynamics at work in two types of important places of sociability, bars and nightclubs as well as nakamals, in Nouméa, New Caledonia, taking into account the overall socio-political context in which they take place. Not being able to cover all the bars, clubs and nakamals (kava bars) of Nouméa, the research focuses on 12 places, 6 bars and nightclubs and 6 nakamals, located in 4 different areas of the city. The analysis of certain revealing “social situations” observed in these places shows that the type of space in which the situations take place, as well as the substances that are consumed therein, influence the types of social relations that take place. Research thus reveals that nakamals are the most likely places to stage different forms of reconciliation between members of different ethnic communities, whereas in bars and nightclubs, interethnic relations are rather tense, if not conflictual, which contributes to maintain a feeling of insecurity. Keywords: New Caledonia, ethnicity, Kanak, Zoreille, Caldoche, Nouméa, urban setting, bar, nightclub, nakamal, kava, insecurity, reconciliation.
The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyze the social dynamics at work in two types of important places of sociability, bars and nightclubs as well as nakamals, in Nouméa, New Caledonia, taking into account the overall socio-political context in which they take place. Not being able to cover all the bars, clubs and nakamals (kava bars) of Nouméa, the research focuses on 12 places, 6 bars and nightclubs and 6 nakamals, located in 4 different areas of the city. The analysis of certain revealing “social situations” observed in these places shows that the type of space in which the situations take place, as well as the substances that are consumed therein, influence the types of social relations that take place. Research thus reveals that nakamals are the most likely places to stage different forms of reconciliation between members of different ethnic communities, whereas in bars and nightclubs, interethnic relations are rather tense, if not conflictual, which contributes to maintain a feeling of insecurity. Keywords: New Caledonia, ethnicity, Kanak, Zoreille, Caldoche, Nouméa, urban setting, bar, nightclub, nakamal, kava, insecurity, reconciliation.
Bachkatov, Nina. "La diplomatie énergétique de la Fédération de Russie: forces et limites." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209939.
Full textLa diplomatie énergétique russe s’affirme pendant les années 2003-2004, comme une démarche pragmatique, un moyen opportuniste de rencontrer un projet politique en utilisant un des rares leviers dont dispose ce pays appauvri et affaibli – sa puissance énergétique qu’il s’agit de transformer un outil de puissance politique, raison pour laquelle la politique étrangère russe va être mise au service de ce projet. Le travail fait donc référence aux spécificités internes de la Russie et au contexte international afin d’identifier les faiblesses et les forces de cette diplomatie spécifique.
Russian energy diplomacy, with which this work is uniquely concerned, differs from the classic industrial policies adopted by states in order to re-launch their economies or certain industrial sectors. It has consisted of putting Russia’s natural resources and particularly its energy potential (as a producer, a consumer, and a transit country) to the practical purpose of restoring its status as a great power. For Russia, the return to power would permit the country to emerge from its period of transition and become a leading actor in the world reshaped by the ending of the cold war. It is a matter of making its voice heard, as an equal partner in international decisions and the formulation of the new political norms necessitated by post-cold war upheaval.
In 2002-2004 Russia developed this energy diplomacy as a pragmatic and opportunistic means of attaining a political objective with one of the few levers at the disposal of an impoverished and enfeebled country – that is to say, its energy potential, which it turned into a political tool. To this effect, Russian foreign policy has been made to serve the same project. Consequently this work deals with internal specificities and the international energy context, in order to probe both the weakness and the strength of this particular form of diplomacy.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Roy-Allard, Florence. "Mises en récits de souffrances sociales environnementales chez les Autochtones de l'état de Oaxaca au Mexique : une articulation à l'imaginaire politique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26013.
Full textThe exploitation of natural resources is often at the heart of power relations in indigenous communities in southern Mexico. Situations of suffering, here explored through an agrarian and forestry conflict in an Aboriginal community in the State of Oaxaca, are subject to various attributions of meaning, or various feelings of nonsense, by local populations. In this thesis, political narratives of suffering will be explored from the point of view of the experiences they represent. Circulation and reproduction of these discourses mean that the social imaginary that can be found within the community transforms and informs politics at the local level. The relations between discourses about social suffering and the political imaginary will be studied at the local level, in the ordinary speech. The objective of this research is to give voice people who usually do not occupy significant place in political studies.
Barry, Oumou Salamata. "Le traitement médiatique de la crise guinéenne de 2007." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BOR30019/document.
Full textAs in many African countries, the Republic of Guinea experienced a major political and social crisis in 2007, a crisis that has caused many casualties. In January 2007, thousands of Guineans took to the streets to denounce the increasing deterioration of the economic and social situation of the country and the repeated interference of President Lansana Conté in court cases. Our research topic focused on the treatment of this crisis by the Guinean press. The content analysis method adopted allowed us to analyze the positioning newspapers deal with the crisis, instead devoted to the subject, the view adopted in articles etc. The analysis to draw conclusions on the media coverage of the event, on the orientation of its journalistic treatment and the acquisition of political, ideological and emotional position of journalists and newspapers
Al, Hersh Muntaser. "Les relations entre les pays du Conseil de Coopération du Golfe et les puissances asiatiques : approches géopolitique et géostratégique." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC046.
Full textThe GCC countries, comprising of Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Oman, occupy a prominent place in the oil and gas market in terms of production and reserves. They are now representing a very lucrative consumer market and are also turning into producers, especially in high-energy industries. The Gulf countries are however located in the Middle East: a politically unstable and dynamic region. The GCC countries have therefore engaged in a process of diversifying their geopolitical relationships in order to provide themselves with the ability to defend their own interests and reduce their dependence on their American ally. Thus, geopolitical relations between the GCC countries and emerging powers in Asia are growing. While remaining clear allies with the global north and specifically the US, Arab Gulf countries are beginning to increase their relations with Asian partners. India, with which some GCC countries have geographic proximity and historical ties since antiquity. China is also increasing its presence in the Arab world. Japan and Korea are also prominent as key industrial countries. Singapore has influenced urban dynamics in the Gulf. Malaysia and Indonesia, Muslim oil countries, are also included. The same is true for the Philippines, a vast archipelago providing the Gulf countries with abundant labor. The aim of the study is to attempt to better understand the conditions that would enable GCC countries to rise to a higher level of competition and progress in the international system, through the establishment and advancement of new collaborations with emerging Asian states
Wiesner, León Hector. "La justice transitionnelle en Colombie : une étude de ses particularités et sa mise en marche." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020089.
Full textThe transitional justice is the legal system that allowed Colombia as a State to overcome a long period of armed conflict and to find peace. This system, used by the Colombian government to develop political and legal mechanisms applied to peace processes, must be analyzed from different angles. The first section studies the theoretical foundations of the rights that compose transitional justice, such as the truth, the justice and the reparation, according to international instruments and both the Colombian and international constitutional rulings. In this section the mechanisms that make effective the rights are analyzed equally. The study of the second section is a look at the two stages of the Colombian transitional justice model implementation. These stages were applied by different governments of the country and with different circumstances. This analysis is, on the one hand the development of the so-called Justice and Peace Law of 2005, its characteristics and difficulties within the process with the paramilitaries. On the other hand, the second stage of the model was consecrated to enable the development of the peace agreement signed by the Colombian government and the FARC guerrilla in 2016