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1
Hebblethwaite, Benjamin. "French and underdevelopment, Haitian Creole and development." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 27, no. 2 (August 13, 2012): 255–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.27.2.03heb.
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This article argues that Haiti’s French-dominant school system is an impediment to the nation’s development, whereas Haitian Creole-dominant education will lay the foundation for long-term development. In that Caribbean country, 95% of the population is monolingual in Haitian Creole while the portion that additionally speaks French does not exceed 5% with an additional 5–10% having some receptive competence (Valdman 1984: 78; Dejean 2006). Even though French is the language of the school system, as many as 80% of Haiti’s teachers control it inadequately and only a minority of students completes school (Dejean 2006). Economic, historical, sociolinguistic, and demographic factors are a part of the explanation for Haiti’s low educational achievement. Another important but often ignored factor is educational language policy. Data on educational language policy compared internationally show that the use of a second language in schools correlates with high illiteracy rates and poverty (Coulmas 1992). I reject arguments in favor of maintaining French-dominant education in Haiti (Lawless 1992; Youssef 2002; Francis 2005; Ferguson 2006, etc.) because the resources for it are woefully lacking. I argue that the progressive promotion of Haitian Creole throughout Haitian education will lead to improved learning, graduation, and Creole literacy, in addition to a more streamlined and coherent State, economy, and society (Efron 1954; De Regt 1984; DeGraff 2003; Dejean 2006). As Haiti rebuilds after the earthquake of January 12th, 2010, aid workers, government employees, and researchers who get involved in the recovery also unsuspectingly perpetuate French, English, and Spanish hegemony in development work (DeGraff 2010). The long history of suppressing Haitian Creole and promoting French in education and administration — and French, English, or Spanish in development work — form underlying obstacles in the nation’s struggle to produce an adequate class of educated citizens, to achieve universal literacy, and to make socioeconomic progress.
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Lefebvre, Claire. "Substratum Semantics in the Verbal Lexicon of Haitian Creole." Studies in Language 23, no. 1 (July 2, 1999): 61–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.23.1.04lef.
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The aim of this paper is to document the presence of substratum semantics in the verbal inventory of Haitian creole on the basis of a comparison of a sample of verbs in Haitian, French (its lexifier language) and Fongbe (one of its substratum languages). The paper begins with a comparison of the meanings of a sample of Haitian, French and Fongbe verbs. Although the phonological representations of the Haitian verbs are derived from the phonetic representations of French verbs, the details of their semantics do not correspond exactly to those of French, but rather to those of Fongbe. Idiomatic expressions in Haitian are often expressed with similar verbal phrases in Fongbe, whereas they are rendered by a simple verb in French. Aspectual properties of verbs (stative/non-stative) constitute another facet of verbal semantics, and I compare the aspectual properties of Haitian, French and Fongbe verbs. Haitian verbs, like Fongbe verbs, are often not specified for aspectual properties, in contrast to French verbs. Thematic properties constitute yet another topic in the semantics of verbs, addressed here from the point of view of the verbs' agentiveness. On the basis of these various types of data, it is argued that the bulk of Haitian verbs' semantic properties have been carried over into the creole from the substratum lexicons. This situation argues in favor of the claim that the process of relexification plays a central role in the formation of a Creole's lexicon. Some cases of acquisition of French verbs are also reported. Such cases have triggered a reorganization in the properties of the verbal lexical entries originally relexified from the Haitian substratum languages.
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Lefebvre, Claire, Anne-Marie Brousseau, and Sandra Filipovich. "Haitian Creole Morphology: French Phonetic Matrices in a West African Mold." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 34, no. 3 (September 1989): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100013463.
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This paper summarizes the findings of an extensive study of Haitian Creole morphology as compared with that of contributing languages: French, the lexifier language, and Fon, the West African language selected as the substratum language. The proposal we want to argue for in this paper is that, although the phonetic matrices of Haitian Creole lexical items are recognizable as being from French, at a more abstract level the productive affixes of Haitian Creole pattern in a significant way with the model of contributing West African languages, in this case Fon. This being the case, the widespread assumption in the creole literature that creole languages have undergone morphological simplification is not borne out by the Haitian data (cf. several discussions on this topic in Hymes 1971).
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ÉTIENNE, CORINNE. "The lexical particularities of French in the Haitian press: Readers' perceptions and appropriation." Journal of French Language Studies 15, no. 3 (November 2005): 257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269505002152.
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Regional French varieties in language contact situations have been widely discussed in Francophone studies. Defining a variety of French involves showing its specificity when compared to other French varieties, assessing its sociolinguistic functionality, and reporting on its speakers' linguistic representations (Robillard, 1993a). This article probes the reactions of a group of the Creole/French bilingual Haitian elite to a sample of lexical particularities drawn from a corpus of the Haitian press (1986–1998). It reports on participants' tolerance or stigmatization of these particularities and explores the reasons for their reactions. Findings indicate participants' concern with creolisms, notably those that are politically related or literal translations from Creole. This concern reveals participants' linguistic ambivalence and reflects the bilingual elite's linguistic identity, which is still influenced by Haiti's colonial past.
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Brousseau, Anne-Marie, Sandra Filipovich, and Claire Lefebvre. "Morphological Processes in Haitian Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.4.1.02bro.
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In this paper we examine the morphology of Haitian with respect to two issues widely discussed in the literature on creoles: 1) the substratum issue, formulated in our view in terms of the role played by relexification in the formation of Haitian Creole; and 2) the widespread assumption that creole languages are morphologically simpler than their lexifier language. These two issues are not unrelated. The morphological simplicity assumption is based on a comparison of creole with European languages that have contributed the bulk of their respective lexicons. In order to discuss the two issues, we will compare the productive morphology of Haitian with that of French (the lexifier language), and Fon, a contributive West African language. The major findings of this paper with respect to the issues addressed here are the following: 1) productive affixes of Haitian Creole pattern in a significant way with the model of contributing West African languages more so than with French; and 2) the presumed morphological simplicity of creoles reduces to the selection of the unmarked option with respect to the position of morphological heads.
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Robertshaw, Matthew. "Kreyòl anba Duvalier, 1957–1986." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 93, no. 3-4 (December 5, 2019): 231–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-09303054.
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Abstract The Duvalier presidencies were a devastating chapter in the history of Haiti. There is, however, one aspect of Haitian society that went through unexpected progress in the midst of these despotic regimes. Haitian Creole has long been excluded from formal and written contexts, despite being the only language common to all Haitians. The debate over whether Creole should be used in formal contexts for the sake of the country’s development and democratization began in earnest at the start of the twentieth century but was far from being resolved when François Duvalier came to power in 1957. Surprisingly, perceptions of Creole changed drastically during the Duvalier era, so that by the time Jean-Claude Duvalier fell from power in 1986 the status of Creole had improved markedly, so much that it had become typical for Haitians to use the language, along with French, in virtually all contexts.
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Valdman, Albert. "On the socio-historical context in the development of Louisiana and Saint-Domingue Creoles." Journal of French Language Studies 2, no. 1 (March 1992): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269500001162.
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ABSTRACTThis paper presents a hypothesis for the genesis of Creole French by drawing conclusions from an illustrative comparison of Louisiana Creole and Haitian Creole, and by presenting a depiction of the social-historical context in which Louisiana Creole developed.Bickerton's bioprogram and Baker and Corne's model comparing Mauritian Creole and its Reunionese congener are considered and found to be inadequate descriptions of the genesis of Creole French, since they assume that all parts of colonial Saint-Domingue, the île Bourbon (Reunion) and the île de France (Mauritius) had the same demographic mix and social structure. This paper offers and alternative model which suggests that French planation colonies did not constitute monolithic socio–politico–economic entities. On the contrary, differences in social setting were reflected by variartions in the local form of Creole French. Furthermore, certain structural features were diffused from one territory to another via the focal centres that also diffused the colonial model of social, political and economic organization. These are considered together to account for the range of variation found today in Louisiana Creole, and to explain the striking similarities between Louisiana Cre le and its geographically most proximate Creole French congener, Haitian Creole.
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Lumsden, John S. "Possession." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.9.1.03lum.
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This paper compares the notion of "possession" as it is expressed in the verbs of Haitian Creole, French, and Fongbe (a West African language of the Kwa family). It is argued that the notion of possession in verbal semantics is best represented as an implicit argument, i.e., an argument that is present in the semantic representation, but not in the syntax. The implicit argument [POSSESSION] is ambiguous, allowing it to be manifested in the syntactic representation in different ways. The properties of the creole verbs are consistently parallel with those of the Fongbe verbs, and they are often in contrast with the properties of the French verbs. Since French and Fongbe are among the historical sources of Haitian Creole (Lefebvre & Lumsden 1989), these patterns have consequence for the evaluation of theories of creole genesis.
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Storme, Benjamin. "The adaptation of French liquids in Haitian." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 33, no. 2 (October 19, 2018): 386–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00020.sto.
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Abstract Haitian, a French-lexifier creole with a Gbe substrate, shows an asymmetry in the way it has adapted French liquids: the French lateral was maintained in postvocalic coda position in Haitian, but the French rhotic was systematically deleted in this position. This paper presents the results of a perception study showing that the lateral is generally more perceptible than the rhotic in coda position in Modern French. The hypothesis that perception played a role in the phonological asymmetry in Haitian is compatible with these results. The paper sketches an analysis of how the perceptual asymmetry between French coda laterals and rhotics resulted in the emergence of a new phonological grammar, distinct from both the grammar of the substrate and superstrate languages. This analysis is in line with previous works on the role of perception in second language acquisition, loanword adaptation, creolization, and sound change more generally.
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Seguin, Luisa. "Transparency and language contact." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 35, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 218–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00060.seg.
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Abstract When communicating speakers map meaning onto form. It would thus seem obvious for languages to show a one-to-one correspondence between meaning and form, but this is often not the case. This perfect mapping, i.e. transparency, is indeed continuously violated in natural languages, giving rise to zero-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-one opaque correspondences between meaning and form. However, transparency is a mutating feature, which can be influenced by language contact. In this scenario languages tend to evolve and lose some of their opaque features, becoming more transparent. This study investigates transparency in a very specific contact situation, namely that of a creole, Haitian Creole, and its sub- and superstrate languages, Fongbe and French, within the Functional Discourse Grammar framework. We predict Haitian Creole to be more transparent than French and Fongbe and investigate twenty opacity features, divided into four categories, namely Redundancy (one-to-many), Fusion (many-to-one), Discontinuity (one meaning is split in two or more forms,) and Form-based Form (forms with no semantic counterpart: zero-to-one). The results indeed prove our prediction to be borne out: Haitian Creole only presents five opacity features out of twenty, while French presents nineteen and Fongbe nine. Furthermore, the opacity features of Haitian Creole are also present in the other two languages.
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Fattier, Dominique. "Le français en Haïti, le français d’Haïti." Journal of Language Contact 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 93–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00701005.
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Focusing on French, I show how ecological factors influence language evolution. After explaining what the ecological approach consists of, I provide a chronological description of language contacts involving French in Saint-Domingue / Haïti. I focus on the various effects of these contacts, particularly on the emergence of a French-based creole thanks to speakers’ informal acquisition of French. After providing a description of the French spoken by the founding fathers of the ex-colony, I turn to different contributions by Haitians to representations and descriptions of French in Haiti. I conclude by providing some elements of Haiti’s modern sociolinguistic situation.
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Valdman, Albert, Anne-José Villeneuve, and Jason F. Siegel. "On the influence of the standard norm of Haitian Creole on the Cap Haïtien dialect." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 30, no. 1 (April 7, 2015): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.30.1.01val.
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Among French-based creoles, Haitian Creole has the highest degree of standardization, with a written norm, Standard Haitian Creole (SHC), based on Port-au-Prince monolinguals’ speech. To evaluate the influence of SHC on regional varieties, we conducted, in and around Cap Haïtien, a sociolinguistic study of Northern Haitian Creole (Capois). In addition to stereotypical features such as the possessive kin a + pronoun (vs. SHC pa + pronoun), we uncovered several Capois features still in widespread use in Northern Haiti. In this article, we focus on the most frequently occurring variable, the third person singular pronoun (3sg), which alternates between SHC li/l, and Capois i/y. We show that SHC li has yet to replace Capois i, which is preferred by a large proportion of community members. For both the rural and urban populations, this variable is conditioned by syntactic and phonological factors. Despite shared tendencies, urban speakers’ lower rate of Capois variant use and stronger phonological conditioning may be due to their greater exposure to speakers from other areas of Haiti, and to closer contact with the standard. Although most speakers, especially older ones, recognized SHC’s higher prestige, they evidenced more positive attitudes toward their own speech.
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Germain-McCarthy, Yvelyne. "The Decorative Ornamental Ironwork of New Orleans: Connections to Geometry and Haiti." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 4, no. 7 (April 1999): 430–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.4.7.0430.
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Think about new orleans. images of the wrought-iron balconies and doors of the French Quarter probably come to mind. Wrought iron was first brought to New Orleans from Spain in 1790. During the next twenty years, a number of free, mixed-race Haitians fled the Haitian slave revolts and entered the southern ports of Savannah, Charleston, and New Orleans. The Haitian refugees who came to Louisiana between 1791 and 1809 were better trained and better educated than were the inhabitants of the Louisiana territory, and “their influence insured that the state would have a Creole flair for years to come” (Hunt 1988, 58).
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N’Zengou-Tayo, Marie-José, and Elizabeth Wilson. "Translators on a Tight Rope: The Challenges of Translating Edwidge Danticat’s Breath, Eyes, Memory and Patrick Chamoiseau’s Texaco." TTR : traduction, terminologie, rédaction 13, no. 2 (March 19, 2007): 75–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/037412ar.
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Abstract Translators on a Tight Rope: The Challenges of Translating Edwidge Danticat's Breath, Eyes, Memory and Patrick Chamoiseau's Texaco — For Caribbean intellectuals and scholars, translation of Caribbean literary texts has a key role to play for breaching the language barriers in the Caribbean and fostering regional integration. However, most publishing houses are located in the industrialized North, i.e. in countries which had colonial interests in the region. The targeted market of these publishers is located in a region which tends to exoticize the Caribbean. Henceforth, translating Caribbean literature can be like walking on a tight rope, since the translator would have to negotiate carefully between exoticism and faithfulness to the Caribbean culture. In addition, at least for the Dutch, French and English-speaking Caribbean, there is also the issue of bilingualism: use of French in relation with use of Haitian / Martinican / Guadeloupian Creole, use of English with Jamaican / Trinidadian Creole or a French-based Creole (Dominica, Grenada, and St Lucia). Against this background, we examined two translations, one from English into French (Edwidge Danticat's Breath, Eyes, Memory, 1994), the other from French into English (Patrick Chamoiseau's Texaco, 1992). We analyzed the translators' strategies in order to convey the Haitian and Martinican cultures. We also discussed their rendering of the bilingual shifts present in both texts. One translator was more successful than the other, which also raised the issue of 'scholar' translation versus 'non scholar' translation. In conclusion, Caribbean academics have to be watchful of the translations of literary works of the region since these translations, which do not aim primarily at the regional audience will nevertheless impact on cultural relationships in the region.
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Déprez, Viviane. "Plurality and definiteness in Mauritian and Haitian creoles." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 34, no. 2 (November 25, 2019): 287–345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00041.dep.
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Abstract In addition to plurality, creole plural morphemes impart an additional meaning of definiteness or specificity to the nominal expressions they mark. As of yet, there is no precise characterization either empirical or theoretical of the semantic/pragmatic dimensions they convey. Furthermore, the question of whether this added meaning is largely fixed across distinct creoles and plural morphemes, or subject to variations has never been examined. With the goal of bringing new insights intothese questions, this paper reports the results of a comparativestudy of the properties of two creole plural morphemes in two distinct French-lexifier creoles, Haitian Creole (HC) and Mauritian Creole (MC). Besides relying on native speaker intuitions, a detailed comparative qualitative and quantitative study of the uses of these plural morphemes was conducted in a textual corpus in two adaptations of the story of the Little Prince by Antoine De St Exupery, in Haitian Creole and in Mauritian Creole respectively. The results of this comparative investigation clearly demonstrate that the use of plural morphemes in the two creoles, though similarin a number of respects, also differ quite systematically. We observe that the distinctions noted closely mirror the uses of the singular definite marker ‘la’ bv’ also argued to subtly diverge in these two creoles (Wespel 2008, Déprez 2016, in preparation). The paper analyzes this mirroring effect as a consequence of the positions that the plural morphemes come to occupy in the nominal structure and of the way the structure building operations are constrained in the different creoles. Concretely it is argued that the plural morphemes come to derivationally occupy the position of definite articles in each of the languages, and that this derivational process is obligatory in Haitian Creole due to the pronominal nature of its plural morpheme, but remains optional in Mauritian.
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Joseph-Gabriel, Annette K. "Creolizing Freedom: French–Creole Translations of Liberty and Equality in the Haitian Revolution." Slavery & Abolition 36, no. 1 (February 18, 2014): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039x.2014.888869.
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Parham, Angel Adams. "Comparative Creoles: Race, Identity, and Difference Between Louisiana and its Caribbean Counterparts." Quebec Studies 71, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/qs.2021.6.
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This essay places Louisiana Creole culture and identity into comparative perspective with the evolution of Creole identity and créolité in Haiti and the French Antilles. While Haitian and Antillean intellectuals wrestled at the crossroads of French and African culture over the course of the twentieth century, the leading intellectuals of Louisiana’s Creole society were more likely to embrace French language and culture than to work self-consciously to integrate African influences into their understanding of themselves. A similar kind of cultural reckoning did not occur among Louisiana Creole writers and intellectuals until late in the twentieth century. The essay uses a comparative approach to examine the factors that have led to Louisiana taking such a different approach to Creole identity and cultural expression and considers how the community may evolve in the years to come. Cet essai situe la culture et l’identité créoles louisianaises dans une perspective comparée avec l’évolution de l’identité créole et de la créolité en Haïti et aux Antilles françaises. Lorsque des intellectuels haïtiens et antillais travaillaient au carrefour des cultures française et africaine au parcours du vingtième siècle, les intellectuels du chef de file de la société créole de la Louisiane tendaient plus à engager la langue et la culture françaises que de chercher à intégrer consciemment les influences africaines dans leur conception identitaire. Ce n’est que plus tard dans le vingtième siècle que nous témoignons d’une reconnaissance culturelle similaire chez les écrivains et les intellectuels de la Louisiane créole. Cet essai aborde de manière comparée les éléments qui contribuaient à une approche si différente à l’identité et l’expression culturelle créoles en Louisiane et considère comment la communauté pourraient évoluer à l’avenir.
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Clements, J. Clancy. "AN INTRODUCTION TO PIDGINS AND CREOLES. John Holm. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xxi + 282. $69.95 cloth, $24.95 paper." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 25, no. 1 (January 16, 2003): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s027226310321007x.
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Although the primary focus of this introduction is the Atlantic pidgins and creoles, it contains considerable information on many other pidgins and creoles as well. Chapter 1 includes the definitions of terms, which are clear and concise with the exception of the notions of semi-creole and creoloid, which are somewhat vague, and the notion of interlanguage, which is not necessarily characterizable as unstable, especially if it fossilizes. Chapter 2 largely mirrors its comprehensive counterpart, Holm (1988). New in this volume is the mention of the earliest known attestation of a creole language (Martinique creole in 1671), the shortening, partial rewriting, or both of the monogenesis sections, and the identification of other trends. Chapter 3 succinctly underscores the importance of social factors in the creation and characterization of pidgins and creoles, without which, according to Holm, they cannot be defined. It also includes sociohistorical synopses of seven languages (i.e., Angolar Creole Portuguese, Papiamentu Creole Spanish, Negerhollands Creole Dutch, Haitian Creole French, Jamaican Creole English, Tok Pisin, and Nubi Creole Arabic).
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Lefebvre, Claire. "The Tense, Mood, and Aspect System of Haitian Creole and the Problem of Transmission of Grammar in Creole Genesis." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 11, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 231–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.11.2.03lef.
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It is often assumed that creolization involves a break in the transmission of grammar. On the basis of data drawn from the TMA system of Haitian creole, as compared with those of its source languages — French, the superstratum language, and Fongbe, one of the substratum languages — this paper argues that creolization does not involve a break in transmission of grammar. The properties of the Haitian creole TMA system are shown to reflect in a systematic way those of its contributing languages. While the syntactic and the semantic properties of the TMA markers of the creole parallel those of Fongbe, the markers' phonological form appears to be derived from phonetic strings found in the superstratum language. This systematic division of properties is predicted by the hypothesis that relexification has played a major role in the formation of the creole. The fact that the lexical entries of the creole have phonological representations which are derived from phonetic strings found in the superstratum language is the visible signal that creolization involves the creation of a new language. The fact that the lexical entries of the creole show semantic and syntactic properties that parallel those of the languages of the substratum argues that there has been no break in the transmission of grammar in the formation of the creole.
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Ribeiro, Ana Cláudia Romano, and Laíza Dos Santos Albaram. "Lendo os parágrafos iniciais do conto Dayiva, da escritora haitiana Évelyne Trouillot / Reading the First Paragraphs of the Short Story Dayiva, by Haitian Writer Évelyne Trouillot." Caligrama: Revista de Estudos Românicos 25, no. 3 (December 18, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2238-3824.25.3.163-181.
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Resumo: Este trabalho refaz o percurso de parte de uma pesquisa de iniciação científica centrada no estudo do conto Dayiva, de Évelyne Trouillot (escritora haitiana de expressão francesa), publicado no livro Parlez-moi d’amour (2002). Na primeira parte, apresentamos o contexto histórico, político e cultural haitiano a partir de Laguerre (1989) e Figueiredo (2006); Trouillot (1990) guiou nossa compreensão do contexto histórico específico em que o conto está inserido – a ditatura de Papa Doc – e de particularidades lexicais, como os termos noir e mulâtre; aproximamo-nos do problema religioso graças a Desmangles (1992) e os trabalhos de Dash (1981), Césaire (1978) e Corcoran (2007) permitiram-nos melhor situar as questões literárias do ambiente haitiano; por fim, com Ferreira (2006), investigamos o conceito de négritude. Todo este aparato crítico-teórico nos ajudou a ler melhor o conto, propiciando uma aproximação da multiplicidade de suas referências. Na segunda parte deste artigo, apresentamos a autora e lemos os primeiros parágrafos do conto, mostrando, em uma análise narratológica e temática, como alguns aspectos culturais, históricos e geográficos do Haiti ganham forma literária, com particular atenção aos aspectos linguísticos, políticos, religiosos e naturais, mais especificamente, ao crioulo haitiano, ao regime ditatorial, ao vodu e à presença do mar.Palavras-chave: Évelyne Trouillot; Dayiva; literatura de expressão francesa; literatura haitiana.Abstract: This paper retraces part of a scientific initiation research centered on the study of the short story Dayiva, by Évelyne Trouillot (a French-speaking Haitian writer), published in the book Parlez-moi d’amour (2002). In the first part, we present the Haitian historical, political and cultural context from Laguerre (1989) and Figueiredo (2006); Trouillot (1990) guided our understanding of the specific historical context in which the story is inserted – the dictatorship of Papa Doc – and of lexical particularities such as the terms noir and mulâtre; we approached the religious problem thanks to Desmangles (1992) and the works of Dash (1981), Césaire (1978) and Corcoran (2007) allowed us to better situate the literary questions of the Haitian environment; finally, with Ferreira (2006) we investigated the concept of négritude. All this critical-theoretical apparatus helped us to better read the tale, providing an approach to the multiplicity of its references. In the second part of this article, we present the author and read the first paragraphs of the story, showing, in a narratological and thematic analysis, how some cultural, historical and geographic aspects of Haiti take literary form, with particular attention to the linguistic, political, religious and natural aspects, more specifically, the Haitian Creole, the dictatorial regime, voodoo and the presence of the sea.Keywords: Évelyne Trouillot; Dayiva; Francophone literature; Haitian literature.
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Jones, Bridget. "Two Plays by Ina Césaire: Mémoires d'Isles and L'enfant des Passages." Theatre Research International 15, no. 3 (1990): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030788330000969x.
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In any consideration of theatre in the French Caribbean, the name Césaire is bound to be mentioned. Aimé Césaire's La Tragédie du roi Christophe (1963) is the most widely- known play in French by a black dramatist, and is now even in the repertoire of the Comédie-Française, and his plays figure widely in checklists of ‘African’ theatre. A revealing contrast can be made between the epic dramas of Aimé Césaire, written for an international audience, especially the newly independent black nations of the 1960s, and the work of his daughter, Ina. He tackles from the standpoint of Négritude major themes of historical drama: the nature of sovereignty, the forging of nationhood; he storms the heights of tragic poetry in French. She is attentive, not to the lonely hero constructing his Haitian Citadel of rock, but to the Creole voices of the grassroots. She brings to the stage the lives of ordinary women, the lore and legends that sustained the slaves and their descendants. Her achievement should of course be assessed away from her father's shadow, but the ‘divergent orientation of the two generations’ also suggests the greater confidence today in the role of Creole language and oral literature, and in a serious theatre within Martinique.
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Bruyn, Adrienne. "Claire Lefebvre, Creole genesis and the acquisition of grammar: The case of Haitian Creole. (Cambridge studies in linguistics, 88.) Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. xviii, 461. Hb £45.00, $74.95." Language in Society 30, no. 1 (January 2001): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404501331056.
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In the continuing debate on the origins of creole languages, Lefebvre has long taken a strong stance in favor of an essential contribution of the West African substratum to the grammatical makeup of Haitian Creole; thus, she opposes both a universalist account along the lines of Derek Bickerton's bioprogram (e.g. 1984), and Robert Chaudenson's superstratist approach (e.g. 1992). Lefebvre's present book summarizes the main findings of two decades of research by herself and others (such as John Lumsden and Anne-Marie Brousseau) through various projects carried out at the Université du Québec à Montréal. The overall aim of this enterprise has been to test the hypothesis that adult speakers of the substratum languages, in creating a new creole language, use the properties of their native lexicons as well as the parametric values and semantic interpretation rules of their native grammars (9). In order to test this hypothesis, Haitian Creole is compared, on the one hand, with its superstratum or lexifier language, French, and on the other hand, with Fongbe (or Fon, belonging to the Gbe cluster of Kwa languages), as a representative of the substratum. Most of the book consists of the presentation of such three-way comparisons in regard to nominal structure (Chap. 4), the marking of tense, mood, and aspect (Chap. 5), pronouns (Chap. 6), clausal operators and the structure of the clause (Chaps. 7–8), the properties of verbs (Chap. 9), derivational affixes (Chap. 10), compounds (Chap. 11), and parametric options (Chap. 12). In all these areas, striking similarities between Haitian and Fongbe are revealed.
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Nikièma, Emmanuel. "Government-Licensing and Consonant Cluster Simplification in Quebec French." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 44, no. 4 (December 1999): 327–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100017461.
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AbstractThis article is a reanalysis of cluster simplification in Quebec French (QF) in terms of government-licensing, a condition which requires non-nuclear governing heads to be licensed by a following vowel. It is suggested, contra Côté (1997, 1998), that simplification is triggered by a structural constraint rather than a constraint on sonority. It is shown that in QF, simplification does not apply to word internal clusters such asappartementandvendredibecause the following vowel is realized, but applies to forms liketableandcasque, and converts them into [tab] and [kas] respectively at the surface level due to the lack of a final vowel. However, cluster reduction does not apply to final clusters such asbarbe, gorge, andsoldein which the first member is a liquid. To account for why simplification applies in one case and not in the other, it is suggested that the two types of final clusters differ with respect to syllabification: liquids are within branching nuclei, whereas the first member of other clusters is within a branching rhyme. The case of word-final cluster simplification attested in Haitian Creole is also examined.
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O’Neil, David. "The Middle English Creolization Hypothesis: Persistence, Implications, and Language Ideology." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 54, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stap-2019-0006.
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AbstractBailey and Maroldt (1977) and Domingue (1977) were the first to argue that language contact during the Middle Ages between Old English and both Old Norse and Norman French resulted in linguistic creolization. This theory, known as the Middle English creolization hypothesis, implies that Middle English, and perhaps Modern English as well, should be classified as a creole. Though frequently discredited on historic, linguistic, and terminological grounds, the creolization hypothesis has attracted interest for longer than might be expected. This paper argues that the persistence of the hypothesis may be ideologically motivated. The first section examines connotations of the term “creole” and applies these connotations to an analysis of the initial presentations of the creolization hypothesis. The second and third section of the paper review and analyze the forty-year history of the debate, focusing separately on arguments for creolization (and koinezation) between Anglo-Norman French and Old Norse, respectively. The fourth and final section examines challenges presented by the concept of creole exceptionalism to common attitudes about language equality and the theory of Universal Grammar. It is argued that these issues attract greater interest when contextualized within a discussion of a “major” world language such as English than when creolization is understood as an atypical process restricted to “peripheral” languages such as Haitian Creole. This paper also references relevant political issues such as the current controversy among medievalists about the field’s historic lack of inclusivity.
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Kihm, Alain. "Tayo, The Strange Bird from New Caledonia." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 10, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 225–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.10.2.02kih.
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According to the Language Bioprogram Hypothesis, the core grammars of all "real" creoles should be alike to a significant degree. Real creoles are then defined as those creoles that were born on plantations, as opposed to those that appeared in so-called fort situations, that is, around trading posts and the like. The validity of the hypothesis depends on the precise characterization of what counts as a plantation situation, which is by no means an obvious task, contrary to what seems to have been assumed. An attempt toward such a characterization is made here. Tayo, a French-based creole spoken in the south of New Caledonia, can be considered a plantation creole and should therefore appear similar to, for example, Haitian and Isle-de-France Creole. That it differs radically from these languages in such basic domains as the determiner and the TMA systems, however, is easily demonstrated. Factors that might explain the difference are then examined, with the conclusion that only relexification from a substrate New Caledonian language can be retained as the primary reason for this difference. Although arguably a plantation creole, Tayo falls thus clearly outside the scope of the LBH, appearing rather as strong supportive evidence for the Relexification Hypothesis. Given the importance of the case for deciding between competing theories, further detailed investigation is urgently needed in order to ascertain whether Tayo is indeed a plantation creole, as it is seems to be, in view of the available historical and ecological evidence.
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Mather, Patrick-André. "Noun Phrases in L2 French and Haitian: Clues on the Origin of Plantation Creoles." Journal of Universal Language 6, no. 2 (September 30, 2005): 53–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22425/jul.2005.6.2.53.
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Singler, John Victor. "Theories of Creole Genesis, Sociohistorical Considerations, and the Evaluation of Evidence." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 11, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 185–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.11.2.02sin.
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In an early Caribbean colony the conversion from other crops to sugar monoculture utterly transformed the colony's society and arguably its language as well. A comparative quantitative analysis of the populations of Haiti and Martinique makes the case that the initial period of creole genesis on each island extended as much as 50 years beyond the introduction of sugar growing. The reconstruction of the ethnic distribution of the African population brought to the French Caribbean in the late 17th century suggests that speakers of Gbe dialects would have been numerically dominant in Haiti during the first several decades of the sugar era. This fact may seem to lend plausibility to Lefebvre and Lumsden's application of the Relexification Hypothesis, but a number of vexing issues call this hypothesis into question.
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Valdman, Albert. "Emploi du créole comme langue d'enseignement et décréolisation en Haïti." Language Problems and Language Planning 10, no. 2 (January 1, 1986): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.10.2.01val.
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SUMMARY The Use of Creole in Education and Decreolization in Haiti This article attempts to show that, as is the case for related French-based creoles coexisting with their lexifier language, Haitian Creole (HC) is subject to decreolization. According to the dynamic model proposed, pidginization, creolization, and decreolization do not constitute clearly demarcated successive states. In fact, decreolization, characterized by the use of forms moving closer to corresponding French forms, appeared from the very moment that HC emerged as a relatively stabilized speech variety. This view is supported by the examination of the earliest written texts for HC, dating from the end of the late colonial period and the early post-independence years. As is the case today, creolization was accelerated by the extension of the use of the vernacular to domains previously reserved to French. But the driving force behind decreolization is the situation of linguistic conflict, marked by a deep ambivalence toward the two coexisting languages on the part of both the bilingual elite and the monolingual HC-speaking masses. While it does lead to a valorization of HC, this ambivalence drives monolingual speakers to select frenchifying forms or those viewed as such. Two opposite trends are observable in standardization. The first, characterizing the leaders of the movement for the valorization of HC and for its use in education and religion, sets as its model rural monolingual speech. The second, appearing in radio and television, favors the frenchifying speech of the urban bilingual elites. In the absence of formal language planning on the part of governmental agencies, the standard form of HC—and, in the long run, the survival of the language as an autonomous speech form—depends on the relative effect of these two currents on the creole-speak-ing masses. In the area of education there is a risk that, should the standard written form of HC diverge excessively from the varieties used by monolingual speakers, the latter would decide that the interests of their children are best served by the use of the dominant language as a classroom language. RESUMO Utiligo de la kreola kiel lingvo de instruado, kaj malkreoligo en Haitio La artikolo celas montri, ke, same kiel ce rilataj francebazitaj kreolaj lingvoj, kiuj kunekzistas kun sia leksikonperanta lingvo, la haitia kreola lingvo (HK) emas al malkreoligo. Laǔ la dinamika modelo tie ci proponita, piginigo, kreoligo kaj malkreoligo ne konsistigas klare apartigitajn stadiojn. Efektive, malkreoliĝo, kiun karakterizas la utiligo de formoj pliproksimiĝantaj al francaj formoj, aperis ekde la momento kiam HK aperis kiel relative stabiligita parolspeco. Tiun vidpunkton subtenas ekzamenado de la plej fruaj skribitaj tekstoj de HK, kiuj datigas de la malfrua kolonia periodo kaj la fruaj jaroj post sendependigo. Kiel hodiaǔ okazas, kreoliĝon plirapidigis la fakto, ke oni plilarĝigis la utiligon de la indigena lingvo en terenojn antafie rezervitajn al la franca lingvo. Sed la impulsa forto malantaǔ malkreoligo estas la situacio de lingva konflikto, kiun karakterizas profunda sanceligo inter la du kunekzistantaj lingvoj flanke de la dulingva elito kaj ankaǔ de la unulingva amaso de parolantoj de HK. Kvankam tio ja altigas la prestigon de HK, la sanceligo igas unulingvulojn elekti francigitajn formojn aǔ formojn, kiujn ili rigardas kiel francajn. Oni povas observi en la normigo du konfliktajn emojn. La unua emo, kiun montras la gvidantoj de la movado por plivalorigo de HK kaj por ĝia utiligo en edukado kaj religio, uzas kiel modelon unu-lingvan kamparan paroladon. La dua emo, kiu montriĝas en radio kaj televido, favoras la francigan parolmanieron de la dulingvaj urbaj elitoj. Dum mankas formala lingvo-planado flanke de registaraj instancoj, la norma formo de HK—kaj, en pli longa daǔro, la pluvivo de la lingvo kiel aǔtonoma parolformo—dependas de la relativa efiko de tiuj du emoj če la kreolparolantaj amasoj. Se temas pri edukado, oni riskas, ke, se la norma skriba formo de HK troe divergus de la parolspecoj uzataj de unulingvuloj, ci-lastaj decidus, ke la interesoj de iliaj infanoj estus plej bone sekvataj se ili utiligus la dominan lingvon kiel lingvon de la klasčambro.
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McLeod, Sharynne, and Kathryn Crowe. "Children's Consonant Acquisition in 27 Languages: A Cross-Linguistic Review." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 27, no. 4 (November 21, 2018): 1546–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_ajslp-17-0100.
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Purpose The aim of this study was to provide a cross-linguistic review of acquisition of consonant phonemes to inform speech-language pathologists' expectations of children's developmental capacity by (a) identifying characteristics of studies of consonant acquisition, (b) describing general principles of consonant acquisition, and (c) providing case studies for English, Japanese, Korean, and Spanish. Method A cross-linguistic review was undertaken of 60 articles describing 64 studies of consonant acquisition by 26,007 children from 31 countries in 27 languages: Afrikaans, Arabic, Cantonese, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Jamaican Creole, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Maltese, Mandarin (Putonghua), Portuguese, Setswana (Tswana), Slovenian, Spanish, Swahili, Turkish, and Xhosa. Results Most studies were cross-sectional and examined single word production. Combining data from 27 languages, most of the world's consonants were acquired by 5;0 years;months old. By 5;0, children produced at least 93% of consonants correctly. Plosives, nasals, and nonpulmonic consonants (e.g., clicks) were acquired earlier than trills, flaps, fricatives, and affricates. Most labial, pharyngeal, and posterior lingual consonants were acquired earlier than consonants with anterior tongue placement. However, there was an interaction between place and manner where plosives and nasals produced with anterior tongue placement were acquired earlier than anterior trills, fricatives, and affricates. Conclusions Children across the world acquire consonants at a young age. Five-year-old children have acquired most consonants within their ambient language; however, individual variability should be considered. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6972857
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 82, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2008): 113–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002468.
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David Scott; Conscripts of Modernity: The Tragedy of Colonial Enlightenment (Shalina Puri)Rebecca J. Scott; Degrees of Freedom: Louisiana and Cuba after Slavery (Olivia Maria Gomes da Cunha)Patrick Bellegarde-Smith (ed.); Fragments of Bone: Neo-African Religions in a New World (Dianne M. Stewart)Londa Schiebinger; Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World (J.D. La Fleur)F. Abiola Irele, Simon Gikandi (eds.);The Cambridge History of African and Caribbean Literature (A. James Arnold)Sean X. Goudie; Creole America: The West Indies and the Formation of Literature and Culture in the New Republic (J. Bradford Anderson)Doris Garraway; The Libertine Colony: Creolization in the Early French Caribbean (Charles Forsdick)Adélékè Adéèkó; The Slave’s Rebellion: Fiction, History, Orature (Owen Robinson)J. Brooks Bouson; Jamaica Kincaid: Writing Memory, Writing Back to the Mother (Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert)Gary Wilder; The French Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonial Humanism between the Two World Wars (Nick Nesbitt)Fernando Picó; History of Puerto Rico: A Panorama of its People (Francisco A. Scarano)Peter E. Siegel (ed.); Ancient Borinquen: Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Native Puerto Rico (William F. Keegan) Magali Roy-Féquière; Women, Creole Identity, and Intellectual Life in Early Twentieth-Century Puerto Rico (Yolanda Martínez-San Miguel)Katherine E. Browne; Creole Economics: Caribbean Cunning under the French Flag (David Beriss)Louis A. Pérez, Jr; To Die in Cuba: Suicide and Society (Matt D. Childs)John Lawrence Tone; War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895-1898 (Gillian McGillivray)Frank Argote-Freyre; Fulgencio Batista: From Revolutionary to Strongman (Javier Figueroa-De Cárdenas)Juanita de Barros, Audra Diptee, David V. Trotman (eds.); Beyond Fragmentation: Perspectives on Caribbean History (Bernard Moitt)Matthew Mulcahy; Hurricanes and Society in the British Greater Caribbean, 1624-1783 (Bonham C. Richardson)Michaeline A. Crichlow; Negotiating Caribbean Freedom: Peasants and the State in Development (Christine Chivallon)Peta Gay Jensen; The Last Colonials: The Story of Two European Families in Jamaica (Karl Watson)Marc Tardieu; Les Antillais à Paris: D’hier à aujourd’hui (David Beriss)Rhonda D. Frederick; “Colón Man a Come”: Mythographies of Panamá Canal Migration (Michael L. Conniff)James Robertson; Gone is the Ancient Glory: Spanish Town, Jamaica, 1534-2000 (Philip D. Morgan)Philippe R. Girard; Paradise Lost: Haiti’s Tumultuous Journey from Pearl of the Caribbean to Third World Hotspot (Carolle Charles)Michael Deibert; Notes from the Last Testament: The Struggle for Haiti (Carolle Charles)Ellen de Vries; Suriname na de binnenlandse oorlog (Aspha E. Bijnaar)In: New West Indian Guide/ Nieuwe West-Indische Gids no. 82 (2008), no: 1-2, Leiden
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Chapnick, Melissa, Michael Galvin, Sherlie Jean-Louis, Henri-Claude Saintelmond, Emmanuel Gyimah, Sandra Lee, and Lora Iannotti. "Ze Lekòl: Contextual Factors Affecting Use of Eggs in School Feeding in Cap-Haïtien, Haiti." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab045_017.
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Abstract Objectives Eggs are a rich source of bioavailable nutrients for children, yet have been underutilized in school feeding programs in low- and middle-income countries. The purpose of the Ze Lekòl Project was to identify contextual facilitators, barriers, and resources needed at both the school and food system levels to link local egg value chains to school feeding programs in Cap-Haïtien, Haiti. Methods Key stakeholder interviews (n = 23) were conducted with school principals, representatives from the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, domestic egg producers, and egg vendors. Focus groups (n = 4) were conducted with school staff and child caregivers. Interviews and focus groups were transcribed into Haitian Creole or French, and translated into English. Using inductive and deductive coding, interviews were analyzed for factors that facilitate or hinder the potential for incorporating locally produced eggs in school feeding programs. The approach to data collection and analysis was informed by the EPIS Implementation Science framework. Results School administrators and staff described facilitators (i.e., desire for nutritious foods, acceptability of eggs), barriers (i.e., preparation methods, national school feeding program structure) and potential benefits (i.e., improved student focus, reduced caregiver burden) for including eggs in school feeding programs. Local egg producers and vendors expressed facilitators (bulk purchases, customer preference for domestic eggs) and barriers (local availability of supplies, veterinary care, political disruption) to producing and selling locally produced eggs in Cap-Haïtien. Conclusions Locally produced eggs are an acceptable food to include in school feeding programs in Cap-Haïtien, Haiti. However, lack of sufficient infrastructure for domestic egg production prevents the ability to consistently provide the quantity of eggs needed for such programs without additional investments in domestic agriculture and school feeding programs. Findings from this study will inform interventions aimed at linking local agriculture to school feeding programs in low and middle-income countries. Funding Sources The Washington University in St. Louis Institute for Public Health–Center for Dissemination and Implementation funded this study.
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Halimatusa’diah, Halimatusa’diah. "PERANAN MODAL KULTURAL DAN STRUKTURAL DALAM MENCIPTAKAN KERUKUNAN ANTARUMAT BERAGAMA DI BALI." Harmoni 17, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32488/harmoni.v17i1.207.
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Ahmadiyah events in Cikeusik, Shia in Sampang, until the case of Tanjung Balai, are various events of intolerance that often color the reality of our plural society. However, in some other areas with its diverse community, as in Bali, we can find a society that is able to maintain harmony among its diverse peoples and live side by side. This study aims to describe various factors that support inter-religious harmony in Bali. This review is important to overcome the various religious conflicts that occurred in Indonesia, as well as how to create harmony among religious followers. Using a qualitative approach, this study found that the creation of tolerance and harmony among religious believers in Bali, in addition influenced by historical model, also because Bali has a strong cultural capital and structural capital. Cultural capital in the form of local wisdom that is still maintained and also the harmony agents such as guardians of tradition and FKUB also play a major role in maintaining and creating harmony among religious followers in Bali
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McAlister, Elizabeth. "From Slave Revolt to a Blood Pact with Satan: The Evangelical Rewriting of Haitian History." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 41, no. 2 (April 25, 2012): 187–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008429812441310.
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Enslaved Africans and Creoles in the French colony of Saint-Domingue are said to have gathered at a nighttime meeting at a place called Bois Caïman in what was both political rally and religious ceremony, weeks before the Haitian Revolution in 1791. The slave ceremony is known in Haitian history as a religio-political event and used frequently as a source of inspiration by nationalists, but in the 1990s, neo-evangelicals rewrote the story of the famous ceremony as a “blood pact with Satan.” This essay traces the social links and biblical logics that gave rise first to the historical record, and then to the neo-evangelical rewriting of this iconic moment. It argues that the confluence of the bicentennial of the Haitian Revolution with the political contest around President Aristide’s policies, the growth of the neo-evangelical Spiritual Mapping movement, and of the Internet, produced a new form of mythmaking, in which neo-evangelicals re-signified key symbols of the event—an oath to a divine force, blood sacrifice, a tree, and group unity—from the mythical grammar of Haitian nationalism to that of neo-evangelical Christianity. In the many ironies of this clash between the political afterlife of a slave uprising with the political afterlife of biblical scripture, Haiti becomes a nation held in captivity, and Satan becomes the colonial power who must be overthrown. Un groupe d’esclaves africains et créoles se seraient réunis une nuit à Bois Caïman, dans la colonie française de Saint-Domingue. L’évènement qui eut lieu quelques semaines avant la révolution haïtienne de 1791 fut décrit à la fois comme un rassemblement politique et une cérémonie religieuse. Cette cérémonie organisée par des esclaves constitue un évènement politico-religieux important dans l’histoire haïtienne, une source d’inspiration fréquente pour les nationalistes. Dans les années 1990, cependant, un groupe néo évangélique réécrivit l’histoire de cette fameuse cérémonie qualifiée de “pacte sanguinaire avec Satan.” L’essai retrace donc les liens sociaux et les logiques bibliques qui ont conduit les néo évangéliques à réécrire ce moment iconique. L’essai soutient que la confluence des révoltes en réaction à la politique du Président Aristide lors du bicentenaire de la révolution haïtienne ainsi que la montée du mouvement néo évangélique, Cartographie Spirituelle, et celle de l’Internet participèrent à créer de nouveaux mythes: les néo évangéliques donnèrent un sens nouveau aux symboles clés de l’évènement —un serment à une force divine, un sacrifice sanglant, un arbre et l’union du groupe— de la grammaire mythique du nationalisme haïtien à celle de la chrétienté néo évangélique. A travers les nombreuses ironies de la confrontation entre l’héritage politique d’un soulèvement d’esclaves et l’héritage politique des Saintes Ecritures, Haïti devient une nation tenue en captivité, et Satan, le pouvoir colonial qu’il faut renverser.
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Sisson, Andrew J., Peter J. Wampler, Richard R. Rediske, and Azizur R. Molla. "An assessment of long-term biosand filter use and sustainability in the Artibonite Valley near Deschapelles, Haiti." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.092.
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A non-randomized assessment of long-term biosand filter (BSF) use and sustainability in the Artibonite Valley near Deschapelles, Haiti was conducted during March, 2011. Of the 55 BSFs visited, 47% were no longer in use. Filter lifespan ranged from <1 year to systems still in use after 12 years. Interviews with BSF owners revealed problems related to intermittent filter use due to travel for employment or personal matters; broken or missing filter parts; and fears that the filter would not be effective against cholera. In addition, 17 BSF field studies were reviewed to identify common issues impacting usage. Culturally appropriate technologies and education materials explaining proper maintenance and operation are essential for improved filter performance and sustainability. For Haiti, education materials should be provided in Creole and French and should include, (1) diagrams and descriptions of how the BSF works, (2) how to troubleshoot common problems, (3) how to properly maintain filters, and (4) a contact in case of questions. Operational problems can be minimized by providing long-term technical support, periodic water quality monitoring, and maintenance assistance for filter users.
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Jennings, William, and Stefan Pfänder. "French Guianese Creole." Journal of Language Contact 8, no. 1 (December 17, 2015): 36–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00801003.
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This article hypothesizes that French Guianese Creole (fgc) had a markedly different formative period compared to other French lexifier creoles, a linguistically diverse slave population with a strong Bantu component and, in the French Caribbean, much lower or no Arawak and Portuguese linguistic influence.The historical and linguistic description of the early years offgcshows, though, that the founder population offgcwas dominated numerically and socially by speakers of Gbe languages, and had almost no speakers of Bantu languages. Furthermore, speakers of Arawak pidgin and Portuguese were both present when the colony began in Cayenne.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 81, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2008): 101–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002479.
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Frederick H. Smith; Caribbean Rum: A Social and Economic History (Franklin W. Knight)Stephan Palmié; Wizards and Scientists: Explorations in Afro-Cuban Modernity and Tradition (Julie Skurski)Miguel A. De la Torre; The Quest for the Cuban Christ: A Historical Search (Fernando Picó)L. Antonio Curet, Shannon Lee Dawdy & Gabino La Rosa Corzo (eds.); Dialogues in Cuban Archaeology (David M. Pendergast)Jill Lane; Blackface Cuba, 1840-1895 (Arthur Knight)Hal Klepak; Cuba’s Military 1990-2005: Revolutionary Soldiers during Counter-Revolutionary Times (Antoni Kapcia)Lydia Chávez (ed.); Capitalism, God, and a Good Cigar: Cuba Enters the Twenty-First Century (Ann Marie Stock)Diane Accaria-Zavala & Rodolfo Popelnik (eds.); Prospero’s Isles: The Presence of the Caribbean in the American Imaginary (Sean X. Goudie)Alexandra Isfahani-Hammond (ed.); The Masters and the Slaves: Plantation Relations and Mestizaje in American Imaginaries (Danielle D. Smith) David J. Weber; Bárbaros: Spaniards and Their Savages in the Age of Enlightenment (Neil L. Whitehead)Larry Gragg; Englishmen Transplanted: The English Colonization of Barbados, 1627-1660 (Richard S. Dunn)Jon F. Sensbach; Rebecca’s Revival: Creating Black Christianity in the Atlantic World (Aaron Spencer Fogleman)Jennifer L. Morgan; Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery (Verene A. Shepherd)Jorge Luis Chinea; Race and Labor in the Hispanic Caribbean: The West Indian Immigrant Worker Experience in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico, 1800-1850 (Juan José Baldrich)Constance R. Sutton (ed.); Revisiting Caribbean Labour: Essays in Honour of O. Nigel Bolland (Mary Chamberlain)Gert Oostindie; Paradise Overseas: The Dutch Caribbean: Colonialism and its Transatlantic Legacies (Bridget Brereton)Allan Pred; The Past Is Not Dead: Facts, Fictions, and Enduring Racial Stereotypes (Karen Fog Olwig)James C. Riley; Poverty and Life Expectancy: The Jamaica Paradox (Cruz María Nazario)Lucia M. Suárez; The Tears of Hispaniola: Haitian and Dominican Diaspora Memory (J. Michael Dash)Mary Chamberlain; Family Love in the Diaspora: Migration and the Anglo-Caribbean Experience (Kevin Birth)Joseph Palacio (ed.); The Garifuna: A Nation Across Borders (Grant Jewell Rich)Elizabeth M. DeLoughery, Renée K. Goss on & George B. Handley (eds.); Caribbean Literature and the Environment: Between Nature and Culture (Bonham C. Richardson)Mary Gallagher (ed.); Ici-Là: Place and Displacement in Caribbean Writing in French (Christina Kullberg)David V. Moskowitz; Caribbean Popular Music: An Encyclopedia of Reggae, Mento, Ska, Rock Steady, and Dancehall (Kenneth Bilby)John H. McWhorter; Defining Creole (Bettina M. Migge)Ellen M. Schnepel; In Search of a National Identity: Creole and Politics in Guadeloupe (Paul B. Garrett)
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 81, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2007): 101–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-90002479.
Full textAbstract:
Frederick H. Smith; Caribbean Rum: A Social and Economic History (Franklin W. Knight)Stephan Palmié; Wizards and Scientists: Explorations in Afro-Cuban Modernity and Tradition (Julie Skurski)Miguel A. De la Torre; The Quest for the Cuban Christ: A Historical Search (Fernando Picó)L. Antonio Curet, Shannon Lee Dawdy & Gabino La Rosa Corzo (eds.); Dialogues in Cuban Archaeology (David M. Pendergast)Jill Lane; Blackface Cuba, 1840-1895 (Arthur Knight)Hal Klepak; Cuba’s Military 1990-2005: Revolutionary Soldiers during Counter-Revolutionary Times (Antoni Kapcia)Lydia Chávez (ed.); Capitalism, God, and a Good Cigar: Cuba Enters the Twenty-First Century (Ann Marie Stock)Diane Accaria-Zavala & Rodolfo Popelnik (eds.); Prospero’s Isles: The Presence of the Caribbean in the American Imaginary (Sean X. Goudie)Alexandra Isfahani-Hammond (ed.); The Masters and the Slaves: Plantation Relations and Mestizaje in American Imaginaries (Danielle D. Smith) David J. Weber; Bárbaros: Spaniards and Their Savages in the Age of Enlightenment (Neil L. Whitehead)Larry Gragg; Englishmen Transplanted: The English Colonization of Barbados, 1627-1660 (Richard S. Dunn)Jon F. Sensbach; Rebecca’s Revival: Creating Black Christianity in the Atlantic World (Aaron Spencer Fogleman)Jennifer L. Morgan; Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery (Verene A. Shepherd)Jorge Luis Chinea; Race and Labor in the Hispanic Caribbean: The West Indian Immigrant Worker Experience in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico, 1800-1850 (Juan José Baldrich)Constance R. Sutton (ed.); Revisiting Caribbean Labour: Essays in Honour of O. Nigel Bolland (Mary Chamberlain)Gert Oostindie; Paradise Overseas: The Dutch Caribbean: Colonialism and its Transatlantic Legacies (Bridget Brereton)Allan Pred; The Past Is Not Dead: Facts, Fictions, and Enduring Racial Stereotypes (Karen Fog Olwig)James C. Riley; Poverty and Life Expectancy: The Jamaica Paradox (Cruz María Nazario)Lucia M. Suárez; The Tears of Hispaniola: Haitian and Dominican Diaspora Memory (J. Michael Dash)Mary Chamberlain; Family Love in the Diaspora: Migration and the Anglo-Caribbean Experience (Kevin Birth)Joseph Palacio (ed.); The Garifuna: A Nation Across Borders (Grant Jewell Rich)Elizabeth M. DeLoughery, Renée K. Goss on & George B. Handley (eds.); Caribbean Literature and the Environment: Between Nature and Culture (Bonham C. Richardson)Mary Gallagher (ed.); Ici-Là: Place and Displacement in Caribbean Writing in French (Christina Kullberg)David V. Moskowitz; Caribbean Popular Music: An Encyclopedia of Reggae, Mento, Ska, Rock Steady, and Dancehall (Kenneth Bilby)John H. McWhorter; Defining Creole (Bettina M. Migge)Ellen M. Schnepel; In Search of a National Identity: Creole and Politics in Guadeloupe (Paul B. Garrett)
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Wiesinger, Evelyn. "Non-French lexicon in Guianese French Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 34, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 3–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00027.wie.
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Abstract Guianese French Creole1 (GFC) is one of the least studied French Creoles, which is especially true with respect to its non-French-related input. Combining sociohistorical, demographic and linguistic data, this contribution gives a first lexico-etymological account of the GFC lexicon of non-French origin, including Amerindian and Portuguese influences and especially the quantitative and qualitative nature of the contribution made by different Niger-Congo languages. These findings are discussed in light of controversial hypotheses on the particular influence of early numerical and/or socially dominant ethnolinguistic groups on the creole lexicon (i.e. Baker 2012), as well as with regard to word classes and semantic domains to which the different groups contributed. Whereas Gbe and non-Gbe languages clearly diverge with regard to their semantic contribution, the early dominance of presumably Gbe-speaking slaves in French Guiana is not reflected in the numerical proportion of Gbe-related lexical items in GFC, at least on the basis of my still limited data. This study thus tentatively confirms the lesser explanatory power of the lexicon for creole genesis scenarios and points to the fact that sub- or adstrate-related lexical items may have taken very complex etymological routes, which clearly need further study.
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Gosnell, Jonathan. "The (French) Creole Turn?" Quebec Studies 71, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/qs.2021.4.
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In what ways can study of cultural mixing or métissages, often linked to histories of empire, colonization, and assimilation, help to better understand complexities in contemporary French and francophone societies? How can theories of creolization explain ambiguous ethnic, racial, and national phenomena that have long existed but have remained obscure? This article critically examines hybrid cultures that have coalesced as a result of pervasive French presence in the world over the last several centuries. The publications of Histoire mondiale de la France and its English translation France in the World: A New Global History sparked debate both inside and outside the Academy, on both sides of the Atlantic, about the global currents that have shaped nations like France and the United States. More readily acknowledged creolizations in French-speaking parts of the globe signal a noteworthy evolution. The analysis herein leans on oceanic thought developed by philosopher Édouard Glissant in his influential Traité du Tout-Monde. Glissant emphasizes the ephemeral, unpredictable, improvisational nature of creolizations. While common in the French and francophone world, creolizations know no boundaries and respect no borders; they are constantly and transgressively reinventing themselves. To what extent is the question of creolization in modern Québec relevant? The essay focuses in particular on French cultural cross-fertilization in the Americas and the compelling tensions between créolité and américanité. De quelles manières l’étude des métissages culturelles, souvent liées aux histoires d’empire, de colonisation et d’assimilation, peut-elle nous aider à mieux comprendre les complexités des sociétés françaises et francophones actuelles? Comment les théories de la créolisation peuvent-elles expliquer l’ambiguïté de certains phénomènes ethniques, raciaux et nationaux qui existent depuis longtemps mais qui restent obscurs. Cet article examine de manière critique les cultures hybrides qui résultent d’une présence mondiale française depuis plusieurs siècles. L’édition d’Histoire mondiale de la France et de sa traduction anglaise, France in the World: A New Global History, a suscité des débats sur les courants mondiaux qui ont forgé des nations comme la France et les États-Unis à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur de l’académie, des deux côtés de l’Atlantique. Des créolisations plus facilement reconnues dans quelques régions du monde francophone signalent une évolution pertinente. Cette analyse s’appuie sur la pensée océanique du philosophe Édouard Glissant dans son influent Traité du Tout-Monde, dans lequel il met l’accent sur la nature éphémère, imprévisible et improvisée des créolisations. Quoique communes en France ainsi que dans le monde francophone, les créolisations ne respectent ni limite ni frontière; elles s’inventent de nouveau sans cesse et de manière transgressive. Dans quelle mesure la question de la créolisation est-elle pertinente au Québec actuel? Cet essai jette un regard particulier sur les métissages culturels français dans les Amériques et sur les tensions entre la créolité et l’américanité.
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Angulo-Arreola, Iliana Alexandra, Francisco I. Bastos, and Steffanie A. Strathdee. "Substance Abuse and HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 16, no. 1 (August 18, 2011): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545109711417408.
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The Caribbean and Central America represent a formidable challenge for researchers and policy makers in the HIV field, due to their pronounced heterogeneity in terms of social, economic, and cultural contexts and the different courses the HIV epidemic has followed in the region. Such contrasting contexts and epidemics can be exemplified by 2 countries that share the island of Hispaniola, the French Creole-speaking Haiti, and the Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic. Haiti has experienced the worst epidemics outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Following a protracted economic and social crisis, recently aggravated by a devastating earthquake, the local HIV epidemic could experience resurgence. The region, strategically located on the way between coca-producing countries and the profitable North American markets, has been a transshipment area for years. Notwithstanding, the impact of such routes on local drug scenes has been very heterogeneous and dynamic, depending on a combination of local mores, drug enforcement activities, and the broad social and political context. Injecting drug use remains rare in the region, but local drug scenes are dynamic under the influence of increasing mobility of people and goods to and from North and South America, growing tourism and commerce, and prostitution. The multiple impacts of the recent economic and social crisis, as well as the influence of drug-trafficking routes across the Caribbean and other Latin American countries require a sustained effort to track changes in the HIV risk environment to inform sound drug policies and initiatives to minimize drug-related harms in the region.
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Nadasdi, Terry, and Albert Valdman. "French and Creole in Louisiana." Language 75, no. 4 (December 1999): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417743.
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Menestrel, Sara Le. "French music, Cajun, Creole, Zydeco." Civilisations, no. 53 (January 1, 2006): 119–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/civilisations.579.
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Hintze, Marie-Anne, and Albert Valdman. "French and Creole in Louisiana." Modern Language Review 98, no. 1 (January 2003): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3738216.
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Golembeski, Dan. "French and Creole in Louisiana:French and Creole in Louisiana." American Anthropologist 101, no. 4 (December 1999): 859–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1999.101.4.859.
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Corne, Chris. "Mauritian Creole Reflexives." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.3.1.03cor.
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In the process of pidginization and creolization that occurred in the 18th century, Mauritian Creole (Mau) did not retain the atonic clitics of French. In consequence, morphologically marked reflexives were lost, or paraphrased in various ways using especially the lexical item lekor 'body'. Where French uses a tonic pronoun (in the imperative), early Mau retained the structure. Continuing French semantactic influence reintroduced pronouns (derived from French tonic pronouns), at least in the usage of writers in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and in modern times, due to an evolving society, in the usual speech of increasing numbers of speakers. The result, i.e., the use of unmarked object pronouns to handle reflexivity, is typolog-ically a rather unusual pattern.
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Smith, Taylor RaeAnne. "Education Policy and Creole Education in Guadeloupe: Ambiguity for Educators in Educational Materials and Concern Over a French-Creole Interlect in the Classroom." Sustainable Multilingualism 14, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sm-2019-0002.
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Summary Regional languages in France have historically struggled to find their place in the national linguistic landscape, and French-based Creoles, like those of Guadeloupe and Martinique, are no exception. Despite laws and initiatives like the creation of the Creole CAPES (2002) and the propagation of research like Poth (1997) and Cummins (2009) on the benefits of bilingualism, Creole-language education in French overseas departments, like Guadeloupe, is still stigmatized for a lack of standardization by academic policymakers, despite its attested success in the classroom as a tool for improving students’ metalinguistic capacities in French. Using a corpus of official Creole-language educational guides, pedagogical guides and one elementary textbook featuring exercises focusing on correction of regional French phrases, along with observations of two elementary Creole-language classes in Guadeloupe, this paper aims to analyze and demonstrate that educators often receive mixed messages on how to teach Creole in bilingual classrooms, and that the language is often perceived as a threat by French academic policymakers to the French abilities of students in Guadeloupe—yet that in practice, elementary students are more likely to struggle with Creole than French.
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Kriegel, Sibylle, and Ralph Ludwig. "Le français en espace créolophone – Guadeloupe et Seychelles." Romanistisches Jahrbuch 69, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 56–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/roja-2018-0003.
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Abstract Both in Guadeloupe and in the Seychelles a French-based Creole coexists with French. In addition to this shared main ecological parameter, the two areas diverge in several other points of their contact ecology: First, due to the different timing of French colonization, the French variety exported to Guadeloupe in the 17th century differed from the variety exported to the Seychelles a century later. Second, while the Seychelles were a British colony from 1814 to independence in 1976, Guadeloupe always remained French and is still a French overseas department. Therefore, the contact ecology in Guadeloupe may be characterized as a reciprocally dominant monocontact situation (see Gadet/Ludwig/ Pfänder 2009), while the situation in the Seychelles is one of polycontact (Seychelles’ Creole-English-French), with Seychelles’ Creole and English being dominant in their influence on French (while the reverse is not the case). Using data from several corpora of spoken and written French in the Seychelles and Guadeloupe, this paper shows instances of code copying (e.g. Johanson 2002, Kriegel/Ludwig/Henri 2009) from the two Creole languages (and English) on the morphosyntactical level.
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Wylie, Jonathan. "The Origins of Lesser Antillean French Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 77–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.10.1.04wyl.
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A survey of literary and lexical evidence — early French descriptions of Martinique and its neighboring islands, and the etymologies of modern Dominican names for fish and parts of dugout canoes — suggests that Lesser Antillean French Creole did not take shape until the first decades of the 18th century, some 70 years after French colonization got seriously underway in 1635. The language's progenitors included a Spanish-Carib-French pidgin used between French settlers, their African slaves, and the islands' aboriginal inhabitants; a simplified form of French; and Standard French. No African influences are attested before the 1690s.
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Syea, Anand. "Serial Verb Constructions in Indian Ocean French Creoles (IOCs)." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 28, no. 1 (February 18, 2013): 13–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.28.1.02sye.
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This paper revisits the debate between Bickerton on the one hand and Seuren, Corne, Coleman and Curnow on the other on the question of whether serial verb constructions exist in the French creoles of the Indian Ocean (namely Seychelles Creole and Mauritian Creole). It examines data particularly from Mauritian Creole (which was rather marginally represented in that discussion) and argues in agreement with Bickerton (1989, 1996) that serial verbs do indeed exist in this creole just as they do in Seychelles Creole. However, it also argues that their presence in these languages must be attributed not to an innate linguistic mechanism (as claimed in Bickerton 1989, 1996) nor to a substrate source (contra Corne et al. 1996, Corne 1999) but to an independent internal development in which consecutive imperatives were reanalyzed as serial verb constructions. It is assumed that, given the socio-historical nature of creole contact situations, consecutive imperatives would have been a prominent part of early input as interchanges between those who spoke French and those who did not would have mostly been in the form of directives (commands, instructions, etc.) which are more often than not expressed through the imperative . However, it is recognized that this development could have benefited from substrate (particularly Malagasy) influence but it remains in the main the result of an internal diachronic process. The proposal outlined has interesting implications for the role of input and the role that adults may have played in the development of creole languages in general and serial verb constructions in particular. Some aspects of creole languages, it is suggested, can be adequately accounted for without having to implicate either an innate linguistic mechanism or wholesale transfer from substrate sources.
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Woo, Ho-Geol, Yoon-Kyung Chang, Ji-Sung Lee, and Tae-Jin Song. "Association of Periodontal Disease with the Occurrence of Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysm among Adults in Korea: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study TRANSLATE with x English Arabic Hebrew Polish Bulgarian Hindi Portuguese Catalan Hmong Daw Romanian Chinese Simplified Hungarian Russian Chinese Traditional Indonesian Slovak Czech Italian Slovenian Danish Japanese Spanish Dutch Klingon Swedish English Korean Thai Estonian Latvian Turkish Finnish Lithuanian Ukrainian French Malay Urdu German Maltese Vietnamese Greek Norwegian Welsh Haitian Creole Persian // TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster Portal Back //." Medicina 57, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57090910.
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Background and Objectives: Cerebral aneurysms can cause disability or death during rupture, but information on the etiology of cerebral aneurysms is currently lacking. Periodontal disease causes both systemic inflammation and local inflammation of the oral cavity. Systemic inflammation is a major cause of cerebral aneurysms. The aim of our study was to determine whether the presence of periodontal disease is related to the occurrence of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in a nationwide population-based cohort. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data on demographics, previous medical history, and laboratory test results of 209,620 participants from the Korean National Health Insurance System-Health Screening Cohort. The presence of periodontal disease and oral hygiene parameters, including the number of lost teeth, tooth brushing frequency per day, dental visits for any reason, and expert teeth scaling, were investigated. The occurrences of unruptured cerebral aneurysms (I67.1) were defined according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases Related Health Problems-10. Results: The mean age of the participants was 53.7 ± 8.7 years, and 59.4% were male. Periodontal disease was found in 20.9% of the participants. A total of 2160 (1.0%) cases of unruptured cerebral aneurysms developed after 10.3 years of median follow up. In multivariate analysis, the presence of periodontal disease was significantly associated with an increased risk of unruptured cerebral aneurysms (hazard ratio: 1.21, 95% confidence interval: 1.09–1.34, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The presence of periodontal disease could be associated with the occurrence of unruptured cerebral aneurysms. It should be noted that when periodontal diseases are present, the risk of aneurysms is increased in the future.
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