Journal articles: 'Half bridge submodule'

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Ali, Salman, Santiago Bogarra, Muhammad Mansooor Khan, Ahmad Taha, Pyae Pyae Phyo, and Yung-Cheol Byun. "Prospective Submodule Topologies for MMC-BESS and Its Control Analysis with HBSM." Electronics 12, no. 1 (2022): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010020.

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Battery energy storage systems and multilevel converters are the most essential constituents of modern medium voltage networks. In this regard, the modular multilevel converter offers numerous advantages over other multilevel converters. The key feature of modular multilevel converter is its capability to integrate small battery packs in a split manner, given the opportunity to submodules to operate at considerably low voltages. In this paper, we focus on study of potential SMs for modular multilevel converter based battery energy storage system while, keeping in view the inconsistency of secondary batteries. Although, selecting a submodule for modular multilevel converter based battery energy storage system, the state of charge control complexity is a key concern, which increases as the voltage levels increase. This study suggests that the half-bridge, clamped single, and full-bridge submodules are the most suitable submodules for modular multilevel converter based battery energy storage system since, they provide simplest state of charge control due to integration of one battery pack along with other advantages among all 24 submodule topologies. Depending on submodules analysis, the modular multilevel converter based battery energy storage system based on half-bridge submodules is investigated by splitting it into AC and DC equivalent circuits to acquire the AC and DC side power controls along with an state of charge control. Subsequently, to validate different control modes, a downscaled laboratory prototype has been developed.

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Kang, Feel-Soon, and Sung-Geun Song. "Life-Cycle Expectation Using Fault-Tree Analysis for Improved Hybrid Submodule in HVDC System." Electronics 10, no. 2 (2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020133.

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An improved hybrid submodule employs a direct current (DC) short current protection function to improve the reliability of a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) system. However, it increases the number of circuit components to implement the protection. So, we need to evaluate the relationship between the protection function and the increased number of circuit components to assess whether the improved hybrid submodule (IHSM) is suitable to practical application or not from the viewpoint of reliability. Although conventional part count failure analysis considers the type and the number of parts, it cannot reflect the operational characteristics of the submodule. To overcome this problem, we design a fault tree that reflects the operational characteristics of IHSM and calculates the failure rate by using MIL-HDBK-217F. By part count failure analysis (PCA) and fault-tree analysis (FTA), we prove the high reliability of IHSM compared to half-bridge, full-bridge, and clamped-double submodules.

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Kang, Feel-Soon, and Sung-Geun Song. "Life-Cycle Expectation Using Fault-Tree Analysis for Improved Hybrid Submodule in HVDC System." Electronics 10, no. 2 (2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020133.

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An improved hybrid submodule employs a direct current (DC) short current protection function to improve the reliability of a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) system. However, it increases the number of circuit components to implement the protection. So, we need to evaluate the relationship between the protection function and the increased number of circuit components to assess whether the improved hybrid submodule (IHSM) is suitable to practical application or not from the viewpoint of reliability. Although conventional part count failure analysis considers the type and the number of parts, it cannot reflect the operational characteristics of the submodule. To overcome this problem, we design a fault tree that reflects the operational characteristics of IHSM and calculates the failure rate by using MIL-HDBK-217F. By part count failure analysis (PCA) and fault-tree analysis (FTA), we prove the high reliability of IHSM compared to half-bridge, full-bridge, and clamped-double submodules.

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Vidal-Albalate, Ricardo, and Jaume Forner. "Modeling and Enhanced Control of Hybrid Full Bridge–Half Bridge MMCs for HVDC Grid Studies." Energies 13, no. 1 (2020): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010180.

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Modular multilevel converters (MMCs) are expected to play an important role in future high voltage direct current (HVDC) grids. Moreover, advanced MMC topologies may include various submodule (SM) types. In this sense, the modeling of MMCs is paramount for HVDC grid studies. Detailed models of MMCs are cumbersome for electromagnetic transient (EMT) programs due to the high number of components and large simulation times. For this reason, simplified models that reduce the computation times while reproducing the dynamics of the MMCs are needed. However, up to now, the models already developed do not consider hybrid MMCs, which consist of different types of SMs. In this paper, a procedure to simulate MMCs having different SM topologies is proposed. First, the structure of hybrid MMCs and the modeling method is presented. Next, an enhanced procedure to compute the number of SMs to be inserted that takes into account the different behavior of full-bridge SMs (FB-SMs) and half-bridge submodules (HB-SMs) is proposed in order to improve the steady-state and dynamic response of hybrid MMCs. Finally, the MMC model and its control are validated by means of detailed PSCAD simulations for both steady-state and transients conditions (AC and DC faults).

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Ali, Enaam Abdul-Khaliq, and Turki Kahawish Hassan. "Induction motor drive based on modular-multilevel converter with ripple-power decoupling channels." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 26, no. 2 (2022): 675–88. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v26.i2.pp675-688.

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A driving system for a three-phase variable-speed induction machine-based modular multilevel converter (MMC) with magnetic channels operating at high frequencies-connecting adjacent-arm submodules is displayed in this paper. The primary disadvantage of using MMC in variable-speed motors is a high voltage ripple generated by submodule capacitors at low speeds with constant torque. This study utilizes the dual half-bridge (DHB) modules as energy channels, exchanging between the submodule (SM) capacitors to correct the power imbalance. The ripple power of adjacent-arm SMs may be entirely decoupled, outcomes a virtually fluctuation-set free SM capacitor voltage design. Thus, the typical MMC issue of significant ripple voltage between SM capacitors has been wholly addressed regardless of operating frequency. The design and analysis of field-oriented control (FOC) of induction motors is based on an algorithm that ensures the motor's efficiency across a broad speed range. In this paper, we achieved a tiny ripple in the capacitive voltage for some frequencies (50 Hz, 25 Hz, 10 Hz, and 5 Hz) by (±0.25%) compared with the previous papers that achieved a reduction in ripple within (±5%), and also this system was compared with the traditional system method operating principle was presented analytically and verified using MATLAB/Simulink.

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Errigo, Florian, Leandro De Oliveira Porto, and Florent Morel. "Design Methodology Based on Prebuilt Components for Modular Multilevel Converters with Partial Integration of Energy Storage Systems." Energies 15, no. 14 (2022): 5006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145006.

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To provide ancillary services in HVDC applications, modular multilevel converters (MMCs) with integration of energy storage systems are a promising solution as they take advantage of the modularity and the controllability of the stored energy. In these solutions, an energy storage system is connected to the DC capacitor of a submodule (SM) to make an energy storage submodule (ES-SM). An MMC with partial integration (MMC-PIES) is an MMC with each arm made of a mix of SMs and ES-SMs. In this paper, we propose a novel design methodology for these converters considering they are built based on existing prebuilt submodules, while design methodologies in the literature consider the SM and ES-SM characteristics to be degrees of freedom. Therefore, the proposed approach is closer to an industrial standpoint and computes the minimum number of ES-SMs to comply with requirements. We also include a new optimization method for the circulating currents needed to balance the energy in the SM and ES-SM capacitors. Design scenarios are presented. The results show that the value of the DC capacitance and the current limitation of the switches highly influence the design, restricting the possible operating points. In addition, half-bridge ES-SMs seem to be a more promising solution than full-bridge ES-SMs, reducing the number of ES-SMs.

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Luo, Tuo, Pinqun Jiang, Guoxian Huang, and Dong Lin. "Design and simulation of low-ripple dual active bridge DC-DC converter." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2803, no. 1 (2024): 012058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2803/1/012058.

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Abstract In addressing the issue of excessive high-frequency current ripple at the output port caused by high-frequency switching in traditional dual active bridge DC-DC converters, a low-ripple dual active bridge DC-DC converter was designed by replacing its switching devices with a half-bridge submodule. This converter constructs a decoupling loop for alternating and direct current components on the bridge arms, allowing the alternating components to form a loop between the bridge arms without entering the direct current port, thereby eliminating high-frequency current ripple at the direct current output port. Consequently, the filtering capacitors parallel to the direct current port can be omitted, while also suppressing direct current fault currents. Due to the inherent capacitance structure of the submodule switching devices, soft-switching characteristics are preserved, and conversion efficiency is not compromised. Simulation results based on a MATLAB/Simulink model of 750 V and 10 kW demonstrate that the ripple of this converter is less than 0.07%, a 90% reduction compared to traditional converters, and effectively suppresses fault currents, thereby enhancing system safety.

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Rodrigues, Nuno, Jose Cunha, Vitor Monteiro, and Joao L. Afonso. "Development and Experimental Validation of a Reduced-Scale Single-Phase Modular Multilevel Converter Applied to a Railway Static Converter." Electronics 12, no. 6 (2023): 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061367.

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With special emphasis in recent years, an increase has been verified not only in demand but also in the price of electricity, arising the need to develop more reliable and efficient electrical energy conversion systems. In this context, emerges the utilization of the modular multilevel converter (MMC) based on submodules. The key to the MMC is modularity, which allows the converter to reach higher performance levels, improving the voltage and current output signals of the converter, in a compact solution. The modularity concept allows the increase of the operation voltage using submodules in series, and the increase of the operating current using submodules in parallel. Additionally, in the event of a submodule malfunction, the converter can be reconfigured and continue the operation, albeit at a lower power level. Due to its versatility, the MMC can be used in a variety of applications, such as HVDC power transmission systems, solid-state transformers, renewable energy interfaces, and more recently, railway power systems. In this context, this paper focuses on the development and experimental validation of a single-phase MMC based on the use of half-bridge submodules applied to a railway static converter, where the main focus lies on the AC side control. The control algorithms are fully described for a single-phase MMC reduced-scale prototype implemented (500 W, 230 V–50 Hz, 200 VDC), connecting two submodules in series in the upper arm, two submodules also in series in the lower arm, the respective driver and command circuits, sensing and signal conditioning circuits, as well as a digital control platform recurring to the DSP TMS320F28379D. Experimental results were obtained to validate each submodule individually, and, later, to verify the operation of the MMC with the set of four submodules.

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Liu, Chengkai, Fujin Deng, Qingsong Wang, Yanbo Wang, Frede Blaabjerg, and Zheng Wang. "Double Half-Bridge Submodule-Based Modular Multilevel Converters With Reduced Voltage Sensors." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 36, no. 4 (2021): 3643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2020.3026394.

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10

Xia, Siyi, Yunfeng Li, Hangyu Wei, and Yu Zhang. "Reliability analysis of half-/full-bridge hybrid MMCs based on submodule correlation." IET Conference Proceedings 2024, no. 33 (2025): 1250–54. https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2025.0701.

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Kwak, Yun-Gi, Feel-Soon Kang, and Sung-Geun Song. "Failure Rate and Economic Cost Analysis of Clamped-Single Submodule with DC Short Current Protection for High Voltage Direct Current System." Electronics 10, no. 9 (2021): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10090993.

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Clamped-single submodule (CSSM) has DC short circuit current protection function to improve the safety and stability of high voltage, direct current (HVDC) system. In order to carry out the protection, it needs an additional number of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and diodes compared to the conventional half-bridge submodule (HBSM). In general, the failure rate tends to increase in proportion to the number of circuit components. Also, complex operation of the submodule may increase the failure rate, so accurate reliability analysis considering these points is required to apply CSSM in a practical HVDC system. We estimate the failure rate and the mean time between failures (MTBF) of CSSM using a fault tree. Fault-tree analysis (FTA) is possible to analyze the failure rate more accurately than the prior part count failure analysis (PCA) that considers only the number of parts, the type of parts, and the connection status of each circuit component. To provide guidelines for submodule selection under various conditions, we compare the economic cost of a CSSM with HBSM, FBSM, and clamped-double submodule (CDSM), and analyze the failure rate according to the voltage margin of the parts.

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Kang, Feel-soon, and Sung-Geun Song. "Fault-tree Analysis Based Life-cycle Expectation for Half-bridge Submodule in HVDC." Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 69, no. 1 (2020): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2020.69.1.42.

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Sheik, Rasheed, Kumar Ch.Pavan, and Shankar M.Mani. "Design of Full-Bridge Modular Multilevel Converter with Low Energy Storage Requirements for HVdc Transmission System with Fuzzy Inference System." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 10, no. 2 (2020): 132–40. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.B2067.1210220.

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This paper proposes a hierarchical Fuzzy Interface System (FIS) Predicated control architecture designed for an arbitrary high voltage multi terminal dc (MTDC) network. Modular multilevel converter (MMC)s a well-proved circuit topology in voltage-source converter-based high voltage direct current (VSC-HVdc) transmission systems. As is known, the conventional half-bridge submodule (HBSM)-based MMC-HVdc s not suitable for overhead line transmission applications. In addition, high energy storage requirements, .e., large capacitance is nevitable. The conventional design of the full-bridge submodule (FBSM)-based MMC usually does not utilize the negative voltage state of FBSM in normal operation. Considering the same dc voltage as with the HBSM case and utilizing the negative voltage state of the FBSM, this paper presents the design method of the power transmission capability of a single FBSM. Meanwhile, an optimized energy storage capacitance design method of the FBSM is proposed. With this method, the capacitance of FBSM can be reduced significantly. The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the simulation of a±160kVVSC-HVdc MMC and the comparison results of the dc short fault blocking and ride through capability are also provided.

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Sakib, Munif Nazmus, Sahar Pirooz Azad, and Mehrdad Kazerani. "A Critical Review of Modular Multilevel Converter Configurations and Submodule Topologies from DC Fault Blocking and Ride-Through Capabilities Viewpoints for HVDC Applications." Energies 15, no. 11 (2022): 4176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15114176.

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Modular multilevel converters (MMCs) based on half-bridge submodules (HBSMs) are unable to prevent the AC side contribution to DC side fault currents, thus necessitating circuit breakers (CBs) for protection. A solution to this problem is using submodules (SMs) that are capable of blocking the flow of current from the AC grid to feed the DC side fault. The full-bridge submodule (FBSM) is one type of fault blocking SM where the presence of two extra switches ensures that in the event of a DC fault, the reverse voltage from the FBSM capacitor is placed in the path of the AC side current feeding the DC side fault through the antiparallel diodes. However, the additional semiconductor switches in the FBSMs increase the converter cost, complexity, and losses. Several SM configurations have been proposed in recent years that provide DC fault blocking capability with lower losses and device counts than those of FBSMs. Besides, many of the proposed hybrid converter configurations that combine different topologies to optimize converter performance are also capable of providing DC fault blocking. Furthermore, certain SM topologies are capable of riding through DC faults by remaining deblocked and operating in static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) mode to provide reactive power support to the AC grid. In this paper, noteworthy SM and MMC configurations capable of DC fault blocking and ride-through are reviewed and compared in terms of component requirements, semiconductor losses, and DC fault handing capability. The review also includes a discussion on control strategies for MMC arm/leg energy balancing during STATCOM operation.

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Pan, Yuhang, Qingsong Wang, and Giuseppe Buja. "An Analysis and Optimization of the Battery Capacity Difference Tolerance of the Modular Multi-Level Half-Bridge Energy Storage Converter." Energies 16, no. 23 (2023): 7789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16237789.

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As a power converter of battery energy storage, the multi-level converter and its battery balancing control have received much attention from scholars. This paper focuses on the modular multi-level half-bridge energy storage converter (MMH-ESC), including its topology, working principle, and pulse width modulation (PWM) methods. Under the battery balancing control strategy based on level-shifted carrier PWM (LS-PWM), formulas are derived and calculations are performed to get the charge or discharge of each submodule (SM), thereby obtaining the tolerance for capacity differences among these batteries. A range of battery capacity values that can maintain a balanced state is provided to enhance flexibility in battery configuration and utilization, avoiding the limitation of all batteries to the same capacity. Finally, a new bridge arm modulation wave allocation method is proposed. This method significantly expands the range of SM battery capacity selection and provides a high-tolerance modulation method for the converter under extreme or even fault conditions.

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Firas, Abdul-Hadi Salih, and Kahawish Hassan Turki. "Capacitor voltages balancing method for buck modular DC/DC converter." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems 13, no. 4 (2022): 2277~2285. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i4.pp2277-2285.

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The most critical problem of the modular DC-DC converter (MDCC) is the voltage balancing of the submodule (SM) capacitors, the MDCC with stepped 2-level modulation has been developed and presents a good solution, however, this type of modulation has many restrictions when there is a wide range of capacitance tolerance of the SM capacitors that results inaccurate capacitor voltages balancing. To solve this problem, this paper discusses a proposed method of capacitor voltage balancing. Compared with stepped 2-level modulation, the voltage balancing method using modified duty cycle modulation offers the merits: i) reduction in output voltage and SM capacitor voltages overshoot during dynamic operation and improvement in the time response of the system and; ii) accurate voltage balancing over wide range of capacitance tolerance of each SM capacitor; and iii) the sorting algorithm replaced with modified duty cycle modulation method for the SM capacitor voltages balancing which reduces the computation burden. The proposed method ensures a stable voltage balancing, improves the time response of the system, and decreases the voltage and current overshoot during the dynamic response compared with prior art of MDCCs, where the stepped 2-level modulation is adopted. An analytical simulation of the MDCC is presented using MATLAB/Simulink to explain the operation.

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Ahmed, Khaled H., Grain P. Adam, Ibrahim A. Abdelsalam, and Ahmed A. Aboushady. "Modular multilevel converter with modified half‐bridge submodule and arm filter for dc transmission systems with dc fault blocking capability." IET Power Electronics 11, no. 14 (2018): 2253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2018.5081.

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Gu, Xin, Wenxuan Zhao, Guozheng Zhang, et al. "Circulating Current Suppression in Modular Multilevel Converters Based on Hybrid Model Predictive Control." World Electric Vehicle Journal 16, no. 3 (2025): 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16030134.

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The modular multilevel converter (MMC) has unique topological characteristics and has gained significant popularity in medium-voltage applications. However, during MMC operation, circulating currents inevitably arise, exacerbating arm current distortion, causing additional losses in the converter system, and thereby increasing system costs. This paper primarily addresses the circulating current issue in traditional half-bridge MMCs by introducing a control strategy combining model predictive control and proportional resonance controllers. First, a value function is established using a discrete prediction model of the output current, followed by a rolling optimization that combines a capacitor voltage sorting strategy to determine the duty cycles of each submodule in the arm. Secondly, a proportional resonance controller (PR) is designed to eliminate the second- and fourth-order harmonic components in the circulating current. Finally, the output of the resonance controller is used to correct the duty cycles, which are then compared with the PWM triangular carrier to generate more switching actions that suppress the circulating current. The effectiveness of the strategy is experimentally verified. The results show that the proposed method yields better output characteristics, smaller capacitor voltage fluctuations, and significantly suppresses harmonic components in the arm currents.

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Fang, Jingyang, Shunfeng Yang, Haiyu Wang, Nima Tashakor, and Stefan M. Goetz. "Reduction of MMC Capacitances Through Parallelization of Symmetrical Half-Bridge Submodules." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 36, no. 8 (2021): 8907–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2021.3049389.

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Fang, Jingyang, Zhongxi Li, and Stefan M. Goetz. "Multilevel Converters With Symmetrical Half-Bridge Submodules and Sensorless Voltage Balance." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 36, no. 1 (2021): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2020.3000469.

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Zhou, Fayun, Xinxing Xiang, Fujun Ma, Yichao Wang, Fangyuan Zhou, and Peng Peng. "An Improved Phase-Disposition Pulse Width Modulation Method for Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converter." Energies 16, no. 3 (2023): 1192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031192.

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The hybrid modular multilevel converter (MMC) consisting of half-bridge submodules (HBSMs) and full-bridge submodules (FBSMs) is a promising solution for overhead lines high-voltage direct current systems (HVDC) due to the advantages of direct current short circuit fault ride-through (DC-FRT) capability. This paper proposes an improved phase-disposition pulse width modulation (PDPWM) method for the hybrid modular multilevel converter. The number of carriers can be reduced from 3N (N is the number of submodules in each arm) to 6. The theoretical harmonic analysis of the improved PDPWM method for hybrid MMC is performed by using double Fourier integral analysis. The influence of three carrier displacement angles between HBSMs and FBSMs in the upper and lower arms on harmonic characteristics is investigated. The output voltage harmonics minimization PDPWM scheme and circulating current harmonics cancellation PDPWM scheme can be achieved by selecting the optimum carrier displacement angles, respectively. The proposed method for hybrid MMC is verified by the simulation and experimental results.

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Li, Dongye, Zhendong Ji, Yichao Sun, Jianfeng Zhao, and Chi Zhang. "Four-port solid-state transformer based on hybrid MMC with enhanced dual half-bridge submodules." IET Power Electronics 13, no. 12 (2020): 2432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2019.1304.

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Zhang, Fan, Yu Ren, Zenan Shi, Xu Yang, and Wenjie Chen. "Novel Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker Based on Series Connection of Thyristors and IGBT Half-Bridge Submodules." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 36, no. 2 (2021): 1506–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2020.3010965.

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Lu, Maozeng, Wenchao Han, Yanlei Zhao, and Xinxi Ma. "Loss optimization for bottom IGBTs of half-bridge submodules in a high-power hybrid modular multilevel converter." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 158 (July 2024): 109910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.109910.

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Wang, Kailun, Qiang Song, and Shukai Xu. "Analysis and Design of the Energy Storage Requirement of Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converters Using Numerical Integration and Iterative Solution." Energies 15, no. 3 (2022): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031225.

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Increasing the modulation index by utilizing the negative voltage states of full-bridge submodules (FBSMs) can greatly reduce capacitor usage of modular multilevel converters (MMCs), thereby optimizing the cost and volume. The hybrid MMC is composed of half-bridge submodules (HBSMs) and FBSMs, and the capacitor voltages of the two types of submodules (SMs) have different shapes as long as negative voltage states exist. This condition greatly complicates the analysis and design of the energy storage requirement of the hybrid MMC, which utilizes the negative voltage states of FBSMs to boost the AC voltage. A numerical calculation method for solving the capacitor voltages and designing the capacitances of FBSMs and HBSMs is proposed in order to accurately determine the minimum energy storage requirement considering the difference between the energy variations in FBSMs and HBSMs. In the numerical calculation, the energy storage and voltage of the arm are decomposed into FBSM and HBSM parts. According to the physical switching process, the output voltages of FBSM and HBSM parts are determined separately. The one-cycle waveforms of the capacitor voltages are then obtained by numerical integration of the power flows in FBSM and HBSM parts. An iterative solution procedure and the termination criterion that can ensure the accuracy of the obtained one-cycle waveforms are also proposed. Using the numerical integration and iterative solution procedure as the kernel algorithm, the proposed method can accurately analyze the capacitor voltages of the FBSMs and HBSMs and determine the minimum energy storage requirement of the hybrid MMC. Furthermore, the proposed method is applicable for various operating working conditions and various proportions of FBSMs. The simulation results verify the feasibility and accuracy of the analysis and design method.

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Tanta, Mohamed, J. G. Pinto, Vitor Monteiro, Antonio P. Martins, Adriano S. Carvalho, and Joao L. Afonso. "Deadbeat Predictive Current Control for Circulating Currents Reduction in a Modular Multilevel Converter Based Rail Power Conditioner." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (2020): 1849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051849.

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This paper presents a deadbeat predictive current control methodology to reduce the circulating currents in a modular multilevel converter (MMC) when it operates as a rail power conditioner (RPC) in a conventional railway system-based V/V connection. For this purpose, a half-bridge MMC based on half-bridge submodules, operating as an RPC is explained, and the total system is denominated as a simplified rail power conditioner (SRPC). The SRPC in this study is used to compensate harmonics, reactive power, and the negative sequence component of currents. This paper explains the SRPC system architecture, the key control algorithms, and the deadbeat predictive current control methodology. Mathematical analysis, based on the MMC equivalent circuit, is described and the reference equations are presented. Moreover, simulation results of the deadbeat predictive current control methodology are compared with the results of the conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller. This comparison is to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. Simulation results of the SRPC show reduced circulating currents in the MMC phases when using the predictive control approach, besides accomplishing power quality improvement at the three-phase power grid side.

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Van Tan Luong, Le Duc Dung, and Nguyen Hong Nhi. "FAULT-TOLERANT CONTROL SCHEME OF MODULAR MULTILEVEL CONVERTER IN MEDIUM-VOLTAGE MOTOR DRIVE APPLICATIONS." Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Công Thương 24, no. 3 (2024): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.62985/j.huit_ojs.vol24.no3.85.

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This paper proposes a fault-tolerant control scheme for a modular multilevel converter (MMC) in medium-voltage motor drives. The redundant submodules (SMs) are implemented in each converter arm to bring advantages during healthy and fault-tolerant operations. During the healthy operation, redundant SMs are controlled to function as a normal half-bridge SM, which helps reduce the SM capacitor voltages, improving the system's reliability and loss reduction. During the fault-tolerant operation, the failure SMs are only bypassed in one converter arm, and the other arm’s SMs keep functioning; thus, it utilizes redundant SMs for future failure SMs. The injected scheme is also performed to ensure low voltage ripples on the SM capacitors during the low-speed operation. The feasibility of the proposed control scheme has been verified by simulation results for the 4160-V/1-MW MMC-fed induction motor drive system.

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Loaena, Yalisho Girma, Ing Getachew Biru, and Chandra Sekha Reddy. "Design and Analysis of Front Side Modular Multilevel Converter for Smart Transformer in 15 kV Arba Minch Distribution Network Using Diverse Controllers and Multicarrier Modulation." Journal of Engineering 2022 (October 4, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7678241.

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This paper presents design and analysis of a bidirectional medium voltage (MV) front-side converter of smart transformer (ST) for Arba Minch Town distribution system. A modular multilevel converter (MMC) configuration is used in the MV side of the ST. The grid side MV is 15 kV RMS line value and the desired MVDC voltage is 24.5 kV for ensuring bidirectional operation of the converter in the time of grid outage. A half bridge semiconductor power module is used to model the front-side MMC. Based on the MV DC voltage requirement, the number of submodules per phase leg is designed to be four (four in the upper arm and four in the lower arm). Multicarrier modulation techniques such as phase-shifted PWM and level-shifted PWM are used to generate gate signals. The model is developed in MATLAB/Simulink, and its performance with respect to input side voltage harmonics, current harmonics, and output DC voltage value has been tested by carrying out several case studies under different controllers such as proportional integrator(PI), fuzzy inference system (FIS), and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for obtaining reference signal for modulation. Level-shifted PWM is used with PI, FIS, and ANFIS, whereas phase-shifted PWM with a technique of introducing DC bias is used with PI controller alone. From the simulation results, it has been observed that better power system current quality of FS-MMC is obtained for PS-PWM (2.16%) than level-shifted PWM (5.22%). Use of FIS and ANFIS with level shift PWM method slightly brings down the current THD values to 2.98% and 2.72%, respectively (decrease by 2.5%). Also, a maximum output DC voltage of 24650 V is obtained for ANFIS with level shift PWM as compared to values obtained by PI with level shift PWM and PI with phase shift PWM.

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Liu, Yiqi, Laicheng Yin, Zhaoyu Duan, Zhenjie Li, Mingfei Ban, and Jiawei Zhang. "A low‐cost MMC submodule topology with fast DC fault handling capability." IET Power Electronics 18, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12846.

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AbstractWith the continuous development of new energy technologies and the widespread application of high voltage direct current transmission technology, the use of modular multilevel converters (MMC) has significantly increased. Traditional MMCs, composed of half‐bridge submodules, lack fault handling capabilities, and cannot block fault currents on the DC side, thus compromising the stability of transmission systems. Therefore, this study proposes a low‐cost improved MMC submodule topology based on the dual‐bidirectional switch submodule (DBSSM) and provides an analysis and description of its structure and operating principles. The proposed DBSSM structure can output five voltage levels: 0, ± Uc, and ±2 Uc. Compared to the full‐bridge submodule topology, which achieves the same effect, the DBSSM reduces the number of IGBTs by half, significantly lowering hardware costs. A simulation model with a DC side voltage of 80 kV was built using MATLAB/Simulink to verify this topology. In the 80 kV scenario, the proposed DBSSM achieved DC fault ride‐through within 3 ms, doubling the speed compared to the full‐bridge submodule. Finally, hardware‐in‐the‐loop testing was performed using the dSPACE1202 and relevant hardware circuits, confirming the feasibility of the proposed structure.

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Xu, Yutao, Zhukui Tan, Jikai Li, Qihui Feng, and Zhuang Wu. "A lightweight MMC topology with recombined half‐bridge submodules for DC fault ride‐through." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, November 4, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13282.

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AbstractThe lightweight of modular multilevel converter (MMC) and the DC faults ride‐through ability are main challenges for MMC‐high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. By introducing the concept of time‐division multiplexing, an arm multiplexing MMC (AM‐MMC) topology with high utilization of submodules is presented to reduce the weight and volume of MMC. In order to block the DC side fault current, this paper proposes a novel submodule in AM‐MMC, instead of using full‐bridge submodules. The proposed recombined half‐bridge submodules of AM‐MMC (RHAM‐MMC) contains four half‐bridge submodules and an IGBT with reverse parallel diodes. The topology and operating principle of RHAM‐MMC are introduced in detail. The time‐division multiplexing of middle arms between upper and lower arms is achieved by introducing arm selection switches. Thus, a new type of arm switch and switching method is designed based on the switch state. The DC faults ride‐through strategy is carried out based on its DC fault characteristic analysis. In addition, the economy analysis is conducted on the switching loss and operating loss of RHAM‐MMC. Compared with the fault ride‐through capability of other sub‐modules (SMs), RHAM‐MMC performs better in terms of investment cost and device losses. The simulation results based on MATLAB/Simulink reveal that RHAM‐MMC can achieve the DC side fault ride‐through and show effectiveness of the DC fault ride‐through control strategy.

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Zhou, Yiyuan, Liang Qin, Shiqi Yang, Qing Wang, and Kaipei Liu. "A selection principle of submodule switching state vectors for switching frequency reduction in voltage self‐balancing half‐bridge modular multilevel converters." IET Power Electronics, November 12, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12606.

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AbstractThe problem of submodule switching frequency reduction in half‐bridge modular multilevel converters (HB‐MMCs) with capacitor voltage self‐balancing control is considered and explored in this paper. A selection principle of submodule switching state vectors is proposed based on the voltage self‐balancing switching state matrix, aiming to lower submodule switching frequency and device losses. The relationship between system stability and submodule switching signals is revealed according to the capacitor voltage self‐balancing characteristics, and the full‐rank constraints on the voltage self‐balancing switching state matrix are proposed. Considering the tradeoff between switching loss and capacitor voltage fluctuation, the evaluation indexes of voltage self‐balancing control effect are determined. The selection principle of submodule switching state vectors and the optimized construction method of switching state matrix are presented. Voltage self‐balancing HB‐MMC models are built in MATLAB/Simulink, and it is verified that the submodule switching state vector selection principle proposed in this study can effectively reduce switching frequency while meeting the evaluation requirements of practical engineering projects, so as to achieve the balance between switching loss and steady‐state capacitor voltage fluctuation.

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Diwan, Anuja Prashant Prashant, N. Booma Nagarajan, and M. Venmathi. "Comparative Analysis of Submodules and Design of Seventeen-Level Modular Multilevel Converter Using A Five-level Submodule Block." Engineering Research Express, October 15, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ad8726.

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Abstract Multilevel inverters and various modulation techniques have been proven to be the best solutions to overcome all the limitations of conventional two- or three-level voltage source inverters. In recent years, among all topologies, modular multilevel converter (MMC) has advantages like low total harmonic distortion (THD), reduced filter requirement, fault-tolerant operation, scalability, modularity, transformerless operation, etc. The main application of MMC is found in high-voltage DC transmission (HVDC). This study describes and analyses the performance of two distinct MMC submodule (SM) topologies: the Half Bridge submodule (HBSM) and the Full Bridge submodule (FBSM). Switching pattern is simpler in HBSM topology but it has the disadvantage that it does not have DC fault current blocking capability. Whereas FBSM not only inherently can block the DC fault current but also has advantages like reduced volume of MMC and better performance. Further, having the capability to produce three voltage levels, it can be operated in boost mode. Also, by using a proper switching pattern, MMC can be designed to generate a various number of output levels by using the same five-level submodule block. Out of which 17 level MMC gives the best output. The MATLAB-Simulink model is used to simulate the circuit, and the findings are confirmed for a 17-level output voltage.

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Song, Yonghui, Yongjie Luo, and Xiaofu Xiong. "Loss distribution analysis and accurate calculation method for bulk-power MMC." Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems 8, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41601-023-00313-x.

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AbstractAccurate evaluation of power losses in a modular multilevel converter (MMC) is very important for circuit component selection, cooling system design, and reliability analysis of power transmission systems. However, the existing converter valve loss calculation methods using the nearest level modulation (NLM) method and the traditional sorting-based capacitor voltage balancing strategy are inaccurate since the submodule (SM) switching logics in the MMC arms are uncertain. To solve this problem, the switching principle of the SMs in the sorting-based voltage balancing strategy is analyzed. An accurate MMC power loss calculation method based on the analysis of loss distribution of various SM topologies, including half-bridge submodule (HBSM), full-bridge submodule (FBSM) and clamp double submodule (CDSM), is proposed in this paper. The method can accurately calculate the losses caused by the extra switching actions during the capacitor voltage balancing process, thus greatly increasing the calculation accuracy of switching losses compared with existing methods. Simulation results based on a practical ± 350 kV/1000 MW MMC-HVDC system with variety of MMC topologies with different voltage balancing strategies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Shu, Dewu, Venkata Dinavahi, Xiaorong Xie, and Qirong Jiang. "Shifted Frequency Modeling of Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converters for Simulation of MTDC Grid." June 1, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7678001.

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When investigating voltage and current stresses in critical main circuit components during faults of the converter, a detailed equivalent model capable of representing the balancing control strategies of the capacitor voltages on the submodule level, along with blocking and delocking, is always necessary. Among previously proposed equivalent models of the modular multilevel converter (MMC), only submodule averaged models (SAMs) can capture interested inner dynamics inside each arm. However, the simulation accuracy of SAMs is not always satisfactory, especially when the time step is larger than 10 μs. In order to further improve the simulation accuracy with guaranteed simulation efficiency, the shifted frequency modeling of the half- and full-bridge hybrid MMC is proposed in this paper. Therein, each submodule is represented by Thevenin equivalents derived by submodule dynamic phasors. The arm of the MMC is represented by Norton equivalents to guarantee the efficiency, considering both normal and dc-blocking conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed model in terms of accuracy and efficiency is validated by simulating an MMC-based HVdc transmission.

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Zhu, Xiaoquan, Lang Liu, Chengsong Wei, and Yue Wu. "Interleaved Current‐Fed Boost Converter With Output Voltage Self‐Balancing for Photovoltaics MVDC Integration." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, May 11, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4601.

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ABSTRACTCompared with medium‐voltage AC (MVAC) integration system, input independent output series (IIOS) multiport DC/DC converter is a promising method for distributed photovoltaics (PVs) medium‐voltage DC (MVDC) integration, which has one power conversion stage and high efficiency. However, the PV power mismatch will lead to the submodule output voltage unbalance. In order to avoid the shift of converter operating point and device damage caused by the mismatched power, an interleaved current‐fed boost (ICFB) converter with output voltage self‐balancing for PVs MVDC integration system is proposed in this paper. The ICFB converter consists of an interleaved current‐fed boost circuit on PV side, half‐bridge circuit on MVDC grid side and a transformer which is used to realize the isolation of PV and MVDC grid. By multiplexing the switches of the half‐bridge circuit on grid side, the series LC chain is embedded in the output of the adjacent two submodules (SMs) to form an LC voltage balancer (LCVB), which can achieve output voltage self‐balancing by open‐loop control. In addition, the proposed topology has small input current ripple, high voltage gain, and all switches can achieve zero‐current switching (ZCS) on and off, which is conducive to the improvement of system efficiency. Finally, the feasibility of proposed topology is verified by simulation and experiments.

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Shen, Zhuoxuan, and Venkata Dinavahi. "Real-Time MPSoC-Based Electrothermal Transient Simulation of Fault Tolerant MMC Topology." February 1, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7685895.

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Among different modular multilevel converter (MMC) submodule (SM) topologies, the clamp double submodule (CDSM) has the capability of dc fault current limiting and utilizes a relatively small number of switching devices. Since CDSM has a more complex circuit structure than half-bridge or full-bridge SM, it is a significant challenge for the real-time electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation for a multiterminal dc (MTDC) system containing CDSM MMC.This paper proposes the device-level electrothermal model of CDSM for real-time EMT simulation, which can accurately present the power losses, the junction temperatures, and the switching transient waveforms of individual switches consuming more computation resources. The individual insulated-gate bipolar transistors of the CDSM MMC during fault clearance transient are evaluated from both electromagnetic and thermal perspectives, which interact with each other dynamically. To ensure the real-time performance of the proposed model, the equivalent circuit model is combined with the device-level model. The system-level and device-level waveforms during normal operation and dc fault transient for a three-terminal dc system are both presented and compared with PSCAD/EMTDC and SaberRD. The simulation system was implemented on the Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ ZCU102 multiprocessor system-on-chip (MPSoC) platform, and the results were captured by the oscilloscope in real-time.

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Elserougi, Ahmed, Ibrahim Abdelsalam, and Ahmed Massoud. "A hybrid half‐bridge submodule‐based DC–DC modular multilevel converter with a single bidirectional high‐voltage valve." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, September 4, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.12974.

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AbstractModular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) are promising candidates for high‐voltage high‐power applications. The main challenge of the MMCs is the zero‐frequency operation. To achieve a successful DC–DC conversion process with balanced capacitors’ voltages with limited voltage ripple, this paper suggests the employment of the conventional two‐leg half‐bridge submodule‐based MMC structure in conjunction with a single bidirectional high‐voltage (HV) valve across the low‐voltage side. In the suggested structure, the HV valve is controlled on and off to ensure energy equalization for the MMC arms. In addition, soft‐switching for the HV valve is proposed to reduce the switching losses. Detailed illustration and design of the proposed concept are presented. Simulation and experimentation results are elucidated to show the effectiveness of the proposed DC–DC hybrid MMC. The results showed efficient performance of the suggested converter.

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Lin, Ning, and Venkata Dinavahi. "Electrothermal Transient Behavioral Modeling of Thyristor-Based Ultrafast Mechatronic Circuit Breaker for Real-Time DC Grid Emulation." March 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7693247.

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The accuracy of power electronics simulation relies on the semiconductor switch model employed. Thus, in this paper where an ultrafast mechatronic circuit breaker (UFMCB) is implemented in real-time on the field programmable gate array, a detailed nonlinear thyristor model is proposed for extra device-level information regarding design evaluation. The cascaded thyristors impose a heavy computational burden on the UFMCB simulation, and node elimination is achieved following the proposal of a scalable thyristor model. For the convenience of the circuit breaker’s integration into dc grid, a pair of coupled voltage current sources is inserted as its interface, which achieves a reduction in the dimension of system admittance matrix, and the subsequent proposal of a relaxed scalar Newton–Raphson method further expedites the simulation by decomposing the nodal matrix equation. Meanwhile, the modular multilevel converter as a dc grid terminal adopts half-bridge and clamped double submodule topologies to test system performance in conjunction with the UFMCB. Real-time execution is achieved and the results are validated by ANSYS/Simplorer and PSCAD/EMTDC in device- and system-level, respectively.

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Riegler, Benedikt, Klaus Krischan, Michael Hartmann, and Markus Reichhartinger. "GriDConv – control, design, and experimental verification of a lab-scale high-voltage DC-DC converter." e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, January 23, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00502-022-01116-y.

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AbstractThe advent of the Modular Multilevel Converter technology allows building multi-terminal high-voltage DC grids. In order to interconnect DC grids with different voltage levels, highly efficient and compact high-voltage DC-DC (HVDC) converters are required. This paper presents the control and design of a transformerless high-voltage DC-DC converter, which has been designed and built within the framework of the research project GriDConv at the Graz University of Technology. The converter basically consists of high-voltage half-bridges in combination with a series of submodules with full-bridge technology. A dedicated control strategy for the converter is developed, which allows advantageous soft switching of the high-voltage half-bridges, which considerably reduces switching losses of the half-bridges. In addition, a balancing strategy for the individual cell voltages as well as a control of total cell voltage are presented. The developed control strategies are discussed in detail and, in the end, verified through experiments on a constructed $$50\,\text{k}\text{W}$$ 50 kW lab-scale hardware demonstrator.

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Viatkin, Aleksandr, Mattia Ricco, Riccardo Mandrioli, Tamas Kerekes, Remus Teodorescu, and Gabriele Grandi. "A Novel Modular Multilevel Converter Based on Interleaved Half-Bridge Submodules." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2022, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2022.3146516.

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41

Viatkin, Aleksandr, Mattia Ricco, Riccardo Mandrioli, Tamas Kerekes, Remus Teodorescu, and Gabriele Grandi. "Sensorless Current Balancing Control for Interleaved Half-Bridge Submodules in Modular Multilevel Converters." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2022, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2022.3156035.

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42

Zolett, Benhur, Juan David Páez, Joan Sau-Bassols, Daniel Gomez A., and Florent Morel. "Switching losses calculation method for modular multi-level converters using half-bridge submodules." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2023, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2023.3336744.

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43

Xia, Peizhou, Chuantong Hao, Paul Judge, Michael Merlin, and Stephen Finney. "Quasi square wave operation of modular multilevel converter based dual active bridge DC–DC converter with inductor energy recovery." IET Power Electronics, July 29, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12751.

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AbstractThe modular multilevel DC–DC transformer (MMDCT) provides a reliable solution to overcome the challenges of conventional dual‐active‐bridge converters in terms of power semiconductors ratings and dv/dt stress on transformer coupling windings. An alternative modulation method, quasi‐square‐wave, was proposed to reduce the cell capacitance of modular multilevel bridges. However the application of quasi‐square‐wave modulation is found to result in underdamped switching transients and losses when resetting energy stored in arm inductance. This paper presents a detailed transient analysis of MMDCT arm insertion based on an equivalent circuit, which contributes to a more accurate component sizing and gives voltage estimation for individual half‐bridge submodules. Additionally, a revised switching sequence is proposed to recover this inductor energy and lower the oscillation‐related losses. Simulated and experimental results from a scaled test rig of MMDCT are implemented and validate the proposed component sizing and switching sequence, indicating that the converter efficiency can be improved under revised switching sequence. Finally, a silicon carbide based, high‐frequency MMDCT is proposed and simulated.

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Liu, Chenming, Stefan M. Goetz, and Jingyang Fang. "Modular Multilevel Converters with Three-Active-Switch Symmetrical-Half-Bridge Submodules and Parallel Connectivity." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2024, 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2024.3426667.

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"H-Bridge Hybrid Modular Converter (HBHMC) For Grid Application by using Fuzzy Logic to Controlling and Voltage Balancing of System." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9, no. 1 (2019): 1842–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.a4736.119119.

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In this archive, the H-bridge hybrid modular converter (HBHMC) with fluffy rationale controller for Grid applications is proposed. HBHMC work modes, FBSM voltage balance adjustment procedure and HBHMC-based HVDC framework control for arrange application. It utilizes a waveform circuit (WSC) comprising of full scaffold submodules (FBSM) at yield of main H bridge converter (MHBC). A nitty gritty examination is made among HBHMC and other half and half procedures dependent on the quantity of switches and capacitors among PI and the diffuse controller. The activity of the HVDC framework dependent on HBHMC for adjusted and lopsided three-stage system conditions. This article shows the similar investigation among PI and the FUZZY controller. This archive was actualized in MATLAB/SIMULATOR.

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Fang, Xiongfeng, Canfeng Chen, Ze Wang, Jian Xiong, and Kai Zhang. "An Improved Modular Multilevel Converter with DC Fault Blocking Capability Based on Half-bridge Submodules and H-bridge Circuit." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2020, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2020.2971276.

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47

ESKİ, Övül, Kemal ŞAHİN, and Sevilay ÇETİN. "A Modular Multilevel Converter-Based Pulsed Electric Field Generator Design for Electroporation Applications." Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, August 21, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.17694/bajece.1301685.

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After a short historical background and mentioning common application areas and different clinical modalities of pulsed electric fields and the phenomena such as electro permeabilization and electroporation are introduced based on the concept of the basic mechanism. Subsequently, pulse generation (PG) and the adapted modular multilevel converter (MMC) topology that is to be covered are introduced including the operating principles and very basic analysis. Finally, performance of the proposed MMC with four half bridge submodules is tested on a prototype built in laboratory. A bidirectional voltage is produced with 80 V amplitude pulsating at 100 kHz operation frequency.

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"Circulating Current Suppression Control in Surrogate Network of MMC- HVDC System." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 6S (2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.f1006.0386s20.

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Modular multilevel converter consists of hundreds of submodules (SMs) like half bridge and full bridge converters etc. These hundreds of SMs and electrical nodes poses challenges while computing electromagnetic transients (EMTs). This problem becomes more complex while computed in real-time. To overcome this, an equivalent topology to model MMC arm/valve called surrogate network is utilized. But, the major ambiguity integrated with surrogate network model is SM capacitor voltage balancing. This leads to variation in voltage among the three phases which are parallel and produces circulating current between the three phases. A control circuitry is proposed in this paper to suppress/minimize circulating currents between the phases. Apart from circulating current suppression, the ‘ac’ output voltage is also enhanced at the converter with this proposed controller. Simulation is carried out in RSCAD software using RTDS simulator.

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Farghly, Abdelrahman, Ahmed Elserougi, Ayman Abdel‐khalik, and Ragi Hamdy. "A hybrid mixed‐cells DC‐DC modular multilevel converter with balanced arm energy and DC fault blocking capability for high voltage direct current systems." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, February 12, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.3944.

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SummaryDC‐DC converters play a vital role in the integration of renewable energy sources. Modular multilevel converter (MMC) has emerged as a highly promising option for high‐voltage high‐power applications, for DC‐AC and DC‐DC conversion, thanks to its distinctive characteristics. An inherent limitation of using traditional MMC in DC‐DC conversion is the occurrence of arm energy drift, leading to imbalanced voltages across capacitors of submodules (SMs). Many approaches have been presented in the literature to address the energy drift issue during DC‐DC conversion process. In this paper, a novel bidirectional hybrid modular multilevel DC‐DC converter with balanced arm energy has been proposed. The proposed converter consists of one high‐voltage valve and two legs. Each leg is equipped with half‐bridge submodules (HB‐SMs) in the upper arm and full‐bridge submodules (FB‐SMs) in the lower arm. The proposed architecture enables the parallel connection between series‐connected capacitors of the upper arm and series‐connected capacitors of the lower arm during the equalization period. The parallel connectivity enables the energy transfer between the upper and lower arms in the same leg, hence preventing energy drift issues. A detailed illustration of converter operational concept, mathematical analysis, design, and efficiency estimation are presented. The presented simulation and experimental results show the bidirectional power flow ability and the promising behavior of the proposed converter during normal operating conditions with balanced arm energy. Finally, a comparison between the proposed converter and other existing topologies has been made to show the superiority of the proposed converter over the other alternatives. The proposed converter has a lower count of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and eliminates the usage of isolating transformers when compared to the energy equalization modules approach. In addition, unlike the other alternatives, the proposed converter has a DC fault blocking capability.

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Wei, Xinwei, Wanyu Tao, and Xunbo Fu. "Model predictive control for single-phase cascaded H-bridge photovoltaic inverter system considering common-mode voltage suppression." Frontiers in Energy Research 12 (August 7, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1371239.

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In this article, a model predictive control (MPC) with common-mode voltage (CMV) suppression is proposed for single-phase cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverters, which can also simultaneously achieve control objectives of grid-connected current tracking, voltages balancing of different H-bridge submodules on the DC-side and switching frequency reduction. To suppress high-frequency components of the common-mode voltage without additional switching devices, the algorithm proposed designs the predicted and reference values of the CMV and incorporates them in the cost function. At the same time, the capacitor voltages balancing control is integrated in the calculation of the optimal modulation function of the H-bridge, which reduces the complexity of control effectively. Besides, switching times of the MOSFETs are compared in two cycles. The cost function is constructed to represent comprehensive effect of the control. Finally, an experiment is performed on the hardware-in-the-loop experimental platform. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can offer a better voltage THD and reduce the times of switch action by nearly half while maintaining high-precision current tracking and maximum power point of photovoltaic modules, which alleviate the potential electromagnetic interference and cabling problem.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Half bridge submodule'

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