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Journal articles on the topic 'Halogenatio Reactions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Santos, Ricardo, Diana Pinto, Clara Magalhães, and Artur Silva. "Halogenated Flavones and Isoflavones: A State-of-Art on their Synthesis." Current Organic Synthesis 17, no. 6 (2020): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179417666200530213737.

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Background: Flavonoid is a family of compounds present in the everyday consumption plants and fruits, contributing to a balanced diet and beneficial health effects. Being a scaffold for new drugs and presenting a wide range of applicability in the treatment of illnesses give them also an impact in medicine. Among the several types of flavonoids, flavone and isoflavone derivatives can be highlighted due to their prevalence in nature and biological activities already established. The standard synthetic route to obtain both halogenated flavones and isoflavones is through the use of already haloge

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2

Dai, Bin, Ping Liu, Jing He, Yueting Wei, Yijiao Feng, and Chuntian Li. "Halogenations of 3-Aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines." Synthesis 54, no. 07 (2021): 1793–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1684-0308.

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AbstractA direct C–H halogenation of 3-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines using N-halogenosuccinimides (NXS; X = Br, I, Cl) in dimethyl sulfoxide at room temperature has been developed. This transformation provides an effective metal-free protocol for the synthesis of novel 4-halogenated pyrazole derivatives with moderate to excellent yields. The method utilizes NXS reagents as cheap and safe halogenating reagents under simple and mild reaction conditions, it has broad substrate scope, and can be used for gram-scale synthesis. The utility of this procedure is established by further transformations of th

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3

Hodin, Fredrik, Hans Borén, Anders Grimvall, and Susanne Karlsson. "Formation of Chlorophenols and Related Compounds in Natural and Technical Chlorination Processes." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (1991): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0496.

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Surface water was halogenated by the addition of: (i) chloroperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide and chloride; (ii) hydrogen peroxide and chloride or bromide; (iii) hypochlorite. Analysis of adsorbable organic halogen (AOX), halogenated phenols and purgeable organic compounds showed that reactions (i) and (ii) produced almost the same halogenated compounds. It was also shown that active chlorine occurred as an intermedi-ate in reaction (i). Reaction (ii) implied a marked halogenation only after the addition of bromide, and this reaction was enhanced by a low pH. Existing evidence that 2,4,6-trichloro

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4

Weidlich, Tomáš. "The Influence of Copper on Halogenation/Dehalogenation Reactions of Aromatic Compounds and Its Role in the Destruction of Polyhalogenated Aromatic Contaminants." Catalysts 11, no. 3 (2021): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11030378.

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The effect of copper and its compounds on halogenation and dehalogenation of aromatic compounds will be discussed in the proposed article. Cu oxidized to appropriate halides is an effective halogenation catalyst not only for the synthesis of halogenated benzenes or their derivatives as desired organic fine chemicals, but is also an effective catalyst for the undesirable formation of thermodynamically stable and very toxic polychlorinated and polybrominated aromatic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans accompanied incineration of waste contaminated wi

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5

Moqadam, Samira, and Mehdi Salami-Kalajahi. "Halogenated sunflower oil as a precursor for synthesis of polysulfide polymer." e-Polymers 16, no. 1 (2016): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2015-0152.

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AbstractPolysulfide polymers usually are prepared by the reaction of different dihalide compounds with disodium polysulfides. In this field, dihalides are expensive and produced from halogenation of organic compounds by different methods with harsh conditions. To overcome this problem, in this work, sunflower oil as polyunsaturated oil was used as precursor to produce polyhalide compound. In this field, double bonds of oil were applied as functional groups to halogenate the sunflower via benzoyl peroxide-catalyzed reaction with hydrochloric acid. Also, Na2S3 was synthesized via the reaction be

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6

Nishikawa, Takuro, Emiko Miyahara, Masahisa Horiuchi, et al. "Myeloperoxidase-Derived Halogenative Stress, a Possible Cause of Benzene Leukemogenesis." Blood 118, no. 21 (2011): 4404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.4404.4404.

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Abstract Abstract 4404 Background: Benzene, widely used in the chemical industry, is known to be myelotoxic, and to cause acute myeloid leukemia in humans. Although the mechanism has not been elucidated, benzene toxicity is considered to occur only after metabolic activation. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is synthesized and secreted by myeloid cells catalyzes the formation of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a powerful oxidant derived from chloride ions and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). HOCl plays key roles in host defense by oxidizing the cellular constituents of invading pathogens. At the same time, HOCl is al

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7

van Pee, Karl-Heinz. "Halogenating Enzymes for Selective Halogenation Reactions." Current Organic Chemistry 16, no. 21 (2012): 2583–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138527212804004607.

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8

Cantillo, David, and C. Oliver Kappe. "Halogenation of organic compounds using continuous flow and microreactor technology." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 2, no. 1 (2017): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6re00186f.

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9

Walter, Antje, Lorenzo Caputi, Sarah O’Connor, Karl-Heinz van Pée, and Jutta Ludwig-Müller. "Chlorinated Auxins—How Does Arabidopsis Thaliana Deal with Them?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (2020): 2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072567.

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Plant hormones have various functions in plants and play crucial roles in all developmental and differentiation stages. Auxins constitute one of the most important groups with the major representative indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). A halogenated derivate of IAA, 4-chloro-indole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA), has previously been identified in Pisum sativum and other legumes. While the enzymes responsible for the halogenation of compounds in bacteria and fungi are well studied, the metabolic pathways leading to the production of 4-Cl-IAA in plants, especially the halogenating reaction, are still unknown

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10

Morimoto, Koji, Toshifumi Dohi, and Yasuyuki Kita. "Metal-free Oxidative Cross-Coupling Reaction of Aromatic Compounds Containing Heteroatoms." Synlett 28, no. 14 (2017): 1680–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588455.

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The biaryl unit containing a heteroatom is a key structure in a large number of natural products and π-conjugated organic systems. The cross-couplings can provide powerful methods for the construction of biaryls and heterobiaryls; thus the development of a new coupling method has been intensively studied by synthetic chemists. Therefore, the oxidative biaryl coupling reaction of arenes containing a heteroatom is a significantly attractive, convenient, and straightforward route to the synthesis of biaryls due to its operational simplicity avoiding the preparation of the corresponding halogenate

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11

Chobit, M., Yu Panchenko, and V. Vasylyev. "Use of halogenated vegetable oil for preparation of polymeric materials." Chemistry, Technology and Application of Substances 3, no. 2 (2020): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ctas2020.02.174.

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In the work presents to test of the possibility of using halogenated vegetable oil to obtain polymeric materials. The result of the conducted research the development of the methodology of halogenation of sunflower oil presented and confirmed of its structure by the method of IR spectroscopy. The obtained halogenated oil was used to reactions of interact with compounds of different functionality. Synthesized materials was using for obtain polymer composite materials by thermopolymerization with vinyl monomers.

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12

Arnhold, Jürgen, and Ernst Malle. "Halogenation Activity of Mammalian Heme Peroxidases." Antioxidants 11, no. 5 (2022): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050890.

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Mammalian heme peroxidases are fascinating due to their unique peculiarity of oxidizing (pseudo)halides under physiologically relevant conditions. These proteins are able either to incorporate oxidized halides into substrates adjacent to the active site or to generate different oxidized (pseudo)halogenated species, which can take part in multiple (pseudo)halogenation and oxidation reactions with cell and tissue constituents. The present article reviews basic biochemical and redox mechanisms of (pseudo)halogenation activity as well as the physiological role of heme peroxidases. Thyroid peroxida

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13

Lee, Sunwoo, and Muhammad Aliyu Idris. "Recent Advances in Decarboxylative Reactions of Alkynoic Acids." Synthesis 52, no. 16 (2020): 2277–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1707600.

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Alkynoic acids have been widely employed as alkyne and alkene sources in decarboxylative reactions. Alkynoic acid coupling leads to the formation of direct coupling products and cyclized products through sequential reactions. Moreover, homocoupling and multicomponent reactions have been developed. The decarboxylative addition of alkynoic acids generates the corresponding alkene products. A number of synthetic methods are utilized for the preparation of arylpropynoic acids including the Sonogashira coupling and the carboxylation of terminal alkynes. Recently, the use of decarboxylative halogena

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14

Gaude, Didier, Gisèle Gellon, Raymond Le Goaller, and Jean-Louis Pierre. "Influence de la complexation sur la réactivité de nitrates d'halogènes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 1 (1989): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-018.

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Iodine nitrate or bromine nitrate in acetonitrile or in chloroform react with a variety of phenolic substrates to form both halogenated and nitrated products. In the presence of strong complexing agents of halonium ions, no reaction occurs, while in the presence of pyridine or triethylamine, only halogenated phenols exhibiting a strong ortho-directing effect of the phenolic function are produced. Keywords: phenols, iodine nitrate, bromine nitrate, halogenation, nitration.

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15

Lepšík, Martin, Martin Srnec, Drahomír Hnyk, et al. "exo-Substituent effects in halogenated icosahedral (B12H122–) and octahedral (B6H62–) closo-borane skeletons: chemical reactivity studied by experimental and quantum chemical methods." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 74, no. 1 (2009): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2008189.

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The exo-substituent effects in halogenated icosahedral B12H122– (B12) and octahedral B6H62– (B6) closo-borane skeletons were studied both experimentally and theoretically. Firstly, the equilibrium geometries of exo-substituted B12 and B6 clusters were obtained using quantum chemical calculations at the MP2/def2-SVP level. A comparison with the available X-ray crystallographic data revealed a very good agreement between the theoretical and experimental values. Secondly, other descriptors of the molecular structure of these borane compounds – 11B NMR chemical shifts – were experimentally determi

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16

Hashmi, A. Stephen K., Tanuja Dondeti Ramamurthi, Matthew H. Todd, Althea S. K. Tsang, and Katharina Graf. "Gold-Catalysis: Reactions of Organogold Compounds with Electrophiles." Australian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 12 (2010): 1619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch10342.

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Different arylgold(i), one alkynylgold(i), and one vinylgold(i) triphenylphosphane complexes were subjected to electrophilic halogenation reagents. With N-chlorosuccinimid, N-bromosuccinimid, and N-iodosuccinimid as well as the Barluenga reagent, selectively halogenated compounds were obtained. Trifluoroacetic acid, as a source of protons, leads to a clean protodeauration. With N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide or Selectfluor, exclusively a homocoupling was observed. For the precursor of the vinylgold(i) complex, a similar oxidative coupling could be induced by gold(iii) chloride. Reactions with sili

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17

Li, Bo, Bin Liu, and Bing-Feng Shi. "Copper-catalyzed ortho-halogenation of arenes and heteroarenes directed by a removable auxiliary." Chemical Communications 51, no. 24 (2015): 5093–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc00531k.

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Copper-catalyzed ortho-halogenation of C(sp<sup>2</sup>)–H bonds directed by a PIP directing group with NXS (X = Cl, Br, I) has been developed. The reaction is scalable and tolerates a broad range of functional groups and heteroarenes, providing an efficient access to halogenated arenes and heteroarenes.

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18

Holub, Josef, Mario Bakardjiev, and Bohumil Štíbr. "Some Halogenation Reactions of nido-7,8,9,11-P2C2B7H9." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 67, no. 6 (2002): 783–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20020783.

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Halogenations of the diphosphadicarbaborane nido-7,8,9,11-P2C2B7H9 using the AlCl3/CCl4, and I2/AlCl3/C6H6 halogenation systems resulted in the formation of a mixture of mono- and disubstituted derivatives 10-X-nido-7,8,9,11-P2C2B7H8 (for X = Cl and I, yields 6 and 21%, respectively) and 5,10-X2-nido-7,8,9,11-P2C2B7H7 (for X = Cl and I, yields 57 and 46%, respectively). These results show that the halogenation under electrophilic conditions takes place at positions most distant from the P atoms, but at sites adjacent to the CH units. In contrast, the bromination with N-bromosuccinimide in CH2C

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19

Hamashima, Yoshitaka, and Yuji Kawato. "Enantioselective Bromocyclization of Allylic Amides Mediated by Phosphorus Catalysis." Synlett 29, no. 10 (2018): 1257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591579.

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Halocyclization of alkenes is commonly employed to increase molecular complexity during organic synthesis because it enables double installation of heteroatoms on a carbon–carbon double bond. Moreover, stereodefined halogenated compounds are widely found among naturally occurring compounds and can serve as versatile chiral building blocks. Therefore, the development of asymmetric halocyclization reactions is of great interest and, in recent years, there has been remarkable progress in catalytic asymmetric halogenation reactions. This account summarizes recent progress made by our group on phos

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20

Begunov, Roman, and Luisa Savina. "Regioselectivity of 9-chloropyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole halogenation reaction." From Chemistry Towards Technology Step-By-Step 5, no. 2 (2024): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52957/2782-1900-2024-5-2-101-108.

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This paper describes the SEAr regioselectivity of the 9 chloropyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole reaction by experimental and quantum chemistry methods. We conducted the halogenation process in sulfuric acid using N-bromosuccin- or N-chlorosuccinimide. Two isomeric products 8-Hal 9 chloropyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole and 6-Hal-9-chloropyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole occurred. Predominantly, the introduction of the electrophilic particle occurred at the 8th position of the heterocycle. Using quantum chemistry methods, we found the orbital control of the electrophilic halogenation reaction and determined the or

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21

Sun, Jiaqiong, Yunliang Guo, Jiuli Xia, Guangfan Zheng, and Qian Zhang. "Catalyst-Free Trans-Selective Oxyiodination and Oxychlorination of Alkynes Employing N–X (Halogen) Reagents." Molecules 28, no. 21 (2023): 7420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217420.

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β-halogenated enol esters and ethers are versatile building blocks in organic synthesis, which has attracted increasing attention. In this study, we report the facile trans-oxyiodination and oxychlorination of alkynes, leading to the direct construction of versatile halogenated enol esters and ethers. This transformation features an easy operation, optimal atomic economy, a strong functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope, and excellent trans-selectivity. Employing highly electrophilic bifunctional N–X (halogen) reagents was the key to achieving broad reaction generality. To our knowle

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22

Xia, Xuanshu, and Patrick H. Toy. "Rasta resin–triphenylphosphine oxides and their use as recyclable heterogeneous reagent precursors in halogenation reactions." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 10 (June 20, 2014): 1397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.10.143.

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Heterogeneous polymer-supported triphenylphosphine oxides based on the rasta resin architecture have been synthesized, and applied as reagent precursors in a wide range of halogenation reactions. The rasta resin–triphenylphosphine oxides were reacted with either oxalyl chloride or oxalyl bromide to form the corresponding halophosphonium salts, and these in turn were reacted with alcohols, aldehydes, aziridines and epoxides to form halogenated products in high yields after simple purification. The polymer-supported triphenylphosphine oxides formed as a byproduct during these reactions could be

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23

Ranu, Brindaban C., Laksmikanta Adak, and Subhash Banerjee. "Halogenation of Carbonyl Compounds by an Ionic Liquid, [AcMIm]X, and Ceric Ammonium Nitrate (CAN)." Australian Journal of Chemistry 60, no. 5 (2007): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch07061.

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An ionic liquid, acetylmethylimidazolium halide ([AcMIm]X), in combination with ceric ammonium nitrate promotes halogenations of a wide variety of ketones and 1,3-keto esters at the α-position. The ionic liquid acts here as reagent as well as reaction medium, and thus the reaction does not require any organic solvent or conventional halogenating agent. The reaction is completely arrested when the radical quencher TEMPO is used. A plausible radical mechanism is also suggested.

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24

Boyle, Benjamin T., Jeffrey N. Levy, Louis de Lescure, Robert S. Paton, and Andrew McNally. "Halogenation of the 3-position of pyridines through Zincke imine intermediates." Science 378, no. 6621 (2022): 773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.add8980.

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Pyridine halogenation reactions are crucial for obtaining the vast array of derivatives required for drug and agrochemical development. However, despite more than a century of synthetic endeavors, halogenation processes that selectively functionalize the carbon–hydrogen bond in the 3-position of a broad range of pyridine precursors remain largely elusive. We report a reaction sequence of pyridyl ring opening, halogenation, and ring closing whereby the acyclic Zincke imine intermediates undergo highly regioselective halogenation reactions under mild conditions. Experimental and computational me

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25

Pulikkal, Ajmal Koya, and Lalduhawma Chhakchhuak. "Quantitative Assessment of Structure Reactivity Correlation on Rapid Kinetics of Halogenated Aromatic Compounds: A Hydrodynamic Voltammetry Study." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 60 (2022): 2470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02602470mtgabs.

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Halogenations are mostly rapid and cannot be studied by the conventional method, hence, hydrodynamic voltammetry which is based on voltammetric principles can be adopted to study these fast reactions, provided either a reactant or a product in the reaction is electro reducible. These reactions are mostly electrophillic substitution reactions and second order when molecular halogens are used as a reagent. Rapid kinetic studies on some important halogenated aromatic compounds at rotating platinum electrode (RPE) using hydrodynamic voltammetry are summarized and reviewed for a period of the last

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Crespo, Lívia T. C., Mônica R. Senra, Pierre M. Esteves та Marcio C. S. de Mattos. "Tribromoisocyanuric Acid as a Green Cohalogenating Reagent: An Efficient Transformation of Alkynes into α,α-Dibromoketones and Vicinal Dibromoalkenes". Letters in Organic Chemistry 16, № 8 (2019): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570178615666180803152951.

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The co-halogenation reaction of alkynes with tri-bromoisocyanuric acid in acetic acid, followed by aqueous work-up produced α,α-di-bromoketones (44-84%), while the reaction in aqueous acetonitrile in the presence of KBr produced vicinal di-bromoalkenes (66-86%). The usefulness of the methodology was demonstrated employing green metrics for the comparison of TBCA with analogous N-halo reagents in co-halogenation reactions of alkynes.

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Indukuri, Divakar Reddy, Gal Reddy Potuganti, and Manjula Alla. "Hypervalent Iodine Mediated Efficient Solvent-Free Regioselective Halogenation and Thiocyanation of Fused N-Heterocycles." Synlett 30, no. 13 (2019): 1573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611856.

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A facile, rapid, metal-free regioselective halogenation and thiocyanation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine/pyrimidine heterocycles has been achieved under solvent-free reaction conditions. Halogenations and thiocyanation of the heterocycles could be accomplished by simple grinding of reactants and hypervalent iodine reagents with the corresponding alkali metal or ammonium salts. The method has been extrapolated to a cleaner synthesis of brominated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine/pyrimidine derivatives, starting from the corresponding heterocyclic amines and substituted α-bromoketones, utilising HBr generated

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28

Rolly, Gifty Sara, Dan Meyerstein, Ariela Burg, Dror Shamir, and Yael Albo. "Revolutionary ZVI-Entrapped Sol–Gel Silica Matrices: Efficient Catalytic Reduction of High-Concentration Halo-Organic Compounds—Addressing Bromoacetic Acid Contamination in Industrial Wastewaters." Gels 10, no. 11 (2024): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels10110718.

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The de-halogenation of highly concentrated halo-organic compounds using Zero Valent Iron entrapped in silica matrices as a catalyst was investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Zero Valent Iron-entrapped organically modified silica matrices in transforming highly concentrated hazardous halogenated compounds into environmentally benign materials in the presence of BH4−. The Zero Valent Iron-entrapped silica gel matrices were synthesized using the sol–gel method. The de-halogenation products were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results sugges

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29

Luu, Truong Giang, Yongju Jung, and Hee-Kwon Kim. "Visible-Light-Induced Catalytic Selective Halogenation with Photocatalyst." Molecules 26, no. 23 (2021): 7380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237380.

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Halide moieties are essential structures of compounds in organic chemistry due to their popularity and wide applications in many fields such as natural compounds, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Thus, many methods have been developed to introduce halides into various organic molecules. Recently, visible-light-driven reactions have emerged as useful methods of organic synthesis. Particularly, halogenation strategies using visible light have significantly improved the reaction efficiency and reduced toxicity, as well as promoted reactions under mild conditions. In this review, we have summar

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Büchler, Johannes, Athena Papadopoulou, and Rebecca Buller. "Recent Advances in Flavin-Dependent Halogenase Biocatalysis: Sourcing, Engineering, and Application." Catalysts 9, no. 12 (2019): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9121030.

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The introduction of a halogen atom into a small molecule can effectively modulate its properties, yielding bioactive substances of agrochemical and pharmaceutical interest. Consequently, the development of selective halogenation strategies is of high technological value. Besides chemical methodologies, enzymatic halogenations have received increased interest as they allow the selective installation of halogen atoms in molecular scaffolds of varying complexity under mild reaction conditions. Today, a comprehensive library of aromatic halogenases exists, and enzyme as well as reaction engineerin

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Ji, Y. M., H. H. Wang, Y. P. Gao, G. Y. Li, and T. C. An. "A theoretical model on the formation mechanism and kinetics of highly toxic air pollutants from halogenated formaldehydes reacted with halogen atoms." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 7 (2013): 18205–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-18205-2013.

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Abstract. The atmospheric reactions of halogenated formaldehydes with halogen atoms were investigated by high-accuracy molecular orbital calculation. Studies showed that halogen atoms could easily abstract hydrogen atom from halogenated formaldehydes to form halogenated formyl radical and hydrogen halide (HX). In specific areas with high concentration of halogen atoms, such as the marine boundary layer (MBL), halogenated formyl radical was easily to react with halogen atoms and finally transformed into HX and CO2 in the presence of water; otherwise, this radical was degraded to CO2, halogen ga

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32

Ibrahim, Hasim, and Antonio Togni. "Enantioselective halogenation reactions." Chemical Communications, no. 10 (2004): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b317004g.

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Bajec, David, Matic Grom, Damjan Lašič Jurković, et al. "A Review of Methane Activation Reactions by Halogenation: Catalysis, Mechanism, Kinetics, Modeling, and Reactors." Processes 8, no. 4 (2020): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8040443.

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Methane is the central component of natural gas, which is globally one of the most abundant feedstocks. Due to its strong C–H bond, methane activation is difficult, and its conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels has therefore been the pot of gold in the industry and academia for many years. Industrially, halogenation of methane is one of the most promising methane conversion routes, which is why this paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on methane activation by halogenation. Homogeneous gas phase reactions and their pertinent reaction mechanisms and kinetics are pre

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Aghahosseini, Hamideh, Ali Ramazani, Farideh Gouranlou, and Sang Woo Joo. "Nanoreactors Technology in Green Organic Synthesis." Current Organic Synthesis 14, no. 6 (2017): 810–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179413666161008200641.

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Background: Nanoreactors technology represents a promising tool for efficient and selective organic synthesis typically under “green” and sustainable reaction conditions. These structures with generating a confined reaction environment to accommodate that both reactants and catalysts can change the reaction pathways and induce new activities and selectivities. Objective: The paper reviews literature examples in which nanoreactors were employed in various types of organic and metal catalyzed reactions including multicomponent reactions, palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions, olefin metathesis,

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35

Peh, GuangRong, Gregory A. Gunawan, Terence Tay, et al. "Further Characterization of Fungal Halogenase RadH and Its Homologs." Biomolecules 13, no. 7 (2023): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13071081.

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RadH is one of the flavin-dependent halogenases that has previously exhibited promising catalytic activity towards hydroxycoumarin, hydroxyisoquinoline, and phenolic derivatives. Here, we evaluated new functional homologs of RadH and expanded its specificities for the halogenation of non-tryptophan-derived, heterocyclic scaffolds. Our investigation revealed that RadH could effectively halogenate hydroxyquinoline and hydroxybenzothiophene. Assay optimization studies revealed the need to balance the various co-factor concentrations and where a GDHi co-factor recycling system most significantly i

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Ou, Xiaobo, Guy M. Bernard, and Alexander F. Janzen. "Oxidative addition and isomerization reactions. The synthesis of cis- and trans-ArSF4Cl and cis- and trans-PhTeF4Cl." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 75, no. 12 (1997): 1878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v97-621.

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The stereoselective synthesis and isomerization of cis- and trans-ArSF4Cl is described, where Ar = Ph, p-MeC6H4, and p--O2NC6H4. Also briefly described is the synthesis of ArSF5, cis- and trans-PhTeF4Cl, and PhTeF5. The oxidative halogenating reagent is a mixture of XeF2 and Cl−, and suitable starting compounds are ArSSAr, ArSF3, and PhTeTePh. Products were characterized by 19F, 13C, and 125Te NMR spectroscopy, and by the 37Cl/35Cl and 34S/32S isotope effects on the 19F NMR chemical shifts. A mechanism of oxidative halogenation is proposed to account for the stereoselective synthesis of cis- a

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Berrio Escobar, Jhon, MH Pastrana Restrepo, E. Galeano Jaramillo, DM Márquez Fernández, ME Márquez Fernández, and A. Martínez Martínez. "Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of per-acetylated and halogenated derivatives of nucleosides in breast cancer cells." Ars Pharmaceutica (Internet) 58, no. 4 (2017): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/ars.v58i4.6441.

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Objectives. To make the synthesis of halogenated derivatives on the nitrogenous base and their respective acyl ester and amide type derivatives for all hydroxyl and amine groups of the uridine and cytarabine nucleosides, and evaluate cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell line. Methods. First, it was accomplished the halogenation reaction on the 5-position of the nitrogenous base, subsequently, the ester and amide derivatives were performed for all hydroxyl and amine group present in the nucleosides. Besides, the uridine acetonide derivatives as prepared by acid catalysis. The products were c

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38

Zaytsev, Vladimir, Ekaterina Revutskaya, Tatiana Nikanorova, et al. "An Intramolecular Diels–Alder Furan (IMDAF) Approach towards the Synthesis of Isoindolo[2,1-a]quinazolines and Isoindolo[1,2-b]quinazolines." Synthesis 49, no. 16 (2017): 3749–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588812.

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An efficient approach to bridged pentacyclic nitrogen heterocycles via the tandem acylation/intramolecular Diels–Alder furan (IMDAF) reaction of 2-furylquinazolinones is described. Reactions of α,β-unsaturated acid anhydrides with 2-furyl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4-ones give 6b,9-epoxyisoindolo[2,1-a]quinazolines in average yields. In this case, the exo-IMDAF reactions proceed with excellent diastereoselectivity giving five stereogenic centers and three new rings in one synthetic step. Isomeric 2,4a-epoxyisoindolo[1,2-b]quinazolines are obtained by one-pot, three-component condensation reactions

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Konaklieva, Monica I., Michele L. Dahl, and Edward Turos. "Halogenation reactions of epoxides." Tetrahedron Letters 33, no. 47 (1992): 7093–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)60844-4.

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Kumar, Rakesh, Leonard I. Wiebe, and Edward E. Knaus. "A mild and efficient methodology for the synthesis of 5-halogeno uracil nucleosides that occurs via a 5-halogeno-6-azido-5,6-dihydro intermediate." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 9 (1994): 2005–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-256.

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A mild and efficient methodology for the synthesis of 5-halogeno (iodo, bromo, or chloro) uracil nucleosides has been developed. 5-Halo-2′-deoxyuridines 4a–c (84–95%), 5-halouridines 7a–c (45–95%), and 5-haloarabinouridines 8a–c (65–95%) were synthesized in good to excellent yields by the reaction of 2′-deoxyuridine (2), uridine (5), and arabinouridine (6), respectively, with iodine monochloride, or N-bromo (or chloro)succinimide, and sodium azide at 25–45 °C. These C-5 halogenation reactions proceed via a 5-halo-6-azido-5,6-dihydro intermediate (3), from which HN3 is eliminated, to yield the

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Zandi, Sara, and Farzad Nikpour. "A convenient approach for the electrochemical bromination and iodination of pyrazoles." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 77, no. 1 (2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2021-0148.

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Abstract Electrochemical bromination and iodination of some pyrazoles were investigated under constant-current (CC) electrolysis in an undivided electrochemical cell. Anodic oxidation of KX salt produces X2 in-situ which can be consumed as an expedient electrophile in pyrazoles aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions or may participate in an X–N coupling reaction with electrochemically catalyzed pyrazolesox to form the halogenated pyrazoles. All reactions proceeded without the need to use any hazardous reagents or catalysts. The reaction conditions are mild and environmentally compatible

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Dumitrascu, Florea, Ana-Maria Udrea, Mino R. Caira, et al. "In Silico and Experimental Investigation of the Biological Potential of Some Recently Developed Carprofen Derivatives." Molecules 27, no. 9 (2022): 2722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092722.

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The efficient regioselective bromination and iodination of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) carprofen were achieved by using bromine and iodine monochloride in glacial acetic acid. The novel halogenated carprofen derivatives were functionalized at the carboxylic group by esterification. The regioselectivity of the halogenation reaction was evidenced by NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by X-ray analysis. The compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against planktonic cells and also for their anti-biofilm effect, using Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus

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Tyrra, W., and D. Naumann. "On pentavalent perfluoroorgano bismuth compounds." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 11 (1989): 1949–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-303.

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The reactions of Bi(Rf)3 (Rf = CF3, C6F5) with a series of oxidizing halogenation reagents have been investigated. From the reactions of Bi(Rf)3 with Cl2, Br2, I2, ICl, and IF5 no oxidation to Bi(V) compounds can be detected; in all cases the Bi(III) halides and the corresponding RfX compounds are formed. Only the reaction of Bi(C6F5)3 with XeF2 yields the perfluoroorganobismuth(V) compound Bi(C6F5)3F2. Keywords: bismuth perfluoroorganic compounds, polar perfluoroorganylations, oxidation with xenon difluoride.

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Christodoulou, Michael S., Egle M. Beccalli, and Sabrina Giofrè. "Palladium-Catalyzed Benzodiazepines Synthesis." Catalysts 10, no. 6 (2020): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10060634.

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This review is focused on palladium-catalyzed reactions as efficient strategies aimed at the synthesis of different classes of benzodiazepines. Several reaction typologies are reported including hydroamination, amination, C–H arylation, N-arylation, and the Buchwald–Hartwig reaction, depending on the different substrates identified as halogenated starting materials (activated substrates) or unactivated unsaturated systems, which then exploit Pd(0)- or Pd(II)-catalytic species. In particular, the use of the domino reactions, as intra- or intermolecular processes, are reported as an efficient an

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D’Hollander, Agathe, Laure Peilleron, Tatyana Grayfer, and Kevin Cariou. "Halonium-Induced Polyene Cyclizations." Synthesis 51, no. 08 (2019): 1753–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1612254.

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This review covers the methods that chemists have developed to access halogenated polycyclic structures from polyenes, by emulating Nature’s enzymatic machineries. From pioneering studies to the most recent developments, the different strategies, whether based on the use of standard reagents or on the design of specific ones, will be presented. Finally, asymmetric reactions and applications for the total synthesis of natural products will be exposed.1 Introduction2 Pioneering Studies3 Use of Specific Reagents4 Use of N-Haloamides5 Asymmetric Reactions6 Total Synthesis of Halogenated Natural Pr

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D’Aleo, Danielle N., Sheena R. Allard, Cassandra C. Foglia, et al. "Green halogenation of aromatic heterocycles using ammonium halide and hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid solvent." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 91, no. 8 (2013): 679–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2013-0058.

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The green generation of X+ (X = Br, I) using hydrogen peroxide in aqueous acetic acid allows access to aromatic heterocyclic halides in yields and purities comparable to syntheses employing N-bromosuccinimide. In activated and unsubstituted thiophene rings, regioselectivity is quantitative for positions α to the sulfur; pyrroles also give quantitative reactions, at least initially. Deactivated rings, including furans and thiazoles, as well as thiophenes with strongly electron-withdrawing groups showed little to no reactivity under the conditions investigated. The reaction shows remarkable func

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Karuo, Yukiko, Atsushi Tarui, Kazuyuki Sato, Kentaro Kawai, and Masaaki Omote. "Simple synthesis of multi-halogenated alkenes from 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (halothane)." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 18 (November 21, 2022): 1567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.18.167.

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A series of aryl fluoroalkenyl ethers that contain chlorine and bromine as well as fluorine atoms were prepared in moderate to good yields via the reactions of phenols and 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (halothane) in the presence of KOH. This simple reaction enabled the construction of highly halogenated compounds with the potential for further functionalization. The reaction involved a highly reactive difluoroethylene intermediate, which was produced by the reaction between halothane and KOH.

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Stamm, Reiner, and Henning Hopf. "Polar reactions of acyclic conjugated bisallenes." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 9 (January 8, 2013): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.5.

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The chemical behaviour of various alkyl-substituted, acyclic conjugated bisallenes in reactions involving polar intermediates and/or transition states has been investigated on a broad scale for the first time. The reactions studied include lithiation, reaction of the thus formed organolithium salts with various electrophiles (among others, allyl bromide, DMF and acetone), oxidation to cyclopentenones and epoxides, hydrohalogenation (HCl, HBr addition), halogenation (Br2 and I2 addition), and [2 + 2] cycloaddition with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate. The resulting adducts were fully characterized by

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Savilov, Serguei V., Natalia E. Strokova, Anton S. Ivanov, Gulnara M. Kuramshina, and Igor I. Morozov. "The features of haloacetic acid oxidation that contribute to stratospheric ozone depletion." Environmental Chemistry 18, no. 8 (2022): 360–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en21140.

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Environmental context Due to The Montreal Protocol, stratospheric ozone concentration is slowly regenerating, however, the recovery rate is slower than predicted by photochemical models. FTIR spectroscopy together with quantum chemical calculations confirmed that ozone reacts with halogenated acids adsorbed at a model aerosol surface. Reactions occur at low temperatures without photochemical activation with formation of halogen oxides that are known to promote catalytic cycles of ozone depletion. Abstract The present work addresses the problem of stratospheric ozone depletion. While gas phase

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Das, Dharmendra, Akhil A. Bhosle, Amrita Chatterjee, and Mainak Banerjee. "Automated grindstone chemistry: a simple and facile way for PEG-assisted stoichiometry-controlled halogenation of phenols and anilines using N-halosuccinimides." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 18 (August 9, 2022): 999–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.18.100.

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A simple electrical mortar–pestle was used for the development of a green and facile mechanochemical route for the catalyst-free halogenation of phenols and anilines via liquid-assisted grinding using PEG-400 as the grinding auxiliary. A series of mono-, di-, and tri-halogenated phenols and anilines was synthesized in good to excellent yields within 10–15 min in a chemoselective manner by controlling the stoichiometry of N-halosuccinimides (NXS, X = Br, I, and Cl). It was observed that PEG-400 plays a key role in controlling the reactivity of the substrates and to afford better regioselectivit

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