Journal articles: 'Halokinetic sequence stratigraphy'

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Giles, Katherine A., and Mark G. Rowan. "Concepts in halokinetic-sequence deformation and stratigraphy." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 363, no. 1 (2012): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp363.2.

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Gannaway Dalton, C. Evelyn, Katherine A. Giles, Mark G. Rowan, Richard P. Langford, Thomas E. Hearon, and J. Carl Fiduk. "Sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and structural evolution of minibasins and a megaflap formed during passive salt diapirism: The Neoproterozoic Witchelina diapir, Willouran Ranges, South Australia." Journal of Sedimentary Research 90, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 165–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.9.

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ABSTRACT This study documents the growth of a megaflap along the flank of a passive salt diapir as a result of the long-lived interaction between sedimentation and halokinetic deformation. Megaflaps are nearly vertical to overturned, deep minibasin stratal panels that extend multiple kilometers up steep flanks of salt diapirs or equivalent welds. Recent interest has been sparked by well penetrations of unidentified megaflaps that typically result in economic failure, but their formation is also fundamental to understanding the early history of salt basins. This study represents one of the first systematic characterizations of an exposed megaflap with regards to sub-seismic sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and structural details. The Witchelina diapir is an exposed Neoproterozoic primary passive salt diapir in the eastern Willouran Ranges of South Australia. Flanking minibasin strata of the Top Mount Sandstone, Willawalpa Formation, and Witchelina Quartzite, exposed as an oblique cross section, record the early history of passive diapirism in the Willouran Trough, including a halokinetically drape-folded megaflap. Witchelina diapir offers a unique opportunity to investigate sedimentologic responses to the initiation and evolution of passive salt movement. Using field mapping, stratigraphic sections, petrographic analyses, correlation diagrams, and a quantitative restoration, we document depositional facies, thickness trends, and stratal geometries to interpret depositional environments, sequence stratigraphy, and halokinetic evolution of the Witchelina diapir and flanking minibasins. Top Mount, Willawalpa, and Witchelina strata were deposited in barrier-bar-complex to tidal-flat environments, but temporal and spatial variations in sedimentation and stratigraphic patterns were strongly influenced from the earliest stages by the passively rising Witchelina diapir on both regional (basinwide) and local minibasin scales. The salt-margin geometry was depositionally modified by an early erosional sequence boundary that exposed the Witchelina diapir and formed a salt shoulder, above which strata that eventually became the megaflap were subsequently deposited. This shift in the diapir margin and progressive migration of the depocenter began halokinetic rotation of flanking minibasin strata into a megaflap geometry, documenting a new concept in the understanding of deposition and deformation during passive diapirism in salt basins.

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Kernen, Rachelle A., Katherine A. Giles, Mark G. Rowan, Timothy F. Lawton, and Thomas E. Hearon. "Depositional and halokinetic-sequence stratigraphy of the Neoproterozoic Wonoka Formation adjacent to Patawarta allochthonous salt sheet, Central Flinders Ranges, South Australia." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 363, no. 1 (2012): 81–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp363.5.

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Roca, Eduard, Oriol Ferrer, Mark G. Rowan, Josep Anton Muñoz, Mireia Butillé, Katherine A. Giles, Pau Arbués, and Marco de Matteis. "Salt tectonics and controls on halokinetic-sequence development of an exposed deepwater diapir: The Bakio Diapir, Basque-Cantabrian Basin, Pyrenees." Marine and Petroleum Geology 123 (January 2021): 104770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104770.

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Andrie, Joseph R., Katherine A. Giles, Timothy F. Lawton, and Mark G. Rowan. "Halokinetic-sequence stratigraphy, fluvial sedimentology and structural geometry of the Eocene Carroza Formation along La Popa salt weld, La Popa Basin, Mexico." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 363, no. 1 (2012): 59–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp363.4.

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Yohann, Poprawski, Basile Christophe, Jaillard Etienne, Gaudin Matthieu, and Lopez Michel. "Halokinetic sequences in carbonate systems: An example from the Middle Albian Bakio Breccias Formation (Basque Country, Spain)." Sedimentary Geology 334 (April 2016): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.01.013.

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Cumberpatch, Zoë A., Ian A. Kane, Euan L. Soutter, David M. Hodgson, Christopher A.-L. Jackson, Ben A. Kilhams, and Yohann Poprawski. "Interactions between deep-water gravity flows and active salt tectonics." Journal of Sedimentary Research 91, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 34–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.047.

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ABSTRACTBehavior of sediment gravity flows can be influenced by seafloor topography associated with salt structures; this can modify the depositional architecture of deep-water sedimentary systems. Typically, salt-influenced deep-water successions are poorly imaged in seismic reflection data, and exhumed systems are rare, hence the detailed sedimentology and stratigraphic architecture of these systems remains poorly understood.The exhumed Triassic (Keuper) Bakio and Guernica salt bodies in the Basque–Cantabrian Basin, Spain, were active during deep-water sedimentation. The salt diapirs grew reactively, then passively, during the Aptian–Albian, and are flanked by deep-water carbonate (Aptian–earliest Albian Urgonian Group) and siliciclastic (middle Albian–Cenomanian Black Flysch Group) successions. The study compares the depositional systems in two salt-influenced minibasins, confined (Sollube basin) and partially confined (Jata basin) by actively growing salt diapirs, comparable to salt-influenced minibasins in the subsurface. The presence of a well-exposed halokinetic sequence, with progressive rotation of bedding, beds that pinch out towards topography, soft-sediment deformation, variable paleocurrents, and intercalated debrites indicate that salt grew during deposition. Overall, the Black Flysch Group coarsens and thickens upwards in response to regional axial progradation, which is modulated by laterally derived debrites from halokinetic slopes. The variation in type and number of debrites in the Sollube and Jata basins indicates that the basins had different tectonostratigraphic histories despite their proximity. In the Sollube basin, the routing systems were confined between the two salt structures, eventually depositing amalgamated sandstones in the basin axis. Different facies and architectures are observed in the Jata basin due to partial confinement.Exposed minibasins are individualized, and facies vary both spatially and temporally in agreement with observations from subsurface salt-influenced basins. Salt-related, active topography and the degree of confinement are shown to be important modifiers of depositional systems, resulting in facies variability, remobilization of deposits, and channelization of flows. The findings are directly applicable to the exploration and development of subsurface energy reservoirs in salt basins globally, enabling better prediction of depositional architecture in areas where seismic imaging is challenging.

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Ford, M., and J. Vergés. "Evolution of a salt-rich transtensional rifted margin, eastern North Pyrenees, France." Journal of the Geological Society 178, no. 1 (September 4, 2020): jgs2019–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2019-157.

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In this field study we reinterpret the narrow eastern North Pyrenean Zone, France, as an inverted salt-rich transtensional rift system based on identification of halokinetic depositional sequences across rift platform to distal rift margin domains with a cumulative throw of >2.8 km on steep Cretaceous faults. The rift platform records extension on detached rotational faults above Triassic evaporites from Jurassic to Aptian with uplift and erosion during the Albian. Transtensional Aptian–Albian minibasins align along the salt-rich rift margin fault zone. In the Aptian–Albian main rift large en echelon synclinal minibasins developed between salt walls, although Jurassic diapiric evolution is likely. Upper Cretaceous units locally record continuing diapirism. The Boucheville and Bas Agly depocentres, altered by synrift HT metamorphism, form the distal rift domain terminating south against the North Pyrenean Fault. The narrowness of the Pyrenean rift, shape of minibasins, en echelon oblique synclinal depocentres and folds coupled with a discontinuous distribution and intensity of HT metamorphism support a transtensional regime along the Iberia–Europe plate margin during late Early and early Late Cretaceous. In this model, the distal European margin comprises deep faults limiting laterally discontinuous crustal domains and ‘hot’ pull-apart basins with mantle rocks directly beneath sedimentary cover.Supplementary material: A table summarizing the stratigraphy of the NE Pyrenees and an interpreted Google Earth view of the Quillan syncline and minibasin are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5100036

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JARSVE, E. M., T. EIDVIN, J. P. NYSTUEN, J. I. FALEIDE, R. H. GABRIELSEN, and B. I. THYBERG. "The Oligocene succession in the eastern North Sea: basin development and depositional systems." Geological Magazine 152, no. 4 (November 20, 2014): 668–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756814000570.

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AbstractThe Oligocene sedimentary succession in the eastern North Sea is revised and re-interpreted by applying new state-of-the-art reflection seismic data integrated with new bio- and Sr-stratigraphy data from three key wells in the study area. The Oligocene succession in the eastern North Sea is divided into four transgressive–regressive (T-R) sequences, characterized by non-accretional and/or aggradational transgressive systems tracts and prograding regressive systems tracts. Detailed studies of three wells, including biostratigraphy and Sr analysis, constrain the age relationships between the T-R sequences. Internal clinoform geometry indicates that the sediments were sourced from the present southern Norwegian mainland to the north of the depositional area. The direction of progradation shifted from being SE-directed in the earliest Rupelian (early Oligocene) to S- and SW-directed during Chattian time (late Oligocene). Rapid basin subsidence is indicated by the development of non-accretionary transgressive systems tracts, with subsequent progradation into water depths of hundreds of metres. The creation of accommodation space was out of phase relative to eustatic sea-level changes, and mainly controlled by regional-scale differential vertical movements where uplift and exposure of landmasses of the hinterland (southern Norway) occurred concurrently with basin subsidence. Halokinesis had an intra-basinal influence on the main sediment transport direction, but probably did not contribute much in creation of accommodation space.

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Kuhn, O., S. W. Smith, K. Van Noort, and B. Loiseau. "The Fulmar Field, Blocks 30/16, 30/11b, UK North Sea." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 20, no. 1 (2003): 563–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2003.020.01.46.

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AbstractThe Fulmar Field is located on the southwestern margin of the Central Graben in Blocks 30/16 and 30/11b of the UK sector of the North Sea. The Fulmar Field was discovered 1975 and began producing in 1982. Currently (2000) the field produces at a rate of 8000 BOPD at a watercut above 90% mainly through the process of rinsing of residual oil. Total STOIIP is 822 MMBBL and ultimate recovery is 567 MMBBL of oil and 342 BSCF of wet gas. As of the end of 1999, 547 MMSTB of oil and 325 BSCF of wet gas had been produced. The high recovery factor (69%) of the field is thought to be linked to the combination of well density, large length of reservoir perforated, excellent reservoir quality, sweep by water injection, good pressure support and oil stripping from a secondary gas cap formed early in field life.The Fulmar Field is a small triangular, partly eroded domal anticline with steeply dipping flanks, located on a fault terrace within the western margin of the South West Central Graben at a depth between 9900 and 11 500 ft TVDss. The field has been shaped by three major tectonic processes: (1) halokinesis, (2) syndepositional reactivation of Caledonian basement faults; and (3) syndepositional through post-depositional displacements along the nearby Auk Horst Boundary Fault. The reservoir consists of thick Upper Jurassic, shallow marine, very bioturbated sandstones of the Fulmar Formation overlain by the deeper marine Ribble Sands interbedded within the Kimmeridge Clay Formation. Reservoir seal is provided by the Kimmeridge Clay in the west and Upper Cretaceous chalks which unconformably overlie the Fulmar Formation in the east. The reservoir section has been lithostratigraphically subdivided into six reservoir units and 24 sub-units. Integration of bio- and lithostratigraphic data has led to a sequence stratigraphic model of the Jurassic succession in the Fulmar Field. In total four depositional sequences are identified, which progressively onlap Triassic basement towards the southwest. The older Jurassic sequences are characterized by rapid progradation of shoreface sands, whereas aggradation of thick sediment packages is typical of the younger intervals. This change of depositional architecture is linked to syndepositional reactivation of basement faults. Major transgressive intervals form intra-reservoir barriers or baffles to flow. Facies changes (Mersey-Clyde Sands) from proximal to distal facies are abrupt and are also linked to basement faults.

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11

ten Veen, J. H., S. F. van Gessel, and M. den Dulk. "Thin- and thick-skinned salt tectonics in the Netherlands; a quantitative approach." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 91, no. 4 (December 2012): 447–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600000330.

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AbstractThe Zechstein salt in the Dutch part of the North Sea Basin played a key role in the generation of successful petroleum plays. This is not only because of its sealing capacity, but also because the salt occurs in structures that provide lateral and vertical traps. The structural styles of areas with thick salt and those with none- or thin salt are completely different during phases of extensional or compressional tectonics. This indicates that, indirectly, the depositional thickness of the main Zechstein salt is essential in regulating the loci of the Dutch petroleum systems. In this paper we aim at quantifying current ideas on the relationship between 1) depositional salt thicknesses; 2) structural style of the main structural elements identified in the Dutch subsurface; 3) timing of deformation; and 4) thickness of the overburden. By finalisation of TNO's subsurface mapping program (see Kombrink et al., this issue), several data products are available that allow evaluation of these relationships. The depositional thickness of the salt was estimated using iterative smoothing of the present day thickness, the results of which account both for regional thickness variations and volume preservation (99%). Fault-distribution analysis shows that faults are only able to penetrate salt with a depositional thickness of <300 m, a transition that demarcates the division between thin- and thick-skinned salt tectonics. In the southern offshore where the salt is thin or absent, the overburden shows the same fault pattern throughout the stratigraphic sequence. In the northern realm, where salt is thicker than 300 m, the salt layer acted as decollement and sub- and supra salt strain are dissimilar. A strong genetic and temporal relationship exists between periods of regional tectonism, halokinetic intensity and thickness distribution of the Zechstein overburden. This relationship is further proven by burial history analysis across two selected profiles in the northern offshore. The analysis focuses on the vertical distribution of the salt by taking into account the depositional and erosional history of the salt overburden, without a-priori defined periods of salt flow. The results corroborate the notion that platforms and highs experienced less extension during the major phases of Jurassic rifting and further suggest that the absence of a thick Jurassic overburden precludes major salt flow during this tectonic phase. Main salt flow was triggered during the Sub-Hercynian and later phases of compression resulting in salt pillow geometries. In the basinal areas, where the Jurassic succession is thickest, salt diapirs and walls formed that are almost exclusively linked to major subsalt faults. Main salt flow occurred during Late Kimmerian rifting, whereas some minor structuration occurred during Sub-Hercynian inversion.

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Cumberpatch, Zoë A., Emma Finch, and Ian A. Kane. "External signal preservation in halokinetic stratigraphy: A discrete element modeling approach." Geology, February 22, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g48448.1.

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Subsurface salt movement in the absence of external tectonic forces can affect contemporaneous sediment deposition, mask allocyclic signals, and deform older strata. We used a discrete element model (DEM) to better understand salt-related modification of a sedimentary sequence with an increasing sedimentation rate. This permitted quantification of thinning rates and analysis of the lateral extent of synkinematic layers. Results show realistic evolution of salt-related faults, defining two salt-withdrawal basins, beyond which strata are undeformed. Thinning of stratigraphy is four times greater between the salt flank and crest than between the undeformed zone and flank, confirming an intense zone of halokinetic modulation adjacent to the diapir. Early, slowly aggrading layers are isolated within the salt-withdrawal basin and strongly influenced by salt growth, whereas later, quickly aggrading layers are more laterally extensive, matching inferences made from subsurface and outcrop data. Halokinetic modulation reduces up the stratigraphic section, mirroring observations around the Pierce diapirs, in the North Sea, offshore UK. Our DEM provides quantitative insights into the dynamic interplay between halokinetic and allocyclic controls on salt-stratigraphic relationships.

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Katherine A. Giles,1 Timothy F. Law. "Halokinetic sequence stratigraphy adjacent to the El Papalote diapir, northeastern Mexico." AAPG Bulletin 86 (2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/61eedbac-173e-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Wicker, Vincent, and Mary Ford. "Salt tectonics in the Toulon Belt : Inversion of a salt-rich fault zone." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin, September 7, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2021033.

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Detailed structural and stratigraphic field mapping is used to reconstruct the Jurassic to Late Cretaceous diapiric and tectonic evolution of the Toulon Fault Zone, eastern Beausset Syncline and Toulon Belt, southern France, which represents the easternmost vestige of the Pyrenean orogen in Provence. This complex salt-rich area records a complete history from Jurassic-early Cretaceous subsidence and Aptian-Albian oblique rifting to Late Cretaceous Pyrenean-Provençal shortening. Halokinetic sequences and geometries were preserved principally on the northern flank of the Mont Caume salt diapir sourced from the Upper Triassic Keuper unit. Our field observations are best explained by a model where halokinetic activity interacted with regional deviatoric stresses from early-Jurassic to Santonian/Campanian times. Halokinetic wedges of Jurassic and Early Cretaceous carbonates thin toward the diapir, recording early salt mobilisation. Inverted relics of Apto-Albian rift depocenters are aligned along the northern margin of the Toulon Belt and the adjacent Bandol belt that lies to the west. The Turonian-Coniacian Revest depocenter developed due to localized strong asymmetrical growth of the Mont Caume diapir. The three-dimensional form and growth of the diapir controlled lateral migration of the Revest depocenter, thickness variations, progressive unconformities, and the westward increase in stratal overturning of a flap. A component of N-S compression with related accelerated halokinetic activity can explain our observations and can be considered as the earliest expression of N-S convergence in the Provencal fold belt. Further west, the overturned Beausset klippe can be interpreted as the remnant of a megaflap on the northern flank of the Bandol diapir. The Toulon belt salt structures are excellent field analogues to others observed in the external Alps and Pyrenees.

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P. A. Spencer, S. D. Prosser. "Extensional Tectonics, Halokinesis, Eustacy in the Norwegian Central Graben, North Sea: a testing ground for sequence and seismic stratigraphic principles: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 80 (1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/522b3cc7-1727-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Halokinetic sequence stratigraphy'

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