Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hammett equation

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Academic literature on the topic 'Hammett equation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Hammett equation"

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Liu, Lei, Yao Fu, Rui Liu, Rui-Qiong Li, and Qing-Xiang Guo. "Hammett Equation and Generalized Pauling's Electronegativity Equation." Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 44, no. 2 (March 2004): 652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ci0342122.

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Reis, Jo�o Carlos R., Manuel A. P. Segurado, and Jaime D. Gomes De Oliveira. "Plurilinear improvement of the Hammett equation." Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 8, no. 10 (October 1995): 671–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610081006.

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Bartoletti, Antonella, Simona Bartolini, Raimondo Germani, Gianfranco Savelli, and Clifford A. Bunton. "Hammett equation and micellar effects upon deacylation." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2, no. 4 (1994): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/p29940000723.

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Linert, W., R. Schmid, and AB Kudrjawtsev. "Concerning the Problem of the Isokinetic Relationship. III. The Temperature-Dependance of the hammett Equation." Australian Journal of Chemistry 38, no. 5 (1985): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9850677.

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It is shown that the temperature-dependence of the Hammett equation is, in contrast to tradition, both physically and experimentally better described by means of temperature-dependent σ and temperature- independent ρ (termed ρo). The relationship between ρo and the customary (temperature dependent) ρ is ρT = ρo(1/T-1/Tbiso)/(1/T-1/Tbiso) where Tbiso , is the isoequilibrium temperature of the benzoic acid ionization, for which the present analysis suggests a value of -255 K, and T is 298 K. In these terms, the temperature variation of the Hammett equation can be evaluated by supplying merely E(u)a (the activation energy for the reaction of the unsubstituted reactant) and ρo, in that the σ value for the isokinetic substituent , i.e., the abscissa of the common point of intersection in the Hammett plot, is σiso = (1/T-1/Tbiso)E(u)a/(2.303Rρo) = E(u)a/(2630po) Further, ρo I related to energies ρo = E(u)a/(ΔH°u-ΔH°s(iso))where ΔH°u and ΔH°s(iso) are the ionization enthalpies of the parent benzoic acid and that bearing the isokinetic substituent , respectively. Analogous equations apply to thermodynamic reaction series when substituting E(u)a for ΔH°u(series). Along these lines the interpretation of the customary Hammett plot is advanced.
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Vandanapu, Jagannadham, and Sanjeev Rachuru. "Effect of Hetero Atom on the Hammett’s Reaction Constant (ρ) from the Physical Basis of Dissociation Equilibriums of (Dithio) Benzoic Acids and (Thio) Phenols and Its Application to Solvolysis Reactions and Some Free Radical Reactions." Advances in Physical Chemistry 2012 (July 3, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/598243.

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The emergence of putative Hammett equation in mid 1930s was a boon to physical-organic chemists to elucidate the reaction mechanisms of several organic reactions. Based on the concept of this equation several hundreds of papers have emerged in chemical literature in the last century on the effect of structure, on reactivity, and very few on thermodynamic stability and kinetic reactivity of intermediates. In this article an attempt is made to explain the effect of hetero atom on Hammett’s reaction constant (ρ) taking the dissociation equilibriums of benzoic acids, dithiobenzoic acids, phenols, and thiophenols.
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Schwan, Adrian L. "Do our students really understand the Hammett equation?" Journal of Chemical Education 70, no. 12 (December 1993): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed070p1001.

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Alunni, Sergio, Sergio Clementi, Cynthia Ebert, Paolo Linda, Giuseppe Musumarra, Michael Sjöström, and Svante Wold. "Use of the Hammett equation in substituted thiophenes." J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, no. 4 (1985): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/p29850000485.

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Shorter, John. "ChemInform Abstract: The Prehistory of the Hammett Equation." ChemInform 31, no. 33 (June 3, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200033287.

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Pytela, Oldřich, Jiří Kulhánek, Miroslav Ludwig, and Václav Říha. "Chemometrical Analysis of Substituent Effects. III. Additivity of Substituent Effects in Dissociation of 3,4-Disubstituted Benzoic Acids in Organic Solvents." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 59, no. 3 (1994): 627–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19940627.

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Sixteen 3,4-disubstituted benzoic acids (with all combinations of CH3O, CH3, Cl/Br, and NO2 substituents) have been synthesized and their dissociation constants measured in seven organic solvents (methanol, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, pyridine, 1,2-dichloroethane). The effect of disubstitution and the validity of additive correlation relationships based on the Hammett equation have been analyzed by means of the analysis of variance, comparison of overall residual standard deviations of correlation equations of additive and additive multiplicative type, and application of the Hammett equation with internal (latent, defined in various ways) parameters and external (taken from literature) parameters describing the substituent effects. The effect of disubstitution has been found to be additive and describable within the validity range of the substituent constants adopted - by applying the additivity principle without any additional correction for interactions between the two substituents. The same conclusion has been drawn from the comparison of overall residual deviations in correlation equations for mono- and disubstituted derivatives. The analysis of differences between the reaction constants of the Hammett equation applied to mono- and disubstituted benzoic acids has shown that in organic solvents the solvation of substituents makes various contributions. The substituent influence is stronger in polar aprotic solvents (acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile) than that in the protic, basic, and less polar ones in which the stabilization by hydrogen bond becomes important, the role of proton donor being played either by the solvent itself (methanol) or by its conjugated acid (pyridine) or by a molecule of the dissociating acid as a consequence of homoconjugation (1,2-dichloroethane).
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Marrs, Peter S. "Class Projects in Physical Organic Chemistry: The Hammett Equation." Journal of Chemical Education 78, no. 4 (April 2001): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed078p527.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hammett equation"

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HIPOLITO, FABIO C. "Avaliação das metodologias de análise de sistemas de tubulações de vapor sujeitas a carregamentos do tipo Steam Hammer." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26938.

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Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2016-12-21T18:18:35Z No. of bitstreams: 0
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Carregamentos transientes termo hidráulicos do tipo Steam Hammer são eventos comuns em sistemas de tubulações de vapor com grandes potenciais de catástrofes em plantas de geração de energia. Uma vez iniciado o evento, ondas de pressões são geradas com amplitudes, geralmente, de grande magnitude ocasionando altas pressões no sistema, ruídos, deformações, fadiga, com possibilidade de danos materiais e econômicos e em casos extremos fatalidades. Os procedimentos da indústria para análise deste tipo de sistema consistem realização de análises estáticas equivalentes ou análise de espectro de resposta com carregamentos caracterizados por meio de métodos analíticos baseados em hipóteses simplificadoras do fluido e fluxo. Neste trabalho é proposta a analise de sistema de tubulações por meio do método de integração numérica com superposição modal e carregamento caracterizado por método numérico com base no método das características. Comparações foram efetuadas entre os resultados obtidos pela metodologia proposta e os procedimentos da indústria, demonstrando que, dado ao alto grau de conservadorismo, os procedimentos da indústria acarretam em superdimensionamento de estruturas e tubulações ocasionando custos adicionais de projeto, sendo a otimização do projeto obtida aplicando-se a metodologia proposta no trabalho.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Pham, Van Thang. "Contributions à la commande prédictive des systèmes de lois de conservation." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENT051/document.

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La Commande prédictive ou Commande Optimale à Horizon Glissant (COHG) devient de plus en plus populaire dans de nombreuses applications pratiques en raison de ses avantages importants tels que la stabilisation et la prise en compte des contraintes. Elle a été bien étudiée pour des systèmes en dimension finie même dans le cas non linéaire. Cependant, son extension aux systèmes en dimension infinie n'a pas retenu beaucoup d'attention de la part des chercheurs. Ce travail de thèse apporte des contributions à l'application de cette approche aux systèmes de lois de conservation. Nous présentons tout d'abord une preuve de stabilité complète de la COHG pour certaines classes de systèmes en dimension infinie. Ce résultat est ensuite utilisé pour les systèmes hyperboliques 2x2 commandés aux frontières et appliqué à un problème de contrôle de canal d'irrigation. Nous proposons aussi l'extension de cette stratégie au cas de réseaux de systèmes hyperboliques 2x2 en cascade avec une application à un ensemble de canaux d'irrigation connectés. Nous étudions également les avantages de la COHG dans le contexte des systèmes non linéaires et semi-linéaires notamment vis-à-vis des chocs. Toutes les analyses théoriques sont validées par simulation afin d'illustrer l'efficacité de l'approche proposée
The predictive control or Receding Horizon Optimal Control (RHOC) is becoming increasingly popular in many practical applications due to its significant advantages such as the stabilization and constraints handling. It has been well studied for finite dimensional systems even in the nonlinear case. However, its extension to infinite dimensional systems has not received much attention from researchers. This thesis proposes contributions on the application of this approach to systems of conservation laws. We present a complete proof of stability of RHOC for some classes of infinite dimensional systems. This result is then used for 2x2 hyperbolic systems with boundary control, and applied to an irrigation canal. We also propose the extension of this strategy to networks of cascaded 2x2 hyperbolic systems with an application to a set of connected irrigation canals. Furthermore, we study the benefits of RHOC in the context of nonlinear and semi-linear systems in particular with respect to the problem of shocks. All theoretical analyzes are validated by simulation in order to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach
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Books on the topic "Hammett equation"

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Ghidaoui, Mohamed Salah. Accuracy, stability and development of water hammer equations. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hammett equation"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Hammett Equation." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 356. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5769.

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Khater, Khaled R., and Mohamed A. Baset. "Equations to Correct SPT-N Values Obtained Using Non-standard Hammer Weight and Drop Height – Part III." In Sustainable Thoughts in Ground Improvement and Soil Stability, 145–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34184-8_10.

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"Hammett equation." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 478–79. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30160-0_5681.

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"2 Basic equations." In Water Hammer in Pipe-Line Systems, 37–42. Elsevier, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5648(08)70992-4.

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"3 Solution of the basic equations." In Water Hammer in Pipe-Line Systems, 43–48. Elsevier, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5648(08)70993-6.

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"4 Parameters of the basic equations." In Water Hammer in Pipe-Line Systems, 49–67. Elsevier, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5648(08)70994-8.

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Simeone, Bruno. "Consistency of Quadratic Boolean Equations and the König-Egerváry Property for Graphs°°The present Work is part of a doctoral thesis written at the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization, University of Waterloo, under the supervision of Prof. P.L. Hammer." In Analysis and Design of Algorithms for Combinatorial Problems, 281–90. Elsevier, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-0208(08)73112-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hammett equation"

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Jafri, Syed Muhammad Mohsin, and Phayak Takkabutr. "Dynamic Stresses in a Driven Pile During Installation-Classical Wave Equation Model Solution Using Partial Differential Equations." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24669.

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This paper derives and solves the governing dynamic wave equation of motion of a driven pile during the installation phase, when the driven pile is subjected to hammer blows. The pile is assumed as an elastic solid body. The equation of motion is a partial differential equation in space (axial coordinate) and time. The governing partial differential equation of motion is solved for installation boundary conditions, and simplified soil resistance models. The solution of the governing equation yields important design parameters, such as stress variation at any cross-section along the pile length with respect to time, and propagating wave speed. The resulting closed-form solution can be easily implemented using a standard spreadsheet or an engineering calculation program. This approach is compared with conventional wave equation analysis (WEAP) used in industry practice. The conventional wave equation analysis is based on discretization of the pile into mass-spring-damper elements (lumped parameter approach), rather than continuous modeling. The models and solutions from these two approaches are compared.
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Chua, K. M., S. Gardner, and L. L. Lowery. "Wave Equation Analysis of a Vibratory Hammer-Driven Pile." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/5396-ms.

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Prica, Sanja, Vladimir Stevanovic, and Blazenka Maslovaric. "Numerical Simulation of Condensation Induced Water Hammer." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49404.

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A numerical model for the simulation and analyses of condensation induced water hammer is presented and applied to the prediction of intensive pressure waves propagation in a two-phase pipe system. The modelling approach is based on the one-dimensional homogeneous two-phase flow model, tracking of the water column–steam bubble interface and modelling of the direct steam condensation on the subcooled liquid. The mass, momentum and enthalpy conservation equations are solved with the method of characteristics. The explicit time integration is performed along the three characteristic paths, where two of them are determined with the pressure waves propagation and third by the fluid particle flow. Fluid particle and water-steam interface tracking is achieved through the third-order accurate solving of the energy equation in space, where the thermodynamic quality determines the presence of water, two-phase mixture or steam. The heat conduction term is included into the enthalpy equation with the appropriate effective heat conduction coefficient in the two-phase region. The model is applied to the simulation and analyses of condensation induced water hammer in laboratory test case.
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Leishear, Robert A. "Derivations for Hoop Stresses Due to Shock Waves in a Tube." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26722.

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Equations describing the hoop stresses in a pipe due to water hammer have been presented in the literature in a series of papers, and this paper discusses the complete derivation of the pertinent equations. The derivation considers the pipe wall response to a water hammer induced shock wave moving along the inner wall of the pipe. Factors such as fluid properties, pipe wall materials, pipe dimensions, and damping are considered. These factors are combined to present a single, albeit rather complicated, equation to describe the pipe wall vibrations and hoop stresses as a function of time. This equation is also compared to another theoretical prediction for hoop stresses, which is also derived herein. Specifically, the two theories predict different maximum stresses, and the differences between these predictions are graphically displayed.
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Walters, Trey W., and Robert A. Leishear. "When the Joukowsky Equation Does Not Predict Maximum Water Hammer Pressures." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84050.

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The Joukowsky equation has been used as a first approximation for more than a century to estimate water hammer pressure surges. However, this practice may provide incorrect, non-conservative, pressure calculations under several conditions. These conditions are typically described throughout fluid transient text books, but a consolidation of these issues in a brief paper seems warranted to prevent calculation errors in practice and to also provide a brief understanding of the limits and complexities of water hammer equations. To this end, various issues are discussed here that result in the calculation of pressures greater than those predicted by the Joukowsky equation. These conditions include reflected waves at tees, changes in piping diameter, and changes in pipe wall material, as well as frictional effects referred to as line pack, and the effects due to the collapse of vapor pockets. In short, the fundamental goal here is to alert practicing engineers of the cautions that should be applied when using the Joukowsky equation as a first approximation of fluid transient pressures.
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Carvalho, Raphael, Helcio Orlande, Marcelo Colaco, and Italo Madeira. "APPLICATION OF WAF-TVD SCHEME FOR WATER HAMMER EQUATIONS." In Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering. ABCM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.encit2018.cit18-0080.

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Zhang, Qinfen, and Bryan Karney. "Pipe Systems With Micro-Turbines: Water Hammer Considerations." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45259.

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Micro and small turbines, as a means of producing clean and renewable energy by transforming hydropower to electricity, can be used extensively in pipe systems. With respect to hydraulic transient modeling, governed turbines have two additional features compared to the more familiar pump boundary condition: namely, wicket gate adjustments and more complicated device characteristics. Based on head balance (or nodal flow balance) considerations, torque (or speed change) relations, and the governor equation, a numerical model of the turbine boundary condition in a pipe system is established. The combinations of the three basic equations under specific situations are then discussed. To verify in a general way this numerical model, a penstock failure at Lapino Power Plant (Poland) is simulated. The current work sets the stage for a more comprehensive analysis of turbines and related unsteady flow issues in topologically complex pipe networks.
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Hu, J. P., J. Y. Zhuang, Z. Y. Zhong, P. Janschek, and J. Kramer. "Study on Constitutive Equation of Alloy IN718 in Hammer Forging Process." In Superalloys. TMS, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.7449/2001/superalloys_2001_229_236.

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Jia, Yi, Ezequiel Me´dici, Frederick Just-Agosto, David Serrano, and Luciano Castillo. "Water Hammer Induced Vibration of a Fluid Filled Pipe." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81762.

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The objectives of this study are to analyze the behavior of a pipe under different valve open and closure times and to predict water hammer-induced transient maximum pressure, deflection and frequency of vibration in a fluid filled pipe. The model that integrated a classical formulation of water hammer problem and beam vibration equation was developed and a numerical simulation including frictional losses has been carried out. The MacCormak and Runge-Kutta methods were used to solve governing partial differential equations in order to investigate water hammer induced vibration of a fluid filled pipe. The results show that fluid flow rate does not change the vibration frequency of pipe. The peak wave pressures, maximum pipe deflections at various valve open and closure times, and the frequencies of vibration with variation of fluid speed and pipe geometrical configuration are presented.
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Liu, Jun. "Hammer Throwing parameters optimization model research based on flight dynamical differential equation." In 2016 National Convention on Sports Science of China, edited by Z. Henan and J. Y. Beijing. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ncssc/201701002.

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