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Journal articles on the topic 'Hammurabi, Law'
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Sztaba, Sławomir. "Kodeks Hammurabiego widziany oczami ekonomisty." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 1 (December 5, 2013): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2013.1.4.
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What comes to mind when thinking about the Code of Hammurabi is the famous phrase: eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth. It is an example of cruel punishment. However the Code, a collection of royal sentences which dates back to 19th century B.C., contains surprisingly modern regulations. First of all, the law was accessible to all. The Code had been inscribed in stone columns which were placed in temples. Modern courts of law try to block the publication of their sentences. This problem is solved with different efficiency depending of the country. Second, Hammurabi wanted his law to be permanent. He cursed his successors who would like to change his Code. In present day Poland the VAT law had been changed over 40 times in 2011 and 2012 alone. Third, the sentences in the Code were straightforward. This made faith in authorities and trust between people possible. Today, if one kills a man, one can e sentenced to life imprisonment or to probation. That situation destroys faith in justice. Fourth, the foundations of Hammurabi’s law were values. He wanted to protect the vulnerable and to get rid of the bad. Present day law is not aimed at preserving values. It is just a law. Th is short review of Hammurabi’s achievement from the perspective of modern law makes one miss the 4000 years old law.
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Özek, Ceren, and M. Memet Özek. "“Code of law” of Hammurabi." Child's Nervous System 24, no. 5 (2007): 537–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-007-0510-7.
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Plotskaya, O. A. "USUALLY-LEGAL NATURE OF PROPERTY RELATIONS UNDER THE LAWS OF KING HAMMURABI." Law Нerald of Dagestan State University 37, no. 1 (2021): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2224-0241-2021-37-1-30-34.
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This paper examines the customary legal nature of property relations regulated by the most famous ancient Mesopotamian source of law, the Laws of Hammurabi. Considerable attention is paid to the article-by-article analysis of the historical and legal texts of the Laws of King Hammurabi and the Middle Assyrian laws containing empirical data. The article examines various examples of the use of customary legal imperatives by the ancient Mesopotamian legislator.
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Yaron, Reuven. "'Enquire Now About Hammurabi, Ruler of Babylon'." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'Histoire du Droit / The Legal History Review 59, no. 3-4 (1991): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181991x00017.
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Karpenko, K. V. "On Family Relationships under the Laws of Hammurabi." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(26) (October 28, 2012): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2012-5-26-172-181.
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The article presents an analysis of the family relationships in ancient Babylon, in accordance with the laws of Hammurabi. The author dwells upon the characteristics of selected institutes of family law of the Amorites and comes to the conclusion that the family life in ancient Mesopotamia was very developped. The family in the Hammurabi Code represents the basis not only for economic and financial power of the state, but also for its political stability and security. The rights and obligations of spouses are not equal, but they are together, though each in his own way, achieving the main goal of the marital union - the birth and upbringing of children.
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JANECZEK, MACIEJ, EWA BILEWICZ, and ALEKSANDER CHRÓSZCZ. "Animals in Ancient Near East countries law codes- Sumer and Babylonia." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 1 (2018): 5965–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5965.
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The roots of modern law and legislation, including the animal healing and care, should had been found in Su-mer. The authors were comparing the content of ancient Sumerian and Babylonian codes of law with each other, beginning from Ur-Nammu Code of Law, Lipit-Ishtar and subsequent texts, to Code of Hammurabi, which had codified the veterinarian activities. The work describes the multidimensional analysis of law codes aiming on the animals’ references, form the punishments sentenced for offences involving animals to tools used in sentence execution. .
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Delgado, Richard. "Goodbye to Hammurabi: Analyzing the Atavistic Appeal of Restorative Justice." Stanford Law Review 52, no. 4 (2000): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1229429.
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Smart, Anthony. "Ancient legal thought: equity, justice, and humaneness from Hammurabi and the Pharaohs to Justinian and the Talmud." Comparative Legal History 8, no. 1 (2020): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2049677x.2020.1757256.
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Y., Laputina. "Legal communications: legal development issues." Almanac of law: The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, no. 11 (2020): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-24.
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The article attempts to provide an overview of appearance and social purpose of legal communications. The results indicate that legal communications appear and develop as behavioral guidelines expressed in the sources of law. The study revealed that ancient sources of law serve as guidelines for communications of legal prohibitions or incentives in the ancient world. This article provides examples of a new communicative model introduction in the states of the ancient world, in particular in Babylon’s King Hammurabi activities. The article provides an analysis of communication models that were introduced in different historical periods - in ancient Greece, in the Middle Ages, in modern times. The author demonstrates the importance of communication potential of the category . The author argues that the communicative function of law ensures that the participants of legal relations receive the state’s position of necessary, permitted or prohibited behavior. The author concludes that in-depth study of legal communication in the future requires the study of methods, techniques, communication guidelines as behavioral impulses that must be conveyed to recipients in various spheres of human life. Keywords: communication, law, legal communication, communication guidelines, human rights.
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Pătrăuș, Darius-Dennis. "THE NON BIS IN IDEM PRINCIPLE IN THE CASE LAW OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION - CONSISTENCY OR INCONSISTENCY?" Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences 12, no. 1 (2018): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v12i1.3413.
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The non bis in idem principle was first established in the Hammurabi Code (2,500 BC), under the name of res judicata pro veritate habetur.According to the non bis in idem principle, "no one is allowed to be summoned again in court or punished in another criminal case for the same criminal offense for which he has already been convicted or acquitted under the law of a state". The non bis in idem principle has a broad field of application in the field of international judicial cooperation in criminal matters.The harmonization of Member States' laws and the abolition of borders at EU level created the premises for the widespread application of the non bis in idem principle.For this reason, the Court of Justice of the European Union has been charged with interpreting the rule, namely the non bis in idem principle, as regulated in art. 54 CISA.At the present stage of regulation, an interpretation contrary to the non bis in idem principle would be likely to erode the right and affect international judicial cooperation in criminal matters.
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Mamojka, Mojmír, and Jacek Dworzecki. "Development of Commercial Law in the Slovak Republic - Outline of problems." Internal Security 8, no. 1 (2016): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/20805268.1231517.
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The article concerns the issue of trade law in the context of its evolution and the current realities of its being in force in Republic of Slovakia. In the paper the authors present an historical view of the creation of legal regulations about trade from ancient times to present days. In the first part of the paper the political system and its components are discussed. The reader will be able to acquaint themselves with the functioning of the apparatus of executive power (the government and ministries), legislative power (the parliament consisting of 150 members) and judiciary (independent courts and prosecutors) in the Republic of Slovakia. Moreover, this part of the article provides information about practical aspects of the creation of selected components of the constitutional legal order (e.g. parliamentary elections). In the second part, the paper covers the evolution of trade law over the centuries, approaches to regulations in Mesopotamia, based on, inter alia, the Code of Hammurabi, and also in ancient Egypt and Greece. Tracing the development of trade law over the centuries, the authors also present the evolution of legal regulations in this field in the XIX century, with particular reference to France, Germany and Austria-Hungary (especially the territory which today forms the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic). In the last part of the article, the forming of regulations of trade law in Czechoslovakia from 1918 and during subsequent periods which created the history of that country, to the overthrow communism and the peaceful division of the state in 1993 into two separate, independent state organisms – the Czech Republic and Slovakia - is approached.
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Ali, Ali. "PENGARUH TRADISI ARAB PRA ISLAM TERHADAP HUKUMAN RAJAM." Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura 14, no. 1 (2014): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v14i1.79.
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This article was written to answer the question of how the punishment of adultery in the tradition of pre-Islamic Arabia and whether the punishment of stoning in adultery punishment traditions influenced by pre-Islamic? This is also done as most of the literature (especially fiqh) which is likely to assume muhsan stoning sentence for the perpetrator is Sunnah and is therefore considered final. This is different from the Qur'an which contains only the caning without perpetrator category. The author uses socio-historical approach to look at the possibility of the adoption of pre-Islamic law in jurisprudence historically recognized authority but had methodological problems. Of search performed, there were no rules on punishment of adultery in the religion of Jahiliah. The punishment for adultery, which are so cruel, is found in the ancient Egyptian Penal Code, the laws of Hammurabi, and the Old Testament. Original stoning is not Islam. This punishment has been published in the books before the Islam religion. Islam then adopted with improvements in many facets.
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Schumann, Andrew. "On the Babylonian Origin of Symbolic Logic." Studia Humana 6, no. 2 (2017): 126–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sh-2017-0016.
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Abstract The logical reasoning first appeared within the Babylonian legal tradition established by the Sumerians in the law codes which were first over the world: Ur-Nammu (ca. 2047 – 2030 B.C.); Lipit-Ishtar (ca. 1900 – 1850 B.C.), and later by their successors, the Akkadians: Hammurabi (1728 – 1686 B.C.). In these codes the casuistic law formulation began first to be used: “If/when (Akkadian: šumma) this or that occurs, this or that must be done” allowed the Akkadians to build up a theory of logical connectives: “... or…”, “… and…”, “if…, then…”, “not…” that must have been applied in their jurisprudence. So, a trial decision looked like an inference by modus pones and modus tollens or by other logical rules from (i) some facts and (ii) an appropriate article in the law code represented by an ever true implication. The law code was announced by erecting a stele with the code or by engraving the code on a stone wall. It was considered a set of axioms announced for all. Then the trial decisions are regarded as claims logically inferred from the law code on the stones. The only law code of the Greeks that was excavated is the Code of Gortyn (Crete, the 5th century B.C.). It is so similar to the Babylonian codes by its law formulations; therefore, we can suppose that the Greeks developed their codes under a direct influence of the Semitic legal tradition: the code was represented as the words of the stele and the court was a logic application from these words. In this way the Greek logic was established within a Babylonian legal tradition, as well. Hence, we can conclude that, first, logic appeared in Babylonia and, second, it appeared within a unique legal tradition where all trial decisions must have been transparent, obvious, and provable. The symbolic logic appeared first not in Greece, but in Mesopotamia and this tradition was grounded in the Sumerian/Akkadian jurisprudence.
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Wells, Bruce. "David P Wright, . Inventing God’s Law: How the Covenant Code of the Bible Used and Revised the Laws of Hammurabi. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. xiii+589 pp. $74.00 (cloth)." Journal of Religion 90, no. 4 (2010): 558–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/656639.
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Pan, Ming-te. "Rural Credit in Ming-Qing Jiangnan and the Concept of Peasant Petty Commodity Production." Journal of Asian Studies 55, no. 1 (1996): 94–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2943638.
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The rural credit system in traditional agrarian societies has long been associated with “usury,” and therefore often considered a hindrance to rural development. Three aspects of the traditional rural credit system are used to substantiate this assertion. First, traditional rural credit often entailed interest rates above the ceiling set by law. As early as 1790 b.c., the Laws of Hammurabi established annual interest ceilings of 33.3 percent for grain loans and 20 percent for cash loans. Any loan charging interest beyond the ceiling was illegal (Sowards 1983, 5). To many contemporary scholars, even a ceiling of 20 to 30 percent seems exorbitant: given the low return of traditional farming, peasants could hardly afford to borrow at such high interest rates. Second, from a socioeconomic perspective, high interest rates suggest unequal relations between debtors and creditors. According to Rao, the origin of this unequal relationship lies in market imperfection, or so-called “connectedness”—the link between wealth inequality and the failure-of-markets mechanism (1986). A fragmented and noncompetitive market, this view maintains, facilitates personalized credit transactions which not only extract surplus but also perpetuate peasants' credit dependency on the landlord. This credit dependency, in turn, creates a situation in which compulsive indebtedness gradually deprives the peasantry of the means of production (Bhaduri 1983, chaps. 4, 5). Finally, it is asserted, traditional rural credit had little to do with production. Most peasants used rural credit for consumption purposes, which had destructive effects on agricultural production. Rural credit, in these views, is a siphon that draws resources out of the rural sector, locks peasants into a vicious cycle of debt, creates rural inequality, and hinders production. Scholars who have studied the Chinese peasant economy agree, by and large, that that was the nature of Chinese rural credit system.
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Yakushchenko, Yu M. "Evolution of surrogate motherhood: legal aspect." Legal horizons, no. 21 (2020): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2020.i21.p41.
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The article deals with the study of the history of surrogate motherhood in the world, since the study of the origin of surrogacy and the history of its legal regulation will allow gaining greater insight into the legal nature of this phenomenon. The main periods of development of legislation in the field of surrogacy were analyzed and characterized, and the main problems were identified, as well as further ways of improvement. It is stated that this phenomenon is not new in the history of mankind. It was used in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and Mesopotamia, and the first mentions can be found in the Old Testament. Attention is drawn to the fact that prior to the discovery of the in vitro fertilization method, there was only the traditional form of surrogate motherhood, which in most cases was governed by the rules of morality and customs prevailing at that time in a particular society. It is emphasized that the first references to the legal consolidation of this practice can be found in the Code of Hammurabi. It is stated that surrogacy as a modern method of assisted reproductive technologies has been used since 1985. It is argued that the active development of legislation in this field began after this year. The court cases were considered, which become decisive for the further formation of legislation on surrogacy. The article lists the main legal acts that regulated surrogate motherhood in Ukraine, those that are in force, and those that are invalid. It is concluded that gestational surrogacy as a method of assisted reproductive technology is becoming increasingly popular method for the treatment of infertility, and its legal regulation needs to be improved, especially at the level of international law.
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Wojciechowski, Rafał. "UMOWA KOMENDY W ŚREDNIOWIECZU." Zeszyty Prawnicze 4, no. 1 (2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2004.4.1.04.
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T h e C o m m e n d a C o n t r a c t in t h e M i d d l e A g e s Summary The author of this article deals with the commenda contract in the Middle Ages. First of all he characterized the most important features of the commenda contract in Italy, because in this country it appeared already in the 10th century. One kind of the commenda contract was one-sided. The contract of this kind consisted in an agreement, in accordance with which one party invested some capital and the other contributed his enterprise. The liability of the partner who invested capital was limited only to its amount. Differently from the modern continental Kommanditgesellschaft or société en accommandite, in the one-sided contract the active partner was not liable for possible losses. This feature of the contract was connected with the fact that commenda was made for a single trade expedition, in which the risk of loss concerned the invested capital only. In the mutual commenda the partner who put into commenda the enterprise made his own material contribution which enlarged his share in the profits.The commenda spread subsequently throughout Europe. This phenomenon was supported by the general development of the lex mercatoria i.e. common merchants law, whose basic provisions were widely accepted everywhere, from Iberian Peninsula to Scandinavia. The commenda contract was popular also outside Europe, especially in the vast Islamic areas. Commenda was called there mudaraba. Similarly to Christians in Europe, Muslems used precise and, to some extent, standardized collection of legal rules concerning trade, including different kinds of companies. Even local rulers in south-eastern Asia who converted to Islam promoted Islamic trade law including mudaraba.Because of the great popularity of the commenda contract in the Middle Ages, since the middle of 19th century discussions have been conducted on the origins of this contract. It is unquestionable that commenda was already well-known in Mesopotamic societies in the times of Hammurabi. However it is not clear how commenda entered the medieval European lex mercatoria. Various scholars connect the beginnings of medieval commenda with Jewish, Islamic or Byzantine law systems. The author of this article notices that at present the arguments for Arabic beginnings of the commenda contract prevail. It is not surprising, taking into consideration that many inventions and ideas were handed down to the medieval Europe just by the Arabs.
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Singh, Madhav Madhusudan, and Uma Shankar Garg. "Laws Applicable to Medical Practice and Hospitals in India." International Journal of Research Foundation of Hospital and Healthcare Administration 1, no. 1 (2013): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10035-1004.
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ABSTRACT Healthcare in India features a universal healthcare care system run by the constituent states and territories. Law is an obligation on the part of society imposed by the competent authority, and noncompliance may lead to punishment in the form of monetary fine or imprisonment or both. The earliest known code of laws called the code of Hammurabi governed the various aspects of health practices including the fees payable to physician for satisfactory services. The first ever code of medical ethics called the Hippocratic oath was laid down 2500 years ago, in the 5th century BC, by Hippocrates'the Greek physician. The modern version of Hippocratic Oath (called the declaration of Geneva), devised by the WHO after the second world war and is accepted by international medical fraternity. The process of establishment of healthcare system during the colonial rule also necessitated creation of legislative framework for practitioners of medicine. As the number of doctors qualified in Indian medical colleges increased, creation of laws for them became necessary. The medical council of India, a national level statutory body for the doctors of modern medicine, was constituted after the enactment of Indian Medical Council Act 1933. The first legal recognition and registration for the Indian systems of medicine came when the Bombay Medical Practitioner’ Act was passed in 1938. Laws governing the commissioning of hospital are the laws to ensure that the hospital facilities are created after due process of registration, the facilities created are safe for the public using them, have at least the minimum essential infrastructure for the type and volume of workload anticipated and are subject to periodic inspections to ensure compliance. There are other laws pertaining to governing to the qualification/practice and conduct of professionals, sale, storage of drugs and safe medication, management of patients, environmental safety, employment and management of manpower, medicolegal aspects and laws pertaining to safety of patients, public and staff within the hospital premises. There are laws governing professional training and research, business aspects, licences/certifications required for hospitals, etc. A hospital administrator should be aware about all these laws, regulations, policies, procedures, reports and returns and keep abreast with the latest amendments to be on the safe side of law and provide quality care to the patients. How to cite this article Singh MM, Garg US, Arora P. Laws Applicable to Medical Practice and Hospitals in India. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2013;1(1):19-24.
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Widell, Magnus. "Use of Aspect-Tense Verbal Forms in Akkadian Texts of the Hammurapi Period (1792-1750 B.C.) (review)." Language 80, no. 3 (2004): 625–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2004.0159.
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Jeon, Jaeyoung. "Two Laws in the Sotah Passage (Num. v 11-31)." Vetus Testamentum 57, no. 2 (2007): 181–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853307x183703.
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AbstractThe law of the Sotah (Num. v 11-31), which appears to be an ordeal law accompanied by a ritual, was edited from two laws of a suspected adulteress: the water ordeal law (original stratum) and the ritual-oath law (editorial stratum). The water ordeal law stipulates that in the case in which a woman is accused of adultery by the public she must undergo a water ordeal, whereas the ritualoath law stipulates a less severe case in which a husband only doubts his wife and the wife may be released with only an oath as a part of a ritual. The two laws strikingly parallel the Laws of Hammurapi 131 and 132 respectively. A linguistic analysis carried out on the two strata reveals that they exhibit different literary styles, and that this stylistic difference reflects the linguistic contexts of earlier and later periods. Although the water ordeal stratum belongs to P, several distinct features of the editorial ritual-oath stratum are best explained by I. Knohl's theory in relation to the Holiness School.
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Pearn, John. "Hammurabi’s Code: A primary datum in the conjoined professions of medicine and law." Medico-Legal Journal 84, no. 3 (2016): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025817216646038.
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Krasniqi, Fatmire. "The Criminal Offense of Aggravated Theft under Hammurabi’s Code, Law of the Twelve Tables, Albanian Customary Law and Criminal Code of Kosovo." Journal of History Culture and Art Research 8, no. 1 (2019): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v8i1.1873.
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BOAHENG, ISAAC. "Exploring the Relationship between the Mosaic Code and the Hammurabi Code." All Nations University Journal of Applied Thought, November 20, 2020, 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47987/cefd7600.
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Over the years there has been a growing interest in the connections between the Old Testament and other Ancient Near East literature. The Hammurabi Code, a Babylonian legal document which predates the Mosaic Code by about 300 years, is one of the ancient documents that have featured prominently in such comparative studies. The remarkable similarities between the Hammurabi Code and the Mosaic Code raises questions about the originality of the Mosaic Code. Scholars often ask whether Moses copied and/or revised the Hammurabi Code and gave it to Israel as a divinely inspired Law or whether Moses actually received his Law as an original document from God. If Moses plagiarized the Hammurabi Code, then the inspiration of the Mosaic Code and (by extension) the inspiration of the entire Hebrew Scriptures is in doubt. The relevance of this textual and source issue for Old Testament scholarship has prompted the present study which aims at investigating the relationship between the Mosaic Code and the Hammurabi Code through a comparative study. After a critical assessment of the key similarities and differences between these two ancient documents, the paper suggests keys factors that might have accounted for the similarities and the proceeds to contend for the originality and authenticity of the Mosaic Code. Keywords: Ancient Near East, Hammurabi Code, Mosaic Law, Old Testament, Plagiarism
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"QUESTIONS OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND PROCESS IN LAWS OF THE TSAR HAMMURABI." Courier of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2018.41.1.094-098.
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"The law book: from Hammurabi to the International Criminal Court, 250 milestones in the history of law." Choice Reviews Online 53, no. 12 (2016): 53–5087. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.196328.
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Frímannsson, Guðmundur Heiðar. "Garrett Barden and Tim Murphy. Law and Justice in Community (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)." Nordicum-Mediterraneum 6, no. 2 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/nm.6.2.1.
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Jurisprudence is a lively field of inquiry and law and justice are among its most important subjects. They are not exclusive to jurisprudence but are also inquired into in ethics and political philosophy. The book under review is an extensive inquiry into law and justice from the point of view of jurisprudence but it is jurisprudence that has deep roots in the history of the discipline. The authors use ideas from Aristotle, Gaius, Justinian, Thomas Aquinas, Adam Smith, Hobbes and from various law books from the Code of Hammurabi onwards. One way of understanding the book is to see the authors as reworking an old tradition that has not been prominent in modern jurisprudence. This approach leads to surprising conclusions from a modern point of view that are both radical and conventional.
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Tutuianu, Ion. "CIVIL AND CRIMINAL RULES OF THE BABYLONIAN LAW." STUDIES AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES. ECONOMICS EDITION, no. 18 (December 15, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.29358/sceco.v0i18.202.
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By its age and principles, Babylonian law has drawn attention of all epochs, laying at the basis of scientific development of modern law. The regulation, more than 4000 years ago, of property, family, obligations, public administration, succession, probation principle, represents the proof that the institutions which today regulate these aspects, have been a preoccupation for mankind ever since its beginning. Even if penalties were distributed depending on social status, a progressive element is represented by the fact that the act could only be punished if it met the condition of intent. The legal monument of this system of law, Hammurabi Code, has an important signification by the fact that upon that date, the law and the judges aimed at ensuring life to citizens and to guarantee them certain rights, considerably more than other countries in the epoch. It is striking that in antiquity, the right of succession lies all the children regardless of the number of marriages and criminal aspect beyond class character, crimes regulation retained the substance, the changes incurred on penalties take into account the evolution of human rights, as how malpractice mutilation was replaced by pecuniary or administrative penalty.
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Loktionov, Alexandre. "Importing the law? Possible elements of the Mesopotamian legal tradition in New Kingdom Egypt (1549-1064BCE)." BAF-Online: Proceedings of the Berner Altorientalisches Forum 1 (January 16, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.22012/baf.2016.03.
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Features of New Kingdom (1549-1064BCE[1]) justice not attested earlierOracle courts, as attested at Deir el-Medina[2] and elsewhere[3]Increase in severe corporal punishment: for example, mutilation of nose and ears becomes a standard element in oath formulae[4]Detailed protasis-apodosis legal decrees, such as the Karnak Decree of Horemheb[5] (1328-1298BCE) or the Nauri Decree of Seti I[6] (1296-1279). Why might this be connected to Mesopotamia/Semitic law?“Hyksos” period (1650-1549BCE) immediately prior to New KingdomAmarna letters/greater exposure to Akkadian in Egypt during New KingdomLegal associations: Akkadian and Egyptian copies of Ramesses II – Hattusili III treaty[7] (1258BCE), where corporal punishment is a prominent topicMesopotamian law, and broader scholarship, often associated with protasis-apodosis[8]Mesopotamian law often associated with severe corporal punishment: for instance, see Code of Hammurabi (1792-1750BCE)[9], Middle Assyrian Laws[10] (c.1400-1100BCE) etc.Why might this NOT be connected to Mesopotamia/Semitic law?Were earlier periods truly different, or is this down to chance preservation of sources?Protasis-apodosis has precedents in the Middle Kingdom (2066-1650BCE): for instance, see 2nd Semna stela of Senusret III (1865BCE)[11] or Illahun Medical papyri (c.1800BCE)[12]. [1] All Egyptian dates are calculated according to the chronology set forth in Dodson & Hilton 2004: 287-294, while Mesopotamian dates follow the chronology in van de Mieroop 2007: 302-317.[2] McDowell 1990: 143-186.[3] Kákosy 1975: 600-606; Černy 1962: 35-48.[4] Lorton 1977: 33-38, 50-51; Tyldesley 2000: 81.[5] Kruchten 1981.[6] Kitchen 1975-1990: 53-55 (text 24); Davies 1997: 277-308.[7] Langdon & Gardiner 1920.[8] Bottéro 1992: 125-137, 156-184; Roth 1997.[9] Roth 1997: 71-142; Richardson 2000.[10] Driver & Miles 1935; Roth 1997: 153-194.[11] Sethe 1924: 83-84.[12] Quirke 2002; Collier & Quirke 2004: 53-64.
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"A Comparative Study of the Verbal Analyses of the Case Laws of the Law Code of Hammurabi and the Book of the Covenant, Exodus 20-23." Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7176/jlll/54-10.
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As, Abraham Van, and Loe Jacobs. "The Work of the Potter in Ancient Mesopotamia During the Second Millennium B.C." MRS Proceedings 267 (1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-267-529.
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ABSTRACTIn the beginning of the second millennium B.C. Babylon became the centre of power in Mesopotamia. Hammurapi (1792-1750 B.C.) was one of the most important kings of the First Dynasty of Babylon. He is above all known for his law code (Codex Hammurapi). At the height of his power the Old Babylonian Empire extended as far as Sumer in the south and to Nineveh in the north. After the Old Babylonian times a dark period followed in the history of Mesopotamia. The conquest of Babylon in 1595 B.C. by the Hittite king Mursilis I ended the First Dynasty of Babylon. His allies, the Kassites from the Zagros Mountains, occupied Babylon without breaking the Babylonian traditions. Dur Kurigalzu became their capital. In 1157 B.C. the Kassite Dynasty was attacked from Elam (southwestern Iran) and came to an end.
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Cabrera Cabrera, María. "Análisis de las penas según el desarrollo del currículo en universidades." Revista Formación docente 2, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.31876/rfd.v2i1.6.
Full textAbstract:
En el presente artículo se plasma la implementación de la pena de muerte que es el castigo precedido para un criminal la pena de muerte tiene sus inicios en el código de Hammurabi en la edad antigua en donde se realizaba esta como venganza, razón de justicia o también llamada ojo por ojo diente por diente y se regía bajo la ley del más fuerte, posterior a esto se pasó a la edad media, la edad contemporánea hasta nuestra actualidad donde es un tema debatido y cuestionado por todos. Objetivos Generales: implementar la pena de muerte solo para delitos graves en caso de asesinato, violación, femicidio, terrorismo, atentados contra la patria, crímenes de lesa humanidad.