Books on the topic 'Hand sampling'

This chapter discusses the challenges that researchers face when conducting surveys on hard-to-survey populations. It begins with an overview of the various conditions that can make it difficult to include some populations in studies or surveys. This includes the population’s being hard to identify and locate or hard to persuade or interview and even difficulty in defining a sampling frame. The chapter then suggests various sampling approaches that may help researchers overcome challenges when studying hard-to-survey populations. It uses internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Nepal as an example of those who are hard to locate and discusses how the Nepal Forced Migration Survey used several of the techniques discussed to collect a representative sample from this population after the 1996–2006 Maoist insurgency. This chapter demonstrates that with careful planning and creative approaches, researchers can collect quality data from hard-to-survey populations.

This chapter looks at Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques to generate hard- and soft-constrained exponential random graph ensembles. The essence is to define a Markov chain based on ergodic randomization moves acting on a network with transition probabilities which satisfy detailed balance. This is sufficient to ensure that the Markov chain will sample from the ensemble with the desired probabilities. This chapter studies several commonly seen randomization move sets and carefully defines acceptance probabilities for a range of different ensembles using both the Metropolis–Hastings and the Glauber prescription. Particular care is paid to describe and avoid the pitfalls that can occur in defining randomization moves for hard-constrained ensembles, and applying them without introducing inadvertent bias (i.e. defining and comparing protocols including switch-and-hold and mobility).

Parents and teachers can use this book to engage children with the world outside by opening their eyes to fascinating common bird species. Once upon a time, common bird species all had well-known stories associated with them. Legends and folklore about birds abound in almost every culture. It's likely their ability to fly, their beauty and grace, their distinctive and puzzling calls, and the fact that they live all around us is what makes them popular subjects for fables. This book presents a sampling of traditional bird tales retold in a fresh way that makes them especially relevant and memorable for today's children. Each story is complemented by a "Feathered Fact File," a "Backyard Bird Watching Tip" for kids, a classroom/home school activity suggestion, and a story sharing suggestion for parents and teachers. The teaching activities are designed with flexibility so that they may be used to either introduce new concepts of science and math or reinforce familiar concepts in a hands-on fashion. Reading selections are written at third to fourth grade reading levels, but are designed to engage both younger listeners and older readers.

This chapter presents some theoretical tools for defining random graph ensembles systematically via soft or hard topological constraints including working through some properties of the Erdös-Rényi random graph ensemble, which is the simplest non-trivial random graph ensemble where links appear between two nodes with a fixed probability p. The chapter sets out the central representation of graph generation as the result of a discrete-time Markovian stochastic process. This unites the two flavours of graph generation approaches – because they can be viewed as simply moving forwards or backwards through this representation. It is possible to define a random graph by an algorithm, and then calculate the associated stationary probability. The alternative approach is to specify sampling weights and then to construct an algorithm that will have these weights as the stationary probabilities upon convergence.

This chapter looks at further topics pertaining to the effective use of Markov Chain Monte Carlo to sample from hard- and soft-constrained exponential random graph models. The chapter considers the question of how moves can be sampled efficiently without introducing unintended bias. It is shown mathematically and numerically that apparently very similar methods of picking out moves can give rise to significant differences in the average topology of the networks generated by the MCMC process. The general discussion in complemented with pseudocode in the relevant section of the Algorithms chapter, which explicitly sets out some accurate and practical move sampling approaches. The chapter also describes how the MCMC equilibrium probabilities can be purposely deformed to, for example, target desired correlations between degrees of connected nodes. The mathematical exposition is complemented with graphs showing the results of numerical simulations.

Die Beiträge dieses Sammelbandes informieren eine interdisziplinär ausgerichtete Urheberrechtsforschung und diskutieren anhand der Denkfigur der „Tipping Points“ neue Fragen, die eine vernetzte Gesellschaft an das Urheberrecht stellt. Die Autorinnen und Autoren untersuchen den Wandel rechtlicher Rahmenbedingungen kreativen Schaffens, auch mit Bezug auf digitale Plattformen, nehmen sich Fragen referentieller Kunstproduktion an, wie sie der Sampling-Streit um „Metall auf Metall“ aufwirft, und fördern die Sichtbarkeit des Kontexts digitaler Archivierung. Die Forschungsgebiete der Autorinnen und Autoren umfassen Rechts-, Musik-, und Literaturwissenschaft, Soziologie sowie Geschichte, wodurch zwischen den Beiträgen ein lebendiger interdisziplinärer Diskurs entsteht. Mit Beiträgen von Miriam Akkermann, Sophie Beaucamp, Franziska Boehm, Christian Czychowski, Niclas Düstersiek, Thomas Ernst, Georg Fischer, Klaus Frieler, Marion Goller, Hans-Christian Gräfe, Dario Henri Haux, Amélie Heldt, Konstantin Hondros, Jonas Kunze, Daniel Müllensiefen, Matthias Pasdzierny, Fabian Rack, Dörte Schmidt, Simon Schrör, Malte Zill. Mit einem Vorwort von Axel Metzger

This chapter examines how the late-Victorian folklorist and critic Andrew Lang reinvented the idea of many-sidedness as a populist polemic—one that showed W. B. Yeats how to recuperate the old moves of literary nationalism for a global modernism. Although Lang had been Arnold’s student at Oxford, his seminal anthropological treatises insisted that many-sidedness could best be cultivated not by sampling “the best which has been thought and said in the world” but rather by omnivorously embracing ancient folk tales alongside pop fiction. Yet Lang’s populism was also predicated upon a crypto-Romantic view of folklore as talismans of an endangered authenticity out of place in the modern world. This buried essentialism ultimately alienated Lang from mainstream anthropology, but it would also teach the young Yeats that presenting the national as the primitive and the primitive as the occult allowed one to frame Irish folk literature as simultaneously local and cosmopolitan.

In the Atlantic world in the centuries from 1450 to 1850, tumultuous changes in ecology had outsized impacts on human affairs. Historians have already laid useful foundations for an environmental history of the Atlantic world. Atlantic West Africa from Senegambia to the Gulf of Guinea participated in the ecological Atlantic by providing a few cultigens to the Americas, its share of pathogens (notably malaria and yellow fever), and above all by supplying the majority of the workforce — several million slaves and their descendants — who would remake the ecology of the Atlantic. This article examines pan-Atlantic processes such as climate change. It also summarises the important themes which are the most central to the whole subject: the Columbian Exchange, including its often-neglected African components, and the ecology of plantations, slavery, and slave trades. This provides some sampling of the ecological regions of the Atlantic, as well as of the commodities and cultural processes involved.

Unearthing St. Mary's City offers a bountiful sampling of the diverse scholarship conducted by the Historic St. Mary’s City (HSMC) museum since the 1960s. St. Mary’s City, settled in 1634, was the location of the fourth successful English colony on the shores of North America. As the first major English foothold in Maryland, St. Mary’s City served as the first capital of the colony. Although the city had disappeared by 1750, scholarly investigations have revealed the untold story of one of America’s earliest colonial settlements and the society that grew from it. While the story of the seventeenth-century colony is the primary mission of the museum, the lands of St. Mary’s City have witnessed a vast range of human experiences both before and after the 1600s. These stories help illuminate the multi-layered nature of this place that is recognized as one of great significance to American history. This volume highlights some of the many projects and discoveries made about life in St. Mary’s City over the past four centuries. Particular attention is paid to methodological advancements made at the city’s many sites over the past 50 years of archaeological study.

The once derided musical hybrid that is 1970s Jazz Fusion has since become one of the most influential genres of music in jazz, rock, soul, and hip-hop. The once derided musical hybrid that is 1970s Jazz Fusion has since become one of the most influential genres of music in jazz, rock, soul, and hip-hop. This book is a celebration of one of the most adventurous but unappreciated eras in popular music, wherein the traditional sounds of jazz were melded and mashed up with funk, soul, hard rock, and electronics. Even as they were accused of selling out and contaminating traditional jazz, artists like Miles Davis, Weather Report, Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea, and the Mahavishnu Orchestra made some of the most creative and invigorating music of the era. Full of the musicians’ personal stories and anecdotes, this book provides a discussion of their albums and the cultural context for their music. That context also includes how these albums have been passed down through generations and have reverberated through the music of today, inspiring both hip-hop and electronic artists through sampling and contemporary jazz and soul artists who are less constrained by traditional genres. Though recorded decades ago, jazz fusion remains culturally vital and sonically thrilling to this very day.

Christians today participate as a significant force in politics, asserting their historic role as arbiters of morality and ethics in the process despite being of very different minds about what that means. Evil Deeds in High Places examines Christian responses to the Watergate affair that brought about the debate over impeachment and resignation of Richard M. Nixon. It demonstrates how Christians contributed to the debate over this moral and ethical crisis, and reveals how the Watergate moment became a turning point in twentieth-century American history for Christian engagement with politics. This study uncovers Protestant reactions to Watergate and traces the long-term effects of Protestants’ efforts on the American political landscape. The sampling of periodicals, denominations, and individuals herein presents much diversity in terms of theological and political outlooks, to further highlight the many points of view that a “Christian lens” contributes. Within Protestant Christianity there were significant variations in responses to the proceedings, offering an important step in surfacing the opinions of everyday Americans to Watergate. Moreover, the engagement of Protestants with the political crisis had particularly important ramifications for American politics, which persist to this day. Protestants engaged Watergate in order to solve the moral catastrophe and, as a result, intensified their political activities. In inching into this realm, they became accustomed to having political influence.

This book discusses the fitting of parametric statistical models to data samples. Emphasis is placed on (i) how to recognize situations where the problem is non-standard, when parameter estimates behave unusually, and (ii) the use of parametric bootstrap resampling methods in analysing such problems. Simple and practical model building is an underlying theme. A frequentist viewpoint based on likelihood is adopted, for which there is a well-established and very practical theory. The standard situation is where certain widely applicable regularity conditions hold. However, there are many apparently innocuous situations where standard theory breaks down, sometimes spectacularly. Most of the departures from regularity are described geometrically in the book, with mathematical detail only sufficient to clarify the non-standard nature of a problem and to allow formulation of practical solutions. The book is intended for anyone with a basic knowledge of statistical methods typically covered in a university statistical inference course who wishes to understand or study how standard methodology might fail. Simple, easy-to-understand statistical methods are presented which overcome these difficulties, and illustrated by detailed examples drawn from real applications. Parametric bootstrap resampling is used throughout for analysing the properties of fitted models, illustrating its ease of implementation even in non-standard situations. Distributional properties are obtained numerically for estimators or statistics not previously considered in the literature because their theoretical distributional properties are too hard to obtain theoretically. Bootstrap results are presented mainly graphically in the book, providing easy-to-understand demonstration of the sampling behaviour of estimators.

Abstract The Python-Based Laboratory: A Hands-On Guide for Scientists and Engineers provides a learn-by-doing approach to acquiring the Python programming skills needed to implement computer-controlled experimental work. The Python-Based Laboratory leads its readers to mastery of the popular, open-source Python computer language in its role as a powerful laboratory tool by carrying out interesting and relevant projects that explore the acquisition, production, analysis, and presentation of digitized waveforms. Readers, who are assumed to have no prior computer programming or Python background, begin writing meaningful programs in the first few pages. The Python-Based Laboratory can be used as a textbook for science and engineering instructional laboratory students who are being taught up-to-date Python-based experimental skills. The book also works well as a self-study guide for professional laboratory researchers, industrial engineers, hobbyists, and electronics enthusiasts seeking to automate tasks using Python. Topics covered include the control of data-acquisition devices (including multifunction data-acquisition hardware and IEEE 488.2-interfaced stand-alone instruments), data file storage and presentation, digitized data concepts (such as resolution, sampling frequency, and aliasing), data analysis techniques (curve fitting and fast Fourier transform), and building a graphical user interface (GUI) using the Tkinter toolkit that is included as part of the Python Standard Library. As readers work their way through the book, they build several computer-based instruments, including a DC voltmeter, digital oscilloscope, DC voltage source, waveform generator, blinking LED array, digital thermometer, spectrum analyzer, and frequency meter. Each chapter concludes with a Do Yourself project and a Use It! example as well as a healthy selection of homework-style problems, allowing readers to test their understanding and further develop their Python-based experimentation skills.

Lead Reviewer: Dr. Daniel Coetzee, Independent Scholar, London, UK Review Board: Jeremy Black, University of Exeter, UK Dr. Frances F. Berdan, Professor of Anthropology, California State University, San Bernardino David A. Graff, Associate Professor, Department of History, Kansas State University Dr. Kevin Jones, University College London Dr. John Laband, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Dr. Carter Malkasian, Center for Naval Analysis Mr. Toby McLeod, Lecturer in Modern History, University of Birmingham, UK Dr. Tim Moreman, Independent Scholar, London, UK Professor Bill Nasson, Department of Historical Studies, University of Cape Town, South Africa Dr. David Nicolle, Honourary Research Fellow, Nottingham University, UK Dr. Kaushik Roy, Lecturer, Department of History, Presidency College, Kolkata, India Dennis Showalter, Professor of History, Colorado College Dr. Stephen Turnbull, Lecturer in Japanese Religious Studies, Department of Theology and Religious Studies, Leeds University, UK Professor Michael Whitby, Professor of Classics and Ancient History, University of Warwick, UK Over 8,500 battles and sieges are covered-easily the most exhaustive reference source on this basic aspect of military history. Thoroughly vetted by an expert board of period and regional experts, this dictionary offers easy to find A-Z entries that cover conflicts from practically every era and place of human history. In addition to exhaustive coverage of World War II, World War I, the American Civil War, medieval wars, and conflicts during the classical era, this dictionary covers battles fought in pre-modern Africa, the Middle East, Ancient and Medieval India, China, and Japan, and early meso-American warfare as well. Going well beyond the typical greatest or most influential battle format, The Dictionary of Battles and Sieges offers readers information they would be hard-pressed to find anywhere else. Entries were reviewed by area and period experts to ensure accuracy and to provide the broadest coverage possible. Jaques's Dictionary is truly global in scope, covering East Asia, South Asia, Eurasia, Europe, Africa, Mesoamerica, and North and South America. Battles from wars great and small are in the dictionary, including battles from this very brief sampling of wars covered, listed to give an idea of the book's deep coverage: Egyptian-Syrian Wars (1468 BC); the Assyrian Wars (724 - 648 BC); Greco-Persian Wars (498 - 450 BC); the Conquests of Alexander the Great (335-326 BC); Rome's Gallic Wars (121-52 BC); Han Imperial Wars (208); Hun-Ostrogoth Wars (454-68); Sino-Vietnamese Wars (547-605); Mecca-Medina War (624-30); Jinshin War (672); Berber Rebellion (740-61); Viking Raids on, and in, Britain (793-954); Sino-Annamese War (938); Byzantine Military Rebellions (978-89); Afghan Wars of Succession (998-1041); Russian Dynastic Wars (1016-94); Reconquista (1063-1492); Crusader-Muslim Wars (1100- 1179); Swedish Wars of Succession (1160-1210); Conquests of Genghis Khan (1202-27); William Wallace Revolt (1297-1304); Hundred Years War (1337-1453); War of Chioggia (1378-80); Vijayanagar-Bahmani Wars (1367-1406); Ottoman Civil Wars (1413-81); Mongol-Uzbek Wars (1497-1512); German Knights' War (1523); Burmese-Laotian Wars (1574); Cambodian-Spanish War (1599); King Philip's War (1675-77); Franco-Barbary Wars (1728); Bengal War (1763-65); French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1801); Chilean War of Independence (1813-26); Boer-Zulu War (1838); Indian Mutiny (1858-59); Mexican-French War (1862-67); Sino-Japanese War (1894-95); World War I (1914-18); Anhwei-Chihli War (1920); World War II (1939-45) Mau Mau Revolt (1955); 2nd Indo-Pakistani War (1965); Angolan War (1987-88); 2nd Gulf War (2003- ).