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Journal articles on the topic 'Hand scrub'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 24 June 2025

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1

Bearman, Gonzalo M. L., Adriana Rosato, Kara Elam, et al. "A Crossover Trial of Antimicrobial Scrubs to Reduce Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Burden on Healthcare Worker Apparel." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 33, no. 3 (2012): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/664045.

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Background.The impact of antimicrobial scrubs on healthcare worker (HCW) bacterial burden is unknown.Objective.To determine die effectiveness of antimicrobial scrubs on hand and apparel bacterial burden.Design.Prospective, crossover trial.Setting and Participants.Thirty HCWs randomized to study versus control scrubs in an intensive care unit.Methods.Weekly microbiology samples were obtained from scrub abdominal area, cargo pocket, and hands. Mean log colony-forming unit (CFU) counts were calculated. Compliance with hand hygiene practices was measured. Apparel and hand mean log CFU counts were compared.Results.Adherence measures were 78% (910/1,173) for hand hygiene and 82% (223/273) for scrubs. Culture compliance was 67% (306/460). No differences were observed in bacterial hand burden or in HCWs with unique positive scrub cultures. No difference in vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and gram-negative rod (GNR) burden was observed. A difference in mean log mediicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) CFU count was found between study and control scrubs for leg cargo pocket (mean log CFUs, 11.84 control scrub vs 6.71 study scrub; P = .0002), abdominal area (mean log CFUs, 11.35 control scrub vs 7.54 study scrub; P = .0056), leg cargo pocket at die beginning of shift (mean log CFUs, 11.96 control scrub vs 4.87 study scrub; P = .0028), and abdominal area pocket at die end of shift (mean log CFUs, 12.14 control scrubs vs 8.22 study scrub; P = .0054).Conclusions.Study scrubs were associated witfi a 4–7 mean log reduction in MRSA burden but not VRE or GNRs. A prospective trial is needed to measure die impact of antimicrobial impregnated apparel on MRSA transmission rates.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(3):268-275

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Sharif, Bayan Omer, Safya M. Edan, Balen I. Saeed, and Amina K. Kaka. "Evaluation of the Theater Staff Performance Regarding Surgical Hand Scrub at Rania Teaching Hospital." International Journal of Medical Sciences and Nursing Research 2, no. 2 (2022): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55349/ijmsnr.2022221824.

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Background: The proper hand scrub is helpful to eliminate contaminations deactivating, and protect patients and health care personnel from transmitted diseases. The goal of this study was conducted to provide demographic data and to evaluate theatre staff performance regarding surgical hand scrub at Rania teaching Hospital in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, during the period of 2018 – 2019. Materials and Methods: A non-probability purposive sample of surgical staff (surgeon and scrub nurse), data collection of the study instrument was constructed of total of 19 items. The instrument’s content validity was determined through a panel of 7 experts. The instrument’s reliability was determined using Equivalence (inter-raptor or inter-observer); the data were collected through the evaluation technique and then organized and coded into computer files. Statistical approaches were used for data analysis using SPSS 25.0 version. Results: The result revealed that most of the participants were male, most of them graduated from institute nursing, but more than three-quarters were not trained. More than half of the surgical staff had 6 – 11 years of experience in the surgical room. On the other hand, three-quarters of the participants had a low level of performance regarding surgical hand scrubs. There is a significant association between gender job title and surgical staff’s performance regarding surgical hand scrub at a p<0.05 except for age, the number of trainings, and years of experience in the surgical room at a p>0.05. Conclusion: Our result showed that more than half of the participants had a low level of performance regarding surgical hand scrub therefore the study recommended training courses and participation in symposia regarding infection control and surgical hand scrub. Keywords: Theatre staff, evaluation, surgical, hand scrub, Rania teaching hospital

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Sharif, Bayan O., Safya M. Edan, Balen I. Saeed, and Amina K. Kaka. "Evaluation of the Theater Staff Performance Regarding Surgical Hand Scrub at Rania Teaching Hospital." International Journal of Medical Sciences and Nursing Research 2, no. 2 (2022): 18–24. https://doi.org/10.55349/ijmsnr.2022221824.

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<strong>Abstract:</strong> <strong>Background</strong>: The proper hand scrub is helpful to eliminate contaminations deactivating, and protect patients and health care personnel from transmitted diseases. The goal of this study was conducted to provide demographic data and to evaluate theatre staff performance regarding surgical hand scrub at Rania teaching Hospital in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, during the period of 2018 – 2019. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A non-probability purposive sample of surgical staff (surgeon and scrub nurse), data collection of the study instrument was constructed of total of 19 items. The instrument’s content validity was determined through a panel of 7 experts. The instrument’s reliability was determined using Equivalence (inter-raptor or inter-observer); the data were collected through the evaluation technique and then organized and coded into computer files. Statistical approaches were used for data analysis using SPSS 25.0 version. <strong>Results:</strong> The result revealed that most of the participants were male, most of them graduated from institute nursing, but more than three-quarters were not trained. More than half of the surgical staff had 6 – 11 years of experience in the surgical room.  On the other hand, three-quarters of the participants had a low level of performance regarding surgical hand scrubs. There is a significant association between gender job title and surgical staff’s performance regarding surgical hand scrub at a p<0.05 except for age, the number of trainings, and years of experience in the surgical room at a p>0.05. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Our result showed that more than half of the participants had a low level of performance regarding surgical hand scrub therefore the study recommended training courses and participation in symposia regarding infection control and surgical hand scrub. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Theatre staff, evaluation, surgical, hand scrub, Rania teaching hospital

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4

Ross, Dennis. "Surgical Hand Scrub Time." AORN Journal 66, no. 4 (1997): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(06)62908-6.

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5

Gaberson, Kathleen B. "Surgical Hand Scrub Time." AORN Journal 66, no. 4 (1997): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(06)62909-8.

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6

DORNER, IRENE. "SURGICAL HAND SCRUB PREPARATIONS." AORN Journal 60, no. 6 (1994): 905–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)68466-x.

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7

Tsai, Jui-Chen, Yen-Kuang Lin, Yen-Jung Huang, et al. "Antiseptic Effect of Conventional Povidone–Iodine Scrub, Chlorhexidine Scrub, and Waterless Hand Rub in a Surgical Room: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 38, no. 4 (2016): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.296.

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OBJECTIVEEffective perioperative hand antisepsis is crucial for the safety of patients and medical staff in surgical rooms. The antimicrobial effectiveness of different antiseptic methods, including conventional hand scrubs and waterless hand rubs, has not been well evaluated.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSA randomized controlled trial was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the 3 antiseptic methods among surgical staff of Taipei Medical University—Shuang Ho Hospital. For each method used, a group of 80 participants was enrolled.INTERVENTIONSurgical hand cleansing with conventional 10% povidone–iodine scrub, conventional 4% chlorhexidine scrub, or waterless hand rub (1% chlorhexidine gluconate and 61% ethyl alcohol).RESULTSColony-forming unit (CFU) counts were collected using the hand imprinting method before and after disinfection and after surgery. After surgical hand disinfection, the mean CFU counts of the conventional chlorhexidine (0.5±0.2, P<0.01) and waterless hand rub groups (1.4±0.7, P<0.05) were significantly lower than that of the conventional povidone group (4.3±1.3). No significant difference was observed in the mean CFU count among the groups after surgery. Similar results were obtained when preexisting differences before disinfection were considered in the analysis of covariance. Furthermore, multivariate regression indicated that the antiseptic method (P=.0036), but not other variables, predicted the mean CFU count.CONCLUSIONSConventional chlorhexidine scrub and waterless hand rub were superior to a conventional povidone–iodine product in bacterial inhibition. We recommend using conventional chlorhexidine scrub as a standard method for perioperative hand antisepsis. Waterless hand rub may be used if the higher cost is affordable.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:417–422

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Zhang, Huayong, Yunyan Yu, Xiande Ji, Zhongyu Wang, and Zhao Liu. "Global Warming Drives Shifts in the Suitable Habitats of Subalpine Shrublands in the Hengduan Mountains Region in China." Forests 16, no. 4 (2025): 624. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16040624.

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Subalpine shrubland is an important vegetation type in the Hengduan Mountains region of China, and its distribution has been substantially influenced by global warming. In this research, four subalpine shrub communities in the Hengduan Mountains were selected: Rhododendron heliolepis Franch. scrub, Rhododendron flavidum Franch. scrub, Quercus monimotricha (Hand.-Mazz.) Hand.-Mazz. scrub, and Pinus yunnanensis var. pygmaea (Hsueh ex C. Y. Cheng, W. C. Cheng & L. K. Fu) Hsueh scrub. A MaxEnt model was used to assess the suitable habitats and their primary drivers of four subalpine shrublands in China under different climate scenarios. Our results indicate the following: (1) The suitable habitat areas of the four subalpine shrublands exhibit a predominant distribution within the Hengduan Mountains region, with small populations in the Himalayas and Wumeng Mountain. Temperature and precipitation are identified as the primary drivers influencing the suitable habitat areas of the four subalpine shrublands, and the temperature factor is more influential than the precipitation factor. Furthermore, the contribution rate of slope to Quercus monimotricha scrub is 19.2%, which cannot be disregarded. (2) Under future climate scenarios, the total suitable habitats of the four subalpine shrublands show an expanding trend. However, the highly suitable areas of three shrublands (Rhododendron flavidum scrub, Quercus monimotricha scrub, and Pinus yunnanensis var. pygmaea scrub) show a contracting trend under the high-carbon-emission scenario (SSP585). (3) Driven by global warming, the suitable habitat areas of Rhododendron heliolepis scrub, Rhododendron flavidum scrub, and Pinus yunnanensis var. pygmaea scrub shift toward higher elevations in the northwest, while the distribution of Quercus monimotricha scrub varies under different carbon emission scenarios, with a much smaller shift range than the other three scrubs. Our study contributes valuable insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of subalpine shrublands in China under climate change, providing scientific guidance for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem restoration.

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Bryce, Elizabeth A., Darlene Spence, and Frederick J. Roberts. "An In-Use Evaluation of an Alcohol-Based Pre-Surgical Hand Disinfectant." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 22, no. 10 (2001): 635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501835.

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AbstractObjective:To determine whether alcohol hand disinfection is an effective alternative to traditional agents for the pre-surgical scrub.Design:A prospective clinical trial of a 70% isopropanol pre-surgical hand disinfectant.Setting:The operating room suites at two hospital sites in British Columbia.Methods:Cases were selected to evaluate both short and longer procedures. The hand disinfectant was compared to agents in current use as surgical scrubs (4% chlorhexidine and 7.5% povidone-iodine). Surgical technique and glove use were not modified. Pre- and postoperative fingertip impression and “glove-juice” cultures were used to determine microbial burden, and hands were evaluated for skin integrity.Results:There was no statistical difference between the microbial hand counts following use of the alcohol-based product or the current agents, for cases less than 2 hours' duration. Comparison of longer surgical cases revealed significantly better pre- and postoperative culture results with the alcohol hand rinse, but analysis of matched pairs showed no significant difference in microbial counts. The alcohol hand rinse was equivalent to the operative scrub in terms of skin integrity and user acceptability.Conclusion:An alcohol hand rinse was equivalently effective in reducing microbial hand counts as the traditional pre-surgical scrub, both immediately after hand disinfection and at the end of the surgical procedure.

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Lai, Kah Weng, Tun Lin Foo, Wilson Low, and Ganesan Naidu. "Surgical Hand Antisepsis–A Pilot Study comparing Povidone Iodine Hand Scrub and Alcohol-based Chlorhexidine Gluconate Hand Rub." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 41, no. 1 (2012): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v41n1p12.

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Introduction: The surgeon uses different methods of surgical hand antisepsis with the aim of reducing surgical site infections. To date, there are no local studies comparing the efficacy of iodine hand scrub against newer alcohol-based hand rubs with active ingredients. Our pilot study compares a traditional aqueous hand scrub using 7.5% Povidone iodine (PVP-I) against a hand rub using Avagard: 61% ethyl alcohol, 1% chlorhexidine gluconate. The outcome measure is the number of Colony Forming Units (CFU) cultured from 10-digit fingertip imprints on agar plates. Materials and Methods: Ten volunteers underwent 2 hand preparation protocols, with a 30-minute interval in between–Protocol A (3-minute of aqueous scrub using PVP-I) and Protocol B (3-minute of hand rub, until dry, using Avagard). In each protocol, fingertip imprints were obtained immediately after hand preparation (t0). The volunteers proceeded to don sterile gloves and performed specific tasks (suturing). At one hour, the gloves were removed and a second set of imprints was obtained (t1). Results: Four sets of fingertip imprints were obtained. All 10 participants complied with the supervised hand preparation procedures for each protocol. CFUs of initial fingertip imprints (t0): The median CFU counts for initial imprint was significantly higher in the PVP-I treatment (median = 6, Inter Quartile Range (IQR) = 33) compared to the Avagard treatment (median = 0, IQR = 0, P <0.001). CFUs of fingertip imprint at 1 hour (t1): The median CFU counts for second imprint (t1) was significantly higher in the PVP-I treatment (median = 0.5, IQR = 11) compared to the Avagard treatment (median = 0, IQR = 0, P = 0.009). Our results suggest that the Avagard was more efficacious than aqueous PVP-I scrub at reducing baseline colony counts and sustaining this antisepsis effect. Conclusion: Alcohol hand rub with an active compound, demonstrated superior efficacy in CFU reduction. Based on our results, and those pooled from other authors, we suggest that alcohol-based hand rubs could be included in the operating theatre as an alternative to traditional surgical scrub for surgical hand antisepsis. Key words: Alcohol-based, Hand rub, Hand scrub, Surgical hand antisepsis, Surgical site infection

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Paudel, Anisha, and Bishnu Bista. "COMPLIANCE OF SURGICAL HAND SCRUB IN OPERATION THEATRE OF TEACHING HOSPITAL, CHITWAN." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 9, no. 1 (2021): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54530/jcmc.389.

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Background: Surgical hand scrub is an important practice that forms the base in the prevention and control of surgical site infection. The objective of the study was to evaluate the compliance of surgical hand scrub among surgical team in Operation Theatre of Teaching Hospital, Chitwan. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Data collection instrument (a checklist) was developed based on national and international standards of surgical hand scrub. Data was collected by observation of surgical team who were scrubbing in the Operation Theatre, Chitwan Medical College before proceeding to surgical procedures. Results: A compliance with the standards for surgical scrub prerequisites (70%), scrub process (81.53%), time of scrub (27%) and overall compliance (75.95%) observed. The total score of compliance with the standard was only 13%. The main issues found in the study were not correctly wore surgical cap and mask (44.9%), using of timer/wall clock before starting scrubbing (91.3%), improper follow the continue rotational action down opposing arms working to the elbow for one minute (53.6%) and repeated blotted dry of skin area once it done (30.4%) Conclusions: The results showed there was gap in the surgical hand scrub of the studied hospital and the compliance with the standard can be improved by simple surgical hand scrub intervention, periodical observation audit and feedback.

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Paudel, Anish, and Bishnu Bista. "Compliance of surgical hand scrub in operation theatre of teaching hospital, Chitwan." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 9, no. 1 (2019): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v9i1.23782.

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Background: Surgical hand scrub is an important practice that forms the base in the prevention and control of surgical site infection. The objective of the study was to evaluate the compliance of surgical hand scrub among surgical team in Operation Theatre of Teaching Hospital, Chitwan.  Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Data collection instrument (a checklist) was developed based on national and international standards of surgical hand scrub. Data was collected by observation of surgical team who were scrubbing in the Operation Theatre, Chitwan Medical College before proceeding to surgical procedures.  Results: A compliance with the standards for surgical scrub prerequisites (70%), scrub process (81.53%), time of scrub (27%) and overall compliance (75.95%) observed. The total score of compliance with the standard was only 13%. The main issues found in the study were not correctly wore surgical cap and mask (44.9%), using of timer/wall clock before starting scrubbing (91.3%), improper follow the continue rotational action down opposing arms working to the elbow for one minute (53.6%) and repeated blotted dry of skin area once it done (30.4%)  Conclusions: The results showed there was gap in the surgical hand scrub of the studied hospital and the compliance with the standard can be improved by simple surgical hand scrub intervention, periodical observation audit and feedback.

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Ghorbani, Azam, Akram Shahrokhi, Zahra Soltani, Azam Molapour, and Mahin Shafikhani. "Comparison of Surgical Hand Scrub and Alcohol Surgical Hand Rub on Reducing Hand Microbial Burden." Journal of Perioperative Practice 22, no. 2 (2012): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/175045891202200205.

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This study was performed to compare the effects of two hand decontamination methods on the microbial burden of operating room staff hands. The surgical hand washing methods compared were a traditional surgical hand scrub using a povidone iodine solution, and a social wash using a liquid non-antibacterial soap followed by the application of an alcoholic hand rub.

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Widmer, A. F. "Surgical hand hygiene: scrub or rub?" Journal of Hospital Infection 83 (February 2013): S35—S39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-6701(13)60008-0.

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Al-Allak, A., S. Sarasin, S. Key, and G. Morris-Stiff. "Wedding Rings are not a Significant Source of Bacterial Contamination Following Surgical Scrubbing." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 90, no. 2 (2008): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588408x242051.

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INTRODUCTION Despite some evidence that the wearing of rings may increase the microbial load, there is currently nothing to suggest that viable bacteria remain following a standard surgical scrub. The aim of the study was to examine the distribution and type of microbial flora seen on the hands of doctors following a standard surgical scrub. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten surgeons and 10 anaesthetists, all of whom wore wedding rings on the fourth finger of their left hand, participated in the study. Each individual was asked to ‘scrub-up’ as for their normal first scrub of the day. Following completion of washing, the wedding ring was removed, its internal circumference swabbed and the swab placed in a culture medium. Volunteers placed each hand palm-down on separate agar plates. The plates were incubated and the number of colonies counted and classified. RESULTS The culture plates of one of the anaesthetists were damaged in transit leaving a total of 19 subjects for analysis. In all the palm imprint plates, coagulase-negative staphylococci were grown. One surgeon grew coagulase-negative staphylococci from the ring swab. A Candida spp. from the right hand of one surgeon was grown. There was no statistically significant difference between the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) cultured from the right and left (ring-wearing) hands of the surgeons (P = 0.260) and anaesthetists (P = 0.345). There was no statistical difference in CFUs when surgeons were compared with anaesthetists (P = 0.383 for right hand and P = 0.234 for left). CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study would suggest that a traditional band wedding ring is not a source of a bacterial load following a standard surgical scrub procedure and, as such, there is no requirement for their removal pre-operatively.

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Paulson, Daryl S. "Comparative Evaluation of Five Surgical Hand Scrub Preparations: New data on the efficacy of hand scrub preparations." AORN Journal 60, no. 2 (1994): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)62743-4.

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Ahmed, A. "Surgical hand scrub: Lots of water wasted." Annals of African Medicine 6, no. 1 (2007): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1596-3519.55733.

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Khan, Adnan, Sandra G. McLaren, and Carl L. Nelson. "Surgical Hand Scrub Practices In Orthopaedic Surgery." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 414 (September 2003): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.blo.0000084404.53464.17.

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Shah, Faaiz Ali, and Ashok Shyam. "The Evolution Of Surgical Hands Anti-Sepsis: From Scrub To Rub." Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports 15, no. 2 (2025): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2025.v15.i02.5204.

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Surgical site infection (SSI) is the infection which affects the surgical incision site or deep tissues of the body and revealed within 30 days after surgery or within 1 year if implants are left inside body for treatment purpose [1]. The prevalence of SSI is 2.5%–41% globally but expected to be significantly higher in low-middle income countries where hospitals are often less equipped [2]. SSI is the leading cause of healthcare-associated infections which not only prolonged the hospital stay of admitted patients but also increase the treatment charges and may result in higher morbidity and mortality [3]. SSI can result from multiple factors pertaining to patient, surgeon, and operating environment but the most effective and low cost method to decrease the frequency of SSI is the optimum surgical hands anti-sepsis [4]. Routine handwashing removes visible physical contamination and transient skin flora; whereas surgical hand anti-sepsis is the additional use of anti-microbial product or alcohol based hand rub for preventing the growth of resident skin flora [5]. The hands of surgeon can harbor a variety of microorganisms. The most common resident skin flora are Staphylococcus Epidermidis, Staphylococcus Hominis, Coryneform bacteria, Pityrosporum, and coagulase negative Staphylococci. The resident flora is usually harmless but in sterile body cavities they can cause serious infections. The transient skin flora include Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative bacteria and yeast which can be acquired by members of surgical teams when they came in contact with patients or other objects which colonize them. The transient flora is the major pathogens responsible for SSI [6]. The commonly used hand anti-septic agents are iodine-iodophors, chlorhexadine gluconate, alcohol-containing preparation, para-chloro-meta-xylenol, and triclosan [7]. SSI is preventable and studies have shown that 30–70% of infections can be avoided with surgical handwashing [8-11]. Joseph Lister has indicated that handwashing can reduce the SSI from 45 to 15%. [12] Rang [13] reported that Semmelweis was successful in lowering infection rate from 18.3% to 1.3% through handwashing in his clinic. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed Global Guidelines for the prevention of SSI which encompass a wide range of evidence based recommendations with special emphasis on hand hygiene, pre-surgical hand scrubbing (SHS) and rubbing techniques, and various anti-septic solutions [14, 15]. The two most commonly used pre-operative handwashing techniques are surgical hand scrubbing( SHS) and surgical hand rubbing (SHR). Hand scrubbing is the traditional technique of washing hands and forearm with anti-septic solution under running water, whereas hand rubbing involves cleaning hands and forearm with alcohol based solution without using any water [16]. The use of waterless-alcohol solutions for hand anti-sepsis instead of traditional hands washing with water is a major change in hand hygiene practices [17]. The WHO prefers hands rubbing with alcohol-based hand rubbing solutions particularly for third world countries for three reasons [18]. First, studies have confirmed that hand rubbing with aqueous alcohol is as effective as traditional handwashing in achieving pre-operative surgical hands anti-sepsis. Second, health facilities which cannot maintain the steady flow of tape water and the recommended quality and temperature of water, hand rubbing with waterless preparation is a good alternative. Third, usage of clean drinking water for hands scrubbing is discouraged to preserve clean water as studies have revealed that traditional hands scrubbing utilize 11 L of water per scrub [19]. The length of time for SHS and SHR depends upon manufacture’s recommendations but usually 2–5 min is sufficient as per the WHO guidelines. SHR is applied to dry hands only and in sufficient amount so that hands and forearm are wet throughout the SHR procedure. Apart from WHO other guidelines like Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) USA, Association of PeriOperative Registered Nurses (AORN) and Infection Prevention and Control Canada also endorse that alcohol-based hands rub can be used an effective alternative to handwashing [20, 21]. In a systematic review and meta-analysis by Feng et al. [16], it was documented that SHR had similar efficacy and cost-effectiveness as that of surgical hands washing with added advantages of easy application, dermal tolerance and less time consumption than traditional hand scrubbing with water. These advantages are extremely important for surgical teams which usually performed surgical hand anti-sepsis more frequently and in some cases on daily basis before performing surgeries. Hand rubbing anti-sepsis has been used in USA and some parts of Europe since long [22]. Overall the compliance of the healthcare workers to hand hygiene has been poor and reported to be <50% [23]. Hand rubbing with alcohol preparation has demonstrated an increase compliance of healthcare workers to hand hygiene guidelines [24]. Conclusion: Surgical hand anti-sepsis is the initial crucial step which can prevent and control SSI. Although alcohol based hands rub has many advantages over traditional hand scrubbing with water, implementation in a hospital setting can be a challenge due to resistance of the operating surgeons in changing their usual traditional practice. The WHO endorsed the use of multimodal hand hygiene improvement programs for the implementation of evidence based hand hygiene practice. These strategies include uninterrupted supply of alcohol based hand rub solutions, education, evaluation, feedback, reminders, and administrative support.

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Bhasme, Dr Abhishek S., Dr Ronald Joseph Menezes, Dr Terence D’souza, and Dr Jacob Ipe. "Duration of surgical hand scrub in orthopaedic surgeries." International Journal of Orthopaedics Sciences 3, no. 3a (2017): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/ortho.2017.v3.i3a.08.

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Paulson, Daryl S. "Hand Scrub Products-Performance Requirements Versus Clinical Relevance." AORN Journal 80, no. 2 (2004): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(06)60560-7.

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Duxbury, Mark, Cheryl Brown, and Anthony Lambert. "Surgical Gloves how Do you Change Yours?" British Journal of Perioperative Nursing (United Kingdom) 13, no. 1 (2003): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/175045890301300101.

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Surgical gloves are frequently changed intraoperatively, and different techniques exist. We surveyed surgeons and scrub staff in our hospital and prospectively compared contamination between two glove changing techniques. We questioned 25 surgeons and 25 scrub staff regarding their intra-operative glove changing technique. Twenty scrub staff performed a standard ‘surgical scrub’, following which aliquots of fluorescent powder were applied symmetrically to each forearm prior to donning gown and gloves. Subjects were randomised to group 1 – open technique (OT) followed by closed technique (CT), or group 2 – CT followed by OT. Following unassisted glove change, glove and hand contamination was assessed.

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Vallejo, Ricardo Becerro de Bengoa, David Sevillano Fernandez, Luis Alou Cervera, et al. "Effectiveness of surgical hand antisepsis using chlorhexidine digluconate and parachlorometaxylenol hand scrub." Medicine 97, no. 42 (2018): e12831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000012831.

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Fry, Donald E. "Operating Room Hand Preparation: To Scrub or to Rub?" Surgical Infections 20, no. 2 (2019): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2018.302.

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Galluzzi, Valerie, Ted Herman, D. J. Shumaker, et al. "Electronic Recognition of Hand Hygiene Technique and Duration." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 35, no. 10 (2014): 1298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/678059.

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We captured 3-dimensional accelerometry data from the wrists of 116 healthcare professionals as they performed hand hygiene (HH). We then used these data to train a k-nearest-neighbors classifier to recognize specific aspects of HH technique (ie, fingertip scrub) and measure the duration of HH events.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35(10):1298–1300

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Jones, D. A. "A 2 minute surgical hand scrub was associated with higher, but not clinically significant, bacteria counts compared with a 3 minute hand scrub." Evidence-Based Nursing 1, no. 2 (1998): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebn.1.2.47.

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Wheelock, Sean McKay, and Sandra Lookinland. "Effect of Surgical Hand Scrub Time on Subsequent Bacterial Growth." AORN Journal 65, no. 6 (1997): 1087–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(06)62949-9.

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Duffy, William J. "The importance of keeping our hand in the scrub role." AORN Journal 80, no. 5 (2004): 817–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(06)60503-6.

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Ingalls, Gregory K. "The influence of the surgical scrub on hand bacterial flora." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 43, no. 11 (1985): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(85)90242-3.

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Dumas, Orianne, Raphäelle Varraso, Krislyn M. Boggs, et al. "Association of hand and arm disinfection with asthma control in US nurses." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 75, no. 5 (2018): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104740.

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ObjectivesTo investigate the association between occupational exposure to disinfectants/antiseptics used for hand hygiene and asthma control in nurses.MethodsIn 2014, we invited female nurses with asthma drawn from the Nurses’ Health Study II to complete two supplemental questionnaires on their occupation and asthma (cross-sectional study, response rate: 80%). Among 4055 nurses (mean age: 59 years) with physician-diagnosed asthma and asthma medication use in the past year, we examined asthma control, as defined by the Asthma Control Test (ACT). Nurses were asked about the daily frequency of hand hygiene tasks: ‘wash/scrub hands with disinfectants/hand sanitizers’ (hand hygiene) and ‘wash/scrub arms with disinfecting products’ (surrogate of surgical hand/arm antisepsis). Analyses were adjusted for age, race, ethnicity, smoking status and body mass index.ResultsNurses with partly controlled asthma (ACT: 20–24, 50%) and poorly controlled asthma (ACT ≤19, 18%) were compared with nurses with controlled asthma (ACT=25, 32%). In separate models, both hand and arm hygiene were associated with poorly controlled asthma. After mutual adjustment, only arm hygiene was associated with poorly controlled asthma: OR (95% CI) for <1 time/day, 1.38 (1.06 to 1.80); ≥1 time/day, 1.96 (1.52 to 2.51), versus never. We observed a consistent dose–response relationship between frequency of arm hygiene tasks (never to >10 times/day) and poor asthma control. Associations persisted after further adjustment for surfaces/instruments disinfection tasks.ConclusionsFrequency of hand/arm hygiene tasks in nurses was associated with poor asthma control. The results suggest an adverse effect of products used for surgical hand/arm antisepsis. This potential new occupational risk factor for asthma warrants further study.

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Sungman, Park1 Young-Jin Kim1 &. Yoon-Won Kim*2. "DIAGNOSIS OF EMERGING AND REEMERGING SCRUB TYPHUS." International Journal of Medical Research and Pharmaceutical Sciences 5, no. 2 (2018): 25–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1173938.

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Scrub typhus accounts for upto 23% of all acute febrile illness in endemicity in the Asia-Pacific region, and is also newly found in other continents. Despite of reemergence in Asia and emergence in other region, there is no effective human vaccine. And there are few convenient and rapid diagnostic methods, so scrub typhus has appeared as a significant threat to public health. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) of scrub typhus can be recommended as point-of-care test (POCT) for on-site diagnosis in the area with resource-poor settings such as poor, remote and rural laboratories in which immunofluorescence assay (IFA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is unavailable. Currently, the Scrub Typhus Detect IgM Rapid Test of InBios Co. and the SD BiolineTsutsugamushi Kit of SD Co. are widely used as RDT. On the other hand, ImmuneMed Co. developed reliable diagnostic recombinant proteins, which were used as a diagnostic antigen for development of the Scrub Typhus RAPID in RDT type that differentially and simultaneously detects IgM and IgG. A mixed antigen originated from 5 serotypes was used the RDT which showed high sensitivities and specificities in response to antibodies from patients infected with various serotypes. Thus, it can be used as a worldwide diagnostic tool for accurate and simple diagnosis of scrub typhus.

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Biswas, Dilip K., Sima Orang, Manashi Debnath, Lily M. Deb, and Ahana Ain. "Scrub typhus outbreak in rural area of Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal, India in 2021." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 6 (2022): 2604. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20221542.

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Background: Scrub typhus is a reemerging zoonotic disease with no definite preventive measures. Mild to severe clinical manifestation of scrub typhus are occurring in tropical countries. We conducted investigation to confirm the outbreak and vector survey to ascertain transmission of scrub typhus.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Sahid Matangini block of Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal, India between November’ 2020 and January’ 2021. All suspected scrub typhus cases were included for investigation. Environmental and vector survey was also conducted in affected villages.Results: Among total 71 cases, 51 cases were tested for scrub typhus and positivity rate was 13.72% (7/51). Positivity rate was higher in women 9.80% (5/51) than men. Cases found in adult women in the age group of 19-45 years were 35.21% (25/71) and in the children below the age of 15 years were 23.94% (17/71). All the patients developed fever followed by headache, myalgia, cough, rash & eschar. Outbreak started in November’ 2020 and maximum cases were found in December’ 2020. Dumping of household waste inside house was 93%, agriculture fields close to residential houses were 80% and pet animals in household were 69% of total case patients. Trap positivity was 37.5% (3/8) and after examination in laboratory ectoparasites such as adult mites were identified.Conclusions: This was an outbreak of scrub typhus. Mites were found in peri-domestic areas. Household waste is to be dumped away from the residential houses. A clean and vegetation free household environment with proper washing of feet and hand may decrease the risk of scrub typhus.

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Rekha, Goukonde, Rajput Jagruti, Bansod Bhakti, and Sanap Gajanan. "Formulation and evaluation of herbal scrub soap." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 18, no. 3 (2024): 354–70. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13767586.

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Scrubbing Soap are the agents which are use to remove the dead cell from skin, pigmentation and blackheads, white heads and make skin glowing, smooth, soft and healthy. Scrubbing soap can be directly applied onto the skin by gently massage is recommended on application of the scrubbing soap which helps to improve blood circulation and increase oxygen supply to all surface of the skin. Due to some environmental factors many people face some problem like pigmentation and uneven skin tone. Solution for this problem is use of scrubbing soap which consist ingredients which increases cleansing, softening, moisturizing, fairness of skin. In this preparation neem, tulsi and poppy seeds are use as main active ingredients. Other ingredients like glycerin base, essential oil and rose water, ritha powder, alovera, turmeric vitamin E are use in the formulation. Thus, the developed formulation can be used as an effective scrubbing soap for using it to bear a healthy and glowing skin. Ayurvedic cosmetics are also known as the herbal cosmetics the natural content in the herbs does not have any side effect on the human body most herbal supplement are based on several botanical ingredients with long histories of traditional or folk medicine usage. Among the numerous botonical ingredients available in the market today. Numerous chemical toxins microorganism present in the atmosphere may cause chemical infection and damage to skin cosmetics alone are not sufficient to take care of skin and body parts. Neem (Azadirachta indica) tree has attracted worldwide prominance owing to its wide range of medicinal properties, neem leaves and its constituents have been demonstrated to exhibit anti–inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, antiulcer, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of aqueous, ethanolic and ethyl acetate extract from neem leaves.

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Chaudhary, Rahul Sanjeev, Samir Chandrakant Dwidmuthe, and Kanchan Samir Dwidmuthe. "THE KNOWLEDGE OF HEALTH CARE WORKERS AND DOCTORS REGARDING HAND SCRUB." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 3, no. 66 (2016): 3575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2016/767.

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Yoon, Hae Sang. "A Study on the Surgical Hand Scrub and Surgical Glove Perforation." Journal of Nurses Academic Society 25, no. 4 (1995): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1995.25.4.653.

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Crémieux, A., M. E. Reverdy, J. L. Pons, et al. "Standardized method for evaluation of hand disinfection by surgical scrub formulations." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55, no. 11 (1989): 2944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.55.11.2944-2948.1989.

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Weight, Christopher J., Michael C. Lee, and Jeffrey S. Palmer. "Avagard Hand Antisepsis vs. Traditional Scrub in 3600 Pediatric Urologic Procedures." Urology 76, no. 1 (2010): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2010.01.017.

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Kampf, G. "The first hand scrub: why it does not make much sense." Journal of Hospital Infection 65, no. 1 (2007): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2006.08.008.

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Muralidhar, Deutschland, Shiva Sirasala, Venkata Jammalamadaka, et al. "Collaborative Robot as Scrub Nurse." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 7, no. 1 (2021): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2021-1035.

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Abstract Under-staffing of nurses is a significant problem in most countries. It is expected to rise in the coming years, making it challenging to perform crucial tasks like assessing a patient's condition, assisting the surgeon in medical procedures, catheterization and Blood Transfusion etc., Automation of some essential tasks would be a viable idea to overcome this shortage of nurses. One such task intended to automate is the role of a 'Scrub Nurse' by using a robotic arm to hand over the surgical instruments. In this project, we propose to use a Collaborative Robotic-arm as a Scrub nurse that can be controlled with voice commands. The robotic arm was programmed to reach the specified position of the instruments placed on the table equipped with a voice recognition module to recognize the requested surgical instrument. When the Surgeon says "Pick Instrument", the arm picks up the instrument from the table and moves it over to the prior defined handover position. The Surgeon can take over the instrument by saying the command "Drop". Safe pathways for automatic movement of arm and handover position will be predefined by the Surgeon manually. This concept was developed considering the convenience of the Surgeon and the patient's safety, tested for collision, noisy environments, positioning failures and accuracy in grasping the instruments. Limitations that need to be considered in future work are the recognition of voice commands which as well as the returning of the instruments by the surgeon in a practical and safe way.

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Dubik, M. "Alcohol Hand Rub As Effective As Traditional Surgical Scrub and Better Tolerated." AAP Grand Rounds 8, no. 6 (2002): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/gr.8-6-65.

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Kampf, Günter, and Andreas F. Widmer. "Scrub or rub? What is best practice for hand hygiene before surgery?" Veterinary Journal 190, no. 3 (2011): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.02.001.

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O'Farrell, D. A., G. Kenny, M. O'Sullivan, P. Nicholson, M. Stephens, and R. Hone. "Evaluation of the optimal hand-scrub duration prior to total hip arthroplasty." Journal of Hospital Infection 26, no. 2 (1994): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(94)90050-7.

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Iwakiri, Kentaro, Akio Kobayashi, Masahiko Seki, et al. "Waterless Hand Rub Versus Traditional Hand Scrub Methods for Preventing the Surgical Site Infection in Orthopedic Surgery." SPINE 42, no. 22 (2017): 1675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0000000000002200.

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44

Fitriyah, Hurriyatul, Edita Rosana Widasari, Eko Setiawan, and Brian Angga Kusuma. "Interaction design of automatic faucet for standard hand-wash." MATEC Web of Conferences 154 (2018): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815403003.

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In hand-washing practice, people tend to forget to use soap and scrub for 20 seconds as stated in the standard. This paper attempts to develop an automatic faucet that is user-friendly and easy to plug in regular water pipe for standard hand-washing routine. An Interaction Design Process that aims to maximize product usability was applied during the development. The faucet utilized IR proximity sensor to detect presence of hands that would automatically commence the hand-washing process. First, it exited water and soap simultaneously to force users to use soap. The scrubbing duration was marked by buzzer’s sound and LED’s light. The validation test showed health practitioner agreed the faucet facilitates a standard hand-washing. The user test in 30 participants showed users used soap and scrubbed in the exact duration. The usability questionnaire filled by participants showed they were strongly agreed for its usefulness and agreed for its satisfaction and easiness.

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Pirie, Susan. "Surgical Gowning and Gloving." Journal of Perioperative Practice 20, no. 6 (2010): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/175045891002000603.

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Surgical gowning and gloving is an essential element of perioperative practice and is undertaken by the members of the anaesthetic and surgical teams involved in a perioperative intervention or procedure. Gowning and gloving will take place immediately after surgical hand antisepsis and the whole process is often referred to as scrubbing, gowning and gloving. Surgical hand antisepsis is defined as ‘an extension of hand washing’ (AfPP 2007), and ‘the antiseptic surgical scrub or antiseptic hand rubs performed before donning sterile attire preoperatively’” (AORN 2008). The aim of these processes is to improve the perioperative outcome of interventions and procedures by enhancing and further promoting aseptic techniques (ACORN 2006, AfPP 2007).

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Wongworawat, Montri D., and Sidney G. Jones. "Influence of Rings on the Efficacy of Hand Sanitization and Residual Bacterial Contamination." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 28, no. 3 (2007): 351–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/510790.

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Background.Previous studies, conducted before widespread use of scrubless, alcohol-based hand sanitizers, demonstrated increased residual bacterial counts after hand hygiene on hands with jewelry.Objective.To compare the impact of finger rings on the effectiveness of scrubless and water-aided alcohol-based hand sanitization methods with that of povidone-iodine scrub.Design.Randomized, controlled study.Setting.University hospital.Participants.Sixty volunteer subjects from a pool of perioperative staff and medical students.Intervention.After recruitment, participants wore a ring on one hand and no ring on the other hand. They were randomly assigned to perform hand hygiene with a povidone-iodine scrub, an alcohol wash, or a waterless alcohol-chlorhexidine lotion (n = 20 subjects per method). After subjects completed hand hygiene, gloves were placed on their hands by means of sterile methods, and a “glove juice” technique was used to obtain samples for culture. The number of colony-forming units in each culture was counted, and the data were compared.Results.There was no significant difference in the number of bacteria between hands with and hands without rings for the groups that used alcohol wash or alcohol-chlorhexidine lotion. However, for the povidone-iodine group, the number of bacteria on hands with rings was greater than the number on hands without rings (P < .05). The hands of participants who used waterless alcohol-chlorhexidine had the lowest bacterial count, regardless of the presence of rings (P < .01).Conclusions.The presence of rings does not negatively impact the effectiveness of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Use of waterless alcohol-chlorhexidine lotion resulted in the lowest bacterial count.

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Gupta, Shakti Kumar, IB Singh, Parmeshwar Kumar, and Aarti Vij. "A Comparative Study of Hand Hygiene Practices in Operation Theaters in Tertiary Level Hospitals in Delhi, India." International Journal of Research Foundation of Hospital and Healthcare Administration 2, no. 2 (2014): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10035-1021.

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ABSTRACT Background Healthcare associated infections (HCAIs) are directly related to the hand hygiene practices. Differences in implementation of practices may exist among hospitals despite standard guidelines. Objective To compare the hand hygiene practices in the operation theaters of tertiary care hospitals in Delhi. Design and setting: A 6-months descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted in operation theaters of tertiary level, referral public and private sector hospitals in Delhi. Design and setting A 6-months descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted in operation theaters of tertiary level, referral public and private sector hospitals in Delhi. Materials and methods Six leading multispecialty hospitals, three each from the private and public sectors were selected through purposive sampling. The sample comprised of cases from one major operation theater (OT) from each hospital conducting general surgery cases (10% of all cases). A performa with 24 parameters was designed using the Center for Disease Control Guidelines for hand hygiene. Hospitals were analysed in categories and also independently. Results One thousand nine hundred and twenty observations were analyzed from six hospitals. The level of compliance was higher among the private sector and the autonomous hospital. Statistically significant differences were observed with groups of hand hygiene parameters namely hand washing, selection of hand hygiene agent, skin care, and educational programs and surgical scrub, but not regarding hand hygiene policy or technique. Comparison of five hand hygiene practices strongly recommended by CDC practices revealed significant differences. Adherence to hand washing practices was 76%, surgical scrub practice was 85% and overall compliance of hand hygiene practice was 80.5%. Conclusion The study revealed gaps in implementation of hand hygiene practices despite standard guidelines. In future, post interventional studies may reflect the extent of improvement of these practices through reduction in HCAIs. How to cite this article Kumar P, Gupta SK, Kapil A, Vij A, Singh IB. A Comparative Study of Hand Hygiene Practices in Operation Theaters in Tertiary Level Hospitals in Delhi, India. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2014;2(2):87-93.

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Tsai, Jui-Chen, Yen-Kuang Lin, Yen-Jung Huang, et al. "Antiseptic effect of conventional povidone–iodine scrub, chlorhexidine scrub, and waterless hand rub in a surgical room: a randomized controlled trial—ADDENDUM." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 40, no. 2 (2019): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2018.340.

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Ho, Y.-H., Y.-C. Wang, E.-W. Loh, and K.-W. Tam. "Antiseptic efficacies of waterless hand rub, chlorhexidine scrub, and povidone-iodine scrub in surgical settings: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." Journal of Hospital Infection 101, no. 4 (2019): 370–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.11.012.

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O'Neale, Mary. "Hand scrub brushes for patient prepping; final instrument counts; propping OR doors open." AORN Journal 51, no. 5 (1990): 1387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)70163-1.

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