Academic literature on the topic 'Handwriting; Cursive writing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Handwriting; Cursive writing"
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Bo, Jin, Julia Barta, Hilary Ferencak, Sara Comstock, Vanessa Riley, and Joni Krueger. "Developmental Characteristics in Cursive and Printed Letter-Writing for School-Age Children." Journal of Motor Learning and Development 2, no. 1 (March 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2012-0001.
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The current study evaluated the developmental characteristics of printed and cursive letter writing in early school-age children. We predicted fewer age-related changes on spatial and temporal measures in cursive letter writing due to lower explicit timing demands compared with printed letter writing. Thirty children wrote the letters e and l in cursive and printed forms repetitively. For printed letters, significant age effects were seen in temporal consistency, whereas cursive letters showed age-related improvement in spatial consistency. Children tended to have higher consistency for printed handwriting than they did for cursive writing. Because of an overall advantage for printed handwriting, the explicit timing hypothesis was not fully supported. We argue that experiential factors influence the development of handwriting.
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Kučera, Miloš. "On Writing and Handwriting." Journal of Pedagogy / Pedagogický casopis 1, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10159-010-0007-4.
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On Writing and Handwriting Writing is often considered secondary to the spoken language, as it is only coded sound-by-sound. But other scholars have demonstrated that writing is similar to ‘arithmetic’: a cognitive structuring, a shift to the meta-level (‘for the eye’). Handwriting (referred to here as the cursive writing in the sense of joined up handwriting, of ‘écriture liée’) differs from writing (in the first analysis): it has its own grammar composed of paradigmatic gestemes and tracemes and its own syntagmatic rules that connect them. In emotional terms, handwriting is designed to provide a special pleasure by its own drive (instinct, ‘Trieb’). But there is also cognitive aspect to it: the rapidity and fluidity of a cursive writing could be (in professional writing, for instance) more important (at the climax of the creative process) than it being legible for all eternity. The project of the new handwriting reform for Czech schools, abolishing the liaison between letters, is shown to be a modern and technically simplified form of calligraphy.
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Morin, Marie-France, Natalie Lavoie, and Isabelle Montésinos-Gelet. "The Effects of Manuscript, Cursive or Manuscript/Cursive Styles on Writing Development in Grade 2." Language and Literacy 14, no. 1 (January 25, 2012): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.20360/g21s3v.
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In the research area of writing development, an increasing number of researchers suggest that graphomotor skills could be much more important than they appear to be (Christensen, 2009). Few researchers have studied the link between handwriting and teaching practices, despite the fact that some studies indicate its importance (Graham, 2010). The general objective of this study is to explore the relationship between different handwriting styles and the development of writing skills among 715 children in Grade 2. Generally, our results show that the three handwriting styles (manuscript/cursive, manuscript, and cursive) have different effects on writing development (speed, quality, word production, and text production).
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Fitrianingsih, Fitrianingsih, Sarifuddin Madenda, Ernastuti Ernastuti, Suryarini Widodo, and Rodiah Rodiah. "Cursive Handwriting Segmentation using Ideal Distance Approach." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2017): 2863. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i5.pp2863-2872.
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Offline cursive handwriting becomes a major challenge due to the huge amount of handwriting varieties such as slant handwriting, space between words, the size and direction of the letter, the style of writing the letter and handwriting with contour similarity on some letters. There are some steps for recursive handwriting recognition. The steps are preprocessing, morphology, segmentation, features of letter extraction and recognition. Segmentation is a crucial process in handwriting recognition since the success of segmentation step will determine the success level of recognition. This paper proposes a segmentation algorithm that segment recursive handwriting into letters. These letters will form words using a method that determine the intersection cutting point of image recursive handwriting with an ideal image distance. The ideal distance of recursive handwriting image is an ideal distance segmentation point in order to avoid the cutting of other letter’s section. The width and height of images are used to determine the accurate segmentation point. There were 999 recursive handwriting input images taken from 25 researchers used for this study. The images used are the images obtained from preprocessing step. Those are the images with slope correction. This study used Support Vector Machine (SVM) to recognize recursive handwriting. The experiments show the proposed segmentation algorithm able to segment the image precisely and have 97% success recognizing the recursive handwriting.
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Andrews, Jane E., and Linda J. Lombardino. "Strategies for Teaching Handwriting to Children with Writing Disabilities." Perspectives on Language Learning and Education 21, no. 3 (July 2014): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/lle21.3.114.
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Handwriting abilities have been shown to play an important role in the academic performance of children, especially children who have disorders of written language. Dysgraphia is the most commonly identified neurodevelopmental grapho-motor disorder of handwriting and it often co-occurs with dyslexia. Even in an age where much print is accomplished by keyboarding, legible handwriting continues to be an indispensable skill for a range of academic, vocational, social, and professional activities. In keeping with research that supports the importance of cursive writing, this paper focuses on guidelines for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who evaluate, diagnose, and treat children with disorders of written language accompanied by marked deficits in handwriting.
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Morales, Celia, Verónica Gil, Natalia Suárez, Desireé González, and Juan E. Jiménez. "FLUIDEZ Y EXACTITUD EN LA COPIA DE LETRAS DEL ALFABETO (MANUSCRITA VS. CURSIVA): UN ESTUDIO TRANSVERSAL." International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 6, no. 1 (January 12, 2017): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v6.768.
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Abstract.FLUENCY AND ACCURACY IN COPYING TASKS (MANUSCRIPT VS. CURSIVE): A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDYHandwriting evolves with the pass of time. The type of script which children begin to learn depends on curriculum in their countries and the educational policy. There are two main types of script: manuscript and cursive. There is a controversial issue about which type of script would be best to use to begin the teaching of handwriting, but has not been a consensus yet. This research analyzes manuscript and cursive script modalities. Our objective was to determine whether there are differences in accuracy and fluency when students are copying the alphabet letters using different types of script (manuscript vs. cursive), and also whether these differences are mediated by the grade (1st, 2nd and 3rd ). A subtest from the test called Early Grade Writing Assessment (EGWA) (Jiménez, 2012) was administered to a sample of children from 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade.Keywords: writing, fluency, accuracy, manuscript letter, cursive letter, cross-sectional study.Resumen.La escritura evoluciona con el paso del tiempo. El tipo de letra que los niños comienzan a aprender depende del currículo de su país y la política educativa. Hay dos tipos principales de letra: manuscrita y cursiva. Existe un debate sobre qué tipo de letra sería mejor utilizar para comenzar la enseñanza de la escritura, pero no se ha llegado a un consenso. Esta investigación analiza la escritura con ambos tipos de letra. Nuestro objetivo ha sido averiguar si existen diferencias en la exactitud y fluidez cuando los niños copian el alfabeto utilizando diferentes tipos de letras (manuscrita vs. cursiva), y si estas diferencias están mediatizadas por el curso (1º, 2º y 3º). Para ello se administraron algunos subtests de la prueba denominada Early Grade Writing Assessment (EGWA) (Jiménez, 2012) a una muestra de niños de 1º, 2º y 3º de Educación Primaria.Palabras clave: escritura, fluidez, exactitud, letra manuscrita, letra cursiva, diseño transversal.
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Cohen, Marsha R. "Individual and Sex Differences in Speed of Handwriting among High School Students." Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 3_suppl (June 1997): 1428–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.3c.1428.
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A group of 153 high school students participated in a cursive handwriting task which required them to copy sentences as quickly as possible. The 78 girls performed significantly better than the 75 boys and a substantial range of speed for each sex was found. The results have implications for more demanding writing and composition processes. Handwriting speed has the potential to act as a limiting factor under some circumstances.
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Bezine, Hala. "Authoring mobile tool for improving cursive handwriting learning/writing skills." International Journal of Learning Technology 15, no. 2 (2020): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijlt.2020.109572.
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Şara Hürsoy, Perihan. "Transition from the rules of cursive italic handwriting to manuscript handwriting regarding the views of teacher, parent and studentBitişik eğik yazıdan dik temel yazı kullanımına geçiş ile ilgili öğretmen, veli ve öğrenci görüşleri." Journal of Human Sciences 14, no. 4 (January 1, 2018): 4809. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i4.5144.
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There are various views about the use of manuscript handwriting and cursive italic handwriting in the teaching early years literacy. The reason of this research is to explore the thoughts of the first class teachers, parents who have children in the first class and students who are receiving education in the first class about the transition from cursive italic handwriting to manuscript handwriting.The technique of interview is used in this research as one of the qualitative research methods. 20 first class teachers in duty, 20 parents and 20 first class students, which make up total of 60 persons, participated to this research in the province of Uşak. The data are compiled partially by structured interview forms and analysed descriptively. According to findings, first class teachers who participated to this research are having positive thoughts about the manuscript handwriting. The majority of class teachers who participated to this research expressed their difficulties in teaching the cursive italic handwriting.Class teachers who participated to this research prefer the teaching early years literacy through manuscript letters to the teaching early years literacy through the cursive italic handwriting.The majority of class teachers, parents and students who participated in this research considered the decision about the transition from the cursive italic handwriting to manuscript handwriting in the education of first reading and writing during the academic year of 2016-2017 as a true and appropriate decision.Parents and students participated to the research are preferring manuscript handwriting in the education of first reading and writing.Extended English abstract is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. Özetİlk okuma yazma öğretiminde dik temel harflerin kullanımı ve bitişik eğik yazının kullanılması yönünde çeşitli görüşler bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı birinci sınıf öğretmenlerinin, birinci sınıfta çocuğu bulunan velilerin ve birinci sınıfta öğrenim gören öğrencilerin bitişik eğik yazıdan dik yazıya geçiş ile ilgili düşüncelerini ortaya çıkarmaktır.Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya Uşak ilinde görev yapmakta olan 20 birinci sınıf öğretmeni, 20 veli ve 20 birinci sınıf öğrencisi olmak üzere 60 kişi katılmıştır. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile veriler toplanmış ve betimsel olarak analiz edilmiştir.Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; sınıf öğretmenleri dik temel harflerin öğretimi ile ilgili olumlu düşüncelere sahiptirler. Birinci sınıf öğretmenlerinin büyük çoğunluğu bitişik eğik yazı öğretiminde zorlandıklarını dile getirmişlerdir. Araştırmaya katılan sınıf öğretmenleri dik temel harflerle ilk okuma yazma öğretimini bitişik eğik yazı ile ilk okuma yazma öğretimine tercih etmektedirler.Araştırmaya katılan sınıf öğretmenlerinin büyük çoğunluğu, veliler ve öğrenciler 2016-2017 eğitim öğretim yılında ilk okuma yazma öğretiminde bitişik eğik yazıdan, dik temel harflere geçiş hakkındaki kararı doğru ve yerinde bir karar olarak nitelendirmişlerdir.Araştırmaya katılan veliler ve öğrenciler ilk okuma yazma öğretiminde dik temel yazıyı tercih etmektedirler.
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Barrientos, Pablo. "Handwriting Development in Spanish Children With and Without Learning Disabilities: A Graphonomic Approach." Journal of Learning Disabilities 50, no. 5 (April 18, 2016): 552–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022219416633866.
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The central purpose of this study was to analyze the dynamics of handwriting movements in real time for Spanish students in early grades with and without learning disabilities. The sample consisted of 120 children from Grades 1 through 3 (primary education), classified into two groups: with learning disabilities and without learning disabilities. The Early Grade Writing Assessment tasks selected for this purpose were writing the alphabet in order from memory, alphabet copying in cursive and manuscript, and allograph selection. The dynamics of these four handwriting tasks were recorded using graphonomic tablets (type Wacom Intuos-4), Intuos Inking pens, and Eye and Pen 2 software. Several events were recorded across four different tasks: velocity, pressure, time invested in pauses, and automaticity. The results demonstrated significant graphonomic variations between groups across grades, depending on the type of task.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Handwriting; Cursive writing"
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Wong, Wing Seong. "Form analysis using colour and context." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366081.
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Varga, Tamás. "Off-line cursive handwriting recognition using synthetic training data." Berlin Aka, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2838183&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Bristow, Kelly H. "Freeform Cursive Handwriting Recognition Using a Clustered Neural Network." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804845/.
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Optical character recognition (OCR) software has advanced greatly in recent years. Machine-printed text can be scanned and converted to searchable text with word accuracy rates around 98%. Reasonably neat hand-printed text can be recognized with about 85% word accuracy. However, cursive handwriting still remains a challenge, with state-of-the-art performance still around 75%. Algorithms based on hidden Markov models have been only moderately successful, while recurrent neural networks have delivered the best results to date. This thesis explored the feasibility of using a special type of feedforward neural network to convert freeform cursive handwriting to searchable text. The hidden nodes in this network were grouped into clusters, with each cluster being trained to recognize a unique character bigram. The network was trained on writing samples that were pre-segmented and annotated. Post-processing was facilitated in part by using the network to identify overlapping bigrams that were then linked together to form words and sentences. With dictionary assisted post-processing, the network achieved word accuracy of 66.5% on a small, proprietary corpus. The contributions in this thesis are threefold: 1) the novel clustered architecture of the feed-forward neural network, 2) the development of an expanded set of observers combining image masks, modifiers, and feature characterizations, and 3) the use of overlapping bigrams as the textual working unit to assist in context analysis and reconstruction.
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Dumont, Danièle. "Le système d’écriture des minuscules latines manuscrites en usage dans les écoles françaises : intérêt de la prise en compte de ce système pour l’enseignement de l’écriture manuscrite." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05H004/document.
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Notre démarche repose sur le constat que de plus en plus d’enfants sont en difficulté d’écriture. Elle vise à proposer une base de réflexion sur laquelle pourrait s’appuyer un enseignement structuré de l’écriture. Notre recherche porte sur l’écriture des lettres minuscules cursives manuscrites latines en usage dans les écoles françaises. Nous avons fait l’hypothèse que cette écriture, produit de l’école française, constitue un système dont nous pouvons désigner les éléments et définir le fonctionnement. Cette hypothèse ouvre sur la perspective que la prise en compte de ce système pourrait être une aide à l’apprentissage de l’écriture. Notre choix est conforté par les résultats des neurosciences qui montrent qu’écrire à la main serait une aide à l’apprentissage de la lecture. A partir de l’analyse de commentaires sur la lisibilité d’un corpus d’écritures manuscrites, nous montrerons comment est construit ce système et quelles relations hiérarchiques et fonctionnelles ses éléments entretiennent entre eux. Nous y verrons que le cœur du système s’organiserait en deux unités minimales, déclinées chacune en une forme de base et deux dérivées pour l’une, trois dérivées pour l’autre. Le système constitué par l’ensemble de ces sept formes permettrait d’écrire toutes les lettres minuscules cursives latines en usage en France.En ouverture vers d’autres projets, nous avons mis ce système à l’épreuve de la reconnaissance des lettres par des enfants d’école maternelle. Nous avons constaté une amélioration du score entre avant et après une séance d’observation commentée collective. Cette recherche sur le système d’écriture des lettres minuscules cursives latines nous a conduite à avancer des propositions pédagogiques pour l’enseignement de l’écritureOur processes are based on the fact that more and more children have difficulties with handwriting. Its aim is to propose a basis for thought on which a structured teaching of handwriting could lean. Our research focuses on Latin handwritten cursive small letters used in French schools. We made the assumption that this writing - a French school product - constitutes a system, the elements of which can be named and the functioning described. This hypothesis leads to the viewpoint that to take this system into account could be a help in the teaching of writing. Our choice is backed up by the results of neurosciences which show that to write with the hand would be a help in learning to read. From the analysis of comments on the legibility of a corpus of handwritings, we shall show how this system is built and what hierarchic and functional relations its elements continuously use with each other. We shall see that the heart of the system would be organized into two minimal units. Each of them set up as a basic form and two derivatives for the one, three for the other. The system constituted by these seven forms would allow all of the Latin cursive small letters used in France to be written. As an opening towards others projects, we submitted this system to the recognition of letters by children at nursery school. We noticed an improvement of the score between before and after a session of collective commented observation of the letters. This research about Latin handwritten cursive small letters brought us to make certain pedagogical proposals for the training of teachers
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Rouleau, Natasha. "Les habiletés graphomotrices et les habiletés de production écrite chez les élèves de deuxième année du primaire." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9722.
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Cette recherche avait pour objectif de tracer le portrait des habiletés graphomotrices d’élèves de deuxième année du primaire fréquentant le milieu scolaire francophone québécois. Elle visait aussi à comparer l’évolution au cours de la deuxième année du primaire des habiletés graphomotrices, orthographiques et rédactionnelles des participants selon le style d’écriture appris et mobilisé (script ou cursif) et en fonction de différents niveaux graphomoteurs (fort et faible). Globalement, les résultats suggèrent que les élèves québécois de deuxième année, qu’ils écrivent en script ou en cursif depuis le début de leur scolarisation, ont une fluidité graphomotrice qui est comparable et qui se traduit par la production en moyenne d’environ 14 lettres lisibles par minute en début d’année et de 20 en fin d’année. Tant en script qu’en cursif, la vitesse d’écriture des élèves de deuxième année évolue positivement en cours d’année, mais ceux qui écrivent en script manifestent une progression de vitesse plus marquée. En revanche, concernant la lisibilité des lettres, les élèves qui écrivent en script atteignent un plateau en début d’année, alors qu’une amélioration s’observe entre le début et la fin de la deuxième année chez les élèves qui écrivent en cursif. La comparaison des performances et de l’évolution des habiletés orthographiques et rédactionnelles des élèves de deuxième année pointe des écarts importants pour les variables d’orthographe en copie différée, de longueur et de contenu des textes selon que les élèves présentent une bonne ou une faible fluidité graphomotrice, indépendamment du style d’écriture mobilisé (script ou cursif). Finalement, du point de vue de l’évolution des habiletés orthographiques et rédactionnelles, l'étude n’a pas permis d’identifier un avantage pour l’un ou l’autre des styles d’écriture, et ce, tant chez les élèves forts sur le plan graphomoteur que chez les élèves plus faibles.
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Gustavsson, Urban. "Elevers attityder till handskrift : En flermetodsstudie om handskriftens betydelse och framtid enligt elever i årskurs 5." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-45128.
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Handskrift – definierat som skrivande för hand med penna – har av tradition varit en viktig komponent i grundskolans läroplan. Sett till de teknologiska framsteg som gjorts under de senaste 20 åren står dock handskriften numera inför en osäker framtid. Likt övriga samhället har skolväsendet påbörjat en digital omställning där en stor del av debatten kretsar kring huruvida handskrift och handskriftsundervisning är relevant. Enligt lärare minskar också handskriftens betydelse i skolorna på grund av upplevd tidsbrist, styrdokumentens utformning, brister i lärarutbildningen och rådande digitalisering. Trots det har vi lite kunskap om vad elever tycker om denna utveckling, därav idén till föreliggande studie. Genom kvalitativ utforskning konstruerades ett kvantitativt mätinstrument för attityd, vilket föreliggande flermetodsstudie använt i syfte att bättre förstå vilka attityder grundskoleelever har till skrivande för hand. Följande tre frågeställningar har använts: (1) Vilken relevans anser elever att handskrift har?; (2) Vad tror elever om handskriftens framtidsutsikter?; och (3) Hur uppfattar elever sin egen handstil? Totalt deltog 55 elever från årskurs 5 i studien, fördelat över tre skolor. Fem individuella, semistrukturerade intervjuer hölls med elever (10 till 11 år). De uppfattningar och föreställningar som identifierades genomgick en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och resultatet agerade underlag i konstruerandet av en enkät. Enkäten besvarades av 50 elever (svarsfrekvens: 72 %). Enkätsvaren analyserades med SPSS version 25 där reliabilitetstester utfördes med hjälp av Cronbachs alfa och corrected item-total korrelation. Resultatet indikerar att elever har en positiv attityd gentemot handskrift, skrivstil inkluderat, men att skrivande över datorn anses mer praktiskt. Eleverna har även en relativt positiv attityd till sin egen handstil. Dock anses läslighet vara den enda aspekten av betydande vikt. Eleverna tror att de kommer använda handskrift i framtiden men att dess betydelse kommer minska till följd av digitaliseringen.Handwriting - defined as writing done by hand with a pen or pencil – has traditionally been an essential component in the elementary curriculum. However, due to the last 20 years of technological advancements, the future of handwriting is anything but certain. Education has, just as the rest of the society, entered an age of digital technologies and much of the debate revolves around the relevance of handwriting and handwriting instruction. Indeed, teachers believe the importance of handwriting has declined in recent years due to time constrains, imprecise guidelines in curricula, deficient teacher training, and digitalization of schools. Yet, little is known about what students think about this evolution, hence the idea of present study. By constructing a quantitative attitude measurement instrument using qualitative exploration, the present mixed-method study seeks to better understand what attitudes elementary school students hold toward writing by hand. The following three research questions were investigated: (1) What relevance does handwriting have according to students?; (2) What is the future of handwriting according to students?; and (3) How do students perceive their own handwriting? A total of 55 fifth-grade students from three Swedish schools participated in the study. Five students (10 to 11 years) took part in semi-structured interviews. Qualitative content analysis was used to identify beliefs reported by the students and a questionnaire was constructed based on the set of beliefs elicited. Fifty students completed the questionnaire (response rate: 72%). Using SPSS version 25 for data analysis, Cronbach's alpha and corrected item-total correlation were used for reliability testing. The results indicate that students have a positive attitude toward handwriting including cursive, though word-processors is considered more convenient. Students also hold relatively positive attitudes toward their own handwriting, yet the only aspect that is of real importance to them is legibility. Students believe they will practice handwriting in the future but that its relevance will decrease due to digitalization.
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Sasková, Marcela. "Výuka psaní prostřednictvím písma Comenia Script." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-387192.
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The aim of this diploma thesis is to introduce the reader to a new writing model Comenia Script and the results of its establishing during the first years of a school attendance. The theoretical part deals with a developement of a script, a characteristic of a cursive Latin alphabet writing and Comenia Script and a contemporary education of a first-year writing. In the practical part the findings gathered during the participant observation of the entrusted sample of respondents were analysed and the questionnaire survey focussed on attitudes of involved pupils' parents was evaluated.
Books on the topic "Handwriting; Cursive writing"
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Handwriting success for adults: Learning manuscript and cursive writing. Houston, Tex: Advance Pub., 1999.
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(Illustrator), Andy Everitt-Stewart, ed. Cursive Writing (Practice). Ladybird Books Ltd, 1994.
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ben. Handwriting Letters of the Alphabet: Handwriting Book,cursive Handwriting Book,handwriting Cursive Sheets,handwriting Letters and Numbers,handwriting Letters Worksheets,cursive Writing for Beginners,cursive Handwriting Practice Worksheets,. Independently Published, 2020.
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Pendergrass, Carol R. Writing Right Book II Cursive Handwriting. Pendergrass Publishing Company, 1994.
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D'Nealian Handwriting Cursive ABC Book: Handwriting Practice Book. Pearson Education, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Handwriting; Cursive writing"
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MEULENBROEK, RUUD G. J., and GERARD P. VAN GALEN. "THE PRODUCTION OF CONNECTING STROKES IN CURSIVE WRITING: DEVELOPING CO-ARTICULATION IN 8 TO 12 YEAR-OLD CHILDREN." In Computer Recognition and Human Production of Handwriting, 273–86. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814434195_0019.
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