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Tran, Xuan T., Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, and Paul D. Roach. "Reduced Pollination Efficiency Compromises Some Physicochemical Qualities in Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Fruit." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010190.
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Gac is valued for the nutritious aril surrounding its seed. When pollinators are limited or when flower sex expression is female-biased, hand pollination is necessary. Here, female flowers were hand pollinated with male flowers or pollen stored for up to 84 days at 4 or −20 °C, and fruit set and some qualities of mature fruit were evaluated. Cool storage reduced pollen viability (germinability and pollen tube length) and compromised fruit set (10–87%) compared with fresh pollen (97%). Fruit weight was also reduced at least by 8%, and oil concentration in aril by 40%. However, the lycopene and β-carotene concentrations in aril were largely uncompromised, and some fruits were of a marketable weight (>1.2 kg) and quality. Cool storage is a low-cost method for the short-term storage of Gac pollen. However, methods for drying pollen to an inactive state need investigation for a storage protocol, and for improvements in fruit set and fruit physicochemical qualities using hand pollination.
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Ariel, Mira. "Or constructions." Constructions and Frames 11, no. 2 (November 7, 2019): 193–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.00028.ari.
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Abstract Utterance interpretation involves semantically specified codes and context-based pragmatic inferences, which complement each other. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the very complex relation between a subset of codes, Goldbergian constructions, specifically ones centering around ‘alternativity’, and pragmatic inferences. I analyze a variety of or constructions and sub-constructions, emphasizing not only the role of coded constructions on the one hand, and of inferences, on the other hand, but also of cues, namely, linguistic forms that bias towards a specific interpretation, although they do not encode that interpretation. The synchronic variability with respect to the relative contribution of code, inference and cue reflects a grammaticization cycle whereby codes (here constructions) are routinely enriched by inferences, often supported by cues, which in turn may evolve into new codes (here sub-constructions).
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Oluba, Olarewaju M., Divine-Favour O. Mbamara, Oghenerobor B. Akpor, Feyikemi D. Adebiyi, Olayinka O. Alabi, Ayoola Shoyombo, and Omorefosa O. Osemwegie. "Effects of drying methods on compositional characterization and functional characteristics of Blighia sapida aril oil." OCL 28 (2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2020064.
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The composition of Blighia sapida fruits is reported to differ based on its origin, variety, and preservation technique. In this study, the effect of drying method on the composition as well as the antioxidant activity of oven-dried and sun-dried B. sapida aril flour and oil were examined using standard procedures. Sun-dried B. sapida aril flour had significantly higher protein and fat content compared to the oven-dried flour. In addition, sun-dried B. sapida aril flour contained a more diverse phytochemical profile compared to the oven-dried flour. However, oven-dried B. sapida aril oil (ODAO) showed a higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids compared to oil from the sun-dried B. sapida flour (SDAO). On the other hand, SDAO showed significantly higher DPPH scavenging and nitric oxide inhibitory activities compared to ODAO. Based on these findings, sun-drying is recommended for both nutritional purposes and other health-promoting usage such as antioxidant, over oven-drying.
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Colombo, R. C., D. S. Costa, D. U. Carvalho, M. A. Cruz, and S. R. Roberto. "Methods of aril removal and lightness conditions on seeds physiological quality of sour passion fruits." Brazilian Journal of Biology 79, no. 3 (September 2019): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.178623.
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Abstract Passion fruits species presents a larger economic importance for in natura consumption and industry. The main way to propagate these species is by seeds; however, the aril presence and environmental conditions may inhibit the seeds germination. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of aril removal methods and light conditions on P. edulis var. flavicarpa seeds quality and germination. There were used five methods to remove the seeds aril: (1) friction on steel mesh sieve for 5 minutes; (2) friction with coarse sand on steel mesh sieve for 5 minutes; (3) immersion in lime solution at 10% (w/v), for 30 minutes; (4) fermentation in sugar solution at 10% (w/v), during 48 hours; and (5) natural pulp fermentation, during five days. The seeds were submitted to germination test at darkness and lightness, as well as, to length seedlings and emergence test. Regardless the aril removal method, the germination percentage was lower at lightness than darkness highlighting the natural pulp fermentation treatment, which presented 86% of seeds germinated. On the other hand, the aril removal methods did not affect the seedlings emergence, with emergence percentages ranged from 88 to 94%.
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Moreno, R. D., M. Hoshi, and C. Barros. "Functional interactions between sulphated polysaccharides and proacrosin: implications in sperm binding and digestion of zona pellucida." Zygote 7, no. 2 (May 1999): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199499000453.
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Acrosin is a serine protease located within mammalian acrosome as inactive proacrosin. Sulphated polymers bind to proacrosin and acrosin, to a domain different from the active site. Upon binding, these polymers induce proacrosin activation and some of them, such as fucoidan, inhibit sperm binding to the zona pellucida. In this work we have studied the interaction of solubilised zona pellucida glycoproteins (ZPGs), heparin and ARIS (Acrosome Reaction Inducing Substance of Starfish) with boar and human acrosin. We have found that ARIS, solubilised ZPGs and fucoidan, but not heparin, inhibit the binding of the monoclonal antibody against human acrosin C5F10 to boar or human proacrosin. These results suggest that fucoidan, solubilised ZPGs and ARIS bind to a related domain on the proacrosin surface. Moreover, ARIS was able to induce human proacrosin activation. On the other hand, neither ARIS nor heparin from porcine intestinal mucosa or bovine lung induced hamster sperm acrosome reaction or sperm motility. Recent data showed that acrosin is involved in dispersal of the acrosomal matrix after acrosome reaction. Thus, the control of the ZPG glycan chains over proacrosin activation may regulate both sperm penetration rate and limited proteolysis of zona pellucida proteins.
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Kiwan, Nancy, Ziyad Mahfoud, Suhaila Ghuloum, Rifka Chamali, Arij Yehya, Samer Hammoudeh, Yahya Hani, Iman Amro, and Hassen Al-Amin. "Correction to: Self-Reported Sleep and Exercise Patterns in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study." International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 27, no. 2 (January 22, 2020): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12529-020-09851-2.
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The article Self-Reported Sleep and Exercise Patterns in Patients with Schizophrenia: a Cross-Sectional Comparative Study written by Nancy Kiwan, Ziyad Mahfoud, Suhaila Ghuloum, Rifka Chamali, Arij Yehya, Samer Hammoudeh, Yahya Hani, Iman Amro, and Hassen Al-Amin
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Nuzhyna, Nataliya Volodymyrivna, and Maryna Mykolaivna Gaydarzhy. "Comparative characteristics of anatomical and morphological adaptations of plants of two subgenera Haworthia Duval to arid environmental conditions." Acta Agrobotanica 68, no. 1 (2015): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2015.006.
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This paper presents the comparative anatomical and morphological characteristics of plants of two subgenera: <em>Haworthia</em> and <em>Hexangularis</em>. The study revealed two different strategies of adaptation to arid conditions of the growth of different subgenera of the genus <em>Haworthia</em>. Plants of the subgenus <em>Haworthia</em> adapted to arid conditions by increasing the accumulation of water, the presence of “windows”, a smaller stoma size, and a thinner outer wall of the epidermis cells. On the other hand, plants of the subgenus <em>Hexangularis</em> adapted to arid conditions by reducing overheating and transpiration as well as by the presence of papillae and a thickened outer wall of the epidermis cells.
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Rounsaville, Todd J., Carol C. Baskin, Eric Roemmele, and Mary A. Arthur. "Seed dispersal and site characteristics influence germination and seedling survival of the invasive liana Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper) in a rural woodland." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 11 (November 2018): 1343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0212.
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The invasive liana Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Maz. (wintercreeper) is an emerging invader that through monodominance of woodlands can drastically reduce native species diversity and alter nutrient cycling. We studied how the vegetation and soils of invaded (INV), “native” (NAT), and wintercreeper removal (REM) site treatments influenced seed germination and seedling survival of this invader. The effect of aril (with vs. without) was also tested for wintercreeper seeds under field and in vitro conditions as a proxy for gravity vs. animal dispersal of seed, respectively. Germination was significantly delayed for seeds sown with an aril (vs. without), as well as those sown in INV soils (vs. NAT or REM), but neither site nor aril affected total germination. The proportion of germinated seedlings that survived after the first winter was significantly different based on site (p = 0.054) and aril (p = 0.071) treatments, with lower survival resulting from seeds sown without arils, and for seeds sown in INV sites. Magnesium (Mg) concentrations were significantly higher among INV soils (vs. NAT) and provide further support that wintercreeper is a driver of soil nutrient change. Our findings that aril-enclosed (gravity-dispersed) seeds yielded greater survival, despite being locally dispersed within invaded sites (where survival was lowest), support the historically slow rate of spread for this species.
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Popova, Karolina Yu. "Formation and problems of water resources use in Egypt." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 8 (2021): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2021-0-8-57-59.
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The article examines the formation and use of water resources in Egypt, as the most important producer of agricultural products not only in the Middle East, but throughout Africa. The intensification of agricultural production in an arid climate requires an increasing volume of water consumption, which implies, on the one hand, an increase in the water-covered area of artificial origin, and, on the other hand, the introduction of measures to save water and search for sources, first of all, through desalination.
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TURK, M. A., and A. M. TAWAHA. "WHEAT RESPONSE TO 2,4-D APPLICATION AT TWO GROWTH STAGES UNDER SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 49, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.49.2001.4.10.
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A 2-year field study was conducted during the rainy seasons of 1999 and 2000 at Houfa in northern Jordan, to study the performance of two wheat cultivars ACSAD 65 and F8 and their response to hand weeding (practised monthly during the growing seasons) and 2,4-D application at different growth stages. In both growing seasons, no significant differences (P≤0.05) in grain yield were recorded between the cultivars studied. Differences in weed number and fresh weight were significant between the various treatments in both seasons. Hand weeding proved the best method of weed control. In both growing seasons, yield reductions occurred when 2,4-D was applied to wheat, irrespective of the stage of application. Hand weeding treatment was more effective than 2,4-D application in suppressing weed growth.
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Schieber, Jürgen. "A combined petrographical—geochemical provenance study of the Newland Formation, Mid-Proterozoic of Montana." Geological Magazine 129, no. 2 (March 1992): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800008293.
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AbstractA provenance study was conducted on the Mid-Proterozoic Newland Formation, in which petrographical features of sandstones and geochemical characteristics of shales were integrated to arrive at an internally consistent interpretation.Sandstones of the Newland Formation are typically arkosic sands and arkoses with very-well-rounded quartz and feldspar grains and only minor amounts of extrabasinal rock fragments. The predominant feldspar types are K-spar and microcline, feldspar grains are smaller than quartz grains, and feldspars show little alteration due to weathering. Detrital modes of Newland sandstones (QFL diagrams) indicate that they were derived from a stable cratonic source. These petrographical features imply a source area dominated by granites and granitoid gneisses, semi-arid to arid climate, tectonic quiescence, and overall peneplain conditions.Shales of the Newland Formation are dominated by illite, quartz silt, and fine crystalline dolomite. They have small La/Th rations, relatively large Hf contents, and small contents of Cr, Co, and Ni, all indicative of derivation from crust of granitic composition. Small Tio2/Al2O3ratios also suggest source rocks of granitic composition. The average chemical index of alteration (CIA) for Newland shales is 71.8, which in light of the probable granitoid source indicates modest amounts of chemical weathering. Relatively large SiO2contents and large K2O/Na2O ratios reflect derivation from stable cratonic areas and tectonic quiescence.Thus, in general, the petrography of sandstones and geochemistry of shales provides the same provenance clues for the Newland Formation. One notable discrepancy between the two approaches is that the sandstones indicate an arid to semi-arid climate with very minor chemical weathering, whereas the CIA of the shales indicates at least modest amounts of chemical weathering. This indicates on one hand the need to better calibrate the CIA with a large variety of muds from modern climatic settings, and on the other hand the possibility that this discrepancy is due to transport segregation.
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Mamiev, D. M. "OPTIMIZATION OF THE SOWN AREAS STRUCTURE FOR THE STEPPE ZONE OF RSO – ALANIA." Scientific Life 15, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2020-15-7-905-912.
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The structure of the cultivated areas serves as the basis for the system of crop rotation, the main link in modern farming systems. The structure of sown areas and the system of crop rotations as the fundamental links of the farming system have close direct correlations and feed-backs with all other links of the farming system. On the one hand, they are fundamental, first of all, for organizing the soil protection and nature conservation of the territory, since in each farm the sown areas of agricultural crops on arable land prevail over the area of other agricultural lands. On the other hand, the system of crop rotation, which is developed on the basis of the promising structure of sown areas, is the basis for other links of the farming system. For more efficient use of arable land, increasing the yield of major agricultural crops, meeting the needs of farms with crop production, improving soil fertility, it is necessary to change the structure of sown areas taking into account the specific agro-climatic conditions of the steppe zone. There are two subzones in the considered zone: arid and moderately arid one. We have substantiated and optimized the structure of cultivated areas in order to increase soil fertility, ecological balance and productivity of agricultural landscapes for these two sub-zones of the steppe zone. For the arid sub-zone, in the structure of sown areas, winter and spring crops should occupy 51.7%, legumes – 9.8%, fodder – 12.5%, industrial – 21%, vegetables – 5%. For the moderately arid sub-zone in the structure of sown areas, winter and spring crops should occupy 42.0%, legumes – 10.3%, corn for grain – 13.7%, fodder – 10.5%, industrial – 17.0%, vegetables – 5%, potatoes – 1.5%.
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Bigi, Velia, Alessandro Pezzoli, Elena Comino, and Maurizio Rosso. "A Vulnerability Assessment in Scant Data Context: The Case of North Horr Sub-County." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 27, 2020): 6024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156024.
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In Kenyan rural areas belonging to the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs), water quantity and water quality are major issues for the local population. In North Horr Sub-County water quality is threatened by nitrate contamination due to fecal matter pollution. This research, hence, aims at assessing the vulnerability of open shallow water sources to nitrate contamination due to fecal intrusion following flooding events and nitrate percolation in groundwater. The present research, indeed, provides, on one hand, new insights into the analysis of the vulnerability in a scant data context; on the other hand, it assesses the adaptation measures contained in the local development plan. Applying the reference definition of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the results demonstrate that the open shallow water sources in the northern part of the sub-county are more vulnerable to nitrate contamination. Furthermore, the consistency of the results proves the suitability of the methodology selected. Understanding the vulnerability at the local scale is key to planning risk-reduction strategies as well to increasing the local population’s knowledge about flood-related risks and water quality.
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Başaran, M., O. Uzun, and G. Erpul. "Evaluation of field performance of BEST aeolian sediment catcher in sandy-loam soil of arid zone of Turkey." Soil and Water Research 12, No. 2 (April 10, 2017): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/55/2016-swr.
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Field measurement of wind erosion is still a great challenge for researchers. In this study, field performance of a newly designed sediment trap BEST (Basaran and Erpul Sediment Trap) was evaluated for the first time and compared with the commonly used Modified Wilson and Cook (MWAC) traps. Experiments were carried out at the Karapinar Research Station of Konya Soil and Water Resources Institute over the 50 × 50 m tilled sandy loam plot. Three wind erosion events occurred during the experiments. A small amount of sediment was trapped by the MWAC traps only at 0.20 m in all three events, and there were not sufficient sediment measurements at the catch heights to obtain vertical mass flux profiles. On the other hand, BEST was able to catch sufficient amount of sediment at each trap height to calculate soil losses from the experimental fields. Besides, an analysis for particle size characteristics by electron microscopy imagery indicated that almost all of the sediment particles trapped by BEST at any height above 0.60 m were smaller than 100 mm. Hereby, during three erosive wind events a better performance of BEST than of MWAC at comparable catch heights was verified.
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C.E, Odu,, Ogbonna, C.I.C, Chukwu, O.O.C, Onyimba, I.A., and Ndirmbula, J.B.,. "Lipase Production by Some Aquatic Phycomycetes in Maiduguri a Semi-Arid Area of Nigeria." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 27 (September 30, 2017): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n27p286.
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Studies on the abilities of three species of aquatic phycomycetes isolated from the semi arid zone of Nigeria in Maiduguri, Borno State to produce lipase was carried out. The isolates included Allomyces anomalus, Allomyces arbuscular and Brevilegnia diclina. These three test aquatic phycomycetes were isolated using baiting technique with hemp seeds and pure cultures maintained on malt extract agar for lipase production. Plate assay and culture broth assay methods using mineral salts medium with tween 80 in conjunction with Olive oil and Mustard seed oil as lipase inducers were used in assessing the abilities of the isolates in producing lipase. The three isolates of aquatic phycomycetes showed via the plate assay method abilities to produce lipase with evidence of halo formation around colonies without stains and separately with intensification of halo formation with methyl red and sudan III indicators. Allomyces anomalus recorded the highest growth and halo diameter followed by Allomyces arbuscular and least by Brevilegnia diclina. Lipase level was not detectable using the culture broth method. Lipase production by aquatic phycomycetes have not been encountered from available literature, hence this preliminary result needs to be optimised fully to exploit new opportunities of lipase production from these group of aquatic fungi.
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Ogle, R. B., C. M. Shayo, and H. Wiktorsson. "Zero-grazing smallholder dairy cow systems in semi-arid areas of central Tanzania: the HADO programme." BSAP Occasional Publication 16 (1993): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00031268.
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M., Rajasekhar, Sudarsana Raju G., Imran Basha U., Siddi Raju R., Pradeep Kumar B., and Ramachandra M. "Identification of Suitable Sites for Artificial Groundwater Recharge Structures in Semi-arid region of Anantapur District: AHP Approach." Hydrospatial Analysis 3, no. 1 (July 28, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj3.19030101.
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The conservation and sustainable advancement of soil and water assets is one of the fundamental standards for improvement of arid and semi-arid regions of India. The present study is underway to evaluate the Artificial Groundwater Recharge Zones (AGRZ) in the semi-arid region of Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India using Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. The comparative weights were assigned to different thematic layers with the help of the decision making tool of AHP. A set of eight thematic layers influence groundwater potential (GWP) is determined based on their corresponding weights, which depend on a Saaty’s 9 points scale. These weights are normalized using AHP technique to identify the AGRZs. Five AGRZs were recognized as very low, low, moderate, good and very good, depending on its suitability to identify the sites for groundwater recharge. About 4.29 % (8.96km2) and 17.70 % (36.95km2) area in the region show very good and good potentials of artificial groundwater recharge, respectively. On the other hand 61.59% (128.60km2), 11.94% (24.94km2) and 4.48 % (9.35km2) area showed moderate, poor and very poor potentials. Overall accuracy of AGRZ map is 82.05%. 92 check dams, 19 percolation tanks and 7 check walls were found suitable in the region. The effectiveness and prediction ability of the method depends on integrity of the criterion used. AHP based methodology can be useful for precise and reliable analysis and predictions of groundwater in semi-arid regions of India.
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Rahman, Khalil Ur, and Songhao Shang. "A Regional Blended Precipitation Dataset over Pakistan Based on Regional Selection of Blending Satellite Precipitation Datasets and the Dynamic Weighted Average Least Squares Algorithm." Remote Sensing 12, no. 24 (December 8, 2020): 4009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12244009.
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Substantial uncertainties are associated with satellite precipitation datasets (SPDs), which are further amplified over complex terrain and diverse climate regions. The current study develops a regional blended precipitation dataset (RBPD) over Pakistan from selected SPDs in different regions using a dynamic weighted average least squares (WALS) algorithm from 2007 to 2018 with 0.25° spatial resolution and one-day temporal resolution. Several SPDs, including Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)-based Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42-v7, Precipitation Estimates from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR), ERA-Interim (reanalysis dataset), SM2RAIN-CCI, and SM2RAIN-ASCAT are evaluated to select appropriate blending SPDs in different climate regions. Six statistical indices, including mean bias (MB), mean absolute error (MAE), unbiased root mean square error (ubRMSE), correlation coefficient (R), Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE), and Theil’s U coefficient, are used to assess the WALS-RBPD performance over 102 rain gauges (RGs) in Pakistan. The results showed that WALS-RBPD had assigned higher weights to IMERG in the glacial, humid, and arid regions, while SM2RAIN-ASCAT had higher weights across the hyper-arid region. The average weights of IMERG (SM2RAIN-ASCAT) are 29.03% (23.90%), 30.12% (24.19%), 31.30% (27.84%), and 27.65% (32.02%) across glacial, humid, arid, and hyper-arid regions, respectively. IMERG dominated monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons with average weights of 34.87% and 31.70%, while SM2RAIN-ASCAT depicted high performance during post-monsoon and winter seasons with average weights of 37.03% and 38.69%, respectively. Spatial scale evaluation of WALS-RPBD resulted in relatively poorer performance at high altitudes (glacial and humid regions), whereas better performance in plain areas (arid and hyper-arid regions). Moreover, temporal scale performance assessment depicted poorer performance during intense precipitation seasons (monsoon and pre-monsoon) as compared with post-monsoon and winter seasons. Skill scores are used to quantify the improvements of WALS-RBPD against previously developed blended precipitation datasets (BPDs) based on WALS (WALS-BPD), dynamic clustered Bayesian model averaging (DCBA-BPD), and dynamic Bayesian model averaging (DBMA-BPD). On the one hand, skill scores show relatively low improvements of WALS-RBPD against WALS-BPD, where maximum improvements are observed in glacial (humid) regions with skill scores of 29.89% (28.69%) in MAE, 27.25% (23.89%) in ubRMSE, and 24.37% (28.95%) in MB. On the other hand, the highest improvements are observed against DBMA-BPD with average improvements across glacial (humid) regions of 39.74% (36.93%), 38.27% (33.06%), and 39.16% (30.47%) in MB, MAE, and ubRMSE, respectively. It is recommended that the development of RBPDs can be a potential alternative for data-scarce regions and areas with complex topography.
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Quevedo, D. I., and F. Francés. "A conceptual dynamic vegetation-soil model for arid and semiarid zones." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 5 (September 10, 2008): 1175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-1175-2008.
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Abstract. Plant ecosystems in arid and semiarid climates show high complexity, since they depend on water availability to carry out their vital processes. In these climates, water stress is the main factor controlling vegetation development and its dynamic evolution. The available water-soil content results from the water balance in the system, where the key issues are the soil, the vegetation and the atmosphere. However, it is the vegetation, which modulates, to a great extent, the water fluxes and the feedback mechanisms between soil and atmosphere. Thus, soil moisture content is most relevant for plant growth maintenance and final water balance assessment. A conceptual dynamic vegetation-soil model (called HORAS) for arid and semi-arid zones has been developed. This conceptual model, based on a series of connected tanks, represents in a way suitable for a Mediterranean climate, the vegetation response to soil moisture fluctuations and the actual leaf biomass influence on soil water availability and evapotranspiration. Two tanks were considered using at each of them the water balance and the appropriate dynamic equation for all considered fluxes. The first one corresponds to the interception process, whereas the second one models the evolution of moisture by the upper soil. The model parameters were based on soil and vegetation properties, but reduced their numbers. Simulations for dominant species, Quercus coccifera L., were carried out to calibrate and validate the model. Our results show that HORAS succeeded in representing the vegetation dynamics and, on the one hand, reflects how following a fire this monoculture stabilizes after 9 years. On the other hand, the model shows the adaptation of the vegetation to the variability of climatic and soil conditions, demonstrating that in the presence or shortage of water, the vegetation regulates its leaf biomass as well as its rate of transpiration in an attempt to minimize total water stress.
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Li, Zhao-Peng, Li Yang, Si-Rui Li, and Xiaoling Yuan. "The Long-Term Trend Analysis and Scenario Simulation of the Carbon Price Based on the Energy-Economic Regulation." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 12, no. 5 (August 3, 2020): 653–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-02-2020-0020.
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Purpose China’s national carbon market will be officially launched in 2020, when it will become the world’s largest carbon market. However, China’s carbon market is faced with various major challenges. One of the most important challenges is its impact on the social and economic development of arid and semi-arid regions. By simulating the carbon price trends under different economic development and energy consumption levels, this study aims to help the government can plan ahead to formulate various countermeasures to promote the integration of arid and semi-arid regions into the national carbon market. Design/methodology/approach To achieve this goal, this paper builds a back propagation neural network model, takes the third phase of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) as the research object and uses the mean impact value method to screen out the important driving variables of European Union Allowance (EUA) price, including economic development (Stoxx600, Stoxx50, FTSE, CAC40 and DAX), black energy (coal and Brent), clean energy (gas, PV Crystalox Solar and Nordex) and carbon price alternatives Certification Emission Reduction (CER). Finally, this paper sets up six scenarios by combining the above variables to simulate the impact of different economic development and energy consumption levels on carbon price trends. Findings Under the control of the unchanged CER price level, economic development, black energy and clean energy development will all have a certain impact on the EUA price trends. When economic development, black energy consumption and clean energy development are on the rise, the EUA price level will increase. When the three types of variables show a downward trend, except for the sluggish development of clean energy, which will cause the EUA price to rise sharply, the EUA price trend will also decline accordingly in the remaining scenarios. Originality/value On the one hand, this paper incorporates driving factors of carbon price into the construction of carbon price prediction system, which not only has higher prediction accuracy but also can simulate the long-term price trend. On the other hand, this paper uses scenario simulation to show the size, direction and duration of the impact of economic development, black energy consumption and clean energy development on carbon prices in a more intuitive way.
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Pankova, Ye I., and M. V. Konyushkova. "The effect of global warming on soil salinity in arid regions." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 71 (June 30, 2013): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2013-71-3-15.
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The comparison of modern climatic conditions and soil salinity in subboreal deserts of Middle Asia (Turanian plain) and Central Asia (Gobi deserts) shows that climate has an effect on salinity of hydromorphic soils. From the other hand, the distribution and degree of salinity of automorphic desert soils are predominantly governed by the distribution of salt-bearing rocks inherited from the previous geologic stages and are not related directly to the modern aridity. This fact allows us to state that the global warming will not promote salinization of automorphic soils of arid regions, except for the soils subjected to aeolian salinization. Climate aridification will provoke soil salinization in hydromorphic conditions.
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Friedel, MH, and GN Bastin. "Photographic standards for estimating comparative yield in arid rangelands." Rangeland Journal 10, no. 1 (1988): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9880034.
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When the conventional comparative yield method was tested in arid rangelands with a diversity of range types, species and structure, it gave rise to large differences between operators' estimates of yield, which were not easily reduced by calibration. As well, the procedure was too time consuming for a monitoring system. To improve the efficiency of yield estimation, we tested a modified version which substituted a folio of photographs for the selection and assessment of reference standards and calibration quadrats. The differences between operators' estimates were still large, but could be relatively easily reduced by periodic calibration because operators used the technique more consistently than the conventional method. We suggest that the reliability of estimates would be improved with extra training, a wider choice of photostandards and the use of a single operator. The procedure is rapid and easy to use, and we recommend its use in combination with the dry-weight-rank technique for species composition. A program is available which enables the collection and analysis of data from both methods in the field, using a hand-
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Leonardini, Gonzalo, François Anctil, Maria Abrahamowicz, Étienne Gaborit, Vincent Vionnet, Daniel F. Nadeau, and Vincent Fortin. "Evaluation of the Soil, Vegetation, and Snow (SVS) Land Surface Model for the Simulation of Surface Energy Fluxes and Soil Moisture under Snow-Free Conditions." Atmosphere 11, no. 3 (March 12, 2020): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030278.
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The recently developed Soil, Vegetation, and Snow (SVS) land surface model is being progressively implemented at Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) for operational numerical weather and hydrological predictions. The objective of this study is to evaluate the ability of SVS, in offline point-scale mode and under snow-free conditions, to simulate the surface heat fluxes and soil moisture when compared to flux tower observations and simulations from the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS), used here as a benchmark model. To do this, we performed point-scale simulations of between 4 and 12 years of data records at six selected sites of the FLUXNET network under arid, Mediterranean and tropical climates. At all sites, SVS shows realistic simulations of latent heat flux, sensible heat flux and net radiation. Soil heat flux is reasonably well simulated for the arid sites and one Mediterranean site and poorly simulated for the tropical sites. On the other hand, surface soil moisture was reasonably well simulated at the arid and Mediterranean sites and poorly simulated at the tropical sites. SVS performance was comparable to CLASS not only for energy fluxes and soil moisture, but also for more specific processes such as evapotranspiration and water balance.
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Renzi, Juan Pablo, Martin Duchoslav, Jan Brus, Iveta Hradilová, Vilém Pechanec, Tadeáš Václavek, Jitka Machalová, Karel Hron, Jerome Verdier, and Petr Smýkal. "Physical Dormancy Release in Medicago truncatula Seeds Is Related to Environmental Variations." Plants 9, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9040503.
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Seed dormancy and timing of its release is an important developmental transition determining the survival of individuals, populations, and species in variable environments. Medicago truncatula was used as a model to study physical seed dormancy at the ecological and genetics level. The effect of alternating temperatures, as one of the causes releasing physical seed dormancy, was tested in 178 M. truncatula accessions over three years. Several coefficients of dormancy release were related to environmental variables. Dormancy varied greatly (4–100%) across accessions as well as year of experiment. We observed overall higher physical dormancy release under more alternating temperatures (35/15 °C) in comparison with less alternating ones (25/15 °C). Accessions from more arid climates released dormancy under higher experimental temperature alternations more than accessions originating from less arid environments. The plasticity of physical dormancy can probably distribute the germination through the year and act as a bet-hedging strategy in arid environments. On the other hand, a slight increase in physical dormancy was observed in accessions from environments with higher among-season temperature variation. Genome-wide association analysis identified 136 candidate genes related to secondary metabolite synthesis, hormone regulation, and modification of the cell wall. The activity of these genes might mediate seed coat permeability and, ultimately, imbibition and germination.
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Najafifar, Ali, Jaafar Hosseinzadeh, and Abdolali Karamshahi. "The Role of Hillshade, Aspect, and Toposhape in the Woodland Dieback of Arid and Semi-Arid Ecosystems: A Case Study in Zagros Woodlands of Ilam Province, Iran." Journal of Landscape Ecology 12, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2019-0011.
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Abstract Soil moisture plays a key role in the ecological capability of arid and semi-arid woodland. Reducing soil moisture due to frequent droughts causes pest prevalence and disease outbreak and the consequence of forest dieback. On the other hand, soil moisture is strongly correlated with the amount of radiation received on the Earth’s surface. The sun’s radiation is traditionally described often by aspect and sometimes by toposhape. The use of the hillshade map for estimating solar radiation is possible through developing GIS. The present study aimed to compare the relationship and the ability of these indices to describe the phenomenon of arid and semi-arid woodland decline better and more accurately in a case study in the west of Iran. To this aim, the aspect and toposhape layers were generated in 5 and 12 classes, respectively. Then, the hillshade map in range of 0-255 was made during the peak of summer heat. The comparison of the dieback ratio in the three characteristic histograms showed that the shade index, unlike the other two indicators, had a significant effect on forest drought (R2=0.91 for linear equation and R2=0.94 for quadratic equation). The results indicated that the application of hillshade in describing and analysing ecological processes by relying on soil moisture such as woodland dieback is superior to the other two indicators. It is suggested that this index be used to obtain a risk model to predict woodlands dieback which are under the pressure of frequent droughts due to climate change or other mortal factors.
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Kuzmenko, A. O., and V. E. Railianova. "Lingvuistic features of the English language opera aria." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no. 3 (341) (2021): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2021-3(341)-76-85.
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The article deals with the relationship between discourse and text, as well as song discourse and song text. The place and role of the style of the opera aria in the world culture (musical culture) has been determined. The object of the study is the English-language song texts of opera arias, and the subject is their stylistic arrangement. The signs of dialogism in the English-language song texts of opera arias are clarified: the use of interjections, the first and second person of pronouns and verbs, imperative constructions and addresses. It has been proven that stylistic means of addition and substitution play a significant role in style. The stylistic addition is aimed at depicting the magical and mystical with a breath of the imaginary. On the other hand, vernacular using interjections, imperatives, abbreviated forms reinforce the ordinariness of life. All stylistic techniques of addition are aimed at more emotional saturation of the realities of human existence in the English-language song texts of opera arias. Personification is perhaps the main technique of opera arias, because everything that is sung about the feeling of love is filled with human skills and capabilities. Stylistic figures of addition and substitution in the English-language opera arias emphasize the emphatic nature of thought and the acuteness of the speaker's perception of the world around him.
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Shami, S., and Z. Ghorbani. "INVESTIGATING WATER STORAGE CHANGES IN IRAN USING GRACE AND CHIRPS DATA IN THE GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE SYSTEM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W18 (October 19, 2019): 981–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w18-981-2019.
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Abstract. Water storage in regions with the weather hot and arid or semi-arid such as Iran have many uses. Including these water storage, can be referred to groundwater. Groundwater is one of the sources of sweet waters in the world, and one of the factors is economical and social development. Hence, monitoring its changes in water resources management is of great importance. On the other hand, precipitation is one of the factors directly affecting the water storage level and groundwater level changes. In this study, water storage changes with GRACE satellite data and total annual precipitation with CHIRPS data in the Google Earth Engine system investigated for Iran during 2003–2017. The results obtained from the GRACE satellite data indicate over 10 cm reducing of the water storage levels in Iran during the period between 2008 to 2017. Also, the chart obtained from the CHIRPS data for the total annual precipitation shows that the amount of rainfall since 2008 has decreased in this region.
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Morwood, M. J. "The prehistory of Aboriginal landuse on the upper Flinders River, North Queensland Highlands." Queensland Archaeological Research 7 (January 1, 1990): 3–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/qar.7.1990.126.
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A general theme in Australian prehistory is the development of the distinctive social, economic and technological systems observed in recent Aboriginal societies. Research has demonstrated significant change in the Australian archaeological sequence and general trends of such are shared by numerous regions. Most that have been investigated indicate low density occupation during the Pleistocene and early Holocene with significant increases in site numbers, increased artefact discard rates and dissemination of new technologies and artefact types in mid-to-late Holocene times (e.g. Lourandos 1985). On the other hand, each region has a unique prehistory, range of material evidence and research potential. Our knowledge of Holocene developments in aboriginal subsistence systems, for instance, is largely based upon the history of cycad exploitation in the central Queensland Highlands (Beaton 1982), the appearance of seed grindstones in arid and semi-arid zones (Smith 1986) and evidence for increased emphasis on small-bodied animals in N.E. New South Wales and S.E. Queensland (McBryde 1977:233; Morwood 1987:347).
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Salehi, Mohammad Hassan. "Challenges of Soil Taxonomy and WRB in classifying soils: some examples from Iranian soils." Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0005.
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AbstractThe two most widely used soil classifications are the Soil Taxonomy (ST) and the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). The purpose of this paper is to clarify the differences and the similarities between ST and WRB in their current state, with some examples for representative soils in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Four representative pedons were classified and soil units from WRB were compared to those obtained by using ST at the family level. WRB could show the status of soils polluted by heavy metals through the Toxic qualifier and its subqualifiers. On the other hand, ST could indicate the status of shallow soils in our studied soils but it was not able to show gleyic conditions and the existence of a salic horizon because of the differences in its criteria compared to those of WRB. Special effort should be made to quantify various anthropogenic activities in upcoming editions of both classification systems.
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Bekmirzaev, Gulom, Jose Beltrao, and Baghdad Ouddane. "Effect of Irrigation Water Regimes on Yield of Tetragonia Tetragonioides." Agriculture 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9010022.
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The main purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of several irrigation water regimes on Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall) O. Kuntze in semi-arid regions. During the experiment period, it was measured that several irrigation regimes were affected in terms of growth, biomass production, total yield, mineral composition, and photosynthetic pigments. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse at the University of Algarve (Portugal). The study lasted from February to April in 2010. Three irrigation treatments were based on replenishing the 0.25-m-deep pots to field capacity when the soil water level was dropped to 70% (T1, wet treatment), 50% (T2, medium treatment), and 30% (T3, dry treatment) of the available water capacity. The obtained results showed that the leaf mineral compositions of chloride and sodium, the main responsible ions for soil salinization and alkalization in arid and semi-arid regions, enhanced with the decrease in soil water content. However, the minimum amounts of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and soluble carbohydrates in the leaf content were obtained in the medium and driest treatments. On the other hand, growth differences among the several irrigation regimes were very low, and the crop yield increased in the dry treatment compared to the medium treatment; thus, the high capacity of salt-removing species suggested an advantage of its cultivation under dry conditions.
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Mahmoud, Mohammed, Safa Mohammed, Mohamed Hamouda, and Mohamed Mohamed. "Temporal assessment of the GPM satellite rainfall products across extremely arid regions." E3S Web of Conferences 167 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016702001.
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Measuring rainfall precisely is always challenging due to its high variability, particularly in arid regions. Arid regions such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), suffer from rainfall scarcity and high variability of rainfall distribution. Thus, accurate monitoring and management of rainfall are one of the countries’ priority to ensure proficient water resources management. This study validates the accuracy of the GPM IMERG rainfall products over the KSA and UAE to detect the large rainfall events over the period from 2015 to 2017 (two seasons). A temporal assessment was carried out to evaluate the performance of the GPM satellite to detect the rainfall events. The results showed that, for satellite detection, all of the three IMERG near real-time and post-real-time products had a significant detection accuracy. On the other hand, the error indicators showed that the final-run-product had a relatively low estimation error and bias compared with the other IMERG products. Overall, the results revealed that the IMERG final-run-product have the potential to serve as a consistent product to supplement ground measurements, particularly in regions with insufficient coverage by rain gauges. This study is considered one of the earliest evaluations of the GPM IMERG products in the region. Thus, the findings could be used to enhance the upcoming IMERG algorithms associated with the arid regions.
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Selek, Bulent, I. Kaan Tuncok, and Zeliha Selek. "Changes in climate zones across Turkey." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 1 (October 27, 2017): 178–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2017.121.
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Abstract Turkey lies in a critical region that is projected to be one of the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change in the Mediterranean region. In this study, climatic zones of Turkey were classified with respect to their climatic and meteorological characteristics. The Thornthwaite precipitation efficiency index was used to identify aridity and humidity characteristics. The index values were mapped to determine climate zones and associated climate classes and to evaluate change in time and space. Two distinct periods (1950–1980 and 1981–2010) were used to assess climatic conditions and evaluate historical changes. The Thornthwaite index indicated significant spatial variations of climate parameters across Turkey with varying degrees of vulnerability. The results indicate that during the 60-year time frame, no arid zones had been experienced in Turkey. On the other hand, an increase of semi-dry and dry humid zones and a decrease of semi-dry–less humid, semi-humid and humid zones had been experienced. In this context, it is important to note that semi-arid zones have increased substantially (approximately 14%) between the two 30-year periods.
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Seghatoleslami, Mohammadjavad, Hassan Feizi, Gholamreza Mousavi, and Aliasghar Berahmand. "Effect of magnetic field and silver nanoparticles on yield and water use efficiency of Carum copticum under water stress conditions." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2015-0016.
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Abstract Normally the productivity of cropping systems in arid and semi- arid regions is very low. The sustainable agricultural systems try to find out environmental friendly technologies based on physical and biological treatments to increase crop production. In this study two irrigation treatments (control and water stress) and six methods of fertilizer treatment (control, NPK-F, using magnetic band- M, using silver nano particles- N, M+N and M+N+50% F) on performance of ajowan were compared. Results showed that treatments with magnetic field or base fertilizer had more yield compared to the control and silver nanoparticles (N) treatments. Application of silver nanoparticles had no positive effect on yield. The highest seed and biomass WUE achieved in base fertilizer or magnetic field treatments. Under water stress treatment, seed WUE significantly increased. In conclusion magnetic field exposure, probably by encourage nutrient uptake efficiency could be applied to reduce fertilizer requirement. On the other hand the cultivation of plants under low MF could be an alternative way of WUE improving.
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Iwasaki, Hiroyuki, Tomoki Nii, Tomonori Sato, Fujio Kimura, Kiyotaka Nakagawa, Ichirow Kaihotsu, and Toshio Koike. "Diurnal Variation of Convective Activity and Precipitable Water around Ulaanbaator, Mongolia, and the Impact of Soil Moisture on Convective Activity during Nighttime." Monthly Weather Review 136, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 1401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007mwr2062.1.
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Abstract The diurnal variations of convective activity and precipitable water were investigated using a C-band airport radar and GPS receivers around Ulaanbaator (UB), Mongolia; this location was considered as an example of an arid region. The convective activity exhibited a pronounced diurnal cycle; it increased rapidly at 1100 local solar time (LST; 0300 UTC), reached the maximum at 1400 LST, and almost disappeared after 1900 LST. On the other hand, no diurnal variation of precipitable water could be observed, which implied that there was no considerable evapotranspiration, and the diurnal variation of the convective activity was irrelevant to the variation of water vapor. The reason why the deep convection could not develop at night is discussed using numerical modeling from the viewpoint of soil moisture. In the moist soil conditions assumed for humid simulations, an increase in the water vapor in the boundary layer due to evapotranspiration led to a potentially unstable condition that was sustained until night. Deep convection was formed at the southern foot of mountains where topographical convergence was expected. On the other hand, in the dry soil conditions assumed for the arid simulations, deep convection did not occur during nighttime even though topographical convergence was expected over the southern foot of the mountains. These features of dry soil conditions were consistent with the results from radar observations around UB. In other words, since the soil around UB is too dry in practice to sustain an unstable condition until night, the deep convection had to decay by night and could not be initiated at night.
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Bartholomew, P. W., R. Ly, D. Kone, S. F. Traore, and K. Sissoko. "Forage Production for Smallholder Farmers in a Rainfed Millet Cropping System in Central Mali." Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 4 (October 1992): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700020135.
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SUMMARYA shortage of available labour early in the growing season, when effort is directed to the weeding ofcereal crops, appeared to be a primary constraint to increased forage cropping by smallholder farmers in the semi-arid zone of central Mali. In experiments with millet, the labour requirement for weeding was reduced by an average of 45% when the crop was weeded at two rather than four weeks after emergence. A combination of weeding by hand and by ox-drawn plough or harrow only slightly increased labour productivity compared with hand weeding alone. Both lablab and cowpea produced good yields of forage when sown in mid July, but average yield declined by 71 kg ha−l for each day's delay in sowing between mid July and mid-August. Green gram was also productive over a two month growing period and appeared to have potential as a late-sown forage crop.
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O'Neill, Caitlin Selena. "Anatomy of the shrimp plant, Justicia brandegeana (Acanthaceae)." SURG Journal 3, no. 2 (February 6, 2010): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v3i2.1107.
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Justicia brandegeana is a popular ornamental plant in North America commonly known as the shrimp plant. In the wild, it grows as a shrub in semi-arid climates. Little is documented on the anatomy of this plant, therefore the purpose of this study was to determine the anatomy of the shrimp plant at the cellular level through various hand sectioning and staining techniques. It was determined that many anatomical features of this plant were synonymous to those of a typical dicotyledonous plant. However there were unique features of this plant that can be linked to its hot/dry environment such as a layer of suberized parenchyma in the stem surrounding the vascular tissue, a thick band of secondary xylem in the stem and root, phi thickenings in cortical cells just inside the exodermis in mature root, and expansion of the Casparian bands in the endodermis consistent with the secondary growth of the vascular tissue in the root. Further research is necessary on plants that have also adapted to semi-arid environments in order to compare and contrast the adaptations found in the anatomy of J. brandegeana.
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Seymen, Musa, Atilla Dursun, Duran Yavuz, Ertan Sait Kurtar, Aynur Özbahçe, and Önder Türkmen. "EVALUATION OF SEED YIELD, OIL AND MINERAL CONTENTS IN-BRED PUMPKIN LINES (Cucurbita pepo L.) UNDER WATER STRESS." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 19, no. 3 (June 29, 2020): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2020.3.8.
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Water stress is one of the main constraints which could limits crop productivity, especially in arid and semi-arid regions characterized limited water resources. This study was conducted to investigate the seed yield, oil and mineral contents of 44 lines and 4 commercial pumpkin varieties (2 local and 2 hybrids) in irrigated and drought stress conditions. The study was conceived as a randomized block design with three replications and carried out during the 2017 growing season. On average, the irrigated plots produced 161.27 kg da–1 seed yield whereas it was 33.67 kg da–1 in non-irrigated plots. The highest yield among the commercial pumpkin varieties was obtained from the G2 hybrid variety in the irrigated conditions. On the other hand, in the non-irrigated plots, higher seed yields were obtained from G9, G34, and G36 pure lines. Drought resulted in a remarkable decrease in the total oil content and significant increase in the amount of Ca and Zn in pumpkin seeds. These results clearly indicated that G9 line, which has the highest seed yield in both irrigated and drought conditions, can be utilized as a recommendable parental pumpkin line in future hybrid breeding efforts.
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Zech, Roland. "A late pleistocene glacial chronology from the Kitschi-Kurumdu Valley, Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan), based on 10Be surface exposure dating." Quaternary Research 77, no. 2 (March 2012): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2011.11.008.
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Surface exposure dating has become a helpful tool for establishing numeric glacial chronologies, particularly in arid high-mountain regions where radiocarbon dating is challenging due to limited availability of organic material. This study presents 13 new 10Be surface exposure ages from the Kitschi-Kurumdu Valley in the At Bashi Range, Tien Shan. Three moraines were dated to ~ 15, 21 and > 56 ka, respectively, and corroborate previous findings that glacial extents in the Tien Shan during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 were limited compared to MIS 4. This likely documents increasingly arid conditions in Central Asia during the last glacial cycle. Morphological evidence in the Kitschi-Kurumdu Valley and a detailed review of existing numeric glacial chronologies from the Tien Shan indicate that remnants of the penultimate glaciation (MIS 6) are preserved, whereas evidence for MIS 5 glacier advances remains equivocal. Reviewed and recalculated exposure ages from the Pamir mountains, on the other hand, reveal extensive MIS 5 glacial extents that may indicate increased monsoonal precipitation. The preservation of MIS 3 moraines in the Tien Shan and the southern Pamir does not require any monsoonal influence and can be explained alternatively with increased precipitation via the westerlies.
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N J Alzaidy, Mohammed. "Effect of gypsum content on unsaturated engineering properties of clayey soil." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 9, no. 1 (January 23, 2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v9i1.30139.
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Many of gypsum soils have existed in arid and semi-arid lands. It is considered one of the most problematic soils because of its complicated and unpredicted behavior when exposure to moisture. Extensive researches have been conducted in Iraq to observe the behavior of such soil and to suggest safety restrictions for the collapse and set practical precautions for the structures. This study investigated the effect of gypsum content on some unsaturated engineering properties of a clayey soil. Three different proportions of gypsum (0%, 5% and 20% by weight of the parent soil) were added and tested. The samples have been subjected to swelling potential test, soil water retention curve (SWRC), vapour diffusion and shear strength parameters. It is observed that gypsum content has a significant influence on SWRC, whereas, soil that has high gypsum content made SWRC with higher variables represented by air entry values and residual state. On the other hand, an increase in gypsum content led to a reduction of swelling potential and shear strength parameters. The results of vapour diffusion indicate that gypsum content could modify the microstructure in an unsaturated state and reduce the vapour diffusion through the soil.
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Imadudin, Iim. "PENDIDIKAN KOLONIAL DAN POLITIK ASOSIASI: KAJIAN ATAS MEMOAR PANGERAN ARIA ACHMAD DJAJADININGRAT (1877-1943)." Patanjala : Jurnal Penelitian Sejarah dan Budaya 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.30959/patanjala.v7i3.118.
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AbstrakPenulisan artikel ini didasari perdebatan bagaimana sesungguhnya peranan para pangreh praja didikan Barat dalam perjuangan kemerdekaan. Oleh karena berada dalam pemerintahan Hindia Belanda, mereka dianggap tidak berkontribusi dalam perjuangan kemerdekaan. Bahkan, mereka dianggap merintangi gerak langkah kaum pergerakan sehingga sering dianggap sebagai lawan politik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap sejarah pemikiran dan mentalitas dari salah seorang bupati terkemuka pribumi asal Banten, Ahmad Djajadiningrat, melalui memoarnya yang berjudul Memoar Pangeran Aria Djajadiningrat. Pangeran Aria Ahmad Djajadiningrat mengikuti pendidikan mulai dari HIS, ELS, hingga HBS di Batavia. Berbagai jabatan di pemerintahan diembannya, mulai dari bupati, anggota Volksraad, mindere welvaart comissie, hingga anggota Raad van Indie. Penelitian ini mempergunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri atas heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Ahmad Djajadiningrat di satu sisi menjadi pemimpin tradisional yang kharismatis dan aparat pemerintah yang loyal, namun di sisi lain bersikap kritis terhadap kebijakan pemerintah Hindia Belanda dan mendorong berkembangnya pergerakan nasional di tanah Banten. AbstractThe writing of this article is based on the actual debate on what the role of Western-based education of pangreh pradja is in the struggle for independence. Because it is in the Dutch East Indies, they are considered not to be contributing to the struggle for independence. In fact, they were considered to hinder the movement of the steps that are often regarded as political opponents. This study aims to reveal the history of thought and mentality of anative and famousleader from Banten, Ahmad Djajadiningrat, through his memoirs entitled Memoirs of Prince Aria Djajadiningrat. The Prince Aria Ahmad Djajadiningrat started his education in HIS, ELS, to HBS in Batavia. The various positions in government was held, ranging from the regents, members of the Volksraad, mindere Welvaart comissie, until become a member of the Raad van Indie. This study uses historical method which consists of heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results shows that Ahmad Djajadiningrat isa traditional charismatic leader and a loyal government official. On the other hand, he is critical to the Dutch East Indies government policies and encouraging the development of a national movement in Banten.
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Johnson, G. R., L. Arik, B. J. R. Pitts, and C. J. Foster. "Rapid receptor-mediated catabolism of 125I-atrial natriuretic factor by vascular endothelial cells." Biochemical Journal 268, no. 3 (June 15, 1990): 771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2680771.
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The binding, internalization and degradation of 200 pM monoiodinated human atrial natriuretic factor-(99-126) (125I-hANF) by cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) were studied at 37 degrees C. 125I-hANF was rapidly cleared from the extracellular medium (t1/2 approximately 10 min), whereas preincubation of the cells in the presence of 20 mM-NH4Cl or 0.2 mM-chloroquine resulted in a significant inhibition of this process. The BAECs rapidly produce three major degradation products of 125I-hANF, namely [125I]iodotyrosine 126 (125I-Y), Arg125-[125I]iodotyrosine126 (125I-RY) and Phe124-Arg125-[125I]iodotyrosine126(125I-FRY), which were detected in the extracellular medium. NH4Cl and chloroquine acted to inhibit the generation of 125I-Y and 125I-RY, but not that of 125I-FRY. Furthermore, excess unlabelled hANF (300 nM) completely blocked the rapid production of 125I-Y and 125I-RY in the first 5 min, but only partially (49%) inhibited the generation of 125I-FRY. Thus, in contrast with our previous findings with cultured smooth-muscle cells [Johnson, Arik & Foster (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 11637-11642], BAECs bind, internalize and rapidly degrade 125I-hANF, resulting in the release of 125I-Y and 125I-RY into the extracellular medium. Similarly to smooth-muscle cells, the BAECs generate 125I-FRY from 125I-hANF via an extracellular proteolytic event. The rapidity of the receptor-mediated process and its sensitivity to NH4Cl and chloroquine suggest that the 125I-hANF is proteolytically processed in the endosomes of BAECs and that its receptors cycle between the cell surface and intracellular stores.
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Schmeda-Hirschmann, Guillermo, Cristina Theoduloz, Felipe Jiménez-Aspee, and Javier Echeverría. "Bioactive Constituents from South American Prosopis and their Use and Toxicity." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 5 (March 20, 2020): 542–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200102143755.
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Background: The pods from several South American Prosopis species have been considered relevant food in arid and semi-arid South America since prehistoric times. Traditionally the meal from the pods was processed to prepare different foods and beverages. Objective: The objective was to discuss literature from the archaeological evidence of use to study the chemistry and (bio)activity of the extracts and secondary metabolites occurring in different Prosopis food products. Method: The review was carried out by searching electronic databases, including ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Scopus, Scielo, Google Scholar, PubMed and hand-search on literature. The review mainly covers studies performed in the year 1995-2019 and the first-hand experience of the authors. References on the historical and prehistorical uses of the natural resource were also included. Results: In the last decades, most studies on the edible South American Prosopis focused on the constituents of pods meal, traditional preparations and by-products. Total 45 flavonoids, ellagic acid derivatives, catechin and simple phenolics were identified. Alkaloids occur mainly in the leaves, that are not used for human nutrition but as food for domestic animals. Piperidine alkaloids, tryptamine, tyramine and β-phenethylamine were isolated and identified from several species. The (bio)activity studies included mainly the antioxidant effect, antiinflammatory and enzyme inhibition associated with metabolic syndrome. The products showed no toxicity or mutagenic effect. Conclusions: While data on the chemistry, some (bio)activities and toxicity are available for the pods meal and byproducts, little is known about the composition of the fermented Algarrobo beverages. Further studies are needed on the digestion of Algarrobo products both in humans and cattle.
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Zareef, Laila, Marzia Jalali, and Sayed Moqeem Sadat. "Analysis of the potential for use of floating solar panels on Naghlo hydropower dam." International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 4, no. 2 (March 30, 2021): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v4i2.66.
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The water and energy challenges have become a big concern in Afghanistan that need to be addressed cooperatively. One of the challenges in the country is electricity generation, and a small part of it is produced in the country, so there are a huge burden and cost to meet the remaining electricity need. Over years and without sustainable management almost all of the dams in Afghanistan lost their effective life due to reservoir sedimentation that led to the reduced reliability of water and power supply. On the other hand, Global warming and high temperature have a direct impact on the number of water sources. Since Afghanistan is located in an Arid to a semi-arid climate that is characterized by the high value of annual evaporation where the precipitation is less than annual evaporation, besides other forms of losses, its surface water is lost through evaporation. On the other hand, one of the challenges in the country is electricity generation, and a small part of it is produced in the country, so there are a huge burden and cost to meet the remaining electricity needs. One of the approaches that can meet both challenges simultaneously is the use of floating solar panels. It has significant advantages over the ground-based type of solar panels. These benefits include reducing water evaporation, improving water quality by reducing the growth of algae, and high solar panel performance. This paper aims at illustrating the potential for use of floating solar panels to generate power and the impact of floating solar panels installation on preventing surface water evaporation on Naghlo Dam.
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Meziani, Faroudia, Amar Kahil, and Smail Gabi. "Evolution of Soil Settlements under a Rockfill Dam Based on Potential Earthquake Harmfulness (PEH) 'Case of Boumerdes Earthquake, Algeria 2003'." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 42 (April 2019): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.42.109.
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Earthquakes are part of the natural cataclysms that are responsible for the destruction of entire cities, causing the deaths of millions of people and often have disastrous economic consequences. Therefore, it is important to consider measures of the intensity of seismic movement in risk analysis (Potential Earthquake Harmfulness ‘PEH’). The purpose of this study is to model the mass of soil under a rockfill embankment in order to evaluate the soil settlement under the effect of an earthquake of Boumerdes (Algeria 2003) using “plaxis” finite element code. The PEH characterizes in our study the Aria intensity IA(t) and the cumulative absolute velocity CAV(t), on the one hand, and on the other hand, empirical correlations between the indicators of harmfulness (PEH) and the settlements under the base of the dike. The correlations thus obtained (Uy-PEH) are slightly influenced by the gravitational loads and a tighter dispersion of the point cloud is observed on the correlations (Uy-IA).
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Behnke, R. H. "Equilibrium and non-equilibrium models of livestock population dynamics in pastoral Africa: their relevance to Arctic grazing systems." Rangifer 20, no. 2-3 (March 1, 2000): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.20.2-3.1509.
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Equilibrium grazing systems are characterised by climatic stability that results in predictable primary production. Non-equilibrium grazing systems receive low and erratic rainfall that produces unpredictable fluctuations in forage supplies. In semi-arid Africa, these two types of environment present livestock owners with very different management problems. Identifying and maintaining optimal stocking rates is useful in equilibrium systems because livestock reproduce and produce at a rate determined by the availability of feed, which is an inverse function of stock density. The only problem is to determine what stocking rate is optimal. The correct stocking rate for a grazing system will vary depending on the production strategy and the social and economic circumstances of the rangeland user - there is no single, biologically predetermined optimum density. Variable rainfall complicates the picture in non-equilibrium systems. Set stocking rates of any kind have little value if fluctuation in rainfall has a stronger effect than animal numbers on the abundance of forage. More useful in such an environment is the ability to adjust stocking rates rapidly to track sudden changes in feed availability. In semi-arid Africa, the distinction between equilibrium and non-equilibrium systems hinges on the reliability of rainfall. In northern latitudes, at least three primary variables important for plant growth and the survival of herbivores must be considered: rainfall, snow cover and temperature. It is probably not useful to consider arctic grazing systems as equilibrium systems; on the other hand, the non-equilibrium models developed in hot semi-arid environments do not capture the range of complexity which may be an inherent feature of plant-herbivore dynamics on the mountain and tundra pastures where reindeer are herded or hunted.
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Shen, Ruru, Haowen Yan, Xiaomin Lu, and Qinke Sun. "Fuzzy Expression of Hand-drawn Paths in We-Map Environment." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-330-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> We-Map is a “grassroots” map for the general public and the hand-drawn paths function makes it a kind of “Personal Media” with strong interactivity. The hand-drawn paths are manually drawn by the “grassroots” public and intuitively show the paths to the destination. The fuzzy expression of the hand-drawn paths has low requirements on direction, distance and topological relationship. Compared with traditional navigation with high precision requirements, its expression is more easily accepted by the “grassroots”.</p><p>In real life, the public's perception of geographic navigation is biased towards fuzziness and templating. Taking the location of the China National Stadium (Bird's Nest) as an example, the “grassroots” public is usually expressed near the Beijing Olympic Park or by subway line 15 or subway line 8 at the exit of the Olympic Park Station D. This expression is different from the traditional Accurate and standardized navigation. Therefore, this paper combines a new generation of We-Map concept with map as the information carrier, expresses the recommended path from the departure point to the destination in the form of hand-drawn maps fuzzification and template, and explores and designs a model suitable for mobile devices.</p><p>The basic ideas are as follows: (1) Determining the place of departure and destination. (2) The expression design of the hand-drawn path is fuzzy: firstly, the projection and calculation of the fitting path, and then extracting the multi-level feature points of the facilities around the road by using the feature points extraction principle. Finally, corner calculations and template nesting at the corners. (3) The definition of fuzzification is as follows: “starting from the starting point, follow the XX road, go straight to the XX place near XX, turn right/left to XX road, and to the XX place near XX, reach the end point”. The template can be expressed as: “starting point, along the line, turn, end point”. (4) Matching multi-user and multi-map versions to hand-drawn maps with fuzzified expression. Take a case from this model: departure at the entrance of Feitian Hotel, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, and destination at Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences.</p>
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Arneth, A., E. M. Veenendaal, C. Best, W. Timmermans, O. Kolle, L. Montagnani, and O. Shibistova. "Water use strategies and ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in two highly seasonal environments." Biogeosciences 3, no. 4 (September 27, 2006): 421–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-421-2006.
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Abstract. We compare assimilation and respiration rates, and water use strategies in four divergent ecosystems located in cold-continental central Siberia and in semi-arid southern Africa. These seemingly unrelated systems have in common a harsh and highly seasonal environment with a very sharp transition between the dormant and the active season, with vegetation facing dry air and soil conditions for at least part of the year. Moreover, the northern high latitudes and the semi-arid tropics will likely experience changes in key environmental parameters (e.g., air temperature and precipitation) in the future; indeed, in some regions marked climate trends have already been observed over the last decade or so. The magnitude of instantaneous or daily assimilation and respiration rates, derived from one to two years of eddy covariance measurements in each of the four ecosystems, was not related to the growth environment. For instance, respiration rates were clearly highest in the two deciduous systems included in the analysis (a Mopane woodland in northern Botswana and a Downy birch forest in Siberia; >300 mmol m−2 d−1), while assimilation rates in the Mopane woodland were relatively similar to a Siberian Scots pine canopy for a large part of the active season (ca. 420 mmol m−2 d−1). Acknowledging the limited number of ecosystems compared here, these data nevertheless demonstrate that factors like vegetation type, canopy phenology or ecosystem age can override larger-scale climate differences in terms of their effects on carbon assimilation and respiration rates. By far the highest rates of assimilation were observed in Downy birch, an early successional species. These were achieved at a rather conservative water use, as indicated by relatively low levels of λ, the marginal water cost of plant carbon gain. Surprisingly, the Mopane woodland growing in the semi-arid environment had significantly higher values of λ. However, its water use strategy included a very plastic response to intermittently dry periods, and values of λ were much more conservative overall during a rainy season with low precipitation and high air saturation deficits. Our comparison demonstrates that forest ecosystems can respond very dynamically in terms of water use strategy, both on interannual and much shorter time scales. But it remains to be evaluated whether and in which ecosystems this plasticity is mainly due to a short-term stomatal response, or alternatively goes hand in hand with changes in canopy photosynthetic capacity.
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Arneth, A., E. M. Veenendaal, C. Best, W. Timmermans, O. Kolle, L. Montagnani, and O. Shibistova. "Water use strategies and ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in two highly seasonal environments." Biogeosciences Discussions 3, no. 2 (April 10, 2006): 345–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-3-345-2006.
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Abstract. We compare assimilation and respiration rates, and water use strategies in four divergent ecosystems located in cold-continental central Siberia and in semi-arid southern Africa. These seemingly unrelated systems have in common a harsh and highly seasonal environment with a very sharp transition between the dormant and the active season, and with vegetation facing dry air and soil conditions for at least part of the year. Moreover, the northern high latitudes and the semi-arid tropics will likely experience changes in key environmental parameters (e.g., air temperature and precipitation) in the future; indeed, in some regions marked climate trends have already been observed over the last decade or so. The magnitude of instantaneous or daily assimilation and respiration rates, derived from one to two years of eddy covariance measurements in each of the four ecosystems, was not related to the growth environment. For instance, respiration rates were clearly highest in the two deciduous systems included in the analysis (a Mopane woodland in northern Botswana and a Downy birch forest in Siberia; >300 mmol m−2 d−1), while assimilation rates in the Mopane woodland were relatively similar to a Siberian Scots pine canopy for a large part of the active season (ca. 420 mmol m−2 d−1). Acknowledging the limited number of ecosystems compared here, these data nevertheless suggest that factors like vegetation type, canopy phenology or ecosystem age can override larger-scale climate differences in terms of their effects on carbon assimilation and respiration rates. By far the highest rates of assimilation were observed in Downy birch, an early successional species. These were achieved at a rather conservative water use, as indicated by relatively low levels of λ, the marginal water cost of plant carbon gain. Surprisingly, the Mopane woodland growing in the semi-arid environment had significantly higher values of λ. However, its water use strategy included a very plastic response to intermittently dry periods, and values of λ were much more conservative overall during a rainy season with low precipitation and high air saturation deficits. Our comparison demonstrates that forest ecosystems can respond very dynamically in terms of water use strategy, both on interannual and much shorter time scales. It remains to be evaluated whether and in which ecosystems this plasticity is mainly due to a short-term stomatal response, or goes hand in hand with changes in canopy photosynthetic capacity.
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Holanda, Ghita Hadi. "Influence Of Branding to Brand Awareness in Dental Hospital Of Hang Tuah University." DENTA 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/denta.v11i1.120.
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<p>Background: The company is able to be the basis of the formation of customer loyalty and fanaticism of the product or service through a strong brand. Having a strong brand is a vital aspect for any company, because the advantage gained diverse. Based on the data in 2014 and 2015, it showed the decreased number of patients at the Dental Hospital of Hang Tuah University (UHT Dental Hospital) from 2014 to 2015 amounted to 949 people (8%), as well as the number of patients in the Polyclinic of Medical Specialists of UHT Dental, were 14,6% (348 patients) from ideal capacity (2384 patients). Purpose: The aim of this study is to find out the influence of branding to brand awareness in dental hospital of Hang Tuah University. Materials and Methods: This study was an observational study that used 200 respondences from the patients population of UHT Dental Hospital. The study was conducted at UHT Dental Hospital from March-April 2016. Result: The results showed that the characteristics of patients who seek treatment at the UHT Dental Hospital were majority adults in productive age (25-35 years old), at middle to lower-end of socio-economic class, and had the education level of SLTA grade. Most of respondents had bad perception for the brand attributes of UHT Dental Hospital. Most of them had low brand awareness. The majority of respondents rated the branding of UHT Dental Hospital were bad. Conclusion: There was a tendency if the branding were good, the brand awareness was getting better.</p><p><br />Keywords: Branding, Brand Awareness</p><p><br />Correspondence: Ghita Hadi Hollanda; Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Hang Tuah University, Arif Rahman Hakim 150, Surabaya; Phone 031-5912191, Email: gh.hollanda@gmail.com</p>
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Graber Neufeld, Doug, Bernard Muendo, Joseph Muli, and James Kanyari. "Coliform bacteria and salt content as drinking water challenges at sand dams in Kenya." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 4 (July 10, 2020): 602–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.192.
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Abstract Sand dams can be an effective community-scale solution to increasing water supplies in some arid and semi-arid regions, but there are few studies that have investigated water quality at sand dams. This study investigated the levels of coliform bacteria and salt content as parameters of potential concern. Most water taken from sand dam sources had fecal coliforms present. Median fecal coliforms were in the range of 150–800 cfu/100 ml for unprotected sources (scoop holes, surface water or hand dug wells), levels which are considered high or very high health risk. Pump wells had less contamination, with fecal coliforms detected in one-third of samples in the dry season. Despite this contamination, user surveys indicated that 74% of communities generally view water as clean for drinking, and 72% reported that no or few people in their community treat their water. Salt content in the dry season was in the poor or unacceptable range (above 900 ppm as total dissolved solids) in 33% of water samples. Results suggest that fecal coliforms and salt content represent two types of challenges to water quality at sand dams: fecal coliforms are a health hazard, whereas high salt content potentially reduces the amount of usable water that is available.