Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Haploïdie'
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Ghaemi, Maryam. "Androgenèse in vitro chez le blé dur (Triticum turgidum L. ) : études des facteurs génétiques et environnementaux : [thèse en partie soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT021A.
Full textSong, Yuan-Chun. "Sac embryonnaire et embryons zygotiques chez le maïs (Z. Mays) : méthode d'isolement in vitro et recherche de marqueurs protéiques." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10058.
Full textDevaux, Pierre. "Les plantes haploïdes chez l'orge, avec extension au blé : méthodes d'obtention et relations avec l'organisation de leur génome." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-153.pdf.
Full textEl, Mokadem Hoda. "Haploi͏̈disation des rosiers, comportement des dihaploi͏̈des de Rosa Hybrida L. Et utilisations à des fins de sélection et d'analyses génétiques." Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT003A.
Full textLanaud, Claire. "Nouvelles données sur la biologie du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L. ) : diversité des populations, système d'incompatibilité, haploides spontanés : leurs conséquences pour l'amélioration génétique de cette espèce." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112294.
Full textSome aspects of the biology of cocoa tree were studied for their breeding implications. Isozymes electrophoresis was developed to obtain new genetic markers. 9 polymorphic loci and 31 alleles were identified. Studies on the diversity between wild and cultivated populations from various origins revealed large species variability, particularly among Upper Amazon populations. A study on the mechanisms of incompatibility showed different levels of expression when a mixture of incompatible and compatible pollen was used, a partial inhibition of incompatibility, due to their interactions, was observed. The degree of inhibition depended both on the genetic constitution and on the relative proportions of compatible and incompatible pollen mixed on the flowers. In hybrid seeds gardens, where mixed pollinations were frequent, the use of isozymes demonstrated a high level of self-fertilized seeds in progenitors usually incompatible when only pollinated with their own pollen. The origin of spontaneous haploids depended partially on semigamy. Probably due to hamozygosity, depressive effects appeared in many characteristics for doubled haploids, but this was not transmitted in progeny. Different doubled haploid were obtained from a heterozygous genotype thus allowing the opportunity to choose better progenitors than the parent. Meanwhile the use of haploids in a breeding program was limited by a lack of efficiency to obtain them. Results obtained gave information to design new breeding schemes and to assure the multiplication of selected seeds. They emphasize the small part of the genetic diversity of cocoa tree used hitherto. Because of the originality of incompatibility system and in order to valorize cocoa breeding a rigorous control in biclonal seeds gardens must be applied. A better knowledge of population genetics was obtained and consequences for genetic resources management for this species were discussed
Ricci, Sébastien. "Stratégies d’hybridation entre rosiers sauvages et cultivés : approches génétique, cytologique et moléculaire." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30025.
Full textGene flow between diploid wild rose species and tetraploid cultivars, requires to overcome ploidy barriers. Use of fertile triploid hybrid as genetic bridge seems to be promising. These hybrids show particular meiosis (production of both haploid and diploid pollen), and allow gene flow between diploid parent and tetraploid descendants via diploid gametes. In vitro chromosome doubling of diploid wild species, or haploïdisation of tetraploid cultivars appeared genotype-dependent, and success rates are still low. Use of unreduced gametes produced by diploid genotypes seems to be an attractive way, despite the complexity and the variability of this trait, which is largely susceptible to environmental conditions. Genes coding for cyclins, RhCYCB1;1 and RhCYCB2;1, potentially involved in meiosis control, were isolated. These could allow studies of how environmental conditions affect microsporogenesis
Rivera, Nava Juana Laura. "Stratégie mère porteuse chez Cupressus dupreziana A. Camus (cyprès du Tassili) : analyse, conséquences et perspectives." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30019.
Full textPaternal apomixis was demonstrated in one of the most endangered woody species in the world, Tassili cypress (Cupressus dupreziana A. Camus, 233 individuals in the natural area), which originates from Tassili N'Ajjer plateau in Algeria. Offspring produced by C. Dupreziana seeds harvested from the natural area or from collections in south eastern France were characterized by their morphology, their ploidy level, their nuclear microsatellite genotype, the production and viability of their male cones, their growth and phyllotaxy. Approximately 50% of progeny from ex-situ open-pollinated C. Dupreziana were Tassili cypress. The other half were common cypress (C. Sempervirens) seedlings, either haploid or diploid, the latter being most often homozygous. Haploid individuals were produced by in planta androgenesis from haploid pollen of common cypress. They were characterized by a weak elongation, very short internodes and an earlier switch from whorled phyllotaxy 4 to whorled phyllotaxy 3 and 2. The more vigorous diploid homozygous individuals probably derive either from a spontaneous haplo-diploidisation or from the fusion of two male gametes. These androgenic common cypress individuals also expressed microsporogenesis anomalies and are good candidates for the selection of pollen-free varieties. The genetic diversity analysis in C. Dupreziana showed a very weak diversity among trees and a very strong individual heterozygosity. This unusual result for an endangered species is indicative of reproduction by apomixis. The Tassili cypress is living on borrowed time
Sauton, Annie. "Recherche d'haploi͏̈des chez le melon (Cucumis melo L. ) : étude et application à la sélection de la parthénogénèse induite par du pollen irradié." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20045.
Full textEsteves, Patricio. "Optimisation de la culture de microspores isolées chez les orges de printemps à six rangs." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30476/30476.pdf.
Full textDoubled haploid (DH) plants are completely homozygous individuals that can be generated via in vitro androgenesis. DHs are useful as research tools both for genetic studies and in plant breeding. Isolated microspore culture (IMC) is the most efficient way to produce DHs. Unfortunately, six-row spring barley genotypes, the main type produced in Eastern Canada, are considered recalcitrant because of a low embryogenesis and a high rate of albinism. Our objective was to develop an IMC protocol more suitable to this type of barley. We carried out exploratory work on four barley cultivars: ACCA and Léger (six-row, spring), Gobernadora (two-row, spring) and Igri (two-row, winter). In a first phase, we explored four factors. First, we found that a 2-4-fold increase in the yield of embryogenic microspores is possible by optimizing the harvest stage for each genotype. Second, two pretreatments (0.3M mannitol for 2 days or a combination of cold and heat over 15 days) both performed significantly better than the commonly used cold pretreatment (28 days at 4°C). Third, an induction medium containing mannitol doubled green plant regeneration. Fourth, we observed a marked effect of microspore plating density on the number of green plants obtained, with 106 microspores/ml yielding the best results. In a second phase we explored the use of alternative growth regulators both in the induction medium (thidiazuron and dicamba) and in the regeneration medium (meta-topoline). Compared to control media containing 6-benzyl-aminopurine, our improved induction medium lead to a 5.1-fold increase in green plant production, mainly achieved by reducing albinism. Similarly, our regeneration medium yielded 2.9-fold more green plants than the control. Finally, these results were successfully validated using F1 genotypes from a breeding program. On the whole, we have succeeded in substantially improving the efficiency of IMC in this type of recalcitrant barley.
Chair, Hâna. "Transformation génétique de protoplastes de variétés méditerranéennes de riz (Oryza sativa L. )." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20014.
Full textGeoffriau, Emmanuel. "Aptitude de l'oignon (Allium cepa L. ) à la gynogenèse et analyse de facteurs impliqués dans le processus d'haplodiploi͏̈disation." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30275.
Full textMezzarobba, Antoine. "L'androgénèse "in vitro" chez le tournesol cultivé (Helianthus annuus L. )." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20057.
Full textHoudan, Aude. "Cycle biologique et stratégies de développement chez les coccolithophores (Prymnesiophyceae, Haptophyta) . Implications écologiques." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009000.
Full textDoré, Claire. "Intégration de la culture in vitro dans les méthodes de sélection de plusieurs espèces potagères." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112402.
Full textTo express plant biology progresses into practical innovations for the improvement of several vegetable crops, we used different in vitro culture methods. Therefore, we adapted them to each species, looked for their best integration level and their real interest within breeding methodology. The first part is devoted to several methods to produce elite genotypes: 1) Haplodiploidization was found out and practiced from in vitro anther culture until agronomical evaluation. In Asparagus, female and supermale plants were achieved. Supermale plants allowed to obtain male F1 hybrids the interest of which was here confirmed. In Cabbage, originality and worth of doubled haploid lines could be also demonstrated. 2) Immature embryo culture of Ph. Vulgaris x Ph angustissimus and in vitro colchicine treatment allowed to achieve the corresponding amphiploid. Samely, amphiploid Allium cepa x A. Psekemense was obtained. 3) Cabbage petiole culture inoculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes allowed to regenerate transformed plants, with a TL region of the Ri plasmid. The second part concerns vegetative multiplication method for elite genotypes. In Asparagus, reacquiring juvenile potentialities led to induce crowns in vitro, and genitor cloning made possible the release of a new type of variety. The return from prefloral state to vegetative state is a preliminary for active multiplication for species where picking is necessarily late (Leek and Lettuce)Maintaining the activity of latent axillary meristems located on basis of Allium plantlet bulbs allowed to achieve successive multiplication cycles. The interest, cast, limits and future prospects are then discussed for each method. So in vitro culture practical use has become a reality for several vegetable crop improvement, expressed especially by variety innovations
Meunier, Élisabeth. "Comportement en autofécondation et en croisement de lignées haploïdes doublées issues par androgénèse, gynogénèse et croisement interspécifique d'une lignée haploïde doublée d'orge (Hordeum vulgare)." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112254.
Full textThree different haplomethods were used on a doub1ed haploid line obtained through ovary culture from Bérénice pure line variety (spring barley). Of the 19 doubled haploid lines obtained, four were by another culture, two by ovary culture and 13 through an interspecific cross with Hordeum bulbosum, a wild barley species. 15 were different from their original source line; none of them was inferior to it. No particular type of variation could be detected among these lines as to the way they were obtained. The observed variations were much less important than those observed on an androgenetic line directly obtained from Bérénice. A diallel cross was carried out between 8 parents: Bérénice, the gynogenetic source line, and 6 doubled haploid lines which were obtained from the two former lines. This suggests that the variations observed in the androgenetic line from Bérénice are of nuclear origin, while those observed in the other lines are mostly due to cytoplasmic modifications
Chambon, Catherine. "Application de biotechnologies végétales au genre lavandula, en vue de l'amélioration génétique du lavandin." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPL083N.
Full textCasado, Marie. "Studies of HEI10 dosage effect on the regulation of meiotic recombination in 2 Brassicaceae allopolyploid crops (C. sativa and B. napus)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB056.
Full textMeiotic regulation is an essential process not only for maintaining fertility, but also for creating diversity through the generation of new allelic combinations via cross-overs (CO). Recently, more and more evidence has emerged in support of the importance of meiotic protein dosage in the regulation of CO formation. With this in mind, during my thesis, I studied the effect of meiotic protein HEI10 dosage on CO formation in 2 allopolyploid Brassicaceae: rapeseed and camelina, with carry 5 and 3 copies of HEI10 respectively. I was thus able to show that HEI10 is essential for the formation of class I CO in camelina, and to confirm its dosage effect. Unexpected results were shown for low doses of HEI10, emphasizing the contribution of polyploid species for such studies. I also worked on the generation of haploid-inducing lines, useful tools for the study of homoeologous recombination, in these 2 species by generating dmp mutated lines
Rescan, Marie. "Evolution des cycles de vie : modélisation et évolution expérimentale sur la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066523/document.
Full textSexual reproduction leads to an alternation between haploid and diploid phases, whose relative length varies widely across taxa. The proportion of the life cycle spent in the haploid and diploid phase has important consequences on a number of adaptive processes. This thesis combines theoretical approaches exploring the effect of genetic and ecological factors on the evolution of life cycles, and experimental work on the effects of ploidy on the evolution of reproductive isolation between populations. The theoretical part consisted in integrating ecological components into genetic models for the evolution of life cycles. In particular, I explored the interplay between niche differentiation between haploids and diploids (known to favour the maintenance of biphasic life cycles, involving development in both phases) and the effect of deleterious alleles (known to favour either haploid or diploid life cycles). While niche differentiation (or more simply intrinsic fitness differences between phases) stabilizes biphasic cycles, the presence of deleterious alleles often lead to evolutionary branching and to the stable coexistence of alleles coding for haploid and diploid cycles. Branching is prevented, however, when temporal environmental fluctuations are included into the model. The experimental part consisted in comparing the dynamics of reproductive isolation between small populations of haploid and diploid yeasts with elevated mutation rate. The results show that while haploid hybrids tend to have a lower fitness than their parents, diploid hybrids benefit from heterosis in the F1 generation, and still have a higher fitness than the diploid homozygous parents in the F2 generation. However, the variance of hybrid fitness was much higher in haploids, with the production of some highly fit genotypes
Chalak, Lamis. "Haplodiploi͏̈sation et cultures cellulaires chez le kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa Cv. Hayward) : caractérisation préliminaire de matériels obtenus." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20278.
Full textBikond, Nkoma Geneviève. "Acétylation des histones et fragilité génétique dans le gamète mâle haploïde." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3961.
Full textKrueger-Hadfield, Stacy A. "Structure des populations chez l'algue rouge haploïde-diploïde Chondrus crispus : système de reproduction, différenciation génétique et épidémiologie." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066511.
Full textThe study of population genetic structure by elucidating the movement of genes at a range of spatial scales provides insight into microevolutionary patterns and processes. The purpose of this study was to explore these processes in the intertidal red alga Chondrus crispus. The life cycle of C. Crispu alternates between free-living diploid tetrasporophytes and free-living haploid gametophytes and many of the populations surveyed have been found to be gametophyte-biased. The aims of the thesis were to explore the consequences of the alternation of haploid and diploid individuals on the patterns of mating system, propagule dispersal and differential responses to endophytic infections. C. Crispus reproduces mainly sexually, where high levels of intergametophytic selling were using direct (paternity analyies) and indirect (F-statistics) methods. The unique pattern of genetic structure was characterized by (i) strong intergametophytic selfing, (ii) a significant effect of the shore seascape and (iii) the absence of isolation by distance at a larger scale. In the field, populations which exhibited less infection were found to be closer to equilibrium frequency suggesting differential susceptibility may play an important role in haploid to diploid ratios. Cross infection experiments showed that tetrasporophytes were more susceptible to infection. The effect of this seascape shaping gene movement between high and low locations within the intertidal was established and is supposed t favor local adaptation. Further studies are needed to understand more about the process of local adaptation as well as the effect of haploid and diploid dispersal on genetic structure
Bilang, Mariyati. "Relation entre la structure des phosphopeptidomannannes et la floculation chez Kluyveromyces lactis (souches haploïdes)." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10100.
Full textMattar, Dominique. "Établissement de cultures cellulaires haploïdes, diploïdes et transformées de ginkgo biloba par diverses stratégies variabilisantes." Tours, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOUR3805.
Full textHanifi, Leïla. "Contribution à l'étude de l'hétérosis et de l'interêt des F1, F2 et lignées haploïdes doublées chez l'orge." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-465.pdf.
Full textDebec, Alain. "Etude génétique de lignées cellulaires de Drosophila melanogaster." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066180.
Full textFiorini, Sarah. "Effet de l'augmentation de la pression partielle du dioxyde de carbone et de la température sur le phytoplancton calcifiant (coccolithophoridés)." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066586.
Full textCuny, Florence. "Processus d'induction d'embryons haploïdes par du pollen irradié chez le melon (cucumis melo l. ) : réponses du pollen à l'irradiation gamma." Avignon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AVIG0301.
Full textYean-San, Lean-Han. "Gynogenèse "in vitro" : variabilité des haploïdes doublés issus d'androgenèse, de gynogenèse "in vitro" et de croisement interspécifique chez Hordeum vulgare L." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112179.
Full textIn vitro gynogenesis on barley, Hordeum vulgare, L. And on wheat, Triticum aestivum, L. Is presented in the first part of this work. Obtaining haploid plants from non fertilized ovaries cultured in vitro has been reported, in the first instance, in barley (SAN 1976). Physiological stage of female gametophyte is an important factor for gynogenesis induction. The other factors influencing gynogenesis development are reported pretraitements, culture media, environmental conditions, ovary positions on sol id medium, genotypes. One or sereral plants can be obtained from one ovary. Development cell origin and caracteristic of gynogenetic plants are described. In the second part we compared the doubled haploid plants of the barley spring cultivar "Bérénice" produced by three different methods, in vitro androgenesis, in vitro gynogenesis and haploidization by interspecific hybridization of Hordeum vulgare, L. And Hordeum bulbosum, L. Some variability was observed in barley doubled haploid plants on 4 selfing generations. This variability is more important in androgenetic doubled haploid plants than in gynogenetic ones or than in the ones from interspecific hybridization with Hordeum bulbosum, · Genetic analysis on F1 and on 6F2 from diallele cross between androgenetic doubled haploids, gynogenetic doubled haploids and the control line (source line) showed :-important effects of general combining ability-important "epigenic effects" (maternal effects) and a relation between male effects and female effects of the same genotype; they indicate an important action of cytoplasm and nucleocytoplasmic interaction on the in vitro haploidiploidization variation. The in vitro culture and the particular cell physiological stage before the culture would be at the origin of variability. In vitro androgenesis induced more variability than in vitro gynogenesis or than haploidization from interspecific cross ; in vitro culture induced modification on nuclear gene expression as well as cytoplasmic or epigenic expression
Bordes, Jacques. "Création de lignées haploïdes doublées de maïs par gynogenèse induite in situ : amélioration de la méthode et intégration dans les schémas de sélection." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00688812.
Full textZhang, Yong Xiang. "Recherche in vitro de plantes haploïdes chez le pommier cultivé (Malus x domestica Borkh. ) : androgenèse, gynogenèse, parthénogenèse in situ induite par du pollen irradié." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112343.
Full textThe cultivated apple (Malus X domestica Borkh, 2n = 2x = 34) is an allogametic perennial, propagated by vegetative methods. It has a high degree of heterozygosity, and a complex genomic constitution. It can be described as a secondary polyploid. The production of haploid plants in such species therefore presents multiple interests concerning cytogenetics and mutagenesis as well as breeding of cultivars. Three haploidization methods have been studied in this thesis: in vitro androgenesis by anther culture, in vitro gynogenesis by unfertilized ovule culture, and in situ parthenogenesis induced by irradiated pollen followed by in vitro culture of immature embryos. - Anther culture has produced a number of androgenetic embryos in three genotypes ('Topred', 'Starking' and 'Rr') and androgenetic calli in three other genotypes ('Golden Delicious', 'R8-16' and 'Doubled Haploid'). Cytological observations showed that androgenetic development has been induced mainly by a diversion of the 1st pollinic mitosis leading to 2 identical nuclei. Our studies have shown that several factors could influence in vitro androgenesis: * The genotype plays a determining role in androgenetic embryo formation * A cold pretreatment (≥ 5 weeks at 2 to 6°C) applied to the flower bud before anther culture has proved to be necessary for embryo formation; 2 to 6 weeks of the same treatment can significantly increase the rate of callogenesis. .
Reiffers, Isabelle. "Mises au point de quelques méthodes de multiplication végétative et de doublement chromosomique du riz : appplication à des haploïdes androgénétiques et à des hybrides interspécifiques (O. Sativa x O. Longistaminata)." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112002.
Full textShekafandeh, Nobawdegani Akhtar. "Régénération par gynogenèse in vitro chez le blé dur (Triticum durum) et l'orge (Hordeum vulgare) : obtention de plantes selon diverses modalités d'application de stress salins." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL070N.
Full textGilles, Laurine. "Dissection moléculaire et cellulaire de la gynogenèse in vivo chez le maïs." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN069.
Full textIn maize, plant breeding mainly relies on double haploid technology. The main principle of this technology is the use of special lines called “inducer lines”, which induce in vivo gynogenesis. This mechanism allows haploid embryos production which only contain maternal genetics information. After chromosome doubling of the haploid seedlings, it is possible to obtain fixed lines in only few generations, thus considerably reducing breeding cycles. Although genetic determinants behind in vivo gynogenesis remained enigmatic for nearly sixty years, our work allowed the positional cloning and the identification of the major gene controlling haploid induction. This gene, specifically expressed in pollen grain, encodes for a phospholipase A2 called NOT LIKE DAD (NLD). It turns out that in all the inducer lines the NLD gene has a 4-bp insertion, leading to the formation of a truncated protein responsible for gynogenesis in vivo. This mutation did not result in a spatial or temporal defect in the expression of the gene but in the delocalization of the protein. The wild type protein localizes at the male germ unit on the vegetative membrane surrounding the two sperm cells, while the truncated protein loses this location. Pharmacological and mutagenic approaches revealed that NLD is targeted to the membrane through lipid anchoring and electrostatic interactions between membrane and protein. In parallel, it has been observed that the truncation of NLD; in addition to leading to the formation of maternal haploids; led to many pleiotropic phenotypes of abnormal kernels. The genotyping of fertilization products (endosperms and embryos), shows the existence of paternal chromosomal anomalies, which can explain these different phenotypes of abnormal kernels. All these results indicate that the intact NLD phospholipase is therefore necessary for the proper course of sexual reproduction
Wessels, Elsabet. "Ontwikkeling van ’n koringkwekery met gestapelde, spesie-verhaalde roesweerstand." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5459.
Full textIncludes bibliography.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Wheat rust is a significant contributor to the total impact of diseases on sustainable wheat production. Genetic resistance, produced by using resistance genes from wheat and other related wild species, is the simplest and most cost-effective way to guard against these diseases. The pyramiding of resistance genes in a single line is a vital practice in bringing about durable resistance. This study aimed to develop a series of doubled haploid (DH) wheat lines containing combination's of wild species genes for rust resistance. Rust resistance genes Lr19 (7BL), Sr31/Lr26/Yr9/Pm8 (1BS) and Lr54/Yr37 (2DL) were combined by means of crossing. Breeders. lines which have complex resistance including Lr24/Sr24 (3DL), Lr34/Yr18 (7D), Sr36 (2BS) and Sr2 (3BS), were used. Marker assisted selection (MAS) was used to type populations for the above mentioned genes. Using the DH method (maize pollination technique), an inbred population was developed from the selected lines, after which the lines were characterised molecularly for the resistance gene translocations which they contain. The study produced 27 lines with diverse genetic profiles. Seven lines contain four translocations (Lr24/Sr24, Lr34/Yr18, Sr2 and Lr19 or Sr31) each, 11 lines contain three genes each, six lines contain two genes each and only three lines contain a single translocation (Lr24/Sr24). The reality that rust pathogens have already overcome three of the resistance genes in the final population . Lr19, Sr31 and Sr24 . is a clear indication of the value of using non-major gene resistance for bringing about durable resistance. The focus should fall ever more greatly upon the application of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for this purpose, which will result in MAS contributing to the development of more durable resistance. The value of the integration of MAS and DH in combination with conventional breeding practices in breeding programmes has already been illustrated internationally for increasing the rate of cultivar development and this is reaffirmed by this study.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Koringroes lewer jaarliks .n beduidende bydrae tot die totale impak van siektes wat volhoubare koringverbouing belemmer. Die mees eenvoudige en koste-effektiewe verweer teen hierdie siektes is genetiese weerstand, wat deur weerstandsgene vanaf koring, sowel as wilde verwante spesies, bewerkstellig word. Die stapeling van weerstandsgene in .n enkele lyn word as .n onontbeerlike praktyk om duursame weerstand tot stand te bring, geag. Hierdie studie het ten doel gehad om .n reeks verdubbelde haploiede (VH) koringlyne te ontwikkel wat kombinasies van wilde spesie gene vir roesweerstand bevat. Roesweerstandsgene Lr19 (7BL), Sr31/Lr26/Yr9/Pm8 (1BS) en Lr54/Yr37 (2DL) is deur middel van kruisings gekombineer. Telerslyne wat oor komplekse weerstand beskik wat Lr24/Sr24 (3DL), Lr34/Yr18 (7D), Sr36 (2BS) en Sr2 (3BS) insluit, is gebruik. Merker-bemiddelde seleksie (MBS) is gebruik om populasies vir bogenoemde gene te tipeer. .n Ingeteelde populasie is vanaf die geselekteerde lyne met behulp van die VH metode (mielie-bestuiwing tegniek) ontwikkel, waarna die lyne molekuler vir die weerstandsgeentranslokasies waaroor hul beskik, gekarakteriseer is. Die studie het 27 lyne met diverse genetiese profiele opgelewer. Sewe lyne bevat vier weerstandsgeentranslokasies (Lr24/Sr24, Lr34/Yr18, Sr2 en Lr19 of Sr31) elk, 11 lyne beskik oor kombinasies van drie gene elk, ses bevat twee gene elk en slegs drie lyne beskik oor .n enkele translokasie (Lr24/Sr24). Die realiteit dat die roespatogene reeds drie van die weerstandsgene in die finale populasie . Lr19, Sr31 en Sr24 . oorkom het, benadruk die waarde van die gebruik van nie-hoofgeenweerstand vir die daarstelling van duursame weerstand. Die fokus behoort toenemend meer op die aanwending van kwantitatiewe kenmerk-loci (QTL) vir hierdie doel te val en sal sodoende teweegbring dat MBS bydra tot die ontwikkeling van meer duursame weerstand. Die waarde van die integrasie van MBS en VH in kombinasie met konvensionele telingsmetodiek is reeds internasionaal vir die versnelling van kultivarontwikkeling aangetoon en word ook deur hierdie studie herbevestig.
Paris, Jessica. "Identification of molecular mechanisms subtending bread wheat androgenesis : A chemical biology approach." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB012.
Full textBread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most widely cultivated cereal grain, representing a fifth of all calories and proteins in the average human diet. Because modern wheat cultivars are inbred, major improvement may be obtained through modern breeding techniques, in particular the development of hybrids, derived from a specific cross between two agro-nomically sound parental lines to exploit heterosis. To speed up selection programs, wheat breeders have relied for dec-ades on the production of doubled haploid plants, also known as haplodiploids, for the creation of novel varieties. Hap-lodiploidization is an invaluable strategy to accelerate breeding because the haplodiploids are fixed as pure homozygotes within a single generation, thereby avoiding the more conventional, time consuming, self- or backcrossing selection schemes.This collaborative research project aimed at identifying bioactive molecules that enhance the recovery of gametic embryos from bread wheat isolated microspore cultures. Following the development of a robust protocol for producing micro-spore-derived haploids, we used an automated platform to screen 1539 bioactive molecules and identified two families of potential androgenesis enhancers. In parallel, we studied the transcriptome (RNAseq) of induced miscrospores at key stages of androgenesis initiation. These profiles were interpreted in comparison with previously published data, in wheat, other crops, and model plant species. Finally, we investigated the plausible mode of actions of one of the identified en-hancers by comparing transcript profiles of microspore suspensions that were exposed or not to the bioactive molecule. This work enabled the characterization of androgenesis biomarkers and leads to improved methods for the production of doubled haploid bread wheat regenerants