Journal articles: 'Haplorhini'

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López-Torres, Sergi, Michael A. Schillaci, and Mary T. Silcox. "Life history of the most complete fossil primate skeleton: exploring growth models for Darwinius." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 9 (September 2015): 150340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150340.

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Darwinius is an adapoid primate from the Eocene of Germany, and its only known specimen represents the most complete fossil primate ever found. Its describers hypothesized a close relationship to Anthropoidea, and using a Saimiri model estimated its age at death. This study reconstructs the ancestral permanent dental eruption sequences for basal Euprimates, Haplorhini, Anthropoidea, and stem and crown Strepsirrhini. The results show that the ancestral sequences for the basal euprimate, haplorhine and stem strepsirrhine are identical, and similar to that of Darwinius . However, Darwinius differs from anthropoids by exhibiting early development of the lower third molars relative to the lower third and fourth premolars. The eruption of the lower second premolar marks the point of interruption of the sequence in Darwinius . The anthropoid Saimiri as a model is therefore problematic because it exhibits a delayed eruption of P 2 . Here, an alternative strepsirrhine model based on Eulemur and Varecia is presented. Our proposed model shows an older age at death than previously suggested (1.05–1.14 years), while the range for adult weight is entirely below the range proposed previously. This alternative model is more consistent with hypotheses supporting a stronger relationship between adapoids and strepsirrhines.

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McBride, Jack H., and Tesla A. Monson. "The Evolution of Primate Litter Size." Humans 4, no. 3 (July 19, 2024): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/humans4030014.

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Litter size plays an essential role in mammalian evolution and is one of the most important factors determining whether an organism is deemed to have a ‘slow’ or ‘fast’ life history strategy. Humans are distinct in being classified as having slow life history yet bearing singletons who have completed relatively less growth than other ape neonates. Previous work has proposed that the ancestral primate gave birth to singletons. However, primate litter size has not yet been contextualized within a broad phylogenetic assessment of mammalian life history. We performed a comprehensive investigation of primate litter size using life history data for 155 primate species, and litter size data for an additional 791 boreoeutherian mammals. Litter size and life history traits have strong phylogenetic signal in primates (Pagel’s lambda: 0.99, p < 0.001; Blomberg’s K: 0.6311. p < 0.001), and litter size is significantly negatively correlated with gestation length (p < 0.001). Our data support that the last common ancestors of both primates and Haplorhini gave birth to multiples (litter size 1.7 and 1.6, respectively). We also find that singleton-bearing pregnancies evolved convergently in multiple primate lineages, including tarsiers and other haplorhines. This study contributes significantly to our understanding of life history and litter size in mammals, and we emphasize the utility of a callitrichid model for investigating the evolution of human reproduction.

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Atwater, Amy L., and E. Christopher Kirk. "New middle Eocene omomyines (Primates, Haplorhini) from San Diego County, California." Journal of Human Evolution 124 (November 2018): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.04.010.

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Fichtel, Claudia, Klara Dinter, and Peter M. Kappeler. "The lemur baseline: how lemurs compare to monkeys and apes in the Primate Cognition Test Battery." PeerJ 8 (September 24, 2020): e10025. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10025.

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Primates have relatively larger brains than other mammals even though brain tissue is energetically costly. Comparative studies of variation in cognitive skills allow testing of evolutionary hypotheses addressing socioecological factors driving the evolution of primate brain size. However, data on cognitive abilities for meaningful interspecific comparisons are only available for haplorhine primates (great apes, Old- and New World monkeys) although strepsirrhine primates (lemurs and lorises) serve as the best living models of ancestral primate cognitive skills, linking primates to other mammals. To begin filling this gap, we tested members of three lemur species (Microcebus murinus, Varecia variegata, Lemur catta) with the Primate Cognition Test Battery, a comprehensive set of experiments addressing physical and social cognitive skills that has previously been used in studies of haplorhines. We found no significant differences in cognitive performance among lemur species and, surprisingly, their average performance was not different from that of haplorhines in many aspects. Specifically, lemurs’ overall performance was inferior in the physical domain but matched that of haplorhines in the social domain. These results question a clear-cut link between brain size and cognitive skills, suggesting a more domain-specific distribution of cognitive abilities in primates, and indicate more continuity in cognitive abilities across primate lineages than previously thought.

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Diehl, William E., Welkin E. Johnson, and Eric Hunter. "Elevated Rate of Fixation of Endogenous Retroviral Elements in Haplorhini TRIM5 and TRIM22 Genomic Sequences: Impact on Transcriptional Regulation." PLoS ONE 8, no. 3 (March 14, 2013): e58532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058532.

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Shamsutdinova, O. A., D. V. Bulgin, D. D. Karal-ogly, I. N. Lavrentieva, and I. N. Klots. "Comparative analysis of residual neurovirulence of vaccine and low attenuated rubella virus (Matonaviridae: Rubivirus: Rubella virus) strains in the experiments on the macaque rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys." Problems of Virology 67, no. 2 (May 5, 2022): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-97.

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Introduction. Rubella is currently an infection controlled by specific prophylaxis. Not only the right vaccine prophylaxis strategy and tactics, but also the use of effective and safe vaccine preparations is crucial for the elimination of this disease.The aim of the investigation was to study the morphological and pathogenetic patterns of changes developing in the central nervous system (CNS) and internal organs of monkeys (Haplorhini) during intracerebral inoculation with 2 strains of rubella virus (Matonaviridae: Rubivirus: Rubella virus) (RV): highly attenuated Orlov-B, and low attenuated Orlov-14.Material and methods. In the experiments, seronegative rhesus macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) weighing 3.3–5.1 kg (n = 7) were used. Neurovirulence of the strains was determined by a complex of clinical, pathomorphological, and virological methods.Results and discussion. It was found that during attenuation, the Orlov-B strain lost the ability to replicate in CNS cells and induce moderate/expressed specific changes in them, as well as to overcome the blood-brain barrier and cause the damage of sensitive organs and tissues. This fact indicates a low level of residual neurovirulence of the vaccine strain.Conclusion. The results obtained in this study regarding the clinical symptoms of CNS lesions and the nature of the pathological process in its tissues in experimental animals can be significant for the improvement of safety control of live rubella vaccines. These data indicate that the Orlov-B strain can be considered as a candidate strain for further study on the development of a rubella vaccine based on the domestic vaccine strain.

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Kshetri, Sushmita, Laxman Khanal, Sangeeta Tandon, and Randall C. Kyes. "Seasonal Variation in the Activity Budget and Daily Path Length of Semi-Provisioned Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Daunne Forest, Nawalpur, Nepal." Indonesian Journal of Primatology 2, no. 01 (July 23, 2023): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/primatology.2.01.27-36.

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Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta, Mammalia: Primates: Haplorhini: Cercopithecidae) show a great deal of adaptability in different types of habitats. Understanding how these animals allocate their time with regard to their daily activities and ranging behavior is helpful to the design of effective conservation plans by allowing us to better understand their ecological necessities and behavioral responses to environmental changes. This study examined seasonal variation in the activity budget and ranging behavior of a semi-provisioned group of rhesus macaques inhabiting the Daunne Devi Temple area in the Daunne Forest, a subtropical forest in mid-hill of central Nepal. Behavioral data were collected on the adult members of the group using focal animal sampling from 27 October 2021 to 10 May 2022 (for a total of 29 days /227 hours of observation) during three time periods of the day: morning, 7.00–11.00 am; afternoon, 11.00–2.00 pm; and late afternoon, 2.00–6.00 pm. Simultaneously, ranging behavior was recorded by instantaneous scan sampling at 10-minute intervals with the aid of a GPS receiver. The adults in the study group spent the majority of the time resting (33.83%), followed by moving (26.67%), feeding (22.92%), and grooming (15.42%). Males spent significantly more time resting and moving, whereas females spent significantly more time in feeding and grooming. The time invested by the rhesus macaques in different activities showed seasonal variation, but lacked statistical significance. Daily path length ranged between 540.1–2905.4 m (mean = 1590 ± 576.96 m) with a statistically significant seasonal difference that might be attributed to the number of temple visitors and availability of provisioned food. Although the sample size was small and study duration was short, this is one of only a few studies providing empirical evidence suggesting the seasonal variation in activity budget and daily path length of semi-provisioned rhesus macaques.

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Rossie, James B., Timothy D. Smith, K. Christopher Beard, Marc Godinot, and Timothy B. Rowe. "Nasolacrimal anatomy and haplorhine origins." Journal of Human Evolution 114 (January 2018): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.11.004.

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9

Bennett, C. Verity, and Anjali Goswami. "Morphometric Analysis of Cranial Shape in Fossil and Recent Euprimates." Anatomy Research International 2012 (May 7, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/478903.

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Quantitative analysis of morphology allows for identification of subtle evolutionary patterns or convergences in anatomy that can aid ecological reconstructions of extinct taxa. This study explores diversity and convergence in cranial morphology across living and fossil primates using geometric morphometrics. 33 3D landmarks were gathered from 34 genera of euprimates (382 specimens), including the Eocene adapiforms Adapis and Leptadapis and Quaternary lemurs Archaeolemur, Palaeopropithecus, and Megaladapis. Landmark data was treated with Procrustes superimposition to remove all nonshape differences and then subjected to principal components analysis and linear discriminant function analysis. Haplorhines and strepsirrhines were well separated in morphospace along the major components of variation, largely reflecting differences in relative skull length and width and facial depth. Most adapiforms fell within or close to strepsirrhine space, while Quaternary lemurs deviated from extant strepsirrhines, either exploring new regions of morphospace or converging on haplorhines. Fossil taxa significantly increased the area of morphospace occupied by strepsirrhines. However, recent haplorhines showed significantly greater cranial disparity than strepsirrhines, even with the inclusion of the unusual Quaternary lemurs, demonstrating that differences in primate cranial disparity are likely real and not simply an artefact of recent megafaunal extinctions.

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10

Ni, Xijun, Daniel L. Gebo, Marian Dagosto, Jin Meng, Paul Tafforeau, John J. Flynn, and K. Christopher Beard. "The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution." Nature 498, no. 7452 (June 2013): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12200.

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11

Seymour, Roger S., Vanya Bosiocic, Edward P. Snelling, Prince C. Chikezie, Qiaohui Hu, Thomas J. Nelson, Bernhard Zipfel, and Case V. Miller. "Cerebral blood flow rates in recent great apes are greater than in Australopithecus species that had equal or larger brains." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1915 (November 13, 2019): 20192208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2208.

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Brain metabolic rate (MR) is linked mainly to the cost of synaptic activity, so may be a better correlate of cognitive ability than brain size alone. Among primates, the sizes of arterial foramina in recent and fossil skulls can be used to evaluate brain blood flow rate, which is proportional to brain MR. We use this approach to calculate flow rate in the internal carotid arteries ( Q ˙ ICA ) , which supply most of the primate cerebrum. Q ˙ ICA is up to two times higher in recent gorillas, chimpanzees and orangutans compared with 3-million-year-old australopithecine human relatives, which had equal or larger brains. The scaling relationships between Q ˙ ICA and brain volume ( V br ) show exponents of 1.03 across 44 species of living haplorhine primates and 1.41 across 12 species of fossil hominins. Thus, the evolutionary trajectory for brain perfusion is much steeper among ancestral hominins than would be predicted from living primates. Between 4.4-million-year-old Ardipithecus and Homo sapiens , V br increased 4.7-fold, but Q ˙ ICA increased 9.3-fold, indicating an approximate doubling of metabolic intensity of brain tissue. By contrast, Q ˙ ICA is proportional to V br among haplorhine primates, suggesting a constant volume-specific brain MR.

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12

Gebo, Daniel L., Marian Dagosto, K. Christopher Beard, and Tao Qi. "Middle Eocene primate tarsals from China: Implications for haplorhine evolution." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 116, no. 2 (2001): 83–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1105.

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13

Gingerich, Philip D., Jens L. Franzen, Jörg Habersetzer, Jørn H. Hurum, and B. Holly Smith. "Darwinius masillae is a Haplorhine — Reply to Williams et al. (2010)." Journal of Human Evolution 59, no. 5 (November 2010): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.013.

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14

Edmonds, Hallie. "Zygomatic Arch Cortical Area and Diet in Haplorhines." Anatomical Record 299, no. 12 (November 15, 2016): 1789–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.23478.

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15

Chiquet, Christophe, Ouria Dkhissi-Benyahya, and Howard M. Cooper. "Calcium-binding protein distribution in the retina of strepsirhine and haplorhine primates." Brain Research Bulletin 68, no. 3 (December 2005): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.08.010.

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16

Grow, Nanda Bess. "Cryptic Communication in a Montane Nocturnal Haplorhine, Tarsius pumilus." Folia Primatologica 90, Suppl. 5 (2019): 404–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000497427.

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17

Menegaz, Rachel A., and E. Christopher Kirk. "Septa and processes: convergent evolution of the orbit in haplorhine primates and strigiform birds." Journal of Human Evolution 57, no. 6 (December 2009): 672–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.04.010.

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18

Dunn, Rachel H., Kenneth D. Rose, Rajendra S. Rana, Kishor Kumar, Ashok Sahni, and Thierry Smith. "New euprimate postcrania from the early Eocene of Gujarat, India, and the strepsirrhine–haplorhine divergence." Journal of Human Evolution 99 (October 2016): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.06.006.

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Rehorek, S. J., J. R. Holland, J. L. Johnson, J. M. Caprez, J. Cray, M. P. Mooney, W. J. Hillenius, and T. D. Smith. "Development of the Lacrimal Apparatus in the Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and Its Potential Role as an Animal Model for Humans." Anatomy Research International 2011 (July 27, 2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/623186.

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Rabbits have been proposed as a model organism for the human lacrimal apparatus (LA), including the nasolacrimal duct (NLD), based principally on comparative studies of adult morphology; however, little is known about its development. The NLD first appears as an incomplete primordium in the subcutaneous region of the primordial eyelid and subsequently elongates to reach the naris. One posterior and three anterior orbital glands are present fetally although one of the anterior glands is soon lost. The NLD follows a tortuous path and passes through a bony canal consisting of lacrimal, maxilla, and maxilloturbinal bones at different regions. Although early developmental similarities exist to haplorhine primates, the narial opening of the NLD resembles strepsirrhines. This distinction, along with the ductal and glandular differences at the orbital end of the NLD, indicates that rabbits may be a poor model for LA drainage in primates, specifically humans.

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Sandel, Aaron A., Evan L. MacLean, and Brian Hare. "Evidence from four lemur species that ringtailed lemur social cognition converges with that of haplorhine primates." Animal Behaviour 81, no. 5 (May 2011): 925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.01.020.

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Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Renaud Lebrun, Chotima Yamee, and Jean-Jacques Jaeger. "A new Middle Miocene tarsier from Thailand and the reconstruction of its orbital morphology using a geometric–morphometric method." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1714 (December 2010): 1956–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2062.

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Tarsius is an extant genus of primates endemic to the islands of Southeast Asia that is characterized by enormously enlarged orbits reflecting its nocturnal activity pattern. Tarsiers play a pivotal role in reconstructing primate phylogeny, because they appear to comprise, along with Anthropoidea, one of only two extant haplorhine clades. Their fossils are extremely rare. Here, we describe a new species of Tarsius from the Middle Miocene of Thailand. We reconstructed aspects of its orbital morphology using a geometric–morphometric method. The result shows that the new species of Tarsius had a very large orbit (falling within the range of variation of modern Tarsius ) with a high degree of frontation and a low degree of convergence. Its relatively divergent lower premolar roots suggest a longer mesial tooth row and therefore a longer muzzle than in extant species. The new species documents a previous unknown Miocene group of Tarsius , indicating greater taxonomic diversity and morphological complexity during tarsier evolution. The current restriction of tarsiers to offshore islands in Southeast Asia appears to be a relatively recent phenomenon.

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Kamilar, Jason M., Lydia Beaudrot, and Kaye E. Reed. "The Influences of Species Richness and Climate on the Phylogenetic Structure of African Haplorhine and Strepsirrhine Primate Communities." International Journal of Primatology 35, no. 6 (June 10, 2014): 1105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-014-9784-2.

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Carter, Anthony M., Allen C. Enders, and Robert Pijnenborg. "The role of invasive trophoblast in implantation and placentation of primates." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1663 (March 5, 2015): 20140070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0070.

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We here review the evolution of invasive placentation in primates towards the deep penetration of the endometrium and its arteries in hominoids. The strepsirrhine primates (lemurs and lorises) have non-invasive, epitheliochorial placentation, although this is thought to be derived from a more invasive type. In haplorhine primates, there is differentiation of trophoblast at the blastocyst stage into syncytial and cellular trophoblast. Implantation involves syncytiotrophoblast that first removes the uterine epithelium then consolidates at the basal lamina before continuing into the stroma. In later stages of pregnancy, especially in Old World monkeys and apes, cytotrophoblast plays a greater role in the invasive process. Columns of trophoblast cells advance to the base of the implantation site where they spread out to form a cytotrophoblastic shell. In addition, cytotrophoblasts advance into the lumen of the spiral arteries. They are responsible for remodelling these vessels to form wide, low-resistance conduits. In human and great apes, there is additional invasion of the endometrium and its vessels by trophoblasts originating from the base of the anchoring villi. Deep trophoblast invasion that extends remodelling of the spiral arteries to segments in the inner myometrium evolved in the common ancestor of gorilla, chimp and human.

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Regan, B. C., C. Julliot, B. Simmen, F. Viénot, P. Charles–Dominique, and J. D. Mollon. "Fruits, foliage and the evolution of primate colour vision." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1407 (March 29, 2001): 229–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0773.

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Primates are apparently unique amongst the mammals in possessing trichromatic colour vision. However, not all primates are trichromatic. Amongst the haplorhine (higher) primates, the catarrhines possess uniformly trichromatic colour vision, whereas most of the platyrrhine species exhibit polymorphic colour vision, with a variety of dichromatic and trichromatic phenotypes within the population. It has been suggested that trichromacy in primates and the reflectance functions of certain tropical fruits are aspects of a coevolved seed–dispersal system: primate colour vision has been shaped by the need to find coloured fruits amongst foliage, and the fruits themselves have evolved to be salient to primates and so secure dissemination of their seeds. We review the evidence for and against this hypothesis and we report an empirical test: we show that the spectral positioning of the cone pigments found in trichromatic South American primates is well matched to the task of detecting fruits against a background of leaves. We further report that particular trichromatic platyrrhine phenotypes may be better suited than others to foraging for particular fruits under particular conditions of illumination; and we discuss possible explanations for the maintenance of polymorphic colour vision amongst the platyrrhines.

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Schmitz, Jürgen, Martina Ohme, and Hans Zischler. "SINE Insertions in Cladistic Analyses and the Phylogenetic Affiliations of Tarsius bancanus to Other Primates." Genetics 157, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/157.2.777.

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Abstract Transpositions of Alu sequences, representing the most abundant primate short interspersed elements (SINE), were evaluated as molecular cladistic markers to analyze the phylogenetic affiliations among the primate infraorders. Altogether 118 human loci, containing intronic Alu elements, were PCR analyzed for the presence of Alu sequences at orthologous sites in each of two strepsirhine, New World and Old World monkey species, Tarsius bancanus, and a nonprimate outgroup. Fourteen size-polymorphic amplification patterns exhibited longer fragments for the anthropoids (New World and Old World monkeys) and T. bancanus whereas shorter fragments were detected for the strepsirhines and the outgroup. From these, subsequent sequence analyses revealed three Alu transpositions, which can be regarded as shared derived molecular characters linking tarsiers and anthropoid primates. Concerning the other loci, scenarios are represented in which different SINE transpositions occurred independently in the same intron on the lineages leading both to the common ancestor of anthropoids and to T. bancanus, albeit at different nucleotide positions. Our results demonstrate the efficiency and possible pitfalls of SINE transpositions used as molecular cladistic markers in tracing back a divergence point in primate evolution over 40 million years old. The three Alu insertions characterized underpin the monophyly of haplorhine primates (Anthropoidea and Tarsioidea) from a novel perspective.

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Chevassus-au-Louis, N., and H. M. Cooper. "Is there a geniculohypothalamic tract in primates? A comparative immunohistochemical study in the circadian system of strepsirhine and haplorhine species." Brain Research 805, no. 1-2 (September 1998): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00741-0.

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Carmody, K. A., M. P. Mooney, G. M. Cooper, C. J. Bonar, M. I. Siegel, E. R. Dumont, and T. D. Smith. "Relationship of Premaxillary Bone and Its Sutures to Deciduous Dentition in Nonhuman Primates." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 45, no. 1 (January 2008): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/06-197.1.

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Objective: The relationship of the human premaxillary bone (Pmx) to neighboring craniofacial structures is clouded by its embryonic union with the maxillary bone proper. Only humans among all primates have such early fusion of the premaxillomaxillary suture (PS). This study surveyed the relationship of the PS to the upper deciduous dentition in nonhuman primates, and describes the distribution of bone cells along the osseous margins of the Pmx. Method: Twenty-eight subadult primates were studied using gross, CT, and histologic observations. Location of the anterior deciduous dentition relative to the PS was assessed. In sections of selected specimens, observations of bone cells on the osseous boundaries of the Pmx were made. Osteopontin (OPN) immunohistochemistry was used to isolate osteoclastic binding sites along the Pmx boundaries. Results: The PS was consistently found between deciduous incisor and canine in strepsirrhines of all ages, whereas the suture passed variably closer to the incisor or canine in haplorhines. In all species, the anterior part of the Pmx was nonarticulating and mostly osteoblastic, except for osteoclastic margins adjacent to dentition and the nasal fossa. Superolaterally, the osteogenic fronts of the PS were osteoblastic, while more inferiorly, at the level of the deciduous canine, the PS was often osteoclastic. Results from OPN immunohistochemistry support the findings on bone cell distribution. Conclusion: Bone cell distribution patterns in perinatal nonhuman primates resemble those described for the prenatal human Pmx, suggesting that differences among species relate to magnitude rather than the pattern of osteogenesis.

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Mansueto, Alexander, and Deborah J. Good. "Conservation of a Chromosome 8 Inversion and Exon Mutations Confirm Common Gulonolactone Oxidase Gene Evolution Among Primates, Including H. Neanderthalensis." Journal of Molecular Evolution, April 29, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-024-10165-0.

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AbstractAscorbic acid functions as an antioxidant and facilitates other biochemical processes such as collagen triple helix formation, and iron uptake by cells. Animals which endogenously produce ascorbic acid have a functional gulonolactone oxidase gene (GULO); however, humans have a GULO pseudogene (GULOP) and depend on dietary ascorbic acid. In this study, the conservation of GULOP sequences in the primate haplorhini suborder were investigated and compared to the GULO sequences belonging to the primates strepsirrhini suborder. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the conserved GULOP exons in the haplorhini primates experienced a high rate of mutations following the haplorhini/strepsirrhini divergence. This high mutation rate has decreased during the evolution of the haplorhini primates. Additionally, indels of the haplorhini GULOP sequences were conserved across the suborder. A separate analysis for GULO sequences and well-conserved GULOP sequences focusing on placental mammals identified an in-frame GULO sequence in the Brazilian guinea pig, and a potential GULOP sequence in the pika. Similar to haplorhini primates, the guinea pig and lagomorph species have experienced a high substitution rate when compared to the mammals used in this study. A shared synteny to examine the conservation of local genes near GULO/GULOP identified a conserved inversion around the GULO/GULOP locus between the haplorhini and strepsirrhini primates. Fischer’s exact test did not support an association between GULOP and the chromosomal inversion. Mauve alignment showed that the inversion of the length of the syntenic block that the GULO/GULOP genes belonged to was variable. However, there were frequent rearrangements around ~ 2 million base pairs adjacent to GULOP involving the KIF13B and MSRA genes. These data may suggest that genes acquiring deleterious mutations in the coding sequence may respond to these deleterious mutations with rapid substitution rates.

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Kimura, Tohru. "Comparative evaluation of acute phase proteins by C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) in nonhuman primates and feline carnivores." Animal Diseases 2, no. 1 (October 8, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s44149-022-00054-8.

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AbstractThe feasibility of a commercially available assay for C-reactive protein (CRP, CRP for humans: hCRP, and CRP for dogs: vCRP) and a trial reagent of serum amyloid A (SAA, vSAA for animals) were applied to the measurement of acute phase proteins in zoo animals, particularly in nonhuman primates and feline carnivores was evaluate. Results showed that hCRP and vSAA methods were applicable to measure CRP and SAA in Haplorhini. There was a highly significant correlation between both parameters with remarkably high correlation coefficient. A higher proportion of Bonnet macaques in Haplorhini, and the linear regression with good correlation between hCRP and vSAA levels were observed. Reference values in healthy Bonnet macaques were hCRP (46.86 ± 30.97 nmol/L) and vSAA (9.06 ± 1.95 μg/mL). Although Ring-tailed lemur, which belonging to Strepsirrhini, showed low vSAA concentrations (reference values: 1.08 ± 0.47 μg/mL), vSAA in patients was apparently elevated. The vCRP and vSAA methods were applicable to measurements of CRP and SAA in feline carnivores for highly significant correlation between both parameters. Theses two methods were also been deteded in lions, tigers and cheetahs. vSAA assays can be applied to measure SAA levels in other carnivores and herbivores. In conclusion, vSAA systems have potential utility as diagnostic tools for health screening and prediction in zoo animals.

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Dunn, Rachel. "Are Early Eocene Asiadapid Primates Primitive or Derived? Implications for Behavior and Morphology of the Ancestral Euprimate." FASEB Journal 31, S1 (April 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.247.1.

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The oldest known primates of modern aspect (euprimates) appear at the beginning of the Eocene across the Holarctic. At the time of their appearance they are already clearly divided into two distinct clades: Adapoidea (basal members of Strepsirrhini, lemurs, lorises, and bushbabies) and Omomyidae (basal Haplorhini, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes). However, postcranial remains from these earliest euprimates are rare and fragmentary, and most of our knowledge of postcranial adaptations within euprimate groups is based on younger, more derived fossils, which show postcranial specializations for leaping. This evidence has led researchers to suggest that leaping played a key role in the evolution of euprimates as a clade. Fossil adapoids (family Asiadapidae) and omomyids (the genus Vastanomys) from the early Eocene of India are among the earliest fossil euprimates for which well‐preserved postcrania are known, making them ideal for addressing the question of the ancestral euprimate locomotor mode. These early euprimates are represented mostly by teeth and jaws that clearly place them within adapodiea or omomyidae, but the isolated postcranial elements are unique in showing little specialization for leaping. While it is generally accepted that the Indian primate postcrania lack derived traits seen in younger fossils, there is disagreement about whether the lack of specialization in asiadapids, specifically, reflects the ancestral euprimate condition or represents a reversal from a more specialized leaping ancestor. This talk reviews functional and comparative analyses of the Indian primate postcrania in a phylogenetic context to assess whether asiadapid morphology is likely due to plesiomorphy or homoplasy. The assertion that the non‐specialized morphology in asiadapids is due to homoplasy requires assumptions that are not well supported by the fossil record (that asiadapids evolved from a large‐bodied ancestor) and that reversals occur in body size and across the skeleton in both asiadapids and Vastanomys; however, it is consistent with previous conceptions of the ancestral euprimate as a specialized leaper. If asiadapids are considered to represent an ancestral morphology, this would suggest that the ancestral euprimate was small, and that the early divergence of strepsirhines and haplorhines was driven by differences in hind‐limb behaviors, both of which are supported by our current knowledge of the fossil record. However, this scenario suggests that the ancestral euprimate was a generalized arboreal quadruped, rather than a specialized leaper, which necessitates an alternative explanation for the evolution of traits uniting euprimates.Support or Funding InformationNational Geographic Society, Leakey Foundation, Belgian Science Policy Office, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology

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Edmonds, Hallie M., E. Susanne Daly, and Irene E. Smail. "Zygomatic arch root position in relation to dietary type in haplorhine primates." Anatomical Record, October 25, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.25340.

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AbstractThe zygomatic root, along with other key craniofacial features, is hypothesized to play a crucial role in strengthening the face in response to stresses and strains related to feeding. As such, it has been cited as indicative of dietary specialization among fossil taxa, although it remains unknown how variable zygomatic arch root position is among living primates, and whether its positioning predicts differences in diet. We test whether primates that consume more mechanically challenging foods possess more anteriorly positioned zygomatic roots compared to those consuming less challenging foods. Zygomatic root position, as defined by the zygomaxillare landmark, was identified and recorded from digital images and physical specimens of adult primate crania. Data were collected from 33 haplorhine species (n = 722). Published data were used to assign species to a dietary type based on patterns of overall consumption along with reliance on especially challenging foods. Pairwise comparisons between mechanically challenging (hard and/or tough) and less mechanically challenging (soft) consumers found significant differences (p < 0.05) in the position of the zygomatic root in 17 of 20 pairs, 11 of which supported the prediction that a more mechanically challenging diet is associated with a more anteriorly placed zygomatic root. PGLS analysis found no significant effect of phylogeny on root position. This suggests that a more anteriorly positioned zygomatic root is useful for identifying dietary specialization in some taxa but is not required for consuming a mechanically challenging diet given that other craniofacial and behavioral factors can facilitate the consumption of such foods.

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Kimura, Nikki Hanae, Anthony S. Pagano, William Lawson, and Samuel Márquez. "Primate Diversity of the Nasal Conchae: Are there Functional Differences?" FASEB Journal 30, S1 (April 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.778.7.

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Despite their great importance in normal respiration, the nasal conchae have undergone a substantial amount of evolutionary change among the primates. With strepsirhines retaining a primitive condition of four to six ethmoturbinals situated in a committed recessus olfactorius, haplorhines have departed from this condition by expressing only one or two ethmoturbinals and lacking a transverse ethmoidal lamina that would otherwise separate respiratory and olfactory areas of the nose. Among the most derived of the haplorhines are humans, who have undergone a substantial restructuring of the facial skeleton and upper airway over the evolution of the genus Homo. Yet, even among humans, there is an impressive array of variation that may, at times, become of clinical importance. We assessed variability in the number of conchae among 16 human cadavers (nine females and seven males). It was found that all possessed a total of three nasal conchae but a great amount of diversity in the size and appearance of the ethmoturbinals was present. We found two cases of a bifid first ethmoturbinal, one case of concha bullosa, and one case of an extremely small second ethmoturbinal. The results indicate that, among humans, the inferior turbinate is far less variable in morphology than the ethmoturbinals. This is likely related to its role as the primary center for heat and moisture exchange during normal respiration. We posit that this is a functionally constrained structure that cannot accommodate as much morphological variation as the ethmoturbinals, which lie further from the areas of highest airflow velocity.

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Raghanti, Mary Ann, Melissa K. Edler, Richard S. Meindl, Jessica Sudduth, Tatiana Bohush, Joseph M. Erwin, Cheryl D. Stimpson, Patrick R. Hof, and Chet C. Sherwood. "Humans and great apes share increased neocortical neuropeptide Y innervation compared to other haplorhine primates." Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00101.

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Grebe, Nicholas M., Annika Sharma, Sara M. Freeman, Michelle C. Palumbo, Heather B. Patisaul, Karen L. Bales, and Christine M. Drea. "Neural correlates of mating system diversity: oxytocin and vasopressin receptor distributions in monogamous and non-monogamous Eulemur." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (February 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83342-6.

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AbstractContemporary theory that emphasizes the roles of oxytocin and vasopressin in mammalian sociality has been shaped by seminal vole research that revealed interspecific variation in neuroendocrine circuitry by mating system. However, substantial challenges exist in interpreting and translating these rodent findings to other mammalian groups, including humans, making research on nonhuman primates crucial. Both monogamous and non-monogamous species exist within Eulemur, a genus of strepsirrhine primate, offering a rare opportunity to broaden a comparative perspective on oxytocin and vasopressin neurocircuitry with increased evolutionary relevance to humans. We performed oxytocin and arginine vasopressin 1a receptor autoradiography on 12 Eulemur brains from seven closely related species to (1) characterize receptor distributions across the genus, and (2) examine differences between monogamous and non-monogamous species in regions part of putative “pair-bonding circuits”. We find some binding patterns across Eulemur reminiscent of olfactory-guided rodents, but others congruent with more visually oriented anthropoids, consistent with lemurs occupying an ‘intermediary’ evolutionary niche between haplorhine primates and other mammalian groups. We find little evidence of a “pair-bonding circuit” in Eulemur akin to those proposed in previous rodent or primate research. Mapping neuropeptide receptors in these nontraditional species questions existing assumptions and informs proposed evolutionary explanations about the biological bases of monogamy.

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Horvath, Steve, Amin Haghani, Joseph A. Zoller, Ake T. Lu, Jason Ernst, Matteo Pellegrini, Anna J. Jasinska, et al. "Pan-primate studies of age and sex." GeroScience, July 26, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11357-023-00878-3.

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AbstractAge and sex have a profound effect on cytosine methylation levels in humans and many other species. Here we analyzed DNA methylation profiles of 2400 tissues derived from 37 primate species including 11 haplorhine species (baboons, marmosets, vervets, rhesus macaque, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutan, humans) and 26 strepsirrhine species (suborders Lemuriformes and Lorisiformes). From these we present here, pan-primate epigenetic clocks which are highly accurate for all primates including humans (age correlation R = 0.98). We also carried out in-depth analysis of baboon DNA methylation profiles and generated five epigenetic clocks for baboons (Olive-yellow baboon hybrid), one of which, the pan-tissue epigenetic clock, was trained on seven tissue types (fetal cerebral cortex, adult cerebral cortex, cerebellum, adipose, heart, liver, and skeletal muscle) with ages ranging from late fetal life to 22.8 years of age. Using the primate data, we characterize the effect of age and sex on individual cytosines in highly conserved regions. We identify 11 sex-related CpGs on autosomes near genes (POU3F2, CDYL, MYCL, FBXL4, ZC3H10, ZXDC, RRAS, FAM217A, RBM39, GRIA2, UHRF2). Low overlap can be observed between age- and sex-related CpGs. Overall, this study advances our understanding of conserved age- and sex-related epigenetic changes in primates, and provides biomarkers of aging for all primates.

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Magielse, Neville, Roberto Toro, Vanessa Steigauf, Mahta Abbaspour, Simon B. Eickhoff, Katja Heuer, and Sofie L. Valk. "Phylogenetic comparative analysis of the cerebello-cerebral system in 34 species highlights primate-general expansion of cerebellar crura I-II." Communications Biology 6, no. 1 (November 22, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-05553-z.

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AbstractThe reciprocal connections between the cerebellum and the cerebrum have been suggested to simultaneously play a role in brain size increase and to support a broad array of brain functions in primates. The cerebello-cerebral system has undergone marked functionally relevant reorganization. In particular, the lateral cerebellar lobules crura I-II (the ansiform) have been suggested to be expanded in hominoids. Here, we manually segmented 63 cerebella (34 primate species; 9 infraorders) and 30 ansiforms (13 species; 8 infraorders) to understand how their volumes have evolved over the primate lineage. Together, our analyses support proportional cerebellar-cerebral scaling, whereas ansiforms have expanded faster than the cerebellum and cerebrum. We did not find different scaling between strepsirrhines and haplorhines, nor between apes and non-apes. In sum, our study shows primate-general structural reorganization of the ansiform, relative to the cerebello-cerebral system, which is relevant for specialized brain functions in an evolutionary context.

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Simmen, Bruno, Luca Morino, Stéphane Blanc, and Cécile Garcia. "The energy allocation trade-offs underlying life history traits in hypometabolic strepsirhines and other primates." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (July 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93764-x.

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AbstractLife history, brain size and energy expenditure scale with body mass in mammals but there is little conclusive evidence for a correlated evolution between life history and energy expenditure (either basal/resting or daily) independent of body mass. We addressed this question by examining the relationship between primate free-living daily energy expenditure (DEE) measured by doubly labeled water method (n = 18 species), life history variables (maximum lifespan, gestation and lactation duration, interbirth interval, litter mass, age at first reproduction), resting metabolic rate (RMR) and brain size. We also analyzed whether the hypometabolic primates of Madagascar (lemurs) make distinct energy allocation tradeoffs compared to other primates (monkeys and apes) with different life history traits and ecological constraints. None of the life-history traits correlated with DEE after controlling for body mass and phylogeny. In contrast, a regression model showed that DEE increased with increasing RMR and decreasing reproductive output (i.e., litter mass/interbirth interval) independent of body mass. Despite their low RMR and smaller brains, lemurs had an average DEE remarkably similar to that of haplorhines. The data suggest that lemurs have evolved energy strategies that maximize energy investment to survive in the unusually harsh and unpredictable environments of Madagascar at the expense of reproduction.

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"Evolutionary radiation of visual and olfactory brain systems in primates, bats and insectivores." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 348, no. 1326 (June 29, 1995): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1995.0076.

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How brains have evolved in response to particular selection pressures is illuminated by ecological correlates of differences in brain structure among contemporary species. The focus of most comparative studies has been on the overall size of brains relative to body size, hence ignoring the ways in which selection operates on specific neural systems. Here we investigate evolutionary radiations in the size of visual and olfactory brain structures within three orders of mammals: primates, bats and insectivores. The comparative relationships within these three orders show both similarities and differences. After removal of the allometric effect of overall brain size, the sizes of different structures within each sensory modality are positively correlated in all three orders. Correlations between visual and olfactory structures, however, are negative in primates, negative but non-significant in insectivores, and positive in bats. In both primates and insectivores, nocturnal lineages tend to have larger olfactory structures than do diurnal or partly diurnal lineages, and among the primates diurnal lineages have larger striate visual cortexes. Hence the apparent trade-off between vision and olfaction in primates seems to be related to the divergence of nocturnal and diurnal forms. However, negative correlations between visual and olfactory structures were also found when nocturnal strepsirhines and diurnal haplorhines were analysed separately, suggesting that ecological variables in addition to activity timing may be significant. Indeed, there were also associations with diet: frugivory was associated with enlargements of the geniculostriate visual system in diurnal primates, enlargements of olfactory structures in nocturnal primates, and possibly enlargements of both in bats. Further ecological associations were found within insectivores: aquatic lineages had smaller olfactory structures than in their non-aquatic counterparts, and fossorial lineages had smaller optic nerves than in non-fossorial forms. We conclude that activity timing, diet and habitat have each played a role in the evolutionary radiation of mammalian sensory systems, but with varying effects in the different taxa. Some of the associations between ecology and sensory systems suggest alternative explanations for correlates of overall brain size, which have in the past commonly been interpreted in terms of selection on intelligence.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Haplorhini'

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