Journal articles on the topic 'Hapsburg empire'

While accounts of the end of the Ottoman and Hapsburg empires have often stressed the rise of Turkish and German nationalisms, narratives of the Romanov collapse have generally not portrayed Russian nationalism as a key factor. In fact, scholars have either stressed the weaknesses of Russian national identity in the populace or the generally pragmatic approach of the government, which, as Hans Rogger classically phrased it, “opposed all autonomous expressions of nationalism, including the Russian.” In essence, many have argued, the regime was too conservative to embrace Russian nationalism, and it most often “subordinated all forms of the concept of nationalism to the categories of dynasty and empire.”

- Like other smallish provincial cities in the Hapsburg Empire, Gorizia went through a period of great innovation in its urban form, social order, and economic life. There were two hypothetical plans - to transform Gorizia into the largest manufacturing center of the Venezia-Giulia and to transform it into a holiday town for the upper bourgeoisie of the empire, an "Austrian Nice". These led to the drafting of numerous plans and projects to develop Gorizia, to modernize its urban facilities, and to build an infrastructure system that would to free it from its status as just a "border town".

A century has passed since the demise of the Habsburg Empire and the birth of Yugoslavia, and for the last hundred years, historians have tried to make sense of this change. I strive to answer the question, what are the loudest silences of the two states’ historiographies? I employ a mountain metaphor, and argue that although a mountain looks different from various positions, every mountain still has only one shape. I analyze how the turbulent history of the last hundred years pushed historians toward different “truths” and watchtowers, and demonstrate how both historiographies were shrouded around notions of loss and creation, in the case of both Hapsburg and Yugoslav historiographies, respectively. This essay argues that the loudest silence of both historiographies is the fact that historiography itself constitutes, at least in part, the “mountain” of both Yugoslav and Habsburg history.

This article considers, first, the roles of Paris, Rome, Venice, and Vienna in the network of Peter Lambeck, the librarian of the Hapsburg emperor Leopold I, and, secondly, Lambeck’s and Vienna’s own places in the Republic of Letters during the period 1662–1680. It begins with a biographical account, in which I situate Lambeck both geographically and intellectually. The importance of Paris is contrasted with his not so positive experience in Rome. Secondly, I focus on Lambeck’s declaration of intent to link Vienna to the Republic of Letters. Thirdly, I survey the eminently Venetian networks through which Lambeck tried to fulfil his intellectual goals. The tensions between France and the Habsburg Empire crashed against Lambeck’s idealistic aims. This raises the issue of the impact of geo-politics on the production and circulation of knowledge in early modern Europe, and prompts questions about openness and secrecy in the Republic of Letters.

This essay reads the novella Die Narrenburg (1844; “The Castle of Fools”), by the Austrian germanophone writer Adalbert Stifter (1805–68), in terms of colonial and postcolonial theory. I argue that Die Narrenburg captures the moment when race becomes visible in a multinational Austrian Empire figured as inner colonial space. The novella also offers a challenge to the reality of race emerging into visibility and presents a strikingly modern picture of divided colonial consciousness, its desires suspended melancholically between the symptomatic maintenance of imperialist identifications and a sensitivity to the colonized that anticipates Frantz Fanon. The text thus exposes Hapsburg Austria as an unexpected symbolic locus for thinking about European racial and colonial discourse. It serves as a perceptive theorist of race and colonialism in a broad sense and suggests how we might read other seemingly peripheral works of central European literature for insights into intra- and extra-European colonial contexts. (JM)

-Trieste was the main commercial port of the Hapsburg Empire on the Mediterranean since 1719. During the 19th century the city underwent a series of projects for upgrading its port facilities and rail projects in order to improve its links with Vienna and with the productive regions inland. Eighteenth-century city planning was an orderly affair leading to an orderly expansion. However, the second half of the nineteenth century brought Trieste into a period of great instability, where projects approved by the government of Vienna clashed with guidelines proposed by the city's elite The projects presented in this period do not follow any general plan. They are neither broad-range nor long-term. The city developed through partial plans. These plans tried to exploit the plains areas between the sea and the high karst plateau that dominated the city. In addition, they went towards reinforcing the interests of the local economic powers.

This article reviews one of the many leitmotifs that have linked Alcide De Gasperi to Trentino. It will focus attention on De Gasperi's experience as the Catholic representative of a national minority within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In that period, he was challenged on a daily basis by the difficulties of the relationship between the minority and the majority and the nation-state, and the importance of enforcing the laws that could guarantee the very existence of minorities. The same themes also recurred after the annexation of the Trentino region to the Kingdom of Italy, when De Gasperi continued to defend local institutions and associations against the centralist homogenisation imposed by the Rome government. In the phase of Liberation and the birth of the Republic, De Gasperi took on a leading political position, at both the Italian and European levels. In managing the border with Austria and resolving the Trentino Alto Adige/South Tyrol question, there are echoes of a Hapsburg approach to the region–State relationship, where minorities could coexist within the same State framework provided they subscribed to a pact of collaboration and trust under the constitution.

Purpose: This discussion aims to provide an overview of Ottoman activities and policies in the field of trade and explain the factors that have led to support the economic progress and decline of this Empire.Design/Method/Approach: This discussion uses a literature study with a content study approach (content analysis) that is qualitative.Findings: Turkish Ottoman is traversed by an old trade route, which then develops into a country that is crossed by strategic trade routes from East to West with various commodities, including spices from Indonesia. One factor in the economic development of the Ottoman Empire is that the dense trade routes make this Ottoman state a political climate in Europe and Asia. Treaties and treaties and foreign capitulations are given to European countries, which only pay a 3-5% tax. To reduce Western European pressure on the Ottoman Turks in dealing with the Hapsburg family. This made traders who were 80% made up of Muslim traders drastically reduced. The treaty that was signed was like a double-edged knife for the Ottoman Turks, which was of little use in the glorious days and harmful in the weak. International trade agreements should be reviewed again in a strict manner because many of the points of the agreement are detrimental. An agreement that has eliminated much sovereignty from weak countries due to monopoly. But the Ottoman Turks had signed the deal when the Empire was at the peak of its power.Originality/Value: The contribution of this study is guidance in taking independent economic policy steps in developing trade networks and not easily giving in to foreign pressure except in emergencies.

In the organization, operation and growth of Greek communities and companies in the Hungarian hinterlands during the 18th and 19th century, a special place was held by the philanthropy of the expatriates who chose Hungary as their new homeland. These activities were expressed through legacies, bequests and charitable works in the host society and country of origin alike. The aim of this paper is not to deal with this topic as a whole, but rather to identify a number of issues associated with the personal philanthropy of the Görögök in Central Europe, a subject that still preoccupies historians who describe the phenomenon of beneficence. Among their concerns are: since the practice of bequests was widespread in all the newcomers’ social strata, what were the aims and uses of legacies and donations in the various periods, and how was the practice of philanthropy expressed in the adopted country as well as in their homeland? Also, to what degree does this benevolence reflect the internal discord and antagonisms between the members of a community, as well as the migrant subject’s entrance into the different religious and social environment of the Hapsburg Empire, and their eventual incorporation and/or assimilation into the national body of Hungary?

Portrait of the end of an epoch in Ladislav Fuks’ novel Vévodkyně a kuchařka The subject of the article entitled ‘‘Portrait of the end of an epoch in Ladislav Fuks’ novel Vévodkyně a kuchařka” is the reflection on the last work of the novelist published in 1983. Apart from old age, which is the conference key matter and is considered mainly on the level of literary character in this case such strategy may be related to arepresentative of an aristocracy prince Leuchtenberg-Aulendorf, the author dedicates majority of attention to metaphorical understanding of this issue. For old age can refer to the decline of the ‘long’ 19th century, and the argumentation for such biological consideration of historic time is provided in the views of an American historian Hayden White. That is why, the motif of intended museum of the declining epoch is broadly analysed as well as the sensed decay of Hapsburg monarchy, which simultaneously is accompanied by allusions to the fall of Roman Empire in the play written by Sophia La Tâllière d’Hayguères-Kevelsberg — the work’s main character.Obraz konce epochy v románu Ladislava Fukse Vévodkyně a kuchařkaČlánek snázvem Obraz konce epochy vrománu Ladislava Fukse „Vévodkyně a kuchařka” je věnován reflexím na téma poslední spisovatelovy prózy vydané vroce 1983. Kromě, pro konferenci klíčové problematiky stáří, kterou je možné aplikovat na literární postavu hlavně vosobě knížete Leuchtenberga-Aulendorfa, se autorka soustřeďuje především na tento jev chápaný metaforicky. Takto vnímané stáří je možné vztáhnout ke sklonku dlouhého devatenáctého století. Důvody pro takto biologicky vnímaný historický čas lze nalézt vtextech amerického historika Haydena Whitea. Ztohoto hlediska je nejvíce pozornosti věnováno motivu plánovaného muzea epochy spějící kzániku, ataké předpokládanému tušenému konci habsburské říše, kčemuž tvoří paralelu četné narážky na pád římského impéria líčeného vdivadelní hře psané hlavní hrdinkou románu — Sophií La Tâllière d’Hayguères-Kevelsberg.

AbstractHow can one explain that Ernst Rabel (1874–1951), born in Vienna, with Jewish roots, became the architect of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and one of the foremost authorities ever on Private International Law? Was this a mere coincidence or was his method of looking for similarities in the law of di erent nations rather than looking for its disparities the product of an universalism rooted in the example of the Roman Empire and its law and the experience of the multiethnic Empire of the Hapsburgs?

In the late nineteenth century the city of Kavala, a town by the sea in northern Greece, was developed to one of the most important tobacco processing centers in the Balkan area. Powerful tobacco merchants mainly from the Hapsburg and Ottoman empires built a considerable number of tobacco warehouses thus redefining the center of the city, its character, as well as its borders. I argue that the architecture of those warehouses deeply configured the identities of tobacco workers and provided the means to tobacco merchants to publicly present themselves and their achievements. At the same time those early industrial buildings subverted the boundaries between the city and the factory, shedding light on the work culture and every day lives of Greece’s tobacco workers.

Throughout history, little has been known about the land of Illyria. ‘As ”savages” or “barbarians” on the northern periphery of the classical world’, the historian John Wilkes writes, ‘even today the Illyrians barely make footnotes in most versions of ancient history, and more often than not they are simply ignored.’ Shut in by mountains, north of the betterknown Greece and covering roughly the area of modern-day Albania, Macedonia, and Bosnia, Illyria has remained a closed world to outsiders, dismissed as barbarian in ancient times and remembered in more recent centuries only as an unexplored outpost of the Ottoman or Hapsburg Empires. As a result, Illyria has become a place of mystery, the site of myth and legend as much as of historical civilization-building or battles, a by-word for the realm of the imagination. Oscar Wilde summed up the popular association of Illyria with fiction when, in a review of an amateur production of Twelfth Night, he wrote with characteristic succinctness: ‘Where there is no illusion there is no Illyria.’

National self-determination was one of the most important and controversial concepts in twentieth century international relations and law. The principle has had a remarkable history, from Woodrow Wilson's assertion that the peoples of Eastern Europe ought to form their own national states in place of ruined multiethnic and multilinguistic empires after the First World War; to decolonization after the Second World War, when populations worldwide invoked a right to throw off the yoke of imperialism; to the breakup of and war in the former Yugoslavia at century's end in precisely the same area in which a nation's self-determination was first intended to be a panacea for the region's diverse peoples. And yet, national self-determination, if not always called that, has a much longer lineage. Some note its earliest appearance in 1581, when the Dutch claimed independence from Hapsburg Spain. However, it was not until the French Revolution when, as Alfred Cobban remarks, “the nation state ceased to be a simple historical fact and became the subject of a theory,” that a people's right to determine its destiny in international as in domestic affairs was first articulated and applied. The clearest instance of this articulation and application during the Revolution was the union of Avignon and France.

From the mid-nineteenth century until the late 1930s the dominant architectural mode in Serbia was a local historicist style termed Serbo-Byzantine. At first it was used only for churches but was soon extended to schools and then to all types of buildings. Although mostly based on academic revivalist forms, this idiom, which purportedly drew its inspiration from Balkan medieval architecture, did, on occasion, display distinctly local characteristics. Although part of a pan-European trend. Serbian historicism was detached from architectural developments elsewhere. Unlike other Romantic-era revivalist movements. Serbo-Byzantine architecture was not sponsored for its picturesque or romantic qualities but above all for its symbolism. It was widely believed that forms derived from the national monuments of the Middle Ages symbolized Serbian statehood and contained ethnic and religious attributes representative of the Serbian nation. Architecture in Serbia was thus primarily a means for articulating national policy and a powerful instrument for maintaining the national and religious unity of a widely separated group of people. Ideologists of the national program even believed that the definition of a style particular to the Serbs was a matter of national survival. Such political bias was conditioned by ethnic and territorial disputes among the various ethnic groups in the Balkan dominions of the Hapsburg and Ottoman empires. After 1945 the new Communist authorities proscribed historicism as nationalistic and promoted a utilitarian brand of nonornamental architecture which contained no national overtones. Serbian historicism, however, demonstrated unusual vitality; resurgence of nationalism in the 1980s was accompanied by a spate of church building in the Serbo-Byzantine style, which reasserted its position as the canonical style of the Orthodox church.

RESUMENEl objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los mecanismos de financiación y de control de las instituciones religiosas por los laicos en las primeras décadas de la conquista y colonización de Hispanoamérica. Investigar sobre la inversión laica en lo sagrado supone en un primer lugar aclarar la historiografía sobre laicos, religión y dinero en las sociedades de Antiguo Régimen y su trasposición en América, planteando una mirada desde el punto de vista de las motivaciones múltiples de los actores seglares. A través del ejemplo de restituciones, donaciones y legados en losAndes, se explora el papel de los laicos españoles, y también de las poblaciones indígenas, en el establecimiento de la densa red de instituciones católicas que se construye entonces. La propuesta postula el protagonismo de actores laicos en la construcción de un espacio cristiano en los Andes peruanos en el siglo XVI y principios del XVII, donde la inversión económica permite contribuir a la transición de una sociedad de guerra y conquista a una sociedad corporativa pacificada.PALABRAS CLAVE: Hispanoamérica-Andes, religión, economía, encomienda, siglos XVI y XVII.ABSTRACTThis article aims to reflect on the mechanisms of financing and control of religious institutions by the laity in the first decades of the conquest and colonization of Spanish America. Investigating lay investment in the sacred sphere means first of all to clarifying historiography on laity, religion and money within Ancien Régime societies and their transposition to America, taking into account the multiple motivations of secular actors. 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Portugal and Spain were ruled by a single monarchy from 1580 to 1640; the images of encircling and embracing that accompanied Castilian celebrations of the Union of Crowns indicate that new language accompanied the new political reality. This new language became the idiom of an incipient baroque, a regime of representation that rendered perceptible the particular aspirations of a universal monarchy. Through successive Castilian translations and adaptations, seminal Portuguese works crisscrossed the Hapsburg empire, enclosing the globe in a textual embrace. Textual enclosure became one of the means by which the Hapsburg empire was enacted.

The multi-cultural nature of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the late nineteenth century created much unrest among the many different ethnic groups within the Empire. As each group struggled against the other groups for more rights, dissolution threatened the Empire. The Hapsburg government under Franz Joseph used two different strategies in Austria and Hungary to keep the country united, and these strategies successfully kept the Empire together for half a century. After the Emperor’s death, opposing interests and separatism proved too powerful without Franz Joseph’s uniting influence, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed.