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Journal articles on the topic 'Harappan Civilization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kumar, Suneel, Muhammad Ali, and Pasand Ali Khoso. "Emergence and Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan." Global Sociological Review V, no. II (June 30, 2020): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2020(v-ii).02.

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Indus Valley Civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in the world dating back to 7000BCE. The explored sites of the civilization span present day Pakistan and India. The following paper explore the Indus Valley Civilization through the sites in Pakistan. The paper highlights feature of various stages of the Indus Valley, for example, Early Food Producing Era (7000-4000 BCE), Regionalization Era – Early Harappan Era (4000-2600 BCE), Integration Era (Early Harappan Phase) (2600 – 1900), Localization Era (Late Harappan Phase) (1900 – 1300), and Indus Valley from 1300 BCE to Present. In doing so, the paper discusses the geography, environment, material culture, subsistence patterns, political and social organization of each era. Finally, it explores the various theories of decline of Indus Valley Civilization, drawing on various sources. In the conclusion, the paper provides recommendations for future focus on the archaeological sites in Pakistan enhance our understanding of the civilizations.

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2

Leemans, W. F., and Gregory L. Possehl. "Harappan Civilization. A Contemporary Perspective." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 30, no. 1 (1987): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3632031.

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3

Fairservis, Walter, Paul C. Rissman, and Y. M. Chitalwala. "Harappan Civilization and Oriyo Timbo." Journal of the American Oriental Society 113, no. 1 (January 1993): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/604246.

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4

Miller, Daniel. "Ideology and the Harappan civilization." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 4, no. 1 (March 1985): 34–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4165(85)90013-3.

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5

Giosan, L., P. D. Clift, M. G. Macklin, D. Q. Fuller, S. Constantinescu, J. A. Durcan, T. Stevens, et al. "Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 26 (May 29, 2012): E1688—E1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112743109.

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6

KUSHWAHA, DILIP KUMAR, and DALJEET SINGH. "Release To Reorganization: A Case Study Of Indo-Gangetic Plain During 1700 Bc To 1200 Bc." History Research Journal 5, no. 4 (August 22, 2019): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/hrj.v5i4.7139.

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An important debate in Indian archaeology revolves around the questions such as what happened after the collapse of ‘Harappan Civilization' or where those people went, when did the classic Harappan traits from the pottery, bead, seal and town planning disappear. Archaeologists gave different explanations and answers to these questions. For a long archaeologist, have made various attempts to find a possible explanation for the problem such as Aryan invasion, flood, climate change, economic and administrative disintegration. J.P. Joshi put another theoretical answer of interlocking phase between late Harappa and Painted Grey Ware culture forward after the excavation of sites like Bhagwanpura, Dadheri, Katplalon, and Nagar. Preceded by small interlocking phase traits of late Harappan culture disappeared from these sites.

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Mukherjee, Sankar Prasad, Partha Karmakar, and Debashish Deb. "Study on History of Mathematics in Harappan Civilization." Journal of Statistics and Mathematical Engineering 06, no. 02 (May 28, 2020): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/josme.2020.v06i02.002.

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8

Pandey, Preeti. "BEST EXAMPLE OF POLLUTION FREE CITY PLANNING: HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3283.

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At present the whole world suffers from environmental problems. These problems appear everywhere in the form of pollution. Pollution, which has a harmful effect on the physical, chemical and biological properties of our environment or biosphere, is called pollution. For a few decades, the natural climate has seen astonishing changes like flooding has started where there was a drought. High rainfall areas are becoming drought-prone. Pollution is the increase in the temperature of the earth, disintegration in the quality of water bodies due to acid rain and imbalance in the natural air structure. Various types of pollution stand before us due to unnecessary experiments with natural sources. It is the duty of mankind to find and eliminate the factors of pollution. Various efforts are being made to resolve these problems. Scientists, environmental thinkers, government and non-government are all trying to see how a civilization of history can be seen as a means to solve this problem. How the people of that civilization were aware of pollution and what measures were being taken in their city planning to deal with air and water pollution. It is worth watching. The name of the civilization is the Indus-Saraswat civilization, often known as the Harappan civilization. In the northwestern part of India, this very developing civilization emerged on the banks of the Indus and Saraswati rivers. It was the first urban civilization of India which was of a higher quality than the European metropolises of the present day. Archaeologist John Marshall says that nothing can match the grand baths and open houses of the inhabitants of Mohenjodaro, neither in archaeological Egypt, nor in Mesopotamia, nor in any other country in West Asia. In those countries, most of the attention and resources were spent on building temples and royalty and mausoleums, while the common man had to be satisfied with only a few rough houses. The Indus Valley Civilization has a contrasting view. The most important constructions here were those built for the convenience of the townspeople, such as collective and private baths, the excellent drainage system found at Mohenjodaro which is the first of its kind as far as possible. वर्तमान में पर्यावरणीय समस्याओं से सम्पूर्ण विश्व ग्रस्त है। ये समस्यायें प्रदूषण के रूप में सर्वत्र दिखाई देती हैं। हमारे पर्यावरण अथवा जीवमण्डल के भौतिक, रासायनिक एवं जैविक गुणों के ऊपर जो हानिकारक प्रभाव पड़ता है, प्रदूषण कहलाता है। कुछ दशकों से प्राकृतिक जलवायु में विस्मयकारी परिवर्तन होने लगे हैं जैसे जहाँ सूखा होता था वहाँ बाढ़ आने लगी है। अतिवृष्टि वाले क्षेत्र सूखाग्रस्त होने लगे हैं। धरती के तापमान में वृद्धि, अम्लीय वर्षा के फलस्वरूप जलस्रोतों की गुणवत्ता में विघटन तथा प्राकृतिक वायु संरचना में असंतुलन ही प्रदूषण है। प्राकृतिक स्रोतों के साथ अनावश्यक प्रयोगों के कारण विभिन्न प्रकार के प्रदूषण हमारे सम्मुख खड़े हैं। प्रदूषण के कारकों को ढूँढ़कर इन्हें समाप्त करना ही मानव जाति का कत्र्तव्य है। इन समस्याओं के निवारण हेतु विभिन्न प्रयास किये जा रहे हैं। वैज्ञानिक, पर्यावरण चिंतक, सरकारी एवं गैर-सरकारी सभी यह प्रयास कर रहे हैं कि किस प्रकार इस समस्या के समाधान के रूप में इतिहास की एक सभ्यता को साधन के रूप में देखा जा सकता है। किस प्रकार उस सभ्यता के लोग प्रदूषण के प्रति जागरूक थे और वायु तथा जल प्रदूषण से निपटने के लिये अपने नगर नियोजन में क्या-क्या उपाय कर रहे थे। यह देखने योग्य है। सभ्यता का नाम है सिन्धु-सारस्वत सभ्यता जिसे प्रायः हड़प्पा सभ्यता के नाम से जानते हैं। भारत के पश्चिमोत्तर भाग में सिन्धु एवं सरस्वती नदी के तट पर इस अत्यन्त विकासशील सभ्यता का उदय हुआ। यह भारत की प्रथम नगरीय सभ्यता थी जो कि वर्तमान समय के यूरोपीय महानगरों से भी अधिक उच्च कोटि की थी। पुरातत्त्ववेत्ता जाॅन मार्शल का कहना है कि न तो पुराऐतिहासिक मिस्त्र में, न मेसोपोटामिया में और न पश्चिम एशिया के किसी अन्य देश में ही कुछ भी मोहनजोदड़ो के निवासियों के भव्य स्नानागारों और खुले-खुले घरों की बराबरी नहीं कर सकता है। उन देशों में अधिकतर ध्यान और साधन देवमंदिरों और राजप्रसादों तथा समाधियों के निर्माण पर व्यय किया जाता था जबकि सामान्य जन को मामूली कच्चे घरों से ही संतोष कर लेना पड़ता था। सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता में इसके विपरीत दृश्य है। यहाँ सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण निर्माण थे वे जो नगरवासियों के सुविधार्थ बनाये गये थे, जैसे सामूहिक और निजी स्नानागार, मोहनजोदड़ों में प्राप्त उत्कृष्ट जलनिकास प्रणाली जो जहाँ तक है अपने प्रकार की पहली हैं।

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9

Singh, Pushpendra Kumar, Pankaj Dey, Sharad Kumar Jain, and Pradeep P. Mujumdar. "Hydrology and water resources management in ancient India." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 4691–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4691-2020.

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Abstract. Hydrologic knowledge in India has a historical footprint extending over several millenniums through the Harappan civilization (∼3000–1500 BCE) and the Vedic Period (∼1500–500 BCE). As in other ancient civilizations across the world, the need to manage water propelled the growth of hydrologic science in ancient India. Most of the ancient hydrologic knowledge, however, has remained hidden and unfamiliar to the world at large until the recent times. In this paper, we provide some fascinating glimpses into the hydrological, hydraulic, and related engineering knowledge that existed in ancient India, as discussed in contemporary literature and revealed by the recent explorations and findings. The Vedas, particularly, the Rigveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda, have many references to the water cycle and associated processes, including water quality, hydraulic machines, hydro-structures, and nature-based solutions (NBS) for water management. The Harappan civilization epitomizes the level of development of water sciences in ancient India that includes construction of sophisticated hydraulic structures, wastewater disposal systems based on centralized and decentralized concepts, and methods for wastewater treatment. The Mauryan Empire (∼322–185 BCE) is credited as the first “hydraulic civilization” and is characterized by the construction of dams with spillways, reservoirs, and channels equipped with spillways (Pynes and Ahars); they also had an understanding of water balance, development of water pricing systems, measurement of rainfall, and knowledge of the various hydrological processes. As we investigate deeper into the references to hydrologic works in ancient Indian literature including the mythology, many fascinating dimensions of the Indian scientific contributions emerge. This review presents the various facets of water management, exploring disciplines such as history, archeology, hydrology and hydraulic engineering, and culture and covering the geographical area of the entire Indian subcontinent to the east of the Indus River. The review covers the period from the Mature Harappan Phase to the Vedic Period and the Mauryan Empire.

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Fairservis, Walter A., Gregory L. Possehl, and M. H. Raval. "G. L. Possehl's and M. H. Raval's Harappan Civilization and Rojdi." Journal of the American Oriental Society 111, no. 1 (January 1991): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603752.

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11

Shinde, Vasant, Hyejin Lee, Yogesh Yadav, Pranjali Waghmare, Nilesh Jadhav, Jong Ha Hong, Yong Jun Kim, and Dong Hoon Shin. "A young couple's grave found in the Rakhigarhi cemetery of the Harappan Civilization." Anatomy & Cell Biology 51, no. 3 (2018): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5115/acb.2018.51.3.200.

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Belcher, William. "Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Volume II: Protohistory--Archaeology of the Harappan Civilization (review)." Asian Perspectives 42, no. 2 (2003): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/asi.2003.0034.

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Chase, Brad, P. Ajithprasad, S. V. Rajesh, Ambika Patel, and Bhanu Sharma. "Materializing Harappan identities: Unity and diversity in the borderlands of the Indus Civilization." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 35 (September 2014): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2014.04.005.

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Frenez, Dennys, and Massimo Vidale. "Harappan Chimaeras as ‘Symbolic Hypertexts’. Some Thoughts on Plato, Chimaera and the Indus Civilization." South Asian Studies 28, no. 2 (September 2012): 107–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2012.725578.

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Giosan, Liviu, William D. Orsi, Marco Coolen, Cornelia Wuchter, Ann G. Dunlea, Kaustubh Thirumalai, Samuel E. Munoz, et al. "Neoglacial climate anomalies and the Harappan metamorphosis." Climate of the Past 14, no. 11 (November 13, 2018): 1669–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1669-2018.

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Abstract. Climate exerted constraints on the growth and decline of past human societies but our knowledge of temporal and spatial climatic patterns is often too restricted to address causal connections. At a global scale, the inter-hemispheric thermal balance provides an emergent framework for understanding regional Holocene climate variability. As the thermal balance adjusted to gradual changes in the seasonality of insolation, the Intertropical Convergence Zone migrated southward accompanied by a weakening of the Indian summer monsoon. Superimposed on this trend, anomalies such as the Little Ice Age point to asymmetric changes in the extratropics of either hemisphere. Here we present a reconstruction of the Indian winter monsoon in the Arabian Sea for the last 6000 years based on paleobiological records in sediments from the continental margin of Pakistan at two levels of ecological complexity: sedimentary ancient DNA reflecting water column environmental states and planktonic foraminifers sensitive to winter conditions. We show that strong winter monsoons between ca. 4500 and 3000 years ago occurred during a period characterized by a series of weak interhemispheric temperature contrast intervals, which we identify as the early neoglacial anomalies (ENA). The strong winter monsoons during ENA were accompanied by changes in wind and precipitation patterns that are particularly evident across the eastern Northern Hemisphere and tropics. This coordinated climate reorganization may have helped trigger the metamorphosis of the urban Harappan civilization into a rural society through a push–pull migration from summer flood-deficient river valleys to the Himalayan piedmont plains with augmented winter rains. The decline in the winter monsoon between 3300 and 3000 years ago at the end of ENA could have played a role in the demise of the rural late Harappans during that time as the first Iron Age culture established itself on the Ghaggar-Hakra interfluve. Finally, we speculate that time-transgressive land cover changes due to aridification of the tropics may have led to a generalized instability of the global climate during ENA at the transition from the warmer Holocene thermal maximum to the cooler Neoglacial.

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Goyal, Pankaj, Anil K. Pokharia, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal, Pramod Joglekar, Y. S. Rawat, and Toshiki Osada. "Subsistence System, Paleoecology, and 14C Chronology at Kanmer, a Harappan Site in Gujarat, India." Radiocarbon 55, no. 1 (2013): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_js_rc.v55i1.15969.

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This article presents the results of 4 excavation seasons in which botanical and animal remains were collected at the Harappan site of Kanmer in the Kachchh District of Gujarat, India. The findings revealed a subsistence economy consisting of food production with domesticated plants and animals, hunting, fishing, and wild plant gathering. Cultural relics and radiocarbon dating support our identification of different cultural periods at the site. This study provides new insights into the subsistence strategies during different phases of occupation and offers the potential for new subsistence models to be applied at nearby sites, particularly in this peripheral zone of the Indus civilization.

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Goyal, Pankaj, Anil K. Pokharia, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal, Pramod Joglekar, Y. S. Rawat, and Toshiki Osada. "Subsistence System, Paleoecology, and 14C Chronology at Kanmer, a Harappan Site in Gujarat, India." Radiocarbon 55, no. 01 (2013): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220004786x.

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This article presents the results of 4 excavation seasons in which botanical and animal remains were collected at the Harappan site of Kanmer in the Kachchh District of Gujarat, India. The findings revealed a subsistence economy consisting of food production with domesticated plants and animals, hunting, fishing, and wild plant gathering. Cultural relics and radiocarbon dating support our identification of different cultural periods at the site. This study provides new insights into the subsistence strategies during different phases of occupation and offers the potential for new subsistence models to be applied at nearby sites, particularly in this peripheral zone of the Indus civilization.

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Dibyopama, Astha, Yong Jun Kim, Chang Seok Oh, Dong Hoon Shin, and Vasant Shinde. "Human Skeletal Remains from Ancient Burial Sites in India: With Special Reference to Harappan Civilization." Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology 28, no. 1 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11637/kjpa.2015.28.1.1.

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Norman, K. R. "The harappan civilization and its writing. A model for the decipherment of the Indus script." Lingua 94, no. 1 (September 1994): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(94)90021-3.

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Kothyari, Girish Ch, Prabodh Shirvalkar, Raj Sunil Kandregula, Yadubirsingh Rawat, Rakesh K. Dumka, and Neha Joshi. "Holocene tectonic activity along Kachchh Mainland Fault: Impact on late mature Harappan civilization, Kachchh, western India." Quaternary International 507 (February 2019): 274–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.10.032.

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Lee, Hyejin, Pranjali Waghmare, Yongjun Kim, Jong Ha Hong, Yogesh Yadav, Nilesh Jadhav, Dong Hoon Shin, and Vasant Shinde. "Traumatic injury in a cranium found at Rakhigarhi cemetery of Harappan civilization as anthropological evidence of interpersonal violence." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 23 (February 2019): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.11.001.

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Orengo, Hector A., Francesc C. Conesa, Arnau Garcia-Molsosa, Agustín Lobo, Adam S. Green, Marco Madella, and Cameron A. Petrie. "Automated detection of archaeological mounds using machine-learning classification of multisensor and multitemporal satellite data." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 31 (July 20, 2020): 18240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005583117.

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This paper presents an innovative multisensor, multitemporal machine-learning approach using remote sensing big data for the detection of archaeological mounds in Cholistan (Pakistan). The Cholistan Desert presents one of the largest concentrations of Indus Civilization sites (fromca. 3300 to 1500 BC). Cholistan has figured prominently in theories about changes in water availability, the rise and decline of the Indus Civilization, and the transformation of fertile monsoonal alluvial plains into an extremely arid margin. This paper implements a multisensor, multitemporal machine-learning approach for the remote detection of archaeological mounds. A classifier algorithm that employs a large-scale collection of synthetic-aperture radar and multispectral images has been implemented in Google Earth Engine, resulting in an accurate probability map for mound-like signatures across an area that coversca. 36,000 km2. The results show that the area presents many more archaeological mounds than previously recorded, extending south and east into the desert, which has major implications for understanding the archaeological significance of the region. The detection of small (<5 ha) to large mounds (>30 ha) suggests that there were continuous shifts in settlement location. These shifts are likely to reflect responses to a dynamic and changing hydrological network and the influence of the progressive northward advance of the desert in a long-term process that culminated in the abandonment of much of the settled area during the Late Harappan period.

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WOO, EUN JIN, PRANJALI WAGHMARE, YONGJUN KIM, NILESH JADHAV, GO-UN JUNG, WON JOON LEE, YOGESH YADAV, et al. "Assessing the physical and pathological traits of human skeletal remains from cemetery localities at the Rakhigarhi site of the Harappan Civilization." Anthropological Science 126, no. 2 (2018): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1537/ase.180612.

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Dumka, Rakesh K., B. S. Kotlia, D. SuriBabu, Pratishtha Narain, and Sandip Prajapati. "Present-day crustal deformation and geodetic strain in the vicinity of Dholavira - Harappan civilization site, Kachchh, western part of the Indian plate." Quaternary International 507 (February 2019): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.10.035.

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Kaushal, Ritika, Prosenjit Ghosh, and Anil K. Pokharia. "Stable isotopic composition of rice grain organic matter marking an abrupt shift of hydroclimatic condition during the cultural transformation of Harappan civilization." Quaternary International 512 (April 2019): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.04.017.

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Agrawal, Ruchi. "EXISTENCE OF PRIMITIVE ART AND CULTURE IN SOCIETY." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i11.2019.3720.

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This paper aims to present folk art as one of the genuine art forms and also to give depth to the beliefs of the primitive traditions. The native Indian art has maintained its continuity till the present day. Folk art plays an important role in the society. The domestic art works like Rangoli, Mandana, the pictorial scroll paintings, the paintings of Hindu deities at Puri, the Pattchitra etc. are the traditional arts of India. These are quiet ancient arts which are done on festivals and celebrations especially marriages. The art produced by the folk artist or tribal people have been very largely short lived, but it still has authentic historical background as found in the archaeological searches of Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan culture. The absorption of tradition and the historical past is helpful for the present and it brings with it the experience to shape up the future. Indian art has been a priceless witness to artistic talents going through the phases of cultural developments and achievements of human creativity.

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Khan, Imran, and Rajiv Sinha. "Discovering ‘buried’ channels of the Palaeo-Yamuna river in NW India using geophysical evidence: Implications for major drainage reorganization and linkage to the Harappan Civilization." Journal of Applied Geophysics 167 (August 2019): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2019.05.017.

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Li, Yuting, Peter D. Clift, Richard W. Murray, Elise Exnicios, Thomas Ireland, and Philipp Böning. "Asian summer monsoon influence on chemical weathering and sediment provenance determined by clay mineral analysis from the Indus Submarine Canyon." Quaternary Research 93 (October 2, 2019): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2019.44.

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AbstractClay minerals from the Indus Canyon and eastern clinoform since ~12 ka are uniformly rich in smectite and illite, similar to those from the Holocene Indus flood plains. A systematic enrichment of smectite in the proximal delta compared to the canyon and eastern clinoform argues for preferential capture of smectite close to the river mouth since ~12 ka. There is a rapid shift to a more smectite-rich assemblage in the canyon and eastern clinoform after ~5 ka. This change is probably caused by a change in sediment source, with less direct flux from the Himalaya and more erosion of older, weathered, smectite-rich sediment from the Indus River flood plains, driven by incision of the Indus and its tributaries into the floodplain as summer monsoon rains weakened. This influx of smectite is consistent with lower kaolinite/smectite values since ~5 ka. The onset of large-scale agricultural activities since ~5 ka, especially starting with the Harappan Civilization, may also have enhanced incision and erosion of floodplain sediments over the same time period. This study reports for the first time how monsoon strength variations since ~12 ka affected the clay mineral assemblages and sediment provenance in a major submarine canyon.

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Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark. "Harappan Civilization and Oriyo Timbo. By Paul C. Rissman and Y. M. Chitalwala. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing and American Institute of Indian Studies, 1990. xii, 155 pp." Journal of Asian Studies 51, no. 2 (May 1992): 438–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911800041413.

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Gilder, Eric, and Dilip K. Pal. "Climate Change – Probable Socio-Economic Systems (SES) Implications And Impacts In The Anthropocene Epoch." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 308–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2015-0052.

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Abstract It is vital for security experts to learn from the historical records of global climate change as to how the human society has been impacted by its consequences in the “new” Anthropocene Epoch. Some of these consequences of global climate change include the perishing of several human settlements in different parts of the globe at different times, e.g., in 1700 B.C., prolonged drought contributed to the demise of Harappan civilization in northwest India. In 1200 B.C., under a similar climatic extremity, the Mycenaean civilization in present-day Greece (as well as the Mill Creek culture of the northwestern part of the present-day US state of Iowa) perished. Why did some societies under such climatic events perish while others survived? Lack of preparedness of one society and its failure to anticipate and adapt to the extreme climatic events might have attributed to their extinction. The authors will also analyze the extinction of one European Norse society in Greenland during the Little Ice Age (about 600 years ago), as compared to the still-surviving Inuit society in the northern segment of Greenland, which faced even harsher climatic conditions during the Little Ice Age than the extinct Norsemen. This is how the adaptability and “expectation of the worst” matter for the survival of a particular community against climatic “black swan” events (Taleb, 2007). Similar impacts in terms of sea-level rise expected by the year 2100 whereby major human populations of many parts of the world are expected to lose their environmental evolutionary “niche” will be discussed. Rising temperature will not only complicate human health issues, but also will it take its toll on the staple food producing agricultural belts in some latitudinal expanse. It will also worsen the living condition of the populace living in areas where climate is marginal. Through the Socio-Economic Systems Model provided by Vadineanu (2001), the authors will next consider the effect of extant policy-making “prisms” responding to climate change (such as the “Club of Rome” versus the “Club for Growth” visions) as concerns the ongoing process of globalization and survival of the nation-state.

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Giesche, Alena, Michael Staubwasser, Cameron A. Petrie, and David A. Hodell. "Indian winter and summer monsoon strength over the 4.2 ka BP event in foraminifer isotope records from the Indus River delta in the Arabian Sea." Climate of the Past 15, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-73-2019.

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Abstract. The plains of northwest South Asia receive rainfall during both the Indian summer (June–September) and winter (December–March) monsoon. Researchers have long attempted to deconstruct the influence of these precipitation regimes in paleoclimate records, in order to better understand regional climatic drivers and their potential impact on human populations. The mid–late Holocene transition between 5.3 and 3.3 ka is of particular interest in this region because it spans the period of the Indus Civilization from its early development, through its urbanization, and onto eventual transformation into a rural society. An oxygen isotope record of the surface-dwelling planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber from the northeast Arabian Sea provided evidence for an abrupt decrease in rainfall and reduction in Indus River discharge at 4.2 ka, which the authors linked to the decline in the urban phase of the Indus Civilization (Staubwasser et al., 2003). Given the importance of this study, we used the same core (63KA) to measure the oxygen isotope profiles of two other foraminifer species at decadal resolution over the interval from 5.4 to 3.0 ka and to replicate a larger size fraction of G. ruber than measured previously. By selecting both thermocline-dwelling (Neogloboquadrina dutertrei) and shallow-dwelling (Globigerinoides sacculifer) species, we provide enhanced detail of the climatic changes that occurred over this crucial time interval. We found evidence for a period of increased surface water mixing, which we suggest was related to a strengthened winter monsoon with a peak intensity over 200 years from 4.5 to 4.3 ka. The time of greatest change occurred at 4.1 ka when both the summer and winter monsoon weakened, resulting in a reduction in rainfall in the Indus region. The earliest phase of the urban Mature Harappan period coincided with the period of inferred stronger winter monsoon between 4.5 and 4.3 ka, whereas the end of the urbanized phase occurred some time after the decrease in both the summer and winter monsoon strength by 4.1 ka. Our findings provide evidence that the initial growth of large Indus urban centers coincided with increased winter rainfall, whereas the contraction of urbanism and change in subsistence strategies followed a reduction in rainfall of both seasons.

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Singh, O. P. "Book Review: Vijaya Lakshmi Singh, The Saga of the First Urbanism in India: Harappan Civilization (Sundeep Prakashan, New Delhi, 2006). Pp. xii+140; 4 maps, 8 plans, 21 plates. Rs 895.00." Indian Historical Review 35, no. 1 (January 2008): 248–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/037698360803500112.

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Khan, S., E. Dialynas, V. K. Kasaraneni, and A. N. Angelakis. "Similarities of Minoan and Indus Valley Hydro-Technologies." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 16, 2020): 4897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124897.

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This review evaluates Minoan and Indus Valley hydro-technologies in southeastern Greece and Indus Valley Pakistan, respectively. The Minoan civilization first inhabited Crete and several Aegean islands shortly after the Late Neolithic times and flourished during the Bronze Age (ca 3200–1100 BC). At that time, the Minoan civilization developed fundamental technologies and reached its pinnacle as the first and most important European culture. Concurrently, the Indus Valley civilization populated the eastern bank of the Indus River, its tributaries in Pakistan, and the Ganges plains in India and Nadia (Bangladesh), spreading over an area of about one million km2. Its total population was unknown; however, an estimated 43,000 people resided at Harappa. The urban hydro-technologies, characteristics of a civilization can be determined by two specific aspects, the natural and the social environment. These two aspects cover a variety of factors, such as climate and social conditions, type of terrain, water supply, agriculture, water logging, sanitation and sewerage, hygienic conditions of communities, and racial features of the population. Therefore, these factors were used to understand the water resources management practices in early civilizations (e.g., Minoan and Indus Valley) and similarities, despite the large geographic distance between places of origin. Also discussed are the basic principles and characteristics of water management sustainability in both civilizations and a comparison of basic water supply and sanitation practices through the long history of the two civilizations. Finally, sustainability issues and lessons learned are considered.

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Chase, Brad. "Broad and Deep: Popular Account and Scholarly Critique on the Indus Civilization - Harappan Archaeology: Early State Perspectives. By Shereen Ratnagar . New Delhi: Primus Books, 2015. 350 pp. ISBN: 9789384082604 (cloth). - The Indus: Lost Civilizations. By Andrew Robinson . London: Reaktion Books, 2016. 208 pp. ISBN: 9781780235028 (cloth, also available as e-book)." Journal of Asian Studies 76, no. 4 (November 2017): 1125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911817001127.

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Miller, Heather M. L. "Associations and Ideologies in the Locations of Urban Craft Production at Harappa, Pakistan (Indus Civilization)." Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 17, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.2007.17.1.37.

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Nimgaonkar, Purvi. "MUSIC RELATED TO PAINTING." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i11.2019.3749.

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Indian ancient music is mentioned in the excavations in Mohenjodo and Harappa in Punjab in 1922 AD. The Murtis received in them reveal the Indus Valley civilization. It dates back to 4500 to 5000 years with the consent of archaeologists and historians. भारतीय प्राचीन संगीत का उल्लेख सन् 1922 ई. में पंजाब में मोहन जोदडो और हड़प्पा में हुई खुदाईयों में हुआ है। उनमें जो मुर्तियां प्राप्त हुई उनसे सिन्धु घाटी की सभ्यता का पता चलता है। पुरातत्ववेत्ताओं तथा इतिहासकारों की सम्मति से ये ईसा 4500 से 5000 वर्ष पूर्व की है।

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Mustofa. "TELAAH KRITIS ILMU KEPEMIMPINAN PERSPEKTIF KONSEP PARTIKEL DASAR PENYUSUN ATOM UNTUK MEMBENTUK KARAKTER PEMIMPIN HARAPAN." Discovery : Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan 5, no. 2 (October 18, 2020): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33752/discovery.v5i2.996.

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Abstract: The education sector or school for the Indonesian nation is a strategic industry of civilization to form a generation with character in the future. Nowadays, it has very tough challenges in the form of a character crisis, human resources and a leadership crisis. The urgent problem that will be described in the discussion of this article is how leadership science at the atomic level is the perspective of learning the basic atomic particles, what is the importance of the results of the analysis of leadership science at the atomic level for the development of character education in schools and how efforts should be made to make the education sector or schools as factories for Indonesian human civilization in the future. The science of leadership at the atomic level that can be developed in the study of the basic particles that make up atoms requires, among others, that the leader has competence, integrity, wisdom and commitment. The results of the analysis of leadership science at the atomic level in the perspective of learning the basic particles of atomic constituents are very important to provide meaningful experience about the character of storage in the future. Efforts that must be made to make the education sector or schools as factories for Indonesian human trafficking in the future are to encourage awareness from all parties to work together in a real, honest and oriented manner towards enhancing the character and development of superior Indonesian human resources. Keywords: leadership, elementary particles of atoms, character. Abstrak: Sektor pendidikan atau sekolah bagi bangsa Indonesia adalah industri strategis peradaban untuk membentuk generasi berkarakter di masa depan saat ini memiliki tantangan yang sangat berat berupa krisis karakter, SDM dan krisis kepemimpinan. Masalah urgen yang akan diuraikan pada pembahasan artikel ini adalah bagaimana ilmu kepemimpinan pada level atomik perspektif pembelajaran patikel dasar penyusun atom, apa pentingnya hasil analisis tentang ilmu kepemimpinan pada level atomik bagi pengembangan pendidikan karakter di sekolah dan bagaimana usaha yang harus dilakukan untuk menjadikan sektor pendidikan atau sekolah sebagai pabrik-pabrik peradapan manusia Indonesia di masa yang akan datang. Ilmu kepemimpinan pada level atomik yang dapat dikembangkan dalam pembelajaran partikel dasar penyusun atom antara lain mensyaratkan agar pemimpin itu memiliki kompetensi, integritas, bijaksana dan komitmen. Hasil analisis tentang ilmu kepemimpinan pada level atomik perspektif pembelajaran patikel dasar penyusun atom sangat penting untuk memberi pengalamam bermakna tentang karakter pemimpan di masa yang akan datang. Usaha yang harus dilakukan untuk menjadikan sektor pendidikan atau sekolah sebagai pabrik-pabrik peradapan manusia Indonesia di masa yang akan datang adalah mendorong kesadaran dari semua pihak untuk bersama-sama bekerja secara nyata, jujur dan berorientasi pada peningkatan karakter dan pengembangan sumber daya manusia Indonesia yang unggul. Kata kunci: kepemimpinan, partikel dasar penyusun atom, karakter.

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Fasa, Muhammad Ghalib. "PEMBELAJARAN ANSAMBLE PERKUSI DENGAN INSTRUMENT NONKONVENSIONAL DI SD HARAPAN KITA KLATEN." IKONIK : Jurnal Seni dan Desain 2, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51804/ijsd.v2i1.610.

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Pendidikan mempunyai peranan yang sangat menentukan bagi perkembangan dan perwujudtan diri individu, terutama bagi pembangunan bangsa dan negara. Kemajuan suatu peradaban bergantung kepada cara kebudayaan tersebut mengenali, menghargai dan memanfaatkan sumber daya manusia dan hal ini berkaitan erat dengan kualitas pendidikan yang diberikan kepada anggota masyarakatnya yaitu peserta didik.Penelitian ini membahas tentang proses pembelajaran ensambel perkusi dengan instrumen nonkonvensional di SD Alam Harapan Kita Klaten. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian analisis kualitatif dengan menyertakan teknik-teknik penelitian antara lain: Studi pustaka, observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara memperhatikan proses pembelajaran dalam beberapa kali pertemuan. Peneliti mengamati proses siswa dalam menerima materi dan cara guru mengajarkannya materi pembelajaran, cara pengajar dalam memberikan materi, dan sikap siswa/i pada saat proses pembelajaran. Manfaat dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai salah satu upaya dalam pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan di bidang Pendidikan Musik terutama pada pembelajaran anak agar berfikir kreatif dan inovatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata siswa/i ensambel perkusi dengan instrumen nonkonvensional di SD Alam Harapan Kita Klaten lebih menyukai materi yang disampaikan dengan permainan dan keceriaan. Selain itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa materi ensambel yang berhubungan dengan teknik sering kali membosankan bagi siswa/i jika tidak dikemas menjadi lebih menarik,asik dan dengan materi lagu. Education has a decisive role for the development and realization of individual self, especially for the development of the nation and state. The progress of a civilization depends on the way the culture recognizes, respects and utilizes human resources and matters that are closely related to the quality of education provided by society, namely students. This study discusses how the percussion ensemble learning process uses non-conventional instruments in SD Harapan Kita Klaten Elementary School. The method used in this study is a qualitative analysis research method by including research techniques including : Literature study, observation, interview and documentation. This research was conducted using observing the learning process in several meetings. The researcher observes the process of students in receiving learning material and the way the teacher teaches it and student attitudes in the learning process. The benefits of this research are as an effort in the development of education in the fields of music and creativity. The results of this study indicate that the average student likes the delivery of material accompanied by games and competitions.in addition, ensemble materials related to technique often bore students if they are not packaged with interesting, funny and familiar songs

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Patra, Dipankar. "VERIES CITIES OF ANCIENT INDIA : AN ANALYTICAL SURVEY." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 02 (February 28, 2021): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12457.

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Despite finding the scholars being divided in their opinions, the glorious antiquities of ancient India still continue to grow in stature since time immemorial. The rudimentary remnants of hoary tradition and a journey from the ancient, original and enriched nature of Indian culture to Gupta Dynasty with a passage through the epic age amply vouchsafes the very purpose of the article. With the subdivisions of historical ages, the cities in the Indus Valley Civilization with particular emphasis on the twin cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro along with some cardinal Archaeological credentials as well as discoveries have also been amply highlighted. In addition to that, archeologists, anthologists and ancient historians to the calibre of Sir John Marshall, Hieun Tsang, Daya Ram Sahni,Rakhal Das Bandyopadhya, Nani Gopal Mazumdar, E.J.H. Macky together with excavation samples, carbon analysis, pictograph,inscriptions,numismatic testimonies, different chronological references documented the erstwhile town planning, metropolitan civilization, societal pattern, rituals till the approach of the Aryans. The age of Rgveda and Mahabharata with the historical evidences of Epic cities like (1) Hastinapur, (2) Indraparastha, (3)Girivraja,(4)Mathura, (5) Dwarka, (6) Mahismati (7) Pragjyotishpur, (8) Prabhas, (9) Ayodhya, (10) Mithila have been cited alongside. Henceforth the article aims to allude the noteworthy references from Cities in the Period of Sungas&Guptas in reference of the populaces like Puruspur, Sakala, and historically famous provinces like Uttarapatha (including kandharpart) - Taxila ,(2) Avantrirattha (westrn part)- Ujjayini, (3) Dakhahinapatha - Suvarnagiri ,(4) Kalinga - Tosali (orisya) (5) Prachya, Prachina, Pras- Pataliputra. Thus with a renewed mission of rediscovering ancient India in light of the scientific skill and neatly organised enterprise of the erstwhile civilization, the article tends to delineate contemporary town plans, granaries, ports, tradings and prosperous populaces.

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Raja, A. "தமிழ்ப் பல்கலைக்கழக அருங்காட்சியகத்தில் பல்லவர் கால மூத்ததேவி சிற்பம்." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 5, no. 3 (January 1, 2021): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v5i3.3646.

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Humans, who worshiped nature in ancient times, began to worship deities on the basis of images in historical times. Excavations at Harappa have uncovered a standing image of a mother goddess that is a testament to the existence of mother worship in the Indus Valley Civilization. An old woman with a female figure was found in the Adichanallur excavation in Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu. Similarly, the Sangam literature Manimegalai and Silappathikaram give us references to the worship of the goddess. It is noteworthy that sculptures of this deity have been found in the northern and southern parts of Tamil Nadu. However, the evidence we have found shows that there are numerous sculptures of the Goddess in the northern districts. However, the evidence we have found shows that there are numerous sculptures of the Goddess in the northern districts. Most of the places of worship where the statue of the Goddess is located are very ancient. Thus this article explores and explains the sculpture of Moothadevi (Jeshtadevi) in the Tamil University Museum.

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Lahiri, Nayanjot. "Harappa as a centre of trade and trade routes: A case study of the resource-use, resource-access and lines of communication in the Indus civilization." Indian Economic & Social History Review 27, no. 4 (December 1990): 405–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946469002700402.

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Gourlan, Alexandra T., Francis Albarede, Hema Achyuthan, and Sylvain Campillo. "The marine record of the onset of farming around the Arabian Sea at the dawn of the Bronze Age." Holocene 30, no. 6 (February 20, 2020): 878–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683620902218.

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The rise and fall of human cultures are strongly modulated by the strong environmental changes taking place during the Holocene. Here, we use the sedimentological and geochemical records of a core taken in the Arabian Sea, west of Kerala, to identify potential factors that may reflect on-land history of local civilizations, in particular the Harappan culture which appeared and collapsed in the Indus Valley during the early and middle Bronze Age. The 14C record highlights a fourfold increase in sedimentation rate at ~5380 cal. yr BP. The short duration of this event (~220 years) suggests a steep regional increase in erosion at the beginning of the Bronze Age. Factor analysis of downcore changes in geochemistry identified two distinct detrital components dominated by silt and clay, respectively, and a component characteristic of chemical erosion. This interpretation is consistent with sediment mineralogy. Comparison with the known climatic record indicates that increased erosion rate at 5380 cal. yr BP around the Arabian Sea is because of the advent of farming. The development of tillage associated with both wheat and barley crops and animal husbandry was favored by trade between Mesopotamia and India. Human activities, therefore, were the trigger of major changes in the sedimentological and geochemical records at sea at the onset of the Bronze Age.

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Akmaliyah, Akmaliyah. "[AL-KALIMAT AL-MUTA’LLIQAH BI AL- MUSAWAH AL-JENDERIYAH FI AL-LUGAH AL-ARABIYYAH WA AL-INDONESIYYAH] الكلمات المتعلقة بالمساواة الجندرية فى اللغة العربية و الاندونيسية." Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender dan Islam 15, no. 2 (July 17, 2016): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/musawa.v15i2.1154.

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The definition of gender is expectation and effort of society to construct character, characteristic and role of man and woman. Their character , characteristic and role determination which constructed by society is part of culture and civilization and it revealed in language expression. Language expression, both Arabic and Indonesia language, is something can be analyzed, how its effect from and to social life or culture society, also its effect from and to gender equality. Finally, there is continuity effect day by day, then new words and statements always come to strengthen gender equality. This condition needs good explanation and information for all people to understand this value. And one of the strategies for explanation and information is by education media, especially by language education based on gender equality values.[Pengertian istilah jender adalah harapan dan upaya masyarakat membentuk karakter dan sifat serta peran perempuan dan laki-laki. Perlakuan atau ketentuan sifat, peran dan karekter manusia itu merupakan bagian dari kebudayaan dan diungkapkan dalam suatu isi kebudayaan berupa bahasa. Ekspresi bahasa, baik bahasa Arab maupun bahasa Indonesia, suatu produk yang dapat dianalisa berdasarkan adanya pengaruh dari dan kepada masyarakat termasuk kaitannnya dengan kesetaraan jender. Selanjutnya nilai-nilai dalam kedua bahasa itu akan terus menerus mempengaruhi untuk melahirkan kata dan ungkapan lainnya yang berkiatan dengan kesetaraan jender. Perlu keterangan dan informasi serta nilai-nilai penyeimbang untuk menjelaskan nilai-nilai itu. Salah satu cara strategis untuk menyampaikan hal itu adalah melalui pendidikan, khususnya pendidikan bahasa berdasarkan nilai-nilai kesetaraan gender.]

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Kodrat, Dr Denny. "URGENSI PERUBAHAN POLA PIKIR DALAM MEMBANGUN PENDIDIKAN BERMUTU." Jurnal Kajian Peradaban Islam 2, no. 1 (January 27, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47076/jkpis.v2i1.23.

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Harapan untuk menghasilkan keluaran yang bermutu sesuai dengan keinginan masyarakat merupakan dambaan semua pihak. Institusi pendidikan seiring dengan tantangan dan persaingan global berlomba untuk memberikan nilai tambah dari lulusan yang dibinanya dan memberikan pengaruh positif (outcome) terhadap kemajuan peradaban masyarakat. Berturut-turut pendidikan Indonesia belum dapat berbicara banyak dalam kompetisi regional dan internasional sebagaimana rilis PISA. Begitu pula guru sebagai ujung tombak dalam pelayanan pendidikan dipandang belum memiliki kompetensi yang memadai untuk memberikan pelayanan pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan tuntutan jaman. Pengguliran konsep pendidikan abad 21 dipandang menjadi jalan keluar (way out) dalam mengakomodasi potensi pembelajar yang adaptif dengan perubahan dan digital. Keterampilan dalam berpikir kritis, kolaborasi serta penajaman kemampuan literasi diharapkan mampu meningkatkan mutu pendidikan. Tentu saja perubahan pola pikir (mindset) terhadap hakikat pendidikan menjadi prasyarat mutlak dalam upaya menghadirkan pendidikan bermutu di tengah masyarakat. Hope for creating a qualified outcome which meets people need is every person expectation. Educational institution in the era of global competition attempts to give added values and positive outcome towards its graduation in enhancing civilization. Education of Indonesia has not got achievement in regional and international competition as PISA released. At the same time, a teacher as a front liner in giving educational service is regarded not to have an adequate qualification in up to date teaching activity. The concept of education in the 21 century is considered as a way out in accommodating a learner which is adaptive with a change and digital. Skills in critical thinking, collaboration, and shaping literacy competence are expected to improve the quality of education. The change of mindset towards the nature of education is an important requirement in presenting a good education in society.

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Raj, Sadhana. "STUDY OF EFFECTS ON SOCIETY AND HEALTH BY USING UNNATURAL COLORS IN FOOD ITEMS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 2, no. 3SE (December 31, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v2.i3se.2014.3664.

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Definition of color Color has been pervading our life for thousands of years. Initially humans used natural colors. It is noteworthy that among the items found in the Indus Valley Civilization in the excavation of Mohenjodaro and Harappa, there were also statues and utensils that were dyed. In which a piece of red colored cloth was also found. According to experts, it was painted with a color prepared from the root of the majith or majishta. For thousands of years, the root of the Majit and the bark of the Bakkam tree was the main source of red color. Colors were made from peepal, sycamore and pakad, turmeric etc., but nowadays artificial colors are in use, which is not only being used heavily in clothing but also in food items. रंग की परिभाषा रंग हज़ारो वर्षो से हमारे जीवन में व्याप्त है। प्रारंभ में मानव प्राकृतिक रंगों का हि उपयोग करता था। उल्लेखनीय है कि मोहनजोदड़ो और हड़प्पा की खुदाई में सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता की जो वस्तुए प्राप्त हुई है उनमें ऐसी मूर्तियाँ एवं बर्तन भी थे जिन पर रंगाई की गई थी। जिसमें लाल रंग के कपड़े का एक टुकडा भी मिला। विषेषज्ञों के अनुसार इस पर मजीठ या मजिष्ठा की जड़ से तैयार किया गया रंग चढ़ाया गया था। हाजरों वर्षों तक मजीट की जड़ और बक्कम वृक्ष की छाल लाल रंगा का मुख्य स्त्रोत थी। पीपल, गूलर और पाकड़, हल्दी आदि से रंग तैयार किया जाता था किंतु आजकल कृत्रिम रंगो को उपयोग जोरो पर है जो न सिर्फ कपडो बल्की भोज्य सामग्रीयों में अत्यधिक उपयोग किया जा रहा है।

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46

Suardiana, I. Wayan. "Wacana Ekonomi Kreatif (Refleksi Sastra Lisan dan Tulis di Bali)." ATAVISME 14, no. 2 (December 30, 2011): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24257/atavisme.v14i2.69.204-213.

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Wacana ekonomi kreatif sebagai salah satu kearifan lokal belakangan muncul sebagai jargon pemerintah untuk mengajak masyarakat luas agar senantiasa menggali potensi diri khususnya di bidang perekonomian. Wacana ini muncul setelah bangsa Indonesia didera krisis sejak tahun 1998 lalu. Untuk itu, menata kearifan lokal (khususnya di bidang perekonomian) se-Nusantara sangatlah mendesak untuk dilakukan! Konteks Bali, salah satu wacana ekonomi kreatif sebagai peradaban leluhur yang dapat disumbangkan demi menjaga martabat bangsa adalah konsep berbisnis yang elegan dan mengelola keuangan yang rasional. Konsep berbisnis masyarakat Bali dikenal dengan istilah nyraki, yakni menjalankan roda perekonomian dengan mengelola modal mulai dari kecil dengan harapan menjadi besar. Konsep mengelola keuangan yang dimaksudkan di sini, lebih berorientasi pada logika matematis untuk menata keuangan agar dapat menyeimbangkan antara pendapatan dan pengeluaran sehingga mampu menyisihkan uang untuk ditabung demi hari esok. Abstract: Creative economy discourse as one of local wisdoms appears as a government jargon to invite wide society to always dig self potency especially in the field of economy. This discourse appearred after Indonesia society had suffered from crisis since 1998 ago. For this reason, to arrange local wisdom (especially in the field of economy) to entire Nusantara is so urgent to be done. In the Balinese context, one of creative economy discourse as ancestor civilization that can be donated for the sake of maintaining nation status is elegant business concept and rational financial management. The concept of Balinese society basis is recognized as nyraki, namely to run economic cycle by managing capital from small business with the hope to get bigger. Meanwhile, the intended concept of financial management here orients more on logical mathematic to manage finance in order to be able to balance revenue and cost so it is able to save the money for the next day. Key Words: local colour, creative economy, nyraki, and financial management

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Sriparvathy, Unni, and T. N. Salahsha. "Adalaj Stepwell: A Magical Resonance of Architectural Ingenuity." ATHENS JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE 7, no. 2 (March 2, 2021): 275–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/aja.7-2-3.

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The term Stepwell defined as "Well with Stairs" is a window to the ethnicity of forgotten civilizations. Stepwells are structures up to 3 to 5 storeys down from ground level, many of which are artistically designed with exquisite workmanship. These stepwells collect water during seasonal monsoons and in the deeper part of the ground with shadows around, such water bodies undergo slow evaporation process. In India, stepwells have been around since the age of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, about 4,500 years ago. During this period, bath wells with steps were created, with rooms surrounding the well-pit for resting. Such stepwells were once integral to the semi-arid regions of India, as they provided water for basic amenities for subsistence. These wells were also venues for colourful festivals and sacred rituals, paving the way for a rich cultural legacy. One such unique stepwell is located in Adalaj village in Gujarat, India, initiated by Raja Veer Singh in 1499 and completed by King Mohammed Begada for Rani Rudabai, wife of the Raja. The cultural and architectural representations in the stepwell at various levels are a tribute to the history, built initially by Hindus and subsequently ornamented and blended with Islamic architecture during the Muslim rule. But present-day perception, nurtured by technological advancements, has shifted. The paper focuses on the effects of the changing urbanscape on the architectural and visual connectivity with the cultural heritage of Adalaj so that adequate conservation measures can be proposed to preserve this icon of Indian architecture. Understanding the cultural relevance of such structures is crucial for their continued appreciation and protection.

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Dwijendra, Ngakan Ketut Acwin, Ida Bagus Idedhyana, Ngakan Putu Sueca, and Ida Bagus Wirawibawa. "Ornamental Variety of Garuda and Wilmana on Padmasana Architecture at Kahyangan Jagat Temple in Bali, Indonesia." International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology 5, no. 1 (July 27, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ijeet.2020.v05.i01.p08.

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Garuda was known in prehistoric India, where his paintings were found in the Harappa (Sindhu River valley), then spread to all corners of the world affected by Indian civilization. Its head, beak and claws are eagles, the light of the gods shining from its body. While Wilmana as a picture of a space vehicle that moves beyond the speed of thought. Wilmana is also a worldwide character, presented in the world of the internet, film and games. Padmasana architecture is a sacred building as a place/position of God, on the back is often carved by the two kinds of decoration. This research about ornamental variety is research in the context of traditional architecture, as an exploration of building concepts that have been developed in the past and are useful to apply to contemporary architecture. This study aims to re-express the meaning of Garuda and Wilmana and how they are placed on Padmasana architecture. The steps taken are to record the Padmasana in the Kahyangan Jagat Temple in Bali, followed by comparing the use of these two types of decoration on each Padmasana. The next step is to interpret the meaning by connecting the object with its past (expanding the horizon of the researcher). The results of the study show that the use of Garuda and Wilmana decoration in the Padmasana architecture is not a necessity. The use of Garuda points to the message that humans must try to free themselves from the bondage of worldly passions. While the use of Wilmana refers to the sky vehicle that carries passengers, both Giant and Dewata to the place they want. Both are symbolic decoration types, have the same position, placed on the body behind the padmasana. The position of the two becomes different if applied together, Garuda is placed in a position above Wilmana, because only a soul that has been freed from worldly slavery can ride Garuda.

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Phing, Thao, and Suwardana Winata. "RUANG KOMUNITAS IBU DAN PASAR DI KRENDANG." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 2, no. 1 (June 16, 2020): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v2i1.6755.

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The city has traces of human civilization from time to time with various phenomena that occur. As time goes by, the existence of Third Place in Jakarta remains limited. The activities among those Third Places tend to be less interactive. Most of Third Places aim to address the concept of green and open space, but it fails to communicate its crucial purposes as platfrom activities for the community. In this modern era, the concept is change necessary where it accomodates public needs and no longer be depicted a mere open space. Krendang needs a facility to accommodate motherhood and children activities as the third place. As the people become more individualistic and don't want to socialize, it is more difficult to find leisure and creativity facilities. Motherhood Community and Social Market in Krendang was designed to facilitate the activities of mother and children in the middle of densely population in Krendang, Tambora, West Jakarta. Abstrak Kota memiliki rekam jejak peradaban manusia dari waktu ke waktu dengan berbagai fenomena yang terjadi di dalamnya. Seiring berjalanya waktu, Third Place di kota Jakarta masih terbatas. Kegiatan yang ditawarkan didalamnya cenderung tidak interaktif. Kebanyakan Third Place di Jakarta mencoba menampilkan sisi ruang terbuka dan penghijauan saja namun tidak berbicara mengenai kegiatan atau wadah bagi masyarakat itu sendiri. Dalam perjalanannya menuju era yang lebih modern, perlu adanya sebuah perubahan terhadap konsep Third Place dimana konsep ini tidak hanya sebagai ruang terbuka saja atau mall melainkan harus dapat mewadahi kegiatan yang dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat disekitarnya. Fasilitas bagi kaum ibu yakni memasak dan bagi anak – anak yakni bermain dan berkreativitas harus menjadi perhatian utama Third Place pada kawasan Krendang. Pada era modern ini masyarakat mulai cenderung menjadi kaum yang individualistis dan terkesan tidak ingin bersosialisasi. Motherhood Community and Social Market in Krendang diciptakan karena adanya fenomena kepadatan yang terjadi dan menyebabkan manusia tidak lagi memiliki wadah untuk mereka beraktivitas dengan baik pada kehidupa sehari – hari mereka. Selain itu hal ini juga terjadi karena sering adanya masalah seperti kebakaran di kawasan Krendang. Maka dari itu Motherhood Community and Social Market in Krendang di harapkan dapat menghadirkan fasilitas bagi kaum ibu dan anak yang layak dan juga agar terciptanya suatu kondisi sosial yang baik pada Third Place.

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Veeska, Vania, and Agustinus Sutanto. "PENERAPAN METODE ARSITEKTUR NARATIF SEBAGAI STRATEGI BERADAPTASI BERHUNI DI MASA DEPAN DI DESA SINGOSARI." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 3, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v3i1.10580.

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Without realizing it, the world is currently undergoing massive shifts, from one civilization to the next which we call shifting. A movement that can determine whether we can survive or not, change, or become extinct. Linked with this phenomenon we have also seen urban bias, which is a situation where urbanization of rural’s youth to big cities is inevitable when cities are considered to provide more hope and job opportunities. As a result? Villages are increasingly short of young people. “Rise of Rural: Incubator for Innovation” is a project that re-imagines the youth of Singosari Village as incubators because the city has lost its power to provide a better life for the community. The village, which is always in second place, is now the main agent of change and innovation that continues to learn, unlearn, and re-learn to adapt through transformation patterns (incubators) based on local and digital mindsets (adjusted, not only referring to revolution 4.0). Through narrative as an architectural methodology which is inspired by the values in Doraemon’s story. How Nobita-together with his friends-embarks for a journey, during the journey they learn from each other and collaborate through Doraemons’ gadgets (technology), our world in the future is a world of collaboration, not competition.Keywords: collaboration; rural; shifting; technology; youthAbstrak Tanpa kita sadari saat ini dunia tengah mengalami perubahan besar-besaran, dari satu peradaban ke peradaban berikutnya yang kita sebut sebagai shifting. Suatu perpindahan yang dapat menentukan apakah kita dapat bertahan atau tidak, berubah atau punah. Berkaitan dengan fenomena ini kita juga sudah menyaksikan urban bias, yaitu keadaan dimana urbanisasi kaum muda desa ke kota besar tidak terelakkan ketika kota dianggap menyediakan harapan lebih dan kesempatan kerja. Akibatnya? Desa semakin kekurangan kaum muda. Proyek “Rise of Rural: Incubator for Innovation” membayangkan kembali kaum muda di Desa Singosari sebagai inkubator desa karena kota sudah kehilangan kekuatannya untuk memberikan kehidupan yang lebih baik bagi masyarakat. Desa yang selalu di nomor duakan kini menjadi aktor utama perubahan dan inovasi yang terus learn, unlearn, dan re-learn untuk beradaptasi melalui pola transformasi (inkubator) berbasis pola pikir lokal dan digital (disesuaikan, tidak melulu mengacu pada revolusi 4.0). Melalui pendekatan arsitektur naratif yang terinspirasi dari nilai-nilai di dalam cerita doraemon, bagaimana Nobita dan kawan-kawan saling belajar dan berkolaborasi melalui gadget (teknologi) dari Doraemon. Menggunakan drawing as hypothesis-menampilkan beberapa gambar sebagai mimpi dan ide desain- sebagai alat komunikasi dalam penyusunan ide, konsep, menuju gambar kerja. Dari berbagai macam ide desain kemudian di kristalisasi menjadi 4 zona utama, yang di dalam ke-empat zona tersebut terdapat program pendukung aktivitas yang bersangkutan.

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