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1
Bure, Makomborero. "The influence of internal controls on small business sustainability in the Harare central business district, Zimbabwe." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2807.
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Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.<br>The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of internal controls on sustainability of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Harare’s Central Business District (CBD), Zimbabwe. The question at the core of this research is: to what extent do internal controls influence the sustainability of SMEs in Harare’s Central Business District, Zimbabwe. SMEs are perceived to be of paramount importance for the economic affluence of countries the world over, mainly because of their pronounced benefaction and contribution to livelihoods of the dwellers of a country and the gross domestic product (GDP). SMEs have been credited for playing a leading role when it comes to innovation, significant export revenue, custom-suited goods, services provision to society, employment opportunities, and social contribution. This can also be attributed to SMEs operating in Zimbabwe despite the volatility of the Zimbabwean economy.
The Zimbabwean business environment, in general, is constantly changing. The changes can be attributed to an eruptive economic environment and unstable political atmosphere. The resultant effect is the departure of larger businesses and investors from the country. Generally, this leaves a great opportunity for SMEs not to be subjected to stiff competition from larger businesses. SMEs are indeed enjoying this space, braving the conditions to start up; however, their operations are short-lived. For SMEs to brave the fortuity of such an unpredictable environment, a system of internal controls must be in place. Research has placed emphasis on internal controls and sustainability of large organisations, while little to no attention has been given to SMEs. The little research on internal controls and sustainability in the context of SMEs has mostly been done in developed countries. Despite this, internal controls and sustainability have not been extensively implemented in the context of developing countries. The need to determine the influence of internal controls on sustainability of SMEs underlines this research. This report adopted a positivist philosophy that entailed utilizing a survey questionnaire to collect data from 150 SMEs operating in Harare’s CBD, Zimbabwe. The sample was further split into Active SMEs and Dormant SMEs (the control group). Data were analysed through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25 to spawn statistical and descriptive results. To determine reliability of data, Cronbach’s alpha value was employed. The results indicate SMEs are not implementing controls as they ought to and those SMEs that have controls in place do not ensure that they are adhered to effectively and efficiently in order for them to achieve their desired objectives.
2
Chirau, Takunda John. "Understanding livelihood strategies of urban women traders : a case of Magaba, Harare in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003742.
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This thesis seeks to understand and analyze the livelihood strategies of urban women traders at Magaba in Harare (Zimbabwe) in the context of the contemporary economic and political crisis. The crisis emerged in the 1990s with the introduction of a structural adjustment programme and deepened further with the fast track land reform programme initiated by the Zimbabwean government in the year 2000. The crisis has involved a down-sizing of the Zimbabwean economy and a massive rise in the rate of unemployment in the formal economy. Consequently urban life became increasingly unbearable for poor blacks and informal economic activities blossomed and started to make a significant contribution to household income and livelihoods. The role of women in the informal economy was particularly pronounced. Theoretically, the thesis is underpinned by the sustainable livelihoods framework. In examining the vulnerability context of the Magaba women traders and the institutional interventions which complicate the lives and livelihoods of these traders, I identify and unpack their diverse livelihood activities and strategies and the resources (or assets) they deploy in constructing urban livelihoods. Though their livelihood portfolios complement any earnings from formal employment by household members and though they contribute to their household’s sustenance, there are a number of daily challenges which they face in their trading activities and which they seek to counteract through a range of often ingenious coping mechanisms. The thesis is important for a number of reasons. It fills an important empirical gap in the study of Magaba market specifically, it brings to the fore the gendered character of the informal trading activities in urban Zimbabwe, and it deploys the livelihoods framework in a manner which is sensitive to both structure and agency.
3
Mhakakora, Tafadza Clemence. "The urban housing crisis in Zimbambwe :a case of city of Harare." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5148.
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The issue of human settlements has recently gained much momentum particularly in cities across the world due to rapid rates of urbanization. The housing crisis is manifesting mostly in the cities of the developing countries; the urban poor population is left with no option, they are continuously living in substandard and unsustainable housing conditions due to the desperate housing need. There is a growing trend of migration into urban centers in the developing countries as well as natural population increase in the cities. The inevitable development is the rapid growth of urbanization. The theories on urbanization suggest that the responsible government and local council authorities must be prepared to address socio-economic issues such as the provision of formal housing, infrastructure development and employment creation. The governments in developing countries are struggling to balance economic development and the provision of social services. As a result, the human settlement sector is suffering lack of prioritization when it comes to budget and resource allocation. The resultant factors are the overcrowding of the urban population, high housing backlogs and dilapidation of infrastructure visible mostly in the major cities of the developing countries.
4
Ncube, Silobukhosi Princess. "The role of agriculture towards poverty alleviation in poor households in Zimbabwe :the case of Harare Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/3099.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the role played by urban agriculture (UA) in alleviating poverty in poor and low income households of Harare. It further examined the factors that confront the practice. The study was conducted after a realisation that despite not receiving much support from city by- laws, poor and low income households of Harare continue to engage in agricultural activities yearly. The desk research method was used to acquire information from a vast of secondary data sources. The secondary sources which were qualitative in nature provided the research with broad literature on urban agriculture and poverty in Harare, Zimbabwe and the world at large. However, a case study research design was employed whereby an in-depth analysis of the topic focused on poor and low income farmers of Harare Province. Literature reviewed and analysed was organised into themes and categories that portrayed urban agriculture as a crucial tool for alleviating poverty. It was also viewed as a tool that can be used as a sustainable livelihood. Despite other factors affecting the performance of urban farmers, lack of clear policies and city by- laws that guide agriculture in the study area proved to be a huge hindrance. Therefore, to achieve sustainable livelihoods and reduce poverty, the research suggested that instead of different pieces of city by- laws governing the practice in Harare and Zimbabwe there is need for one clear urban agriculture policy. It was concluded that the government and city authorities remain the key to unlocking UA‟s full potential by providing formal support to the practice by organising formulation of an inclusive urban agriculture policy that will be understood by every citizen.
5
Nyatondo, Tendayi. "Determinants of the supply of urban public transport services in Harare, Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29026.
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The level of supply of public transport increases proportionately with population size. However, increases in population growth and urbanization have led to several transport problems, including meeting the supply of transport services. The rationale behind the supply model as used in the study is generally found in economic theory, where vehicle operators/owners choose among alternative opportunities before investing in urban transport service industry. Despite the importance of the transport business sector to the Zimbabwean economy, the continued undersupply in the sector is alarming. The main objective of the study is to identify the factors affecting the supply of urban transport in Harare, Zimbabwe. The research seeks to find the reasons of the high mismatch of demand and supply in the urban public transport sector. These situations are related to finance, demand forecasting, management, high operational overheads, unviable fares, marketing, capitalization at start up and business planning. It also established that many entrepreneurs have high operational overheads as a result of inefficiency due to vehicle old age and high statutory safety requirements on vehicle fitness, which is forcing many large investors to opt to sell their passenger vehicles and venture into haulage trucks instead. By the end of the research we should be able to list the factors affecting investment in this sector in their order of importance such that coming up with solutions to those most important factors may just unlock a lot of investment into this sector This research established the notion that under investment in the transport sector are caused by lack of funding and non viable fares even though occupancy is very good. These factors will serve as a basis of modeling the supply situation in the study area. In addition, the study will outline some policy directions, which need to be considered in order to sustain the supply of urban transport services.
6
Masiiwa, Rufaro. "Inpatient household economic burden of child malnutrition in Zimbabwe : a case study conducted at Harare Central hospital." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9449.
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Includes bibliographical references.<br>Severe acute malnutrition is one of the leading underlying causes of mortality in children under the age of five years. Nearly one to two million child deaths worldwide can be attributable to this illness. Although it is considered to be a global public health issue, severe acute malnutrition imposes an uneven burden on health resources across the world, with low-income countries shouldering much of this burden. Like any illness, severe acute malnutrition imposes an economic burden on households that, if significantly large could result in the impoverishment of households. However, despite the existence of a large volume of literature on the intergenerational economic consequences of malnutrition, little is known about the short term household economic consequences of malnutrition. This mini-dissertation sets out to estimate the household economic burden imposed by severe acute malnutrition in children under the age of 5 years in Zimbabwe. Furthermore, it aims to investigate and evaluate household responses to the economic consequences of malnutrition and the effect of the responses on household economic welfare.
7
Zanamwe, Lazarus. "Population change and socio-economic development in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1989. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/457/.
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It is a commonly held theory that population is related to levels of social and economic development within a given country or society. The work of Becker in the early 1960s gave much impetus to studies of the relationship between fertility, mortality and migration, on the one hand and their determinants, on the other. The determinants were seen as the social, economic, political and cultural settings of the countries or socities under study. The thesis attempts to apply this theory in relation to the demographic development of Zimbabwe. The thesis postulates that socio-economic differentials within Zimbabwe are sufficiently pronounced as to begin to affect the demographic structure of the country. It is with this in mind that three objectives are set for the thesis: a) the exploration of the demographic structure of the population of Zimbabwe, as a means of furthering the understanding of the nature of the demographic development of the country; b) the development and utilization of data estimation techniques as a means of overcoming the deficiencies in the data collected from official sources; and, c) the investigation of the link between population change, on the one hand, with social and economic development on the other. The hypothesis proceeds through the examination of such social and economic variables as income, education, health and other social indicators in relation to fertility, migration and mortality. Due to the inadequacy of data on the demographic variables, the thesis estimates such data using the recognized relationships among the demographic variables. The estimated demographic measures are subjected to correlation and regression analysis after the development structure of the country has been explored through factor and cluster analysis. Three geographical scales are used in the analyses viz. the province, the district and the local authority area. Use of the three geographical scales exposes the dangers of extrapolating and generalizing national patterns of demographic, social and economic development to the levels of the district and the local authority, as well as exposing different features of the development profile of the country of Zimbabwe. The thesis concludes that there is a differentiation in the demographic profile of the various geographical regions of the country, based on inequitable distribution of resources in the past when the country was under white settler colonial rule. The advent of independence and the introduction of policies designed to reduce such inequalities had not had time to work by the time the 1982 Census, from whose data the study is based, was taken. The thesis therefore recommends that further censuses are required if the effect of such policies are to be measured. It further recommends the use of cross-temporal instead of the cross-sectional data which was applied in this study.
8
Nyathi, Trezah. "An analysis of the implementation of the Indigenization Economic Empowerment Policy in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2900.
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The anchor of this research was to analyze the implementation process of Zimbabwe’s IEEP. Implementation of policy has been the Achilles heel of most African countries it has been proven that it is a disease of the continents. In this research the focus is on analyzing what happened between the tabled idea and the implemented policy, this is because the implemented policy had a tremendous contradictory impact to the world as it disempowered the investors in an attempt to economically empower its citizens. The tabled idea was great it had its own flows because it lacked clarity in some of its definition and the goals, objectives and how the policy were to be implemented are not clear there is basically lack of clarity pertaining to the policy. This study made use of two theories the Top- down approach and the politics and administration dichotomy, these two theories are in favour of an autocratic way of policy implementation which follows a chain of command. These two theories highlighted that administrators are being covered be politicians and that administration as a practice and discipline are dead. This has lead to policies being made implemented first before they are formulated because there are no administrators. This study reviewed that the implementation process of the IEEP is not clear or rather it does not exist; there is little or no transparency on the events that took place between the tabled idea and the implemented policy.
9
Hovorka, Alice J. (Alice Judith) Carleton University Dissertation Geography. "Searching for an alternative discourse to 'development'; women heads- of-households' access to adequate housing in Harare, Zimbabwe." Ottawa, 1996.
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10
Mapfumo, Alexander. "Agricultural expenditure for economic growth and poverty reduction in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/422.
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A vibrant and an efficient agricultural sector would enable a country to feed its growing population, generate employment, earn foreign exchange and provide raw materials for industries. The agricultural sector has a multiplier effect on any nation's socio-economic and industrial fabric because of the multifunctional nature of agriculture. The main objective of this study was to investigate how government expenditure on agriculture has affected economic growth in Zimbabwe from 1980-2009. The Log linear growth regression model was employed where gross domestic gross was the dependant variable and the explanatory variables are the factors which affect it which include government agricultural expenditure. The expenditures of government on agriculture were divided into three functions namely extension, credit assistance and R & D. The regression analyses were performed using Econometric-views 7 (E-views 7) statistical package. Regression was carried out on time series data for the period 1980 to 2009. The data was tested for stationarity and for autocorrelation. Problems of non stationarity of data were corrected by integrating the trending series. Results from the empirical analysis provide strong evidence indicating that agriculture is an engine of economic growth. The results from this study suggest that spending more on agricultural research and development can improve economic growth and ultimately reduce poverty. However, it can also be concluded that insufficient government agricultural expenditure on extension and credit assistance adversely affected economic growth in Zimbabwe, based on the results of the study. Global experience with pro-poor growth and empirical work spanning India, Benin and Malawi demonstrates the importance of agricultural expenditure for poverty reduction in poor rural areas, while also pointing to the need for complementary non farm sector growth. This study also proposes a simple methodology to estimate the agricultural spending that will be required to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of halving poverty by 2015 (MDG1) in Zimbabwe. This method uses growth poverty and growth expenditure elasticities to estimate the financial resources required to meet the MDG1. The study attempts to address a key knowledge gap by improving estimation of first MDG agricultural expenditure at country level.
11
Machakaire, Danai Gladman. "Transformation of urban planning practices using geo-spatial technology in managing rapid urbanisation in Harare: Zimbabwe." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1454.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Town and Regional Planning in the Faculty of Informatics and Design at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology<br>Political independence for Zimbabwe in 1980 brought about fundamental socio-conomic
changes which impacted on urbanisation trends in the country. For instance the removal of colonial influx control laws and regulations which had previously served to curtail ruralurban migration marked the beginning of a new developmental era characterised by rapid urbanisation. Political and economic downturns later experienced in the country in the last decade of the twentieth century and after resulted in massive de-industrialisation, company closures and high unemployment. These changes impacted significantly on the spatial structure of cities which had to firstly adapt to socio-political integration, and had to later focus on the basic challenges of providing shelter and alternative means of employment in a depressed economy. The physical and spatial manifestations of such changes included the rapid growth of informality, the collapse of urban infrastructure and the apparent disregard for the colonially styled urban development management frameworks. This research consequently evaluates the performance of current urban planning frameworks and practices in the face of such changing circumstances. This is against a backdrop of the apparent failure by urban planning to transform in line such development trends. The study explores the theoretical framework of rapid urbanisation, urban planning, and technological innovation in urban development management systems. The main focus of the study is on the transformation of planning practices and frameworks. Geo-spatial technology (GST) is mainly used as a demonstration and methodological tool for analysis and evaluation. The methodology is made up of two contrasting case studies based in the CBD of Harare (Zimbabwe‟s capital city) and Epworth (an informal settlement on the outskirts of Harare). The CBD case study measures the performance of planning frameworks within a formally planned set up whilst the Epworth case study demonstrates the (in)effectiveness of current planning practices to contemporary urban development challenges. The main findings of the research support the need to have mobile planning frameworks and tools that have the capacity to promptly respond to fast changing developmental trends. The other main finding highlights the positive relationship between impartial participation in planning and high level of success in achieving planning objectives.
12
Chiripanhura, Blessing M. "Labour market dynamics and economic development in Zimbabwe: 1980-2005." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486468.
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This thesis examines labour market dynamics and economic development in Zimbabwe over the period 1980 to 2005. It explores the structure and performance of the labour market as well as poverty and livelihood diversification. The labour market is chosen for study because it plays a key role in distributing income and in fighting p~verty. It also has potential to play a critical role in resolving the current economic crisis. For detailed analysis, the study period is divided into three sub-periods, 19801990 (the interventionist period), 1991-1996 (the economic reform period) and 1997-2005 (the crisis period), and labour market structure and performance are examined in each period. Case studies and quantitative and econometric methods are used to investigate labour market outcomes. Further, the labour market under crisis conditions is divided into rural and urban segments because the two respond differently to policy changes. The analyses show that during the crisis period there was substitution of the informal for formal employment in the urban sector; and that the crisis caused massive decline in capacity utilisation. In the rural sector, it was observed that households increased their labour supply in response to wage levels. However, the supply response was stymied bytoo low rural wages. Further, their ability to hire in labour was influenced by. household income, particularly by the proportion of non-farm income. The main conclusions are that labour market liberalisation is not a sufficient condition for employment growth; that although the labour market thins out and/or changes form in response to economic conditions, it is resilient; and that the spatial differences in this resilience imply that although the labour market can be used as an instrument to fight poverty, it does not work well in all areas and for all households. This calls for hybrid approaches to tackling poverty. It is also concluded that under crisis conditions, piecemeal reforms have been ineffective and may indeed have worsened econ'omic recession. Given Zimbabwe's severe state of macroeconomic disequilibrium, the revival of the economy will now require comprehensive political and economic reforms in order to achieve stability.
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Takawira, Caroline. "Is foreign aid's influence on economic growth of a country conditional on institutional quality? The case of Zimbabwe." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97298.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Does foreign aid contribute to economic growth? Is the impact of foreign aid conditional on the
presence of quality institutions? This issue has attracted much attention over the years from both
the donor community and recipient countries given that despite several years of foreign aid flows the
increasing high poverty levels raise questions about the effectiveness of foreign aid. Despite several
years of study on the relationship between foreign aid and economic growth results have remained
inconclusive. Conclusions from various studies on this issue are varied. The conclusions thus far
can be summarised as follows: there is a positive relationship between aid and economic growth;
there is no relationship between aid and growth; the presence of good governance and institutions
is a precondition for aid to have a positive influence on economic growth; and the presence of good
governance and institutions is not a precondition for aid to have positive influence on economic
growth.
The research assignment sought to determine if there is any relationship between foreign aid,
economic growth and institutional quality in Zimbabwe for the period 1980 to 2010 using the
autoregressive distributed lag approach. In order to determine this relationship, the assignment also
examined economic growth theories that have evolved over the years and reviewed existing
empirical literature on the subject. An analysis of the economic growth theory revealed a shift from
foreign aid being merely assumed to supplement savings to a new approach looking at conditions
necessary for it to be effective, with a special focus on institutional quality. To date there has not
been any agreement on the definition and institutional characteristics that create an environment
conducive for foreign aid. Studies still use indicators that group together a wide range of social
structures affecting economic outcomes such as political system, property rights, contract
enforcement, and investor protection as measures of institutional quality
The research assignment used quality of governance, polity iv and economic freedom of the world
index as measures of institutional quality. The empirical results revealed there that there was a
positive relationship between foreign aid and economic growth and that all the measures of
institutional quality perform best when all are included in the model. This suggests that the
effectiveness of aid in Zimbabwe was strongly influenced by the quality of institutions. It is therefore
important for the government of Zimbabwe to maintain the rule of law, political stability and economic
freedom. This is likely to attract economic agents who can make meaningful investment and
resuscitate the Zimbabwean economy.
14
Mugano, Gift. "The impact of liberalisation on Zimbabwe." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020198.
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The process of trade liberalisation and market-oriented economic reforms was initiated in many developing countries in early 1980s; and it intensified in 1990s. In 1991, Zimbabwe was assisted by the IMF to implement trade-policy reforms under Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP). After adopting ESAP, the country witnessed soaring balance-of-payment problems, contraction of output, unemployment and the loss of government revenue. A number of factors, which were at play resulted in dismal economic performance under ESAP. These factors still exist, in addition to inter alia weak economic policies, structural rigidities and weak institutions. However, notwithstanding this controversy, the country continuously opened its economy under Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), World Trade Organisation (WTO), Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) and bilateral agreements. It is against this background that this study is undertaken, in order to evaluate the impact of different trade-policy regimes on trade, welfare and revenue in Zimbabwe. This study used two models: World Integrated Trade Solutions/Software for Market Analysis and Restrictions on Trade (WITS/SMART) and Tariff Reform Impact Simulation Tool (TRIST). The WITS/SMART model was used because of its ability in analysing the tariff effect of a single market on disaggregated product lines. The model also has the capability to analyse the effects of trade-policy reforms in the presence of imperfect substitutes. In order to complement the WITS/SMART model, a TRIST model was also used. The use of the TRIST model enabled the study to evaluate the impact of trade reforms on VAT, excise duties, collected and statutory revenue – which the WITS/SMART model had overlooked. Using the WITS/SMART model, the study considered seven trade-liberalisation frameworks for Zimbabwe: full implementation of the SADC free trade agreement (FTA), SADC common external tariff (CET), COMESA CET, COMESA FTA, EPAs, BFTAs and WTO FTA.
15
Mushunje, Fungai. "Participation and economic empowerment of the youth in resettlement areas in Zimbabwe: the case of the agricultural sector in Mutare district." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1568.
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This study sought to probe the exclusion of young people from the land distribution process and therefore, overlooking their economic empowerment and development. The focus was on economic empowerment of the youth to participate meaningfully or undertake agricultural initiatives in the resettlement areas of Mutare district in Zimbabwe; youths’ ownership and control of economic assets. The data was gathered using a case study research design with the qualitative method being the main research approach.
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Munanga, Makore Day. "The Impact of Diaspora Remittances on Economic Growth: Evidence from Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32876.
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This research examined the impact of diaspora remittances on the economic growth of Zimbabwe using data collected from 1995 to 2018. The study further assessed whether the impact was realisable in the short-run or in the long-run. The results from the cointegration test and the causality test show that Diaspora Remittances have a long-run causal impact on economic growth in Zimbabwe. The results also show that the causal impact is unidirectional running from remittances to economic growth. In the short-run, the results reflected that remittances were failing to have a significant impact on the country's economic growth. These findings thus suggest that the nation of Zimbabwe requires complete and concise solutions to drive the country's economic growth. Particular attention should be paid to the country's growth enhancers in the long-term like diaspora remittances. The policy-makers should strive to develop a strong institutional framework that facilitates the channeling of remittances to productive uses. Finally, the policy-makers should craft policies that aim at increasing the diaspora remittances inflows through formal channels as one of the measures to enhance sustainable economic growth of the country.
17
Ndlovu, Ntobeko. "Determinants of student achievement in Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe : a multilevel approach." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21737.
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An educated population has significant advantages relative to an uneducated one, since education has a high economic and social payoff. However, in the education process, scholars are not in agreement on which factors better explain student achievement. Some argue that school resources are key determinants, whereas other scholars maintain that factors outside the school better predict student achievement. Even within these sentiments, there are arguments on which school-level, classroom-level or student-level variables better explain achievement. Knowledge of such factors is critical, as it helps stakeholders to devise strategies that improve student success. It also helps to maximise budget allocations and at the same time gets the most out of per dollar expenditure. This study has used data from the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ III) to estimate the determinants of student mathematics achievement in three developing countries in Southern Africa; namely, Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
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Kuhudzai, Anesu G. "Expenditure analysis and planning in a changed economy: a case study approach of Gweru City Council, Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019780.
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The purpose of this study is to analyse Gweru City Council`s spending pattern and behaviour and to determine if this spending pattern is directed towards poverty reduction and economic development or not. Furthermore, to fit a log-differenced regression model to a historical financial dataset obtained from Gweru City Council Finance Department for the time period July 2009 to September 2012. Regression techniques were used to determine how Gweru City Council`s total income (dependent variable) is affected by its expenditure (independent variables). Econometric modeling techniques were employed for the evaluation of estimate tests, conducted to determine the reliability of the estimated model. The study concludes by providing some recommendations for possible financial plans which could be adopted by Gweru City Council and other local authorities in Zimbabwe for the well-being of Zimbabweans and economic development.
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Knight, Kayla Christine. "Development NGOs : understanding participatory methods, accountability and effectiveness of World Vision in Zimbabwe with specific reference to Umzingwane District." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013135.
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Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) have occupied a prominent role in the development of rural Zimbabwe since the time of its independence in 1980. NGO work in Zimbabwe currently takes place within the context of a tense and fluid political climate, an economy struggling to recover from crisis, international skepticism toward long-term donor investment in development, and global expectations about the methodologies and accountability measures carried out in intervention-based development work. In the light of the participatory methodologies and empowerment-based development frameworks that dominate the current global expectations for work within the NGO sector, this thesis focuses on the work of one particular NGO working in Zimbabwe, namely, World Vision. The main objective of the thesis is to understand and explain the participatory methods, accountability and effectiveness of World Vision in Zimbabwe (with particular reference to Umzingwane District) and, in doing so, to deepen the theoretical understanding of NGOs as constituting a particular organizational form. World Vision is a large-scale international NGO that has a pronounced presence in Zimbabwe and it is specifically active in Umzingwane District in Matabeleland South Province. The thesis argues that NGOs exist within a complex and tense condition entailing continuous responses to pressures from donors and states that structure their survival. Ultimately, in maneuvering through such pressures, NGOs tend to choose directions which best enable their own sustainability, often at the cost of the deep participatory forms that may heighten the legitimacy of their roles. World Vision Zimbabwe responds to donor trends, national and local expectations of the state and its own organizational expectations by building local government capacity in order to maintain the longevity and measureable outputs of its projects. In doing so, it redefines the concept of participation in pursuing efficient and practical approaches to ‘getting things done’. This compromises deep participatory methodologies and, in essence, alters the practices involved in participatory forms in order to maintain World Vision’s own organizational sustainability and presence in Zimbabwe.
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Ndou, Portia. "Socio-economic impact of the participatory and conventionally implemented irrigation and livestock development projects: a case of Beitbridge and Mberengwa Districts of Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/82.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of participatory and conventional approaches to livestock and irrigation project implementation in Zimbabwe’s Beitbridge and Mberengwa districts. The conventional livestock projects performed better than the participatory. Despite the breed for the participatory livestock projects being unsuitable for the environment, the farmers failed to utilize the drugs and surplus funding set aside for replacement of dead cattle. Farmer training was found to be of paramount importance in the establishment of the livestock projects in spite of the participatory approach used for the implementation of the projects. Also the technical backup and support for the livestock project beneficiaries is important to ensure early rectification of problems that may affect the smooth running of the projects as well as an opportunity to introduce new technical advice to boost production. Livestock projects take long period of time to establish, i.e. for the financial turn over to be realized. It takes long time for farmers in these projects to make investments from the proceeds of the livestock projects. For this reason, there is need for the number of beneficiaries for each pass-on livestock project to take into account the number of beasts at project establishment and also the number per each beneficiary group. However, the projects should still be encouraged as they will take full operation at a later stage and be of benefit to the rural disadvantaged who cannot access other means to own cattle, which in turn play a pivotal role in crop production (through draft power, manure provision) and cash earnings that indirectly ensures food security. Regardless of approach used, livestock projects should be strongly supported because the districts under study are prone to poor crop production and hence the cattle can be a source of income and food. Participatory irrigation projects performed better than the conventionally implemented, despite their small hectarages. This proved that farmer participation can greatly improve the efficiency of development work and eliminate many of the problems regarding proprietorship and enhance development activities at community level. Conventional irrigation projects were plagued by problems of mismanagement and theft as was reflected by poor performance and malfunction of the conventional Chingechuru and Chimwe-Chegato irrigation schemes. Fencing theft atChingechuru irrigation scheme had brought it to a stand still. However, the larger incomes associated with the conventionally implemented irrigation projects were the result of the larger areas under cropping for these projects. Production levels in participatory irrigation schemes were good. Adoption of most technical innovations in livestock projects was found to be associated with the conventional approach. Asset procurement was a function of the farmer’s accessibility to non-project income, like formal employment, and procurement of specific assets applied more to project type than the approach to project implementation. This study found that the approach used in implementation had a greater influence on the performance of irrigation projects than livestock projects.
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Rusere, Chipo. "Tobacco control in Zimbabwe and the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC): State of Affairs." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30970.
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Zimbabwe’s government has, in the past, expressed opposition to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). Since the country’s ratification of the WHO FCTC in 2014, the government has put in place financial incentives to promote tobacco production, contrary to the WHO FCTC. The conflicting signals, coupled with seemingly contradictory actions, have raised doubts about the country’s true intent when it ratified the treaty. This thesis assesses the implementation of Zimbabwe’s current tobacco-control legislation, through a synthesis of information from semi-structured interviews with key informants involved in tobacco control in the country. This is supplemented by a situation analysis examining government efforts to align existing tobacco-control legislation with the WHO FCTC. Results show that Zimbabwe’s existing tobacco-control legislation was biased because of tobacco-industry interference during the early stages of the drafting of the bill. There is currently no prioritisation of tobacco-control efforts by government, even after their ratification of the WHO FCTC. As of February 2019, government actions run counter to the supply-reduction measures and recommendations stipulated in the WHO FCTC and associated policy guidelines. Indications are that the government’s ratification of the treaty does not represent a weakening of the government’s resolve to promote tobacco production and protect the country’s tobacco farmers. Accession to the WHO FCTC appears to have been an opportunity to present the country’s concerns, particularly those relating to the supply-side provisions of the WHO FCTC, and possibly disrupting WHO FCTC efforts to limit tobacco-industry interference and advance global tobacco-control efforts.
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Munjoma, Thomas. "Property investment under an economic structural adjustment programme : the case of the Harare Central Business District office development." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU117158.
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In Zimbabwe, the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) was introduced in 1991, at which time, intense office development activities started in the Harare City Centre. The fundamental aim of this study, therefore, was to identify and explain the driving forces behind office development activities in the Harare City Centre during ESAP (1991-5). Effort was made to reveal the effects of ESAP on the office development process. Three hypotheses from neo-classical (supply and demand), Marxist structuralism (circuits of capital) and structuration (structure and agency) perspectives were proposed to identify and explain the forces driving office development in the Harare City Centre during ESAP. Twenty-four development sites formed the population of properties identified for the study, of which six were selected for detailed examination. This research established that during the early phases of ESAP, demand for office space was fairly robust. With further property development, full occupation of the new space could be achieved only through tenant relocations and 'sweetheart' deals to seduce tenants into occupying new offices. Direct foreign participation in the Harare office development was not significant at all. That was mainly due to a combination of prohibitive legislation relating to foreign investment in property, and the failure of Zimbabwe to compete as an attractive investment destination for global capital. However, important structural changes such as planning policy and practice, reduction of the prescribed asset ratios of institutional investments, increases in inflation and so forth, were identified. Historically, institutional investors were underweight in property and, therefore, used the opportunity to select properties consistent with their long term objectives. It was concluded that the structure and agency approach presented an explanation of the Harare Office development superior to that of the other perspectives. Although ESAP facilitated the procurement of world class facilities and finishes, it had negative implications for the construction industry through high inflation, increases in building costs, the closure of firms and general economic decline.
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Hamunakwadi, Purity. "Successes and challenges of women's income generating projects in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6810.
Full textAbstract:
Women’s income-generating projects are regarded as a critical area in promoting sustainable livelihoods in the lives of the poor. This study centres on a cattle project in Sadomba village in Nyanga District, Zimbabwe. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role and contributions of income-generating projects with regard to women; the necessary conditions for a successful cattle production project; the major challenges in women’s income-generating projects, and how income-generating projects can be strengthened, all in relation to this cattle project.The study is underpinned by the sustainable livelihood approach and literature on micro-financing of women’s projects in various countries. The study is based on qualitative methodology using a case study design and methods of data collection included semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation. The data was analysed using thematic analysis and sub-themes that arose in the study and thereafter all the data was grouped by a process of coding. The results indicated that the Sadomba cattle project has benefited the project members in terms of income generation by the selling of cattle and milk, for agricultural purposes (draught power) and also income they obtained from hiring their cattle to other community members in rainy seasons. The income generated has assisted them to send their children to school and attain higher education.In addition, it promotes community engagement when they share paddocks and dip tanks. However, despite these benefits, they face a number of challenges such as long distances to the market, a lack of microcredit and the unavailability of exotic breeds. Therefore, there is need to integrate the conditions that are necessary for successful income generating projects to the Sadomba cattle project.
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Maundeni, Zibani. "Development and the developmental state : a comparative analysis of Botswana and Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323505.
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Kachere, Wadzanai. "Informal cross border trading and poverty reduction in the Southern Africa development community: the case of Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/500.
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This study investigates the impact of informal cross border trading on poverty reduction in Zimbabwe. In the context of this study, the term Informal Cross Border Trade (ICBT), is used to describe the activities of small entrepreneurs who are involved in buying and selling across national borders. The study focuses on whether the stated activities are lifting those participating out of poverty. The research problem is examined through an assessment of the income levels, assets acquirement, expenditures patterns, food security and family relations. The hypotheses tested in the research are that, “The extent of ICBT is significant in Zimbabwe; ICBT in the Southern Africa region is mainly dominated by women; and that ICBT contributes positively to poverty reduction”. In this context, poverty reduction is said to have occurred when informal cross border trading would have resulted in an improvement in the socio-economic wellbeing of traders‟ households. The Poverty Datum Line (PDL) is used as the measure of households‟ well-being. To assess the impact of ICBT on well-being, a survey was conducted whereby in-depth interviews using the questionnaire method were used to collect primary data. Secondary information was obtained from documentary searches at institutions and also using internet searches. From this study it has been found that ICBT has both positive and negative impacts with regard to social welfare. With regard to economic welfare, based on poverty indicator measures used in the study, ICBT contributes positively to Poverty Reduction. Thus the analysis revealed that informal cross border trade plays an important role in alleviating economic hardships, reducing poverty and enhancing welfare and human development in Zimbabwe.
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Jowah, Eddah Vimbai. "Rural livelihoods and food security in the aftermath of the fast track land reform in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003090.
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Land reforms are back on the development agenda. Different types of land reforms have been adopted globally in recent years, but by far the most controversial and most radical has been the fast track land reform pursued by the Government of Zimbabwe from 2000. There is general scholarly agreement that the fast track process has been accompanied by various socio-economic and political challenges, including an increase in levels of food insecurity. This thesis examines fast track reform in specific relation to the livelihoods of smallholder households and household food security amongst land beneficiaries. It argues that the problem of food insecurity in Zimbabwe is a complex social, political and economic issue, which cannot be simplistically reduced to the failures of fast track. Understanding household food insecurity post-2000 needs to go beyond the notion that the nation‟s food security hinges on overall levels of production alone. In particular, livelihoods and food security need to be conceptualised at community and household levels. Therefore, while addressing the broad macro-level analysis and discourse around the process of fast track, the study also adopts a micro-level analysis to look at the varied impact of fast track on the actual beneficiaries. The research focuses on small-scale beneficiaries in the Goromonzi District of Zimbabwe and, through the use of the sustainable livelihoods framework, looks at how their local contexts have been influenced by the wider socio-economic and political processes, and how beneficiaries have sought ways of coping with the challenges they face.
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Muruviwa, Addmore Tapfuma. "Livelihood strategies of the aged people in Mubaira Community, Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/334.
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In today‘s changing demographic, economic, political and environmental context the livelihood strategies developed by the rapidly growing older population deserve particular attention. Lack of support by the state coupled with economic crises and decreasing family availability has meant that older people are increasingly expected to find their own means of support into old age, develop their own strategies and rely on their own resources. Heterogeneity in old age means that while some older people are amongst the most vulnerable and socially down and out, others have accumulated resources that enable them to implement diverse and enterprising livelihood strategies to maintain their wellbeing in old age. This study uses an explorative approach in its quest to understand the various livelihood strategies of the elderly. In-depth interviews and life histories have been utilized as data collection instruments. In addition to this inductive and qualitative research approach, the dissertation uses the sustainable livelihoods framework to examine the different kinds of livelihood strategies employed by the elderly in Mubaira to stave off poverty in old age in the absence of social security systems. A comparative analysis with other regional countries reveals that old age pensions have been able to reduce poverty at old age significantly. By engaging in different livelihood activities, in the absence of old age pensions, the elderly in Mubaira community in Zimbabwe have been able to make a living. Agriculture is the dominant activity the aged people engage in as they try to avert food insecurity. Besides agriculture, aged people diversify their livelihoods through self employments that add income value to their households. The impact of cash and non-cash remittances has seen aged people being able to buy basic goods and a few essentials. Although the state has been dysfunctional, civil society has stepped in to address the livelihood challenges faced by the aged population and in v particular to provide an alternative solution to the needs of the elderly people within the sustainable livelihoods framework which remains one of the most important models for the analysis of rural livelihoods. Through the livelihoods approach‘s vulnerability approach the study also analyses the various impacts affecting the attainment of sustainable livelihood outcomes. Through the utilization of the livelihoods framework in addition to the qualitative research methodology as indicated above, the study found that livelihood activities of the aged require a stock of capital assets which include natural, human, physical, social and financial capital. The life histories of the aged in Mubaira revealed that through the years the aged did accumulate various assets that assist them even now. As the life course perspective suggests events in earlier life do have a bearing on later life, access to a range of capital assets helped old aged people in Mubaira to fully engage in livelihood strategies that ensured their survival and escape from poverty.
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Lapointe, Renée. "Development of economic thresholds for semiloopers (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) on four soybean cultivars in Zimbabwe." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56891.
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Soybean leaf consumption for the most common semilooper species, Trichoplusia orichalcea (F.) was established in the laboratory using a leaf area meter. The total consumption per larva was 120,85 cm$ sp2$. The yield reduction of our soybean cultivars (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) being Duiker, Gazelle, Roan and SCS1 was measured in relation to different levels of defoliation. The defoliation was induced manually singly or sequentially over three different growth stages.<br>At soybean maturity, counts of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, weight per 100 seeds and weight of seeds per plant were obtained. Yields were converted to a percentage of yield and linear regressions fitted to the relationship between percentage yield and defoliation. The percentage yield was influenced by the cultivars, the levels of defoliation, and the timing of defoliation.<br>The most critical growth stage for defoliation was the seed development stage, but the differences between them were small and not significant. SCS1 was the most resistant cultivar to defoliation, while Duiker was the most susceptible to single defoliation.<br>The economic thresholds were determined for the soybean cultivars demonstrating significant linear relations between percentage yield and single defoliation. Based on three insecticides and two application methods, the economic thresholds were determined at the flowering stage for Duiker, at the pod development stage for Duiker and Roan and at the seed development stage for Duiker, Gazelle, Roan, and SCS1 cultivars. The numbers of semilooper caterpillars per metre of row required to reach the economic thresholds, are generally higher than the natural levels of infestation.
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Zulu, Lilly Tendai. "Female education breaks the cycle of poverty : a case study of Chikomba rural district, Zimbabwe." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018691.
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The research which forms the basis of this thesis describes rural women’s perceptions of how Camfed education and skills development programmes have improved their lives in the Chikomba rural district in Chivhu, Zimbabwe. The researcher was motivated to carry out this study mainly due to the fact that in most rural societies in Zimbabwe, women are found suffering from social, cultural and political biases in the traditional male dominated society of Zimbabwe. Compared to their male counterparts, women have limited access to educational and employment opportunities and also have less social and political power than men. Being heads of households, women have to carry out the full traditional roles with the added responsibility of household and production management. The purpose of this study was to inform those investing and interested in women’s education about whether, how and the conditions under which women’s education directly improves women’s own lives and decreases poverty in the family and society. Camfed is an organization that advocates for female education particularly in the marginalized and poor parts of the country where poverty remains a barrier to girl’s education. It provides financial resources and establishes innovative education and training programs in order to break the poverty cycle in rural communities and empower women. A quantitative approach was employed in this study using a descriptive survey design, with the emphasis on collecting primary data from the research participants as well as consulting secondary data sources such as books, academic journals, completed and unpublished post-graduate research dissertations and theses. Findings of this study revealed that financial constraints, early marriage, proximity to school, death of parents as well as domestic chores were factors identified by the women that prevented them from completing school and pursuing further studies. The women also describe their perceptions of how education has led to better opportunities and an improved standard of living as they can now afford the basic goods and services. Moreover the participants mentioned how education has provided them with the basic skills to pursue a livelihood which will enable them to enjoy a decent standard of living. The research also found that education is an important determinant of women’s decision making in terms of finances and thereby improves their sense of empowerment. The women talked extensively about how education has raised their self-esteem and how it has enhanced their economic and social independence. At the end of the study and using the acquired information, several recommendations are made for the expansion and increase of programmes that offer incentives to keep girls in school, especially at secondary level where returns for girls are substantially greater in-terms of reducing poverty and improving the wellbeing of individuals.
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Thondhlana, Gladman. "Land acquisition for and local livelihood implications of biofuel development in Zimbabwe." Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/49940.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, proponents of 'green and clean fuel' have argued that the costs of overreliance on fossil fuels could be reduced through transition to biofuels such as bio-ethanol. Global biofuel discourses suggest that any transition to biofuel invariably results in significant benefits, including energy independence, job creation, development of agro-industrial centres at local level and high revenue generations for the state with minimum negative impacts on the environment. With many risks and costs associated with traditional 'dirty' fuels, it is likely that many countries, particularly African countries, will move towards the 'green and clean fuel' alternative. However, until recently research has arguably paid limited attention to the local livelihood impacts related to land acquisition for biofuel development or the policy frameworks required to maximise biofuel benefits. With regards to biofuel benefits, some recent studies suggest that the much bandied potential for greater tax revenue, lowered fuel costs and wealth distribution from biofuel production have all been perverted with relatively little payoff in wage labour opportunities in return (e.g. Richardson, 2010; Wilkinson and Herrera, 2010). Based on work done in Chisumbanje communal lands of Zimbabwe (Thondhlana, 2015), this policy brief highlights the local livelihood impacts of biofuel development and discusses policy implications of the findings. By highlighting the justifications of biofuel development at any cost by the state, the study sheds some light on the conflicts between state interests and local livelihood needs.
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Tongowona, Admire. "The economic evaluation of aquaculture as a climate change adaptation option in fisher communities of Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26940.
Full textAbstract:
Due to climate change, fisher households who depend on fishing for their livelihood are faced with a number of challenges that include low productivity. There is now an acknowledgement internationally that fishers cannot depend on hunting fish when all other food producing sectors have adapted. How economic and feasible is it for fishers to consider aquaculture in the face of climate change? This dissertation investigates the economic viability of aquaculture as a climate change adaptation option in rural fisher communities of Zimbabwe. The southern lowveld district of Mwenezi was used as a case study in the economic evaluation of pond culture and cage culture as a climate change adaptation strategy from a baseline position. Data was obtained from secondary sources which include the private sector involved in aquaculture, civil society organisations and the fishers practising aquaculture in both Mwenezi and another district, Kariba. The cost benefit analysis method of economic evaluation was used to assess the economic viability of pond and cage culture forms of aquaculture. The net present value, internal rate of return and benefit cost ratio were used as the decision criteria. Two scenarios were considered depending on the type of funding for the initial investment - scenario one was built on donor funding support while scenario two relied on a bank loan with interest for financing. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to determine the extent to which different factors affect the economic viability of both pond and cage culture. Both pond and cage culture were found to be economically viable as climate change adaptation options in fisher communities of Zimbabwe. Cage culture was found to have a higher net present value under both scenarios when compared to pond culture. However, under scenario two, pond culture was found to have a higher internal rate of return and benefit cost ratio. The inconsistencies were due to the variations in the scale of upfront investments between pond and cage culture where the latter requires a higher initial investment. Key factors that affect the viability of aquaculture as an adaptation strategy in Zimbabwe include the market price of fish, the cost of fish feeds and the price of fingerlings. While these factors are primarily economic, there are other factors which may affect the viability such as the increasing frequency of natural disasters.
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Duma, Moses. "Contract farming as a tool for the development of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/14909.
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Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Zimbabwe’s land-reform process has been widely debated and severely
criticised, yet seldom been analysed at greater depth. In the transition from startup
small-holding farmer to the long-run goal of commercial farmer, Zimbabweans
currently experience a phase of increasing “contract farming”. New farmers are
producing for contractors who buy up their produce at predetermined prices.
Ideally, these contractors or agribusinesses also help the smallholders to get the
seeds and fertiliser, obtain the necessary equipment, help with the production
technology and assist in other ways.
On the basis of interviews with 25 farmers and 12 agribusinesses in different
regions of the country, the study tries to asses the merits, risks and preconditions
for success of contract farming. The responses from both sides of this contract farming
system suggest that overall success will largely depend on the effective
co-operation between the two sides and the facilitation of the process by relevant
government departments and/or supportive NGOs. Ideally, the lessons to be
learned from these transitional reform processes are directly relevant for land
reform and agricultural development efforts in other African countries.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Zimbabwe se grondhervormingsstelsel is in die jongste tyd wyd bespreek en
skerp gekritiseer, maar dit is selde in groter diepte ontleed. In die oorgang van
beginners-kleinskaal-boerdery tot die lang-termyn oogmerk van kommersiele
boerdery word die land tans gekenmerk deur ‘n vinnig toenemende proses van “kontrak-boerdery”. Nuwe boere produseer vir kontrakteurs wat hul produksie
teen voorafonderhandelde pryse opkoop. Op hul beste voorsien dié kontrakteurs
ook die saadgoed en kunsmis, verskaf die nodige toerusting, help met die
produksie-tegnologie en voorsien ander take.
Op die grondslag van diepte-onderhoude met 25 kleinboere en 12
landboubesighede in verskillende dele van die land, probeer die studie die
meriete, risikos en suksesvoorwaardes van hierdie stelsel van kontrakboerdery
te bepaal. Terugvoering van die twee kante van dié stelsel toon dat sukses
grootliks afhang van die effektiewe samewerking en interaksie van die twee
partye tot die stelsel asook ondersteuning deur die betrokke staatsdepartemente
en ander ondersteunende organisasies.
Lesse geleer uit hierdie studie van Zimbabwe se hervormingsproses behoort
direk relevant te wees vir soortgelyke hervormingsprosesse in ander Afrikastate.
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Sibanda, Ronny. "An economic evaluation of research and development expenditure on communal area livestock systems in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307932.
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Kungberg, Marcus. "Botswana & Zimbabwe : En komparativ demokratiseringsstudie." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-60057.
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Abstract The purpose of this essay is to shed light on why the democratic developments in Botswana and Zimbabwe, despite their many similarities, have gone in very different directions. By the time of their respective independence, both countries proclaimed themselves democratic states. However, only Botswana succeeded in the transition, while Zimbabwe soon fell back into an autocratic regime. The method used is a comparative case study. By comparing the cases Botswana and Zimbabwe in according to five selected democratic variables, this method makes it possible to explain why only Botswana succeeded. The research questions are: How have Botswana’s and Zimbabwe’s respective democratic transitions happened? What factors have influenced and guided the direction of the democratic development in Botswana and Zimbabwe? The following democratic variables will guide the comparison: “Economic development”, “Market economy”, “Strong middleclass”, “External influences” and “Political leaders dedicated to democracy”. The results show considerable differences between the democratic transitions of Botswana and Zimbabwe as regards all the selected democratic variables. The comparative method thus proved to be an effective tool to explain the democratic development in the two countries investigated in this case study. However, these factors potentially just scratch the surface and, in a theory-developing spirit, more democratic factors can broaden the explanation even more.
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Child, Brian. "The role of wildlife utilization in the sustainable economic development of semi-arid rangelands in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.481088.
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Mundau, Mulwayini. "The impact of donor-funded community empowerment projects on poverty alleviation: a case of selected projects in Chiredzi district of Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005637.
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The aim of the study was to carry out an investigation into the impact of donor-funded community empowerment projects on poverty alleviation. The data for this study were from the use of triangulation method of data collection which enhanced the assessment of the impact of donor funded community empowerment projects on poverty alleviation with specific focus on selected projects in the Chiredzi district of Zimbabwe. The findings of the study show the need for adoption of empowerment inclined practices by the local NGOs. There is need for community involvement in decision making, project ownership, and clear lines of communication with the NGOs, among others. However the findings also show the strength in linking project members with relevant institutions, and training, in order to ensure sustainability of community projects in ensuring community empowerment towards poverty eradication.
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Mukwambo, Robson. "Social learning in community based natural resource management project (CBNRM) : a case study of Chipembere gardening project in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016363.
Full textAbstract:
This investigation of social learning processes in the Chipembere gardening project was conducted in Rockvale village one in Sebakwe communal area in the Midlands province of Zimbabwe. In essence, the study sought to explore how the Chipembere gardening project as a community-based natural resource management initiative (CBNRM), was reflecting and supporting social learning processes of change. It also sought to enrich and deepen an organizational understanding of social learning and to generate ideas and draw recommendations that could be used to strengthen learning in other CBNRM projects. The research was undertaken as a qualitative case study with data generated through semi-structured interviews with individuals and groups. It also included an analysis of project documents and an extended period of participant observation on site and in the gardening activities. Data were indexed and coded for generating analytical memos that were used to extract and represent the scope of social learning interations within the developing project. The study found that within the Chipembere gardening project a wide range of learning interactions were significant in shaping the developing project. Furthermore, these interactions were earmarked as the major drivers of social learning processes within the project. The study concluded that the social learning interactions amongst the gardeners in the Chipembere community garden were instrumental in fostering change that enhanced community livelinhoods and wellbeing.
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Muchawaya, Davidzo. "Energy consumption patterns in rural Zimbabwe with special reference to the role of electricity as a development incentive [electronic resource] /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09252008-151526/.
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Kujinga, Krasposy. "The dynamics of stakeholder participation in water resources management in Zimbabwe: a case study of the agricultural sector." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The major aim of this study was to analyse the dynamics of stakeholder participation in the agricultural sector during the first five years of the water reform process in Zimbabwe. Specific reference is made to water allocation, conflict management and the payment of costs related to water use. Stakeholders investigated are those in communal smallholder irrigation schemes, large-scale commercial white and black farms and those resettled under the government's fast track land resettlement programme. The study was undertaken in the Middle Manyame Subcatchment area, which falls under the Manyame Catchment area.
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Chirambwi, Kudakwashe. "The political economy of policing in Zimbabwe: Changing roles, practice and identities in relationship to peace, security and development." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17225.
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ABSTRACT: This thesis examines policing within the context of security and development, with particular reference to ways in which the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP) operates in the wider political economy of Zimbabwean state in response to decades of financial crisis. Guided by the social constructionist philosophy and structural political economy analysis, the case study demonstrates that, through a range of commercial activities, the ZRP has been able to shift police preoccupation from ‘what is routinely important’ to ‘what works’ as part of resilience and adaptability in one of the world’s distorted economies. In cases where the police lack sufficient budget support from the government they recalibrate into self-organized systems and devise ways in which they raise the much needed revenue for policing. Using interpretive content analysis for secondary data and thematic analysis for in-depth interviews, the other finding relates to the ways in which the ZRP deploys neoliberal registers of ‘sustainable development’ and economic nationalist discourses to legitimise its involvement in commercial activities in farms, mines, tourism and social welfare businesses. Commercial activities involve distribution of wealth, power and interests. As such, what started off as productive entrepreneurship to ‘make ends meet’ slipped into unproductive and destructive entrepreneurship. The latter has made the police institution gets to a breakdown as different categories of officers split into different commercial units as they compete for access and control. To date, there is little literature that foregrounds the experiences and views of the police officers on the political economy of policing and it is to this literature this thesis primarily contributes. Inadvertently, as the ZRP responds to the economic crisis, it sometimes uses violence against citizens. The violence is sometimes quite targeted and deliberate as the police use metal spiked bars to clampdown motorists in demand of bribe money. The findings suggest that the police operating in a context of budget cuts are highly unlikely to be people-oriented.<br>The full text will be available at the end of the embargo, 17th July 2024
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Chigumira, Easther. "An appraisal of the impact of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme on land use practices, livelihoods and the natural environment at three study areas in Kadoma District, Zimbabwe." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005489.
Full textAbstract:
This research appraises the impact of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme at three resettled communities in Kadoma District, Zimbabwe. In particular it assesses the livelihood practices of land recipients and their effects on the natural environment. Two of the communities, Lanteglos and CC Molina were resettled under the A1 villagised and self-contained settlement scheme and are found in the Natural Farming Region III. Pamene, the third community, was resettled under the A2 small-scale commercial settlement scheme and is found in the Natural Farming Region IIb. Multiple research methods including household surveys, interviews, observations, reviews of literature and map construction through the use of Geographic Information Systems, allowed for the collection of empirical, descriptive, and spatial data to provide for the appraisal. The land use practices included dry land crop production, livestock rearing, vegetable gardening and exploitation of the natural environment for a variety of purposes. Farming was mostly subsistence with the use of traditional equipment by all three communities. Tenure was perceived to be insecure by beneficiaries and although a variety of papers to show ownership were held, none provided for leasing or freehold tenure. Despite acquiring natural capital from the resettlement process, the findings of this research show low levels of financial, physical and social capital amongst beneficiaries. Moreover climatic variability, the declining macro-economic and unstable political environment and little support from government have adversely affected the livelihoods of beneficiaries. The implication of all this has been a reduction in livelihoods that are based solely on agricultural production, leading to off-farm practices primarily exploiting the natural environment. The long term effect would be increased degradation of the environment, leading to reduced arable and grazing land, and thereby hindering sustainable livelihoods from farming. Recommendations are proposed based on this research’s findings being typical in Zimbabwe. Central to this is the need for government to revise its present land policy and, provide for a comprehensive and holistic land policy that should be based on the vision of how agriculture should evolve in Zimbabwe
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Svoboda, Milan. "Komparace hospodářského a politického vývoje Zimbabwe a Botswany od poloviny 20. století." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75089.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the economic and political development of Botswana and Zimbabwe in the last 50 years. Emphasis is placed mainly on the contradictory development in both countries, as the previously flourishing economy of Zimbabwe almost collapsed in the last decade, while the once poor Botswana gradually became Africa's miracle and role model for the optimal development policy. This thesis also seeks to propose measures that would help the distressed Zimbabwean economy to overcome this crisis and return on the growth path once again.
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Shoko, Ropafadzo. "The effects of the economic structural adjustment programs on agriculture in Sub Saharan Africa: a case study of Zimbabwe 1990-2000." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28984.
Full textAbstract:
The Zimbabwean economy has been in decline for the past two decades with the economic situation reaching its worst state in 2008. This period was followed by the adoption of a multi-currency regime in 2009, which the Zimbabwean government hoped would lend some stability to the crumbling economy. The agricultural sector, which was previously considered the cornerstone of the economy has been contributing increasingly less and less to the country's gross Domestic Product, with the current state of the sector being the worst it has been since the country's independence in 1980. Much research has been done to establish the source of the decline in the sector with the major findings pointing toward unfavourable weather conditions, the issue of the equitable distribution of land and the IMF and WB mandated Economic Structural Adjustment Program. This research focused on the effects of ESAP on the agricultural sector with a view to highlight the themes that emerged on key indicators over the adjustment period from 1990 to 1995 as well as a period after to 2000 in order to consider the time lagged effects of adjustment policies. In addition to this, this research investigated the extent to which the ESAP policies were applied, and whether this may have been a reason for ESAP's perceived failings. This paper concluded that despite the shortcomings of ESAP, policies recommended pursuant to this program were not the direct source of the decline of the sector, but rather the non or poor implementation of policies as well as the socio-political environment in the country.
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Nyathi, Mandla. "The development of social insurance : an analysis of the effects of the introduction of the National Social Security Scheme (NSSS) in Zimbabwe." Thesis, City University London, 2002. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/7581/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis that I am submitting to the department of Insurance and Investment studies at the City University Business School is essentially a report on the development, formation, operation and effects of the NSSS to the local Zimbabwean market. The NSSS is a quasi- independent government company that operates under the National Social Security Authority (NSSA) whose formation was to provide a framework for the provision of various social security benefits by such organisations as the NSSS. This thesis is divided into three broad parts. The first part draws from an historical experience of the development of social insurance in general and Zimbabwean oldage insurance in particular. This part is the basis of understanding the foundation and philosophy behind the formation and expansion of the social security programmes as strong economic and political tools across the modem world. The second segment of this report is the focus on political and economic theories that seek to explain the existence of social insurance in various economies. The last part of the thesis is a particular study of the Zimbabwean pensions market following the introduction of the NSSS and draws from household survey and original source material that has not previously been subject to analysis. This study has paid particular attention to the forces that have played crucial roles in shaping the development of the NSSS. Contrary to what we expected at the beginning of this study, the NSSS has had little adverse effect to the private schemes and general perception in risk taking behaviour, particularly to the middle class. The NSSS has in fact, had a marginal and effective positive effect in changing people's attitude towards the risk of longevity and long-term loss of income due to perils otherwise insured under the national scheme. This study has also shown that there was inadequate consultation prior to the formation of the NSSS and that political interests took priority over economic considerations. The scepticism and forces of suspicion within the market are explained within the framework of this thesis.
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Mawadza, Crispen Mauta. "Impact and implications of remittances : the case of Zimbabwe from 2000 - 2006." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/882.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Meer en meer mense werk buite hul land van herkoms as ooit tevore, en die geld wat hulle stuur
na hul tuislande kan bestempel word as ‘n belangrike ekonomiese krag. Hierdie geld kan ’n
belangrike rol speel in die ekonomie wat die geld ontvang. Die geld wat reiswerkers tuis stuur
word remise of geldsending genoem en oortref reeds Offisiële Ontwikkelingshulp en oortref
selfs Buitelandse Investering in sommige lande. Hierdie navorsingsverslag fokus op Zimbabwe,
’n land waarvan die ekonomie volgens sommiges reeds lank gelede moes ineengestort het. Die
studie ondersoek tot watter mate geldsending die Zimbabwe ekonomie beskerm teen
ineenstorting.
Die verslag gebruik ’n opname onder verskeie rolspelers om te wys hoe geldsending die
Zimbabwe ekonomie beskerm teen internasionale uitsluiting en sanksies. Zimbabweërs wat die
ekonomiese swaarkry vrygespring het in hul land van herkoms stuur voortdurend geld na vriende en
familie. Remise word deels gebruik as investering in kleinsake, terwyl deel van die buitelandse
valuta investeer word in komoditeite wat die land moeilik deur offisiële kanale sou kon bekom.
Die studie het bevind dat geldsending in 2005 en 2006 ongeveeer 25.5% en 25 persent
respektiewelik tot die Bruto Nasioanle Produk van Zimbabwe bygedra het.
Die studie het verder ’n paar interresante bevindinge gemaak. Een van hierdie is die
ongedokumenteerde verskynsel van defleksie van geldsending na meer stabiele ekonomieë of
geldeenhede. Sulke remise word dan in die land gehou waar dit gegenereer is, of dit word
gestuur in ’n stabiele geldeenheid, of dit word selfs in die vorm van produkte soos kos gestuur.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: More and more people are working outside their countries of citizenship than before. These
people are now a major economic force to their countries of origin as they are sending a lot of
money to relatives back home. This income plays a key role in receiving economies. The money
migrants send home is referred to as remittances and the amount transferred globally has
eclipsed official development assistance (ODA) and in some economies it is well ahead of
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). This research focuses on Zimbabwe, a country whose economy
has long been anticipated to collapse but has so far evaded that implosion. It explores to which
extent remittances are cushioning Zimbabwe’s economy from collapse.
This report uses a survey of a number of role players to show how remittances have cushioned
that economy from the effects of international isolation and sanctions. Zimbabweans who
“escaped” the economic hardships in their country of origin have been consistently sending
money home to their friends and relations. Money received has partly been invested in small
businesses and part of the forex has been used to procure commodities that the country has
struggled to acquire through official channels. The study found that the amount of remittances
sent for 2005 and 2006 has respectively contributed approximately 25.5 and 25 percent to the GDP of Zimbabwe.
The study further made a number of interesting findings. One of these seems to be the
undocumented phenomenon of the deflection of remittances to more stable economies or
currencies. Such remittances would be kept in the country where it is generated, or it would be
sent back in a stable country, or could even be in the form of products such as food.
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Sibindi, Angels. "An analysis of the impact of contract farming on smallholding farming as a mechanism for value chain efficiency enhancement : the case of Mashonaland central province (Zimbabwe) smallholder tobacco farmers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95661.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research study has examined the impact of contract farming on enhancing efficiencies with the agricultural value chain for smallholder tobacco farmers in Mashonaland Central Province in Zimbabwe. The major challenges facing smallholder farmers in Africa in general and Zimbabwe in particular relate to financial constraints, technical expertise and market access. Contract farming as a transactions-cost-focussed-model is considered more effectively responsive to those challenges than the pure market approach which insufficiently addresses the impact of information asymmetries, bounded rationality, uncertainty, governance challenges and infrastructure challenges, among others. It allows for closely monitored smallholder financing by agribusiness entities which reduces or eliminates the probability of loan default. Contract farming is seen as an important mechanism in transforming the fragmented, subsistence agriculture in rural Africa into high commercialised and viable business undertakings.
In this study, extensive reference is made to literature on agriculture financing; empirical research data on smallholder productivity and loan recoverability is drawn and analysed using the quantitative research methodology. The analysis sought to test for relationships among a set of variables and in the process examined the impact of contract farming. A comparative analysis of national data on the contract and auction system of tobacco marketing was done with emphasis on production and sales volumes, crop quality, price stability and market access.
The results from the quantitative analysis of farmer-level and country-level data indicated a strong correlation between smallholder farmer production, productivity and loan recoverability and contract farming value chain intervention mechanisms.
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Maziwisa, Michelle Rufaro. "An examination of the legal framework governing opportunities and barriers to economic development in Southern Africa: a case study of Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6184.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor Legum - LLD<br>This thesis examines the legal framework of Zimbabwe to determine if the laws and policies which
are in place create opportunities for, or barriers to, economic development. Specifically, it
examines the legal framework governing trade, investment and financial services. The thesis
focuses on Zimbabwe as a case study and draws lessons from South Africa. It proceeds from the
premise that despite the numerous attempts made at international, regional and domestic levels to
increase economic development (such as through liberalisation of markets and access to
international development finance), Zimbabwe has failed to attain 'developed country' status. The
purpose of the thesis is to examine the causes of poor economic performance in Zimbabwe postindependence
(post-1980).
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Maseng, Jonathan Oshupeng. "The state, civil society and underdevelopment: the case of Zimbabwe / Jonathan Oshupeng Maseng." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8507.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the relationship between the state and civil society in Zimbabwe. The relationship between the state and civil society is discussed under the categories of the concepts democratisation, good governance and sustainable development. The nature of the relationship between the state and civil society in Africa is examined to set out parameters for state-civil society debate in Zimbabwe. The discussion of the relationship between the state and civil society in Zimbabwe is synthesised into three parts, the post-independence era, the post-1990s and the post-2000. From these discussions it is argued that the relationship between the state and civil society was peaceful in the first decade of independence and this was because the state maintained dominance and control over all sectors of civil society. However, the 1990s saw a collapse of peaceful relations between the state and civil society in Zimbabwe. The collapse of the peaceful relationship between the state and civil society came as a result of the country’s economic decline and the authoritarian practices in Zimbabwe, which saw the emergence of a confrontational civil society towards the state. In the early 2000s, it is observed that the state became repressive towards civil society through the introduction of repressive laws which include Access to Information and Privacy Act (AIIPA) and the Public Order and Security Act (POSA). For peaceful relations between the state and civil society to exist in a sustainable manner, the state must continuously promote and practice democracy and good governance. In addition, the state should play a pivotal role of enhancing sustainable development in a manner that meets the socio-economic realities of its population.<br>Thesis (M.A. (Political Studies))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011
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Kondo, Tinashe. "Invesment law in a globalised enviroment: A proposal for a new foreign direct invesment regime in Zimbabwe." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6459.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law)<br>Most developed countries that enjoy the lion's share of foreign investment do not have
domestic legal frameworks on foreign direct investment. This is because investors are
attracted by a holistic picture of these countries. Such countries have strong
institutions of governance, enjoy political and economic stability, embrace democracy,
have respect for rights, and have high levels of development - factors which attract
investors. In terms of regulation, many of these countries are heavily reliant on bilateral
investment treaties. However, this is not the case in developing countries such as
Zimbabwe. The existence of an effective and efficient legal framework on the
governance of foreign direct investment is an important consideration for investors.
This emanates from the fact that developing countries often have weak legal systems,
shaky economies and uncertain political environments.
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Tasaranago, Collet. "Communication practices of NGOs in poverty alleviation programmes in rural communities of Zimbabwe: the case of Deutsche Welthungerhilfe German Agro Action (GAA) in Gowke South Rural District." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006028.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to analyse the communication practices of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in their poverty alleviation programmes, using Deutsche Weltihungerhilfe German Agro Action (GAA) in Gokwe South Rural District, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe as a case study. The study was based on the premise that effective communication is essential for successful poverty alleviation programmes. Communication facilitates the diffusion of innovations and encourages active participation by local people in programmes. It is also clear that despite several attempts to end the social malaise, poverty still persists. While several factors such as corruption, misappropriation of funds and misdirection of programs are not innocuous considering the failures of poverty alleviation programmes, communication is an indispensible tool to their success. It therefore becomes imperative that the communication practices be evaluated to identify the missing links. It is evident that by so doing, going forward, NGOs can effectively communicate with the local people and advances towards poverty alleviation can be realised. To this end, third world countries amongst them Zimbabwe and particularly rural communities, Gokwe included continue to suffer from poverty despite a number of programmes to address the pandemic by NGOs. The study was guided by the tenets of the Diffusion of innovations and Participatory development communication theories. These theories were considered the most applicable in terms of the research subject. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative research methods and it was carried out in four of the wards in the district. The research methods were applied to solicit information from the rural people on how communication took place between the organisation and the community. The study found out that GAA used mainly the Indigenous Communication Systems (ICSs) in form of meetings and interpersonal face-toface communication modes. Names of projects were also fairly used for communication. The Modern Communication Systems (MCSs) used were cell phones and letters. GAA used local Page v languages mainly Shona and Ndebele and was flexible with the use of the indigenous languages. English language was also used for communication. The communication modes as well as the languages used were effective. The research also analysed and evaluated the communication practices by GAA. The study found out that the organisation effectively used the communication modes which were available for use but there were limitations in terms of access to other communication modes, especially the modern mediums due to poor infrastructure, state monopolisation of the mass media industry using regulations and fear of political persecution. The modern communication modes which GAA did not have access to could facilitate the diffusion of innovations and provide adequate information for active participation by the rural people in poverty alleviation programmes. The study also found out that only one person had heard about GAA through radio and no-one heard about GAA through the television, magazine or newspaper. The orgnanisation did not use these forms of mass media. In addition, the integration of ICSs and MCSs would provide an effective feedback system in Gokwe South Rural District. The researcher suggested the Tilled Communication Field approach whereby every stakeholder is required to make sure that the ICSs and MCSs are available for use by anyone at anytime for development purposes. There is need to give everyone adequate opportunity to use all the communication systems and users are advised to use communication for positive purposes, poverty alleviation included.