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Journal articles on the topic 'Harbors – South Africa – Richards Bay'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Vermeulen, L. A., and V. Wepener. "Spatial and Temporal Variations of Metals in Richards Bay Harbour (RBH), South Africa." Marine Pollution Bulletin 39, no. 1-12 (January 1999): 304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(99)00083-1.

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2

Jerling, HL. "The zooplankton community of Richards Bay Harbour and adjacent Mhlathuze Estuary, South Africa." African Journal of Marine Science 30, no. 1 (May 2008): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/ajms.2008.30.1.6.456.

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3

Izegaegbe, Joshua Idowu, Leon Vivier, and Hendrick Mduduzi Mzimela. "Spatial and temporal distribution of macrobenthic fauna of subtropical Richards Bay Harbour, South Africa." Regional Studies in Marine Science 36 (April 2020): 101313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101313.

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4

Harris, S. A., and D. P. Cyrus. "COMPOSITION, ABUNDANCE AND SEASONALITY OF LARVAL FISH IN RICHARDS BAY HARBOUR, KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA." Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 23, no. 1 (January 1997): 56–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10183469.1997.9631388.

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5

Mehlhorn, Paul, Finn Viehberg, Kelly Kirsten, Brent Newman, Peter Frenzel, Olga Gildeeva, Andrew Green, Annette Hahn, and Torsten Haberzettl. "Spatial distribution and consequences of contaminants in harbour sediments – A case study from Richards Bay Harbour, South Africa." Marine Pollution Bulletin 172 (November 2021): 112764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112764.

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6

Majola, Ntando, Hendrick Mduduzi Mzimela, and Joshua Idowu Izegaegbe. "Metal bioaccumulation and energy biomarkers in tissues of two populations of Chiromantes eulimene from Richards Bay Harbour, South Africa." Scientific African 10 (November 2020): e00558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00558.

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7

Adeleke, Babatunde, Deborah Robertson-Andersson, and Gan Moodley. "Comparative analysis of trace metal levels in the crab Dotilla fenestrata, sediments and water in Durban Bay harbour, Richards Bay harbour and Mlalazi estuary, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa." Heliyon 6, no. 8 (August 2020): e04725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04725.

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8

Siebert, S. J., F. Siebert, and M. J. Du Toit. "The extended occurrence of Maputaland Woody Grassland further south in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Bothalia 41, no. 2 (December 17, 2011): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v41i2.77.

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The distinctiveness of Maputaland Woody Grassland lies within its richness of geoxylic suffrutices and herbaceous flora. Since it is well documented in the literature and easy to distinguish from other grassland types, it was possible to confirm a locality of this unique vegetation unit west of Richards Bay, where it probably forms the southernmost outlier population of this vegetation unit in the Indian Ocean Coastal Belt Biome. Phytosociological data obtained from the study area were analysed to identify plant communities and subsequent mapping units. Floristic gradients obtained through ordination techniques revealed the relationship that exists between the Woody Grassland of the study area and the Maputaland Woody Grassland of Sileza Nature Reserve. This confirms the occurrence of Maputaland Woody Grassland at Richards Bay. Two of the plant communities identified from the Richards Bay site are distinctively different, despite previously being lumped together by different authorities as either Kwambonambi Grassland or Maputaland Woody Grassland.

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9

Vetrimurugan, E., M. P. Jonathan, Priyadarsi D. Roy, V. C. Shruti, and O. M. Ndwandwe. "Bioavailable metals in tourist beaches of Richards Bay, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa." Marine Pollution Bulletin 105, no. 1 (April 2016): 430–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.045.

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10

Naidoo, G., and Y. Naidoo. "Coal Dust Pollution Effects on Wetland Tree Species in Richards Bay,South Africa." Wetlands Ecology and Management 13, no. 5 (October 2005): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-004-3939-4.

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11

D'Andrea, Patrick Andrew, Daniël Jacobus Van Hoving, Darryl Wood, and Wayne Patrick Smith. "A 5-year analysis of the helicopter air mercy service in Richards Bay, South Africa." South African Medical Journal 104, no. 2 (November 20, 2013): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.7310.

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12

Van Aarde A‐M. Smit A. S. Claassens, R. J. "Soil Characteristics of Rehabilitating and Unmined Coastal Dunes at Richards Bay, KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa." Restoration Ecology 6, no. 1 (March 1998): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.1998.06113.x.

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13

Keith, Mark, Shanan Atkins, Alice E. Johnson, and Leszek Karczmarski. "Area utilization patterns of humpback dolphins (Sousa plumbea) in Richards Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Journal of Ethology 31, no. 3 (May 17, 2013): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10164-013-0375-z.

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14

Toms, G. "Marine Outfall Studies in Development Areas of South Africa." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0138.

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A recent policy of decentralizing growth in South Africa has led to the designation of neu coastal development areas. Growth of such areas, stimulated by the attraction of industries should be accompanied by a careful assessment of possible associated marine pollution problems. In particular, the disposal of industrial and/or domestic effluents to sea may initially appear an attractive option to planners and developers. Consequently the investigation of the feasibility of the marine disposal option is an essential component of the planning process. An on-going series of such studies in nominated priority coastal development areas has been undertaken by the National Research Institute for Oceanology since 1980. This paper reviews the progress of these studies and outlines the preliminary engineering and oceanographic investigations. Two case studies, Saldanha and Richards Bay, are reviewed. In the latter case, some interesting design aspects of the recently completed outfall are discussed.

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15

Masok, Felix, Paulus Masiteng, Risimati Mavunda, and Peane Maleka. "Health Effects Due to Radionuclides Content of Solid Minerals within Port of Richards Bay, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 12 (November 25, 2016): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13121180.

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16

Nyasani, Evalyne, Erna Sterberg, and Helen Smith. "Fostering children affected by AIDS in Richards Bay, South Africa: a qualitative study of grandparents' experiences." African Journal of AIDS Research 8, no. 2 (June 2009): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/ajar.2009.8.2.6.858.

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17

Adekola, A. P. "Biomedical intervention model as HIV prevention among post-secondary school youth in Richards Bay, South Africa." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 101 (December 2020): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.754.

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18

Rae, Gordon, and Gareth Erfort. "Offshore wind energy – South Africa’s untapped resource." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 31, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2020/v31i4a7940.

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In the context of the Anthropocene, the decoupling of carbon emissions from electricity generation is critical. South Africa has an ageing coal power fleet, which will gradually be decommissioned over the next 30 years. This creates substantial opportunity for a just transition towards a future energy mix with a high renewable energy penetration. Offshore wind technology is a clean electricity generation alternative that presents great power security and decarbonisation opportunity for South Africa. This study estimated the offshore wind energy resource available within South Africa’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ), using a geographic information system methodology. The available resource was estimated under four developmental scenarios. This study revealed that South Africa has an annual offshore wind energy production potential of 44.52 TWh at ocean depths of less than 50 m (Scenario 1) and 2 387.08 TWh at depths less than 1 000 m (Scenario 2). Furthermore, a GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation was conducted to determine the most suitable locations for offshore wind farm development within the South African EEZ. The following suitable offshore wind development regions were identified: Richards Bay, KwaDukuza, Durban, and Struis Bay. Based on South Africa’s annual electricity consumption of 297.8 TWh in 2018, OWE could theoretically supply approximately 15% and 800% of South Africa’s annual electricity demand with offshore wind development Scenario 1 and 2 respectively.

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19

Masok, F. B., P. L. Masiteng, R. D. Mavunda, P. P. Maleka, and H. Winkler. "Measurement of radioactivity concentration in soil samples around phosphate rock storage facility in Richards Bay, South Africa." Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 2018): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2017.10.006.

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20

Reavell, P. E., and D. P. Cyrus. "PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE MACROCRUSTACEA OF COASTAL LAKES IN THE VICINITY OF RICHARDS BAY, ZULULAND, SOUTH AFRICA." Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 15, no. 1 (June 1989): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10183469.1989.9631301.

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21

Butler, A. C., and R. R. Sibbald. "Sampling and Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Ocean Surface Microlayer off Richards Bay, South Africa." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 4-5 (April 1, 1986): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0213.

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22

Kumssa, Diriba B., Rudi J. Aarde, and Theo D. Wassenaar. "The regeneration of soil micro-arthropod assemblages in a rehabilitating coastal dune forest at Richards Bay, South Africa." African Journal of Ecology 42, no. 4 (December 2004): 346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2004.00537.x.

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23

Naidoo, G., and D. Chirkoot. "The effects of coal dust on photosynthetic performance of the mangrove, Avicennia marina in Richards Bay, South Africa." Environmental Pollution 127, no. 3 (February 2004): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2003.08.018.

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24

Dladla, N. N., A. N. Green, J. A. G. Cooper, P. Mehlhorn, and T. Haberzettl. "Bayhead delta evolution in the context of late Quaternary and Holocene sea-level change, Richards Bay, South Africa." Marine Geology 441 (November 2021): 106608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106608.

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25

Butler, A. C., and R. R. Sibbald. "Sampling and GC-FID, GC/MS analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons in the ocean surface microlayer off Richards Bay, South Africa." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 25, no. 1 (July 1987): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(87)90023-0.

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26

Atkins, Shanan, Neville Pillay, and Victor M. Peddemors. "Spatial Distribution of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins (Sousa chinensis) at Richards Bay, South Africa: Environmental Influences and Behavioural Patterns." Aquatic Mammals 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/am.30.1.2004.84.

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27

Masok, Felix B., Paulus L. Masiteng, Risimati D. Mavunda, Peane P. Maleka, and Hartmut Winkler. "Determination of uranium and thorium concentration and gross alpha and beta activity measurement in top soil samples from Richards Bay, South Africa." Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (October 2018): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2018.04.003.

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28

Dlamini, Lubanzi Z. D., and Sifiso Xulu. "Monitoring Mining Disturbance and Restoration over RBM Site in South Africa Using LandTrendr Algorithm and Landsat Data." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 5, 2019): 6916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11246916.

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Considering the negative impact of mining on ecosystems in mining areas, the South African government legislated the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (No. 28 of 2002), to compel mining companies to restore the land affected by mining. Several studies have used remotely sensed data to observe the status and dynamics of surface mines. Advances in remote sensing along the cloud-based Google Earth Engine (GEE) now promise an enhanced observation strategy for improved monitoring of mine environments. Despite these advances, land rehabilitation at Richards Bay Minerals (RBM) is mainly restricted to field-based approaches which are unable to reveal seamless patterns of disturbance and restoration. Here, we illustrate the value of the trajectory-based LandTrendr algorithm in conjunction with GEE for mine rehabilitation studies. Our automated method produced disturbance and recovery patterns (1984–2018) over the RBM site. The study revealed that RBM has progressively been mining different portions of the mineral-rich coastal area after which restoration was undertaken. The duration of mining over each site ranged from 2 to 6 years. The LandTrendr outputs correspond with independent reference datasets that were classified with an overall accuracy of 99%; it captures mine-induced disturbance efficiently and offers a practical tool for mine restoration management.

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29

Jury, M. R. "DETERMINATION OF HEALTH IMPACTS IN URBAN REGIONS EXPOSED TO ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS." Clean Air Journal 10, no. 6 (December 3, 2000): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/caj/2000/10/6.7096.

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A simple method for relating urban health responses to ambient air pollution levels is outlined. The methhod requires daily values of concentrations for the most common atmospheric irritant and respiratory complaint statistics from an adjacent medical clinic. The data need to be quality controlled and of sufficient length to be statistically screened using various thresholds. The method is limited in scope, so historical evidence is needed to guide the survey to the relevant time of year and most exposed place. In the example given for Richards Bay - South Africa, health responses achieve maximum variance (27.4%) with respect to peak values of S02 on (he same cdy over a 40 day period in the winter of 1998. The correlation function for various thresholds indicates that 30 ppb is a critical heallh sensitivity level. The economic implications are computed and interpretations address how the results can be used 10 modify town planning efforts.

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30

Cyrus, D. "A preliminary assessment of impacts on estuarine associated fauna resulting from an intra-basin transfer and fresh water abstraction from aquatic systems in the Richards Bay area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." African Journal of Aquatic Science 26, no. 2 (August 2001): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085910109503732.

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31

Pos, J. D., K. S. Russell, and J. A. Zwamborn. "WAVE FORCE AND MOVEMENT CALCULATIONS FOR A FLEXIBLE OCEAN OUTFALL PIPELINE." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 20 (January 29, 1986): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v20.159.

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The design process for the calculation of wave forces and movements for a flexible (plastic) ocean outfall is described. The design procedure is illustrated using a case study of the design of two High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipelines of 0,9 m and 1,0 m 0D (4 290 m and 5 45Q m long) constructed at Richards Bay, South Africa, to dispose of dense and buoyant effluent respectively. The pipeline anchor weights are based on the 1 in 1 year wave forces on the pipeline, implying that the pipeline is allowed to move during its design life. Special star anchor weights are used which keep the pipe clear of the bed while maintaining the stability of the pipeline. Friction tests were undertaken with a section of pipeline and two star weights, above water on concrete and sand and below water on sand, to determine realistic friction coefficients for the pipeline design. The results of these tests are summarised in this paper. It was found that the mean friction coefficient for submerged star weights on sand was 0,75. The movements of sections of the 0,9 m OD pipeline were calculated using a finite difference computer programme developed by Prof I Larsen and the results are summarised in the paper. It was found that movements of 1 to 2 m could occur under design wave conditions (50 to 100 year waves) and these were considered acceptable provided that the pipeline was not obstructed by rock outcrops.

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32

Ramakokovhu, Munyadziwa Mercy, Peter Apata Olubambi, Richard Kady Kadiambuji Mbaya, Tajudeen Mojisola, and Moipone Linda Teffo. "Mineralogical and Leaching Characteristics of Altered Ilmenite Beach Placer Sands." Minerals 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10111022.

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In order to have a good understanding of the treatment process and improvement on the market value of ilmenite beach placer sands, knowledge of its mineral composition and phase distribution is fundamental. In this study, a combination of characterization techniques including high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron (HR-TEM) microscope, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques was used to understand the mineralogical characteristics of ilmenite beach placer sands obtained from Richards Bay, South Africa. The mineral phase constituents of the ilmenite beach placer sands were studied before pre-oxidation and additive leaching in a chloride environment. During observations using XRD and HR-SEM, the ilmenite beach placer sands exhibited signature rhombohedral crystal form and crescentic pits with evidence of alteration phases. The characterized pre-oxidized ilmenite showed the presence of a ferric oxide film deposit of the particles. The leaching characteristics of both raw and pre-oxidized ilmenite was studied in the presence of additives. The leaching efficiency of the pre-oxidized ilmenite in the presence of additives increased by 20% at atmospheric conditions. The characterized residues show the improved amenability of pre-oxidized leach in chloride media. The formation of new phases containing pseudo-rutile indicated crystallographic disintegration by the movement of atoms during dissolution. Some particles retained the crescentic pit and the subangular grain structure; however, the phase changes were observed at the grain boundaries and grain edges. The leached residue’s EDS results still indicated the presence of pseudo-rutile and some minor unreacted oxides such as SiO2, Al2O3, and other trace metals. The trace metals impurities present in the as-received ilmenite were reduced by 80% in the final residue after the leaching.

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33

Izegaegbe, JI, L. Vivier, and HMM Mzimela. "Bioaccumulation of trace metals in the ocypodid burrowing crab, Paratylodiplax blephariskios, in Richards Bay Harbour, South Africa." African Journal of Aquatic Science, June 22, 2021, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2021.1914537.

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34

Wepener, V., and LA Vermeulen. "A note on the concentrations and bioavailability of selected metals in sediments of Richards Bay Harbour, South Africa." Water SA 31, no. 4 (September 6, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v31i4.5149.

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35

Botha, P. S., and D. M. J. Silk. "Coal dust abatement at the Richards Bay Coal Terminal, South Africa." Clean Air Journal 7, no. 4 (December 3, 1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/caj/1987/7/4.7288.

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36

Okello, Nick O., Tom W. Okello, and Mark Zunckel. "Changes in health risk associated with air pollution and policy response effectiveness, Richards Bay, South Africa." Clean Air Journal 30, no. 1 (June 22, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.8012.

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Lung and bronchus cancer, asthma, acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI), ischemic heart diseases (IHD), cerebrovascular diseases (CEV) are disorders that have been widely associated with air pollution. More so, research shows that more than 5.5 million people die prematurely every year due to household and outdoor air pollution placing it as the fourth highest-ranking risk factor for death globally (Forouzanfar et al., 2015). Setting a minimum emission standard for industrial sources is a way to control air pollution and to minimize adverse impacts on people. With an aim to ascertain pollution policy intervention effectiveness, this study uses the case of Richards Bay to determine changes in health risk associated with air quality pollution exposure and the benefits of policy intervention. The study looks at trends of mortality in the last 20 years, the change in the ranking of 6 air-related mortality causes and Year of Life Lost (YLL) as a result of pollution. Results indicate a 24% decrease in the YLL due to air quality related diseases since 2009 when minimum emission standards were promulgated. The decrease can be observed across all age groups except for the 15-24-year-old, where cases of asthma and acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) are the major mortality drivers. The adults and the older generation are now living slightly longer, although cases of CEV in that generation as well as the younger generation is still an issue that requires continuous monitoring and intervention. The study concludes that there is an improvement that could be attributed to policy implementation. However, the increase in mortality due to certain disease cases such as cancer of the bronchus and lung whose onset could be prior to 2010 signifies that the pollution control efforts need to continue and be stepped up. The increase of ALRI, which adversely affects children, is of concern

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37

Okello, Nick O., Tom W. Okello, and Mark Zunckel. "Public perceptions of air quality status and suggestions for improvement: The case of Richards Bay and its surroundings, uMhlathuze Local Municipality, South Africa." Clean Air Journal 30, no. 1 (June 2, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.8001.

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Whereas industrial growth is instrumental in unlocking poverty and advancing development, often, the effect of pollution on the environment, particularly air quality, is seldom accurately predicted. The effects, which include mortality, morbidity, and loss of productive time, are demonstrated later after the damage is done. The views of the pollution-exposed public in industrialised centres is important to ascertain if policy intervention is enhancing environmental protection for all and justice by extension. Through an online survey, 215 residents of the rapidly industrialising Richards Bay and surrounding areas in South Africa responded to the questions about their perceptions of air quality and recommendations to improve air quality management. Results indicate a concern over air quality with most residents perceiving the air quality as fair or poor. Industrial emission was cited as the leading cause of pollution followed by sugar cane and agrarian burning. Irritation of the ear, nose and throat, as well as sneezing and coughing, were the health effects experienced by residents for which air pollution can be partly attributed. The public recommends an improvement in air quality monitoring, consequence management, technology and public transport system. In addition, they recommended the introduction of air quality offsets, incentives schemes, more public involvement, coordinated planning and better collaboration as a recipe for success in air quality management.

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