Academic literature on the topic 'Hard Approach'

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Journal articles on the topic "Hard Approach"

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Hage, Jaap C., Ronald Leenes, and Arno R. Lodder. "Hard cases: A procedural approach." Artificial Intelligence and Law 2, no. 2 (1994): 113–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00871759.

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Zygmunt, Tomasz J. G. "An intuitive approach to hard cases." Utrecht Law Review 16, no. 1 (2020): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36633/ulr.505.

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Rowe, Raymond C. "A soft approach to hard science?" Drug Discovery Today 10, no. 5 (March 2005): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(04)03314-8.

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Coussaert, Tamara, and Marc Baus. "Virial Approach to Hard-Sphere Demixing." Physical Review Letters 79, no. 10 (September 8, 1997): 1881–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.79.1881.

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Jäger, B., and W. Schweiger. "The hard-scattering approach with diquarks." Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 52, S2 (February 2002): B175—B180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10582-002-0084-2.

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R. Fluegge-Woolf, Erin. "Play hard, work hard." Management Research Review 37, no. 8 (July 15, 2014): 682–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-11-2012-0252.

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Purpose – This paper aims to examine the relationship between workplace fun and three elements of job performance: task performance, organizational citizenship behaviors and creative performance. Positive affect and engagement are proposed as mediators of the relationships between fun at work and performance. Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 245 working individuals who worked in a variety of organizational roles was used. Respondents completed an online survey to assess elements of workplace fun, positive affect and engagement. Participants were also asked to have a supervisor at work complete an online survey to assess their work performance. Findings – Fun at work was positively and directly related to organizational citizenship behavior, and positively and indirectly to both task performance and creative performance. In addition, individuals having fun at work were also more likely to be more engaged in their work, and consequently exhibit greater creative performance. Originality/value – This paper provides evidence to suggest that a fun working environment results in greater employee engagement and productivity.
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Maheshwari, Shruti, VelaD Desai, MV Sunil, and Rajeev Sharma. "Preserving Hard Tissues : A Newer Treatment Approach." Journal of Dental and Allied Sciences 2, no. 1 (2013): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2277-4696.159269.

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Sobolev, Oleg. "De Gennes Narrowing and Hard-Sphere Approach." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 120, no. 37 (September 13, 2016): 9969–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b04685.

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Huberman, B. A. "An Economics Approach to Hard Computational Problems." Science 275, no. 5296 (January 3, 1997): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5296.51.

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Bacon, D., S. Sigurdsson, and M. B. Davies. "Close approach during hard binary-binary scattering." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 281, no. 3 (August 1, 1996): 830–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/281.3.830.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hard Approach"

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Rashid, Waleed Bin. "Surface defect machining : a new approach for hard turning." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2840.

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Hard turning is emerging as a key technology to substitute conventional grinding processes, mainly on account of lower equipment cost, short setup time, and a reduced number of process steps. This is, however, being impeded by a number of challenges required to be resolved, including attainable surface roughness, surface deteriorations, surface residual stresses and metallurgical transformations on the machined steel surface (white layer). In this thesis, a novel approach named Surface Defect Machining (SDM) is proposed as a viable solution to resolve a large number of these issues and to improve surface finish and surface integrity. SDM is defined as a process of machining, where a workpiece is first subjected to surface defects creation at a depth less than the uncut chip thickness; either through mechanical and/or thermal means; then followed by a normal machining operation so as to reduce the cutting resistance. A comprehensive understanding of SDM is established theoretically using finite element method (FEM). Also, an experimental study has been carried out for extensive understanding of the new technique. A good agreement between theoretical and experimental investigations has been achieved. The results show very interesting salient features of SDM, providing favourable machining outcomes. These include: reduced shear plane angle, reduced machining forces, lower residual stresses on the machined surface, reduced tool-chip interface contact length and increased chip flow velocity, as well as reductions in overall temperature in the cutting zone and changing the mechanism of chip morphology from jagged to discontinuous. However, the most prominent outcome is the improved attainable surface roughness. Furthermore, SDM shows the ability to exceed the critical feed rate and achieve an optical surface finish upto 30 nm. A scientific explanation of the improved surface roughness suggests that during SDM, a combination of both the cutting action and the rough polishing action help to improve the machined surface. Based on these findings, it is anticipated that a component machined using the SDM method should exhibit improved quality of the machined surface, which is expected to provide tremendous commercial advantages in the time to come.
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Dehkordi, S. Emad. "Groundwater resources in coastal hard rock terrains : Geostatistical and GIS approach." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-151296.

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Stockholm archipelago is a combination of coastal and young glaciated conditions on hard rock geology with almost no primary porosity and very limited secondary porosity. Therefore the aquifer is both of limited capacity and exposed to salinity problem. In this context importance of fractures and soil cover is magnified. Lineaments are representatives of fractures in remote sensing. Fracture mapping in study area proves close correspondence between orientation of fractures and nearly located lineaments. Especially in this type of terrain, lineaments normally occur together with many other interesting hydrogeological features such as topographic attributes, soil, and vegetation; however, still each of these factors has its own effect on the groundwater situation. Through employment of geostatistical analysis and a modified variant of the RV (Risk Variable) method, called the PV (Probability Value) method, different attributes are rated by importance. The results show, soil cover is the most influencing factor then rock type and distance from lineaments; other factors are classified after them. It is discovered that the center of lineaments may not be the most suitable site to extract water because of being clogged by fills. This is particularly the case for shear fractures in which clay can be internally formed due to friction. Based on the statistical results a model is made in GIS environment in order to create hydrogeological maps. Such maps, after validation, can be used for any other area with similar properties even with missing or very limited data from boreholes. These maps definitively are only probability maps projecting areas with higher and lower prospect of aquifer potential and cannot guarantee high capacity in every borehole drilled in designated areas due to high heterogeneity of fractured rock system. Analysis of chemical data from wells proves a correlation between fracture orientations and topography with salinization and groundwater flow. Groundwater flow in the surroundings seems to be essential for feeding the aquifer as most of the wells with increased salt content have also low capacities.
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Sagoo, Jaspal S. "The development of hard real-time systems using a formal approach." Thesis, Aston University, 1992. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/8092/.

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Hard real-time systems are a class of computer control systems that must react to demands of their environment by providing `correct' and timely responses. Since these systems are increasingly being used in systems with safety implications, it is crucial that they are designed and developed to operate in a correct manner. This thesis is concerned with developing formal techniques that allow the specification, verification and design of hard real-time systems. Formal techniques for hard real-time systems must be capable of capturing the system's functional and performance requirements, and previous work has proposed a number of techniques which range from the mathematically intensive to those with some mathematical content. This thesis develops formal techniques that contain both an informal and a formal component because it is considerd that the informality provides ease of understanding and the formality allows precise specification and verification. Specifically, the combination of Petri nets and temporal logic is considered for the specification and verification of hard real-time systems. Approaches that combine Petri nets and temporal logic by allowing a consistent translation between each formalism are examined. Previously, such techniques have been applied to the formal analysis of concurrent systems. This thesis adapts these techniques for use in the modelling, design and formal analysis of hard real-time systems. The techniques are applied to the problem of specifying a controller for a high-speed manufacturing system. It is shown that they can be used to prove liveness and safety properties, including qualitative aspects of system performance. The problem of verifying quantitative real-time properties is addressed by developing a further technique which combines the formalisms of timed Petri nets and real-time temporal logic. A unifying feature of these techniques is the common temporal description of the Petri net.
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Pugacs, Sergejs. "A clustering approach for vehicle routing problems with hard time windows." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/13045.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Logica Computicional
The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is a well known combinatorial optimization problem and many studies have been dedicated to it over the years since solving the VRP optimally or near-optimally for very large size problems has many practical applications (e.g. in various logistics systems). Vehicle Routing Problem with hard TimeWindows (VRPTW) is probably the most studied variant of the VRP problem and the presence of time windows requires complex techniques to handle it. In fact, finding a feasible solution to the VRPTWwhen the number of vehicles is fixed is an NP-complete problem. However, VRPTW is well studied and many different approaches to solve it have been developed over the years. Due to the inherent complexity of the underlying problem VRPTW is NP-Hard. Therefore, optimally solving problems with no more than one hundred requests is considered intractably hard. For this reason the literature is full with inexact methods that use metaheuristics, local search and hybrid approaches which are capable of producing high quality solutions within practical time limits. In this work we are interested in applying clustering techniques to VRPTWproblem. The idea of clustering has been successfully applied to the basic VRP problem. However very little work has yet been done in using clustering in the VRPTW variant. We present a novel approach based on clustering, that any VRPTW solver can adapt, by running a preprocessing stage before attempting to solve the problem. Our proposed method, tested with a state of the art solver (Indigo), enables the solver to find solutions much faster (up to an order of magnitude speed-up). In general this comes with at slightly reduced solution quality, but in somes types of problems, Indigo is able to obtain better solutions than those obtained with no clustering.
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Rucci, Josh. "A hard or soft approach? reconfiguring South Korean relations with North Korea /." Click here for download, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1288668421&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Jones, A. V. "An approach to the design of expert systems for hard real-time applications." Thesis, Swansea University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637449.

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Over recent years there has been considerable interest in the use of new programming techniques, derived from artificial intelligence (AI) research, in computer control. The reason for considering these techniques is the ever-growing desire for competitiveness in manufacturing and process plants. Two particularly important techniques to have emerged from AI research are expert systems and neural networks. In parallel with the growing need for efficiency, has been the desire to improve the safety and reliability of computer controlled systems. Achieving this requires that any software in the system must have reliable real-time performance - that is, it must produce results which are correct and on time. While progress is being made towards this end in the field of conventional software, the emergence of AI techniques is creating a new set of problems. This thesis examines the reasons why reliable AI systems must be developed, and highlights the differences between AI techniques and more-traditional programming methods. It is argued that true real-time performance can only be obtained from a resource-adequate system and that a state-based approach offers considerable advantages for a real-time expert system. An architecture is proposed which will provide the basis for developing expert systems for hard real-time applications. To overcome the predictability problems normally associated with the inference engine of an expert system, a knowledge-base compiler is presented which produces, from an expert-system ruleset, a procedural function with a known execution time. To validate this approach, a case study is presented in which an expert system has been developed for the control of a aircraft during landing. This example demonstrates the use of a rule-based expert system in a hard real-time environment. An evaluation of the ideas presented is given which identifies some of the limitations of the techniques discussed.
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Stampanoni, Marco. "A novel approach towards hard X-ray submicrometer computer tomography with synchrotron radiation." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/ecol-pool/diss/fulltext/eth14884.pdf.

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Jordan, Heidi Lynn. "A Purposeful Approach to Student Conduct with Deaf and Hard of Hearing Learners." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2735.

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Teachers of deaf and hard of hearing students spend more time in conflict resolution than their general education colleagues do. Although emerging research suggests that both students and teachers benefit from an approach to student conduct that is more purposeful than traditional behavior modification models, further research was necessary to clarify how such an effective purposeful program would work. The purpose of this inquiry was to explore how teachers of deaf and hard of hearing students perceived and used a purposeful approach to student conduct. Deutsch's conflict resolution theory served as the conceptual framework. A single case study design was selected for this qualitative study conducted in a rural residential school for deaf and hard of hearing students in the western United States. Data were collected from interviews with six teachers, observations, and documents. Data were analyzed using line-by-line coding and the constant comparative method to construct categories for each data source, and examined across all data sources to determine emergent themes and discrepancies. Results indicated that teachers of deaf and hard of hearing students used a two-step approach to collaborative conflict resolution that included engaging in perspective-taking and engaging in solution generation. This study promotes positive social change by informing school administrators on how to plan effective teacher training on using a purposeful approach to student conduct with deaf and hard of hearing learners.
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Slimani, Amel. "Photonic approach for the study of dental hard tissues and carious lesion detection." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT125.

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Les propriétés photoniques des tissus durs dentaires nous ont permis d’étudier l’email et la dentine a un niveau moléculaire (in vitro) en utilisant des techniques de microscopie optique non linéaires. La microscopie confocale Raman est technique d’imagine de haute résolution permettant d’analyse d’échantillon sans préparation spécifique ni marquage. Cette méthode nous a permis de reconstituer une cartographie de la réticulation du collagène et de la cristallinité au niveau de la jonction émail-dentine et cela avec une résolution spatiale non atteinte jusque-là. Cette analyse chimique de la jonction émail-dentine a permis de redéfinir la largeur de cette zone de transition. Cette largeur est nettement supérieure à celles proposées par les études précédentes. Par ailleurs, l’étude portant sur les changements de fluorescence intrinsèque entre les tissues dentaires sains et cariés suggèrent l’implication de la protoporphyrin IX et de la pentosidine dans l’expression de la fluorescence rouge des tissus cariés. La microscopie multiphotonique quant à elle nous a permis de détecter la lésion carieuse et de suivre son développement en utilisant la génération de seconde harmonique (SHG) et la fluorescence par excitation à deux photons (2PEF). Nos études ont démontré la validité du ratio SHG/2PEF comme paramètre fiable pour la détection de la lésion carieuse. Les études proposées par cette thèse montrent le potentiel des propriétés photoniques de l’émail et de la dentine en utilisant les microscopies Raman et multiphotoniques dans l’étude de ces tissus au niveau moléculaire. Cela offre de nouvelles perspectives en recherche et en applications cliniques
Photonic properties of dental hard tissues allowed us to proceed to in vitro analysis of enamel and dentin on a molecular level. Confocal Raman microscopy has been used to produce a mapping of collagen cross-link and crystallinity of human dentin–enamel junction (DEJ) with a spatial resolution not achieved up to now. The method is a non-invasive, label-free and a high spatial resolution imaging technique. This chemical analysis of DEJ led us to redefine a wider width of this transition zone and advance our understanding of dental histology. A study on the intrinsic fluorescence changes of sound and carious tissues using conventional fluorescence microscopy suggests the involvement of protoporphyrin IX and pentosidine in the fluorescence red-shift observed in carious tissues. Multiphoton microscopy allowed to detect nonlinear optical signal changes during caries process using second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon excitation fluorescence (2PEF). Our studies led us to propose the ratio SHG/2PEF as valuable parameter to monitor caries lesion. Collectively, advances described in this thesis show the potential of photonic properties of enamel and dentin using Raman and multiphoton microcopies for molecular investigations on sound as much as on carious tissues. It opens new perspective in dental research and clinical applications
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Karpenko, Tatyana S. "Te(te(te(text)xt)xt)xt : a cognitive approach to the study of intertextuality." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268003.

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Books on the topic "Hard Approach"

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Sagoo, Jaspal Singh. The development of hard real-time systems using a formal approach. Birmingham: Aston University. Departmant of Electronic Engineering and Applied Physics, 1992.

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Forseth, Gerald. Non-subsidized housing for the hard-to-house: An innovative approach. [Edmonton]: Alberta Municipal Affairs, Housing and Consumer Affairs, 1993.

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Brian, Loïc P. Meeting deadlines in hard real-time systems: The rate monotonic approach. Los Alamitos, Calif: IEEE Computer Society, 1999.

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Briand, Loïc P. Meeting deadlines in hard real-time systems: The rate monotonic approach. Los Alamitos, Calif: IEEE Computer Society, 1999.

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Cohen, Etty. Playing hard at life: A relational approach to treating multiply traumatized adolescents. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 2003.

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Playing hard at life: A relational approach to treating multiply traumatized adolescents. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 2003.

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Teaching hard, teaching soft: A structured approach to planning and running effective training courses. Aldershot, Hants, England: Gower, 1990.

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Klein, Diane Heller. Spoken communication for students who are deaf or hard of hearing: A multidisciplinary approach. 2nd ed. Hillsboro, OR: Butte Publications, 2011.

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Waska, Robert T. The concept of analytic contact: The Kleinian approach to reaching the hard to reach patient. Hove, East Sussex: Routledge, 2007.

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Fels, S. Sidney. Glove-Talk II: Mapping hard gestures to speech using neural networks : an approach to building adaptive interfaces. Toronto: University of Toronto, Dept. of Computer Science, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hard Approach"

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Zhao, Yiru, Zhongming Jin, Guo-jun Qi, Hongtao Lu, and Xian-sheng Hua. "An Adversarial Approach to Hard Triplet Generation." In Computer Vision – ECCV 2018, 508–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01240-3_31.

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Yang, Kiduk, Ning Yu, Hui Zhang, Shahrier Akram, and Ivan Record. "WIDIT: Integrated Approach to HARD Topic Search." In Information Retrieval Technology, 649–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11880592_58.

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Burago, D., S. Ferleger, and A. Kononenko. "A Geometric Approach to Semi-Dispersing Billiards." In Hard Ball Systems and the Lorentz Gas, 9–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04062-1_2.

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Michalak, Hubert, and Krzysztof Okarma. "Region Based Approach for Binarization of Degraded Document Images." In Advances in Soft and Hard Computing, 433–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03314-9_37.

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Nakano, Takayoshi, Takuya Ishimoto, Jee Wook Lee, Yukichi Umakoshi, Masaya Yamamoto, Yasuhiko Tabata, Akio Kobayashi, et al. "Crystallographic Approach to Regenerated and Pathological Hard Tissues." In Materials Science Forum, 255–60. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-996-2.255.

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dos Santos Leal, Liara Aparecida, Dalcidio Moraes Claudio, Laira Vieira Toscani, and Paulo Blauth Menezes. "A Categorical Approach to NP-Hard Optimization Problems." In Computer Aided Systems Theory - EUROCAST 2003, 62–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45210-2_7.

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Globa, Larysa, Rina Novogrudska, and O. Koval. "The Approach to Users Tasks Simplification on Engineering Knowledge Portals." In Advances in Soft and Hard Computing, 150–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03314-9_14.

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Idzikowska, Ewa. "A Hybrid Approach to Fault Detection in One Round of PP-1 Cipher." In Advances in Soft and Hard Computing, 307–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03314-9_27.

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Koval, Alexander, Larisa Globa, and Rina Novogrudska. "The Approach to Web Services Composition." In Hard and Soft Computing for Artificial Intelligence, Multimedia and Security, 293–304. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48429-7_27.

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Kopetz, H., R. Zainlinger, G. Fohler, H. Kantz, P. Puschner, and W. Schütz. "An engineering approach to hard real-time system design." In ESEC '91, 166–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3540547428_48.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hard Approach"

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PESCHANSKI, R. "Unified approach to hard diffraction." In Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812778345_0117.

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Ziph-Schatzberg, Leah. "A new approach to the design of imagesetters using image simulation software." In Color Hard Copy and Graphic Arts. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2322235.

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Butterfield, Paul M. "User-oriented approach to control of tone reproduction for electronic reprographic systems." In Color Hard Copy and Graphic Arts. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2322265.

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Kashef, R., and M. S. Kamel. "Hard-fuzzy clustering: A cooperative approach." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2007.4413889.

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Pareschi, Giovanni, Gianpiero Tagliaferri, Andrea Argan, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Osvaldo Catalano, Enrico Costa, Giancarlo Cusumano, et al. "The New Hard X-ray Mission." In X-RAY ASTRONOMY 2009; PRESENT STATUS, MULTI-WAVELENGTH APPROACH AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES: Proceedings of the International Conference. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3475341.

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Skodzik, Jan, Peter Danielis, Vlado Altmann, and Dirk Timmermann. "HaRTKad: A hard real-time Kademlia approach." In 2014 IEEE 11th Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccnc.2014.6866588.

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Saxton, R. D., A. M. Read, R. S. Warwick, M. P. Esquej, A. Comastri, L. Angelini, and M. Cappi. "XMM-Newton slew survey hard band sources." In X-RAY ASTRONOMY 2009; PRESENT STATUS, MULTI-WAVELENGTH APPROACH AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES: Proceedings of the International Conference. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3475323.

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Garg, Rajesh, Nikhil Jayakumar, Sunil P. Khatri, and Gwan Choi. "A design approach for radiation-hard digital electronics." In the 43rd annual conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1146909.1147105.

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Zass, R., and A. Shashua. "A unifying approach to hard and probabilistic clustering." In Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05) Volume 1. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2005.27.

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Garg, R., N. Jayakumar, S. P. Khatri, and G. Choi. "A design approach for radiation-hard digital electronics." In 2006 Design Automation Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dac.2006.229230.

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Reports on the topic "Hard Approach"

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Baloch, Imdad, Tom Kaye, Saalim Koomar, and Chris McBurnie. Pakistan Topic Brief: Providing Distance Learning to Hard-to-reach Children. EdTech Hub, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53832/edtechhub.0026.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in mass school closures across the world. It is expected that the closures in low- and -middle-income countries (LMICs) will have long-term negative consequences on education and also on broader development outcomes. Countries face a number of obstacles to effectively delivering alternative forms of education. Obstacles include limited experience in facing such challenges, limited teacher digital and pedagogical capacity, and infrastructure constraints related to power and connectivity. Furthermore, inequalities in learning outcomes are expected to widen within LMICs due to the challenges of implementing alternative modes of education in remote, rural or marginalised communities. It is expected that the most marginalised children will feel the most substantial negative impacts on their learning outcomes. Educational technology (EdTech) has been identified as a possible solution to address the acute impact of school closures through its potential to provide distance education. In this light, the DFID Pakistan team requested the EdTech Hub develop a topic brief exploring the use of EdTech to support distance learning in Pakistan. Specifically, the team requested the brief explore ways to provide distance education to children in remote rural areas and urban slums. The DFID team also requested that the EdTech Hub explore the different needs of those who have previously been to school in comparison to those who have never enrolled, with reference to EdTech solutions. In order to address these questions, this brief begins with an overview of the Pakistan education landscape. The second section of the brief explores how four modes of alternative education — TV, interactive radio instruction, mobile phones and online learning — can be used to provide alternative education to marginalised groups in Pakistan. Multimodal distance-learning approaches offer the best means of providing education to heterogeneous, hard-to-reach groups. Identifying various tools that can be deployed to meet the needs of specific population segments is an important part of developing a robust distance-learning approach. With this in mind, this section highlights examples of tools that could be used in Pakistan to support a multimodal approach that reaches the most hard-to-reach learners. The third and final section synthesises the article’s findings, presenting recommendations to inform Pakistan’s COVID-19 education response.<br> <br> This topic brief is available on Google Docs.
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Ranft, J., K. Hahn, P. Aurenche, P. Maire, F. Bopp, A. Capella, J. Tran Thanh Van, and Kwi. Dual topological unitarization of hard and soft hadronic cross sections: A new approach to multiparticle production at hadron colliders in the TeV energy range. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6804155.

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3

Horan, Victoria, Steve Adachi, and Stanley Bak. A Comparison of Approaches for Solving Hard Graph-Theoretic Problems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada623530.

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4

Sanchez, Rene G., John Alan Bounds, Joetta M. Goda, and William L. Myers. Hand-Stacking and Remote Approach to Critical Using the Planet Assembly. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1060370.

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5

Hilbrecht, Margo, Sally M. Gainsbury, Nassim Tabri, Michael J. A. Wohl, Silas Xuereb, Jeffrey L. Derevensky, Simone N. Rodda, McKnight Sheila, Voll Jess, and Gottvald Brittany. Prevention and education evidence review: Gambling-related harm. Edited by Margo Hilbrecht. Greo, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33684/2021.006.

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This report supports an evidence-based approach to the prevention and education objective of the National Strategy to Reduce Harm from Gambling. Applying a public health policy lens, it considers three levels of measures: universal (for the benefit of the whole population), selective (for the benefit of at-risk groups), and indicated (for the benefit of at-risk individuals). Six measures are reviewed by drawing upon a range of evidence in the academic and grey literature. The universal level measures are “Regulatory restriction on how gambling is provided” and “Population-based safer gambling/responsible gambling efforts.” Selective measures focus on age cohorts in a chapter entitled, “Targeted safer gambling campaigns for children, youth, and older adults.” The indicated measures are “Brief internet delivered interventions for gambling,” “Systems and tools that produced actual (‘hard’) barriers and limit access to funds,” and “Self-exclusion.” Since the quantity and quality of the evidence base varied by measure, appropriate review methods were selected to assess publications using a systematic, scoping, or narrative approach. Some measures offered consistent findings regarding the effectiveness of interventions and initiatives, while others were less clear. Unintended consequences were noted since it is important to be aware of unanticipated, negative consequences resulting from prevention and education activities. After reviewing the evidence, authors identified knowledge gaps that require further research, and provided guidance for how the findings could be used to enhance the prevention and education objective. The research evidence is supplemented by consultations with third sector charity representatives who design and implement gambling harm prevention and education programmes. Their insights and experiences enhance, support, or challenge the academic evidence base, and are shared in a separate chapter. Overall, research evidence is limited for many of the measures. Quality assessments suggest that improvements are needed to support policy decisions more fully. Still, opportunities exist to advance evidence-based policy for an effective gambling harm prevention and education plan.
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Maconachie, Roy, Neil Howard, and Rosilin Bock. Theorising ‘Harm’ in Relation to Children’s Work. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/acha.2020.003.

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A central and implicit issue that shapes the present political and institutional consensus surrounding child labour is the notion of harm. Although efforts to address children’s work rest firmly on assumptions about what is harmful, no coherent theory of harm exists. In this paper, we critically explore ‘harm’ in the context of children’s work and call for a more situated and nuanced approach, incorporating ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’ dimensions. Such an approach has important implications for future research and policy action.
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Sanchez, Rene Gerardo. Module 10 Hand-Stacking and Remote Approach to Critical Using the Planet Assembly. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1467184.

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Sanchez, Rene, Travis Grove, and Theresa Cutler. Module 4 Hand-Stacking and Remote Approach to Critical Using the Planet/Comet Assembly. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1756788.

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9

Currer, Paul M. U.S. and Soviet Approaches to Nuclear War Termination: Strengthening the West's Hand. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada202098.

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10

Eckert, Elizabeth, Eleanor Turner, and Jo Anne Yeager Sallah. Youth Rural-Urban Migration in Bungoma, Kenya: Implications for the Agricultural Workforce. RTI Press, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.op.0062.1908.

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This study provides insights into a specific, hard-to-reach youth subpopulation—those born in agricultural areas in Western Kenya who migrate to large towns and cities—that is often missed by research and development activities. Using a mixed-methods approach, we find high variability in movement of youth between rural villages, towns, and large urban areas. Top reasons for youth migration align with existing literature, including pursuit of job opportunities and education. For youth from villages where crop farming is the primary economic activity for young adults, 77 percent responded that they are very interested in that work, in contrast to the common notion that youth are disinterested in agriculture. We also find many youth interested in settling permanently in their villages in the future. This research confirms that youth migration is dynamic, requiring that policymakers and development practitioners employ methods of engaging youth that recognize the diversity of profiles and mobility of this set of individuals.
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