Academic literature on the topic 'Hard disk cloning'

SummaryElongated embryos provide a unique source of information about trophoblastic differentiation, gene expression and maternal-embryonic interactions; however they are difficult and costly to obtain, especially elongated cloned embryos. One alternative is their production in heterologous temporary recipients such as sheep and goats. We aimed to produce elongated bovine cloned embryos using heterologous transfer to temporary recipients. Day-7 cloned cattle blastocysts were transferred to the uteri of ewes and goats and recovered as elongated structures at day 17. We evaluated elongation, length, presence of embryonic disc and expression of several important genes for embryonic development. We also produced homologous (cloned cattle embryos transferred into cattle uteri). Cloned bovine blastocysts were able to proceed with preimplantation development through elongation with high efficiency despite the species to which they were transferred. In qualitative and quantitative RT-PCR experiments we found differences in the pattern of gene expression among embryos recovered from different species. Sox2, Nanog and FGF-4 were markedly deregulated. No previous reports about the expression pattern of the studied genes had been published for elongated bovine cloned embryos produced in intermediate recipients, furthermore, the pattern of expression of Nanog, Oct4, Eomes, Cdx2, IFN-tau, Dicer, FGF-4 and Sox2 shown here are novel for elongated cloned bovine embryos created by hand-made cloning. Our data confirmed that sheep and goats can be used as temporary recipients. This model could serve as a basis for further research on gene expression and cellular changes during bovine peri-implantation development.

The effect of the microenvironment on embryo development during in vitro culture of zona-free embryos after nuclear transfer is still unclear. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of the dimensions of the well (WOW; Vajta et al. 2000 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 55, 256-264) culture system on the in vitro development of handmade cloned bovine embryos to the blastocyst stage. Appropriately ground steel needles were pressed slightly by hand to the bottom of the well of a polystyrene four-well dish (176740, Nunc, Life Technologies AS, Roskilde, Denmark). Embryos were produced by the handmade cloning (HMC) technique (Vajta et al. 2003 Biol. Reprod. 68, 571-578) with modifications, using primary cultures of skin fibroblast cells from an adult cow as nuclear donors. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were in vitro-matured in M-199 supplemented with 10% estrous cow serum (ECS), FSH, hCG, and estradiol (E2) for 17 h. After maturation, cumulus cells were removed by pipetting. Following zona pellucida removal in 0.5% protease (Sigma, Brazil), zona-free oocytes were incubated for 15 min in 5 mg/mL cytochalasin B (Sigma) and subsequently hand-bisected and screened for nuclear material under UV light after incubation in 10 mg/mL bisbenzimide (Hoechst 33342). Next, two enucleated halves and one donor cell were aggregated after a quick exposure to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and subsequently fused by two electrical DC pulses of 1 kV/cm for 20 �s, in a BTX 453 chamber coupled to an ECM 2001 Electro Cell Manipulator System (BTX, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA), with additional exposure to brief pre- and post-fusion AC pulses of 15 V. Reconstructed embryos were chemically activated in 5 mM ionomycin (Sigma) for 5 min, followed by 2 mM 6-DMAP (Sigma) for 2.5 h. Finally, activated reconstructed cloned embryos were in vitro-cultured in one of two WOW culture systems (larger vs. smaller micro-wells) in 4-well plates containing 400 mL modified SOF medium supplemented with 10% ECS, under mineral oil, at 5% CO2, 5% O2 and 90% N2, and 39�C for 7 days. In Group 1 (large-size micro-well), embryos were cultured in individual cylindrical micro-wells with an inner diameter and depth of approximately 280 and 250 mm, respectively, whereas in Group 2 (small size micro-well), embryos were cultured in individual conical micro-wells with approximately 130 mm inner diameter and 150 mm depth. Data analysis was performed by the chi-square test. After four replicates, cleavage rates were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Group 2 (51/63, 80.9%) than in Group 1 (43/67, 64.1%). Embryo development to the blastocyst stage was also greater (P < 0.05) in the small micro-wells (16/63, 25.3%) than in the large ones (8/67, 11.9%). In summary, these results show a significant increase in cleavage and blastocyst developmental rates in handmade cloned embryos cultured in a modified WOW system using individual small size micro-wells, suggesting that a small, tighter micro-well provides favorable in vitro conditions for embryo development.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.面對科學技術給我們帶來的越來越多的倫理學難題的時候，我們不妨從孔子的教導中尋找答案。美國科學家克雷格．文特爾目前宣佈，他們利用了一段人工合成的DNA 創造了人類有史以來的第一個人造生命，並取名其為“辛西婭”。這也使得人們開始重新思考生命的定義，生命的本質等本源問題。本文將從儒家的哲學視角分析辛西婭的生物學地位，並從儒家的“天命觀”的角度分析合成生物技術。希望能對新技術得出儒家獨到的見解。On May 20, 2010, the Craig Venter Institute, a U.S. private research institution, announced that they had successfully synthesized bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and implanted it in another bacterium. After several attempts, the implanted artificial DNA regained life and began to reproduce in a lab dish. This “artificial life” was named “Synthia” (meaning “man-made children”). The result of this research has attracted broad attention. Even U.S. President Barack Obama expressed concern, and has asked the White House Council on Bioethics to provide a detailed report on synthetic biology within six months, to determine the appropriate ethical boundaries and minimize the potential harm. Indeed, this latest research in synthetic biology requires careful philosophical, ethical and cultural considerations on the essence of life.This essay attempts to analyze the biological status of Synthia and explores the essence of life from the perspective of Confucian philosophy. In particular, it attempts to draw on the Confucian idea of Heaven (tian) or God (shangdi) to disclose unique Confucian insights into new technology in general and artificial life in particular. Indeed, as advanced and pioneering science and technology have brought about more and more ethical difficulties and dilemmas, the Chinese people need to draw on the wisdom of Confucius to work out suitable solutions and guide their actions. Researchers at the Craig Venter Institute recently announced that they could take advantage of man-made DNA to create the first artificial human life. How should Confucians reflect on such actions in terms of their view of the essence and meaning of life?This essay assumes that following the Mandate of Heaven (tianming) is central to Confucian teaching on the essence of life. The Mandate of Heaven is reflected in the natural development and transformation of the myriad things in the universe. However, things like Synthia are outside of this natural process of development and transformation, and cannot be taken as being consistent with the Mandate of Heaven. Just as Confucianism cannot support the creation of human cloning, it cannot support artificial human life such as Synthia, because both violate a fundamental understanding of the essence of life in the Confucian faith. Confucian scholars cannot hold a utilitarian view of maximizing human interests, no matter what those interests are taken to be. Instead, Confucianism must insist that human interests be consistent with the Mandate of Heaven to promote the virtuous essence of human life.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 174 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

Many Americans die each day from diseases affecting the heart, liver, kidneys, brain and a whole host of other bodily organs. Scientific researchers are constantly trying to develop new treatments for such medical conditions. Presently, the research community is working hard to develop medical treatments using stem cells from human embryos. That process involves extracting stem cells from either excess embryos that are no longer needed for in vitro fertilization or from embryos that are created through therapeutic cloning. At the blastocyst stage, about five days after the beginning of an embryo, researchers extract stem cells from the embryo and place them in a petri dish where the cells divide to produce a line of millions of stem cells. These stem cells are undifferentiated, meaning that they are still capable of transforming themselves into many different types of cells that exist in the human body. The hope is that physicians and other medical personnel will one day be able to inject these stem cells into a patient’s diseased heart, kidney, brain, liver, spinal cord or other organ, and the stem cells willtransform themselves into the same type of cells that comprise the host organ. The expectation is that the stem cells will repair the patient’s heart or other organs by curing diseases and otherwise improving the patient’s medical condition and life expectancy.

Detta examensarbete reder ut arbetsprinciperna för olika typer av hårddiskskrivskydd; hårdvaruskrivskydd, mjukvaruskrivskydd, hybridskrivskydd och bygelskrivskydd. Slutsatsen av utredningen är att endast hårdvaruskrivskydd Detta examensarbete reder ut arbetsprinciperna för olika typer av hårddiskskrivskydd; hårdvaruskrivskydd, mjukvaruskrivskydd, hybridskrivskydd och bygelskrivskydd. Slutsatsen av utredningen är att endast hårdvaruskrivskydd bedöms ha tillräckligt pålitliga skyddsprinciper, vilket motiveras av dess oberoende från både hårdvara och operativsystem.

Vidare undersöks hårdvaruskrivskyddet Image MASSter(TM) Drive Lock från Intelligent Computer Solutions (ICS). Några egentliga slutsatser gick inte dra av kretskonstruktionen, bortsett från att den är uppbyggd kring en FPGA (Xilinx Spartan-II, XC2S15) med tillhörande PROM (XC17S15APC).

En egenutvecklad idé till autenticieringsmetod för hårddiskkloner föreslås som ett tillägg till arbetet. Principen bygger på att komplettera hårddiskklonen med unik information om hårddisk såväl kloningsomständigheter, vilka sammanflätas genom XOR-operation av komponenternas hashsummor.Autenticieringsmetoden kan vid sjösättning möjligen öka rättsäkerheten för både utredarna och den som står misstänkt vid en brottsutredning.

Arbetet är till stora delar utfört vid och på uppdrag av Statens kriminaltekniska laboratorium (SKL) i Linköping.