Academic literature on the topic 'Hard interdependence'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hard interdependence"
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Keohane, Robert O. "Understanding Multilateral Institutions in Easy and Hard Times." Annual Review of Political Science 23, no. 1 (May 11, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050918-042625.
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In my scholarly work, I have sought to understand institutionalized multilateral cooperation in world politics, and the context of such cooperation: extensive economic interdependence, or globalization. What are the political implications of economic interdependence? Under what conditions are states facing globalization willing to share their authority with multilateral organizations over whose policies they exert only indirect and collective influence? I have developed interpretive frameworks and some theory to address these issues. In other work, I have helped to develop precepts for qualitative research design, and I have explored some normative issues associated with institutional accountability and legitimacy. My work on multilateral institutions, which was done in a period of increasing multilateral cooperation, is challenged by increasing inequality in capitalist democracies, financial crisis, and nationalist forms of populism. I am now seeking to understand the international and comparative politics of climate change, which I regard as an existential crisis.
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Beck, U., G. Reiners, U. Kopacz, and H. A. Jehn. "Decorative hard coatings: interdependence of optical, stoichiometric and structural properties." Surface and Coatings Technology 60, no. 1-3 (October 1993): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(93)90119-9.
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Haraguchi, Masahiko, and Soojun Kim. "Critical infrastructure interdependence in New York City during Hurricane Sandy." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 7, no. 2 (April 11, 2016): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-03-2015-0015.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate the impact of Hurricane Sandy from the perspective of interdependence among different sectors of critical infrastructure in New York City and to assess the interconnected nature of risks posed by such a hurricane. Design/methodology/approach This study uses indirect damages of each sector to estimate the degree of functional interdependence among the sectors. The study examines the impact of the hurricane on different critical infrastructures by combining hazard maps of actual inundation areas with maps of critical infrastructure. The direct damages of each sector are calculated from the inundation areas in the flood map. The indirect damages are estimated by considering the areas that were not inundated but affected by Sandy through the interconnected infrastructure. Findings The electricity sector was the key sector to propagate risks to other sectors. The examination of new initiatives to increase the resilience of critical infrastructures in New York City after Sandy reveals that these initiatives focus primarily on building hard infrastructures to decrease direct damages. They understate the importance of interdependent risk across sectors. Future disaster risk reduction strategies must address interdependent infrastructures to reduce indirect damages. Originality/value This paper focuses on estimating the direct and indirect damages caused by Hurricane Sandy in each critical infrastructure sector, using GIS mapping techniques. It also introduces a Bayesian network as a tool to analyze critical infrastructure interdependence.
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Ahmad, Sohail, Sadia Sohail, and Muhammad Rizwan. "China Pakistan Economic Corridor and the Complex Interdependence." Global Regional Review III, no. I (December 30, 2018): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2018(iii-i).05.
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Presented in the late 70s, the theory of Complex Interdependence is in line with the contemporary scenario of international politics. International politics has given up the traditional approaches of hard power. Non-state actors now serve as significant stakeholders in world peace. This paper examines CPEC along the framework of Complex Interdependence. China will build a network of roads, railways and highways across Pakistan, contributing to infrastructure development and economic growth. The notion that China and Pakistan are “iron brothers” is popular among the diplomatic circles of both states. Both states share military, diplomatic and strategic ties. However, the economic ties could not be realized to the full potential as contacts at the societal level are minimal. CPEC possesses the ability to bridge these gaps and transform the relation into “Complex Interdependence”.
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Ishaque, Waseem, Shabnam Gul, and Muhammad Faizan Asgher. "BRICS and Evolving Trends of Complex Interdependence: Implications for Pakistan." Global Economics Review V, no. III (September 30, 2020): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(v-iii).13.
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By far, the Realist notion of Power politics has remained the dominant paradigm in examining interstate relations; however, I want to argue that the evolving international landscape is moving fast towards complex interdependence. The peaceful rise of China, recurrence of Russia and rising Indian stature with a stable economic outlook and human capital of over 1 billion are hard facts, which is transforming the prevailing norms of international order by way of cooperative engagement, economic collaboration, common development and creating shared destiny by way of win-win cooperation. The BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) has assumed greater significance, as it is a transregional organization based on economic integration. This research article explores the contours of a successful model, identify potential challenges and opportunities and suggests a way forward for optimizing the gains promised through this economic bloc.
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Berman, Leah Wrenn, Jürgen Bokowski, Branko Grünbaum, and Tomaž Pisanski. "Geometric “Floral” Configurations." Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 52, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cmb-2009-036-3.
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AbstractWith an increase in size, configurations of points and lines in the plane usually become complicated and hard to analyze. The “floral” configurations we are introducing here represent a new type that makes accessible and visually intelligible even configurations of considerable size. This is achieved by combining a large degree of symmetry with a hierarchical construction. Depending on the details of the interdependence of these aspects, there are several subtypes that are described and investigated.
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Visco, Thomas, and Alex Zimmerman. "The Next American Century: A Traditional Hard Power Problem or a New World Order?" Pitt Political Review 8, no. 1 (December 16, 2011): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ppr.2011.14.
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There is a general consensus that the new world order gathered steam in response to World War II. Major institutions like the United Nations, NATO, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights all fortified the common belief that economic, social, and political interdependence is unavoidable. This international framework in which both domestic and foreign policies have far-reaching and unclear implications is not well understood. Important debates concerning economic and military intervention in developing countries, the scope and enforceability of human rights, and the role of international governing bodies are far from settled. This raises an important question for the United States: What ought to be the values that define American foreign policy given these highly contentious circumstances? More specifically, should the United States rely primarily on its military strength as leverage? Can the U.S. maintain its superpower status? What might this look like in the future and is this desirable? These are the questions that will guide a discussion between Thomas Visco and Alex Zimmerman.
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Marković, Svetislav, Dušan Arsić, Ružica R. Nikolić, Vukić Lazić, Branislav Hadzima, Vladimir P. Milovanović, Renata Dwornicka, and Robert Ulewicz. "Exploitation Characteristics of Teeth Flanks of Gears Regenerated by Three Hard-Facing Procedures." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 4203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154203.
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Numerous phenomena that occur during the process of machine parts’ regeneration have a significant impact on the loss of their working ability. Therefore, the properties of the working surfaces of the teeth flanks of repaired gears were analyzed in this research. The hereditary properties of the gear teeth are expressed by the interdependence of their geometric and physical-mechanical-metallurgical parameters created during the technological operations of regeneration of worn teeth by welding/hard-facing. The hard-facing was executed with three filler metal types, namely: combination Inox 18/8/6 + EDur 600, Castolin 2 and UTP 670. The tested properties included geometrical accuracy, microstructure and microhardness. Evaluation of the executed regeneration procedures was done by comparing the mentioned parameters of the regenerated gears and the new ones. The tested gears were not withdrawn from production due to damage, but they were newly manufactured and intentionally damaged gears, made of the same materials, subjected to the same manufacturing process. In this way, all influences except for the considered filler metal type were eliminated. Based on results of the conducted experiments, it was possible to establish the influence of the filler metal type on the surface characteristics of the regenerated gears’ teeth flanks.
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Luli, Elira. "Cases Where Soft Power is Being Ignored." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i1.p126-131.
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Today, in times of globalization and anarchy regarding global security concerns and global order in general, one can expect a dramatic shift to soft power in approaching unresolved sensitive issues that have plagued and petrified the whole system of international relations. But since there is friction and lack of constructive communication between great powers global disorder will continue to disperse divergences, conflicts, exclusions, cultural-ideological biases and extremism around the world. The world environment reveals itself uncertain with a bunch of challenges ahead that require the utilization of soft power values and its potential to resolve some of these sensitive issues in a durable time frame. Although globalization tends to shrink the role of hard power in general because of the growing interdependence relation among states, one can still observe some cases where states base their actions solely on hard power or are still attached to its means and strategies. Conversely, other states seem unwilling to share and exchange values or attracts other actors or states by argument or persuasion in order to achieve common goals. This paper aims to analyze the role of soft power, namely the power to persuade and attract through its “values dimension”, its effectiveness to complement hard power and cases where its role has been ignored.
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Han, Zhen, and T. V. Paul. "China’s Rise and Balance of Power Politics." Chinese Journal of International Politics 13, no. 1 (2020): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjip/poz018.
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Abstract The post-Cold War international system, dominated by the United States, has been shaken by the relative downturn of the US economy and the simultaneous rise of China. China is rapidly emerging as a serious contender for America’s dominance of the Indo-Pacific. What is noticeable is the absence of intense balance of power politics in the form of formal military alliances among the states in the region, unlike state behaviour during the Cold War era. Countries are still hedging as their strategic responses towards each other evolve. We argue that the key factor explaining the absence of intense hard balancing is the dearth of existential threat that either China or its potential adversaries feel up till now. The presence of two related critical factors largely precludes existential threats, and thus hard balancing military coalitions formed by or against China. The first is the deepened economic interdependence China has built with the potential balancers, in particular, the United States, Japan, and India, in the globalisation era. The second is the grand strategy of China, in particular, the peaceful rise/development, and infrastructure-oriented Belt and Road Initiative. Any radical changes in these two conditions leading to existential threats by the key states could propel the emergence of hard-balancing coalitions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hard interdependence"
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Fitzpatrick, Christina Beth. "MODELS OF WORK ETHIC: IMPROVING PERCEPTIONS OF LOWER-CLASS STUDENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1503577375171567.
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Tasevska, Frosina, and Olga Toropova. "Management of Project Interdependencies in a Project Portfolio." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-85147.
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In the contemporary business environment multiple projects are a common way of organising work and they are usually implemented and managed as a portfolio of projects. It is widely recognised that effective project portfolio management delivers a range of strategic benefits and significantly contributes to overall organisational success. However, project portfolio management is acknowledged by both theory and practice to be a highly challenging task which is even amplified by the presence of project interdependencies. Managing project interdependencies is found to be an area of weakness for contemporary portfolio management, which so far remains under investigated but emergent field within general portfolio management theory. Therefore this study presents an empirical investigation that aims to uncover why and how organisations from the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry manage project interdependencies. In order to answer why organisations manage project interdependencies the study examines the benefits of project interdependency management, the negative effects of failed project interdependency management and the related challenges. In order to investigate how project interdependencies are managed this study focuses on the hard and soft practices that portfolio practitioners use. The study is based on cross-case analysis of two case organisations operating within the ICT industry in Italy. The ICT is chosen as an excellent ground for studying project interdependency management since it is of significant importance for the contemporary world’s economy where project and portfolio management is practiced intensively. Qualitative data is collected via semi-structure interviews. The key findings apply to both case organisations demonstrating their similar reasons and manner of managing project interdependencies. The research findings show that there are various types of project interdependencies in the project portfolios that practitioners need to account for and that effective management of these interdependencies delivers significant benefits contributing to the portfolio success, while failed interdependency management distorts the portfolio success. The study indicates potential challenges that project interdependency management may encounter and confirms that comprehensive consideration of project interdependencies is a rather complex task within a project portfolio management. In order to manage issues arising from interdependent projects and leverage related benefits, organisations implement the following hard practices: web application platforms and tracking tools; and soft practices: formal and informal PM meetings, creation of a cooperative culture, leadership, negotiation and convincing and sacred cow. These practices are examined along with their benefits, limitations and context of their application. Although both hard and soft practices are found to be important in the case organisations, the preference is given to soft ones, mainly because of the benefits that soft practices offer over hard ones and the fact that the indicated hard practices allow only identification of project interdependencies, but do not provide managerial solutions per se. Therefore similar organisations operating within ICT industry may find it useful to devote attention to soft practices as they are found to be a prevailing mechanism for managing project interdependencies. The combination of hard and soft practices can also be seen beneficial for realisation of effective project interdependency management.
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Hollis, Geoff R. "Observed Interdependence of Cognition and Action: The Hand Says 'No' to ROWS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1234907945.
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Spallino, Jamie. "“It’s Queer that Daylight’s not Enough”: Interdependence Counters Othering in Ursula K. Le Guin’s The Left Hand of Darkness." Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors1624014925027157.
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Fähndrich, Laura. "Tasting Bubbling Naturecultures and Touching M/other’s Hands : Aesthesias of Microbial Touch Points." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för design (DE), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96876.
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This project explores co-being and interdependencies between human and more-than-human, the microbes, through the medium of fermentation and the (hidden) communities this practice embodies. Therewith not only resisting commodification and alienation from our food but facing our very own identity, and the human-made construct of human exceptionalism and detachment of nature and culture. The cells in ’our’ human body are outnumbered by the cells of other microorganisms. They even actively influence many of the bodily functions associated with the concept of ’self‘ (our brain, immune system and genome).1 Considering this, what does it even mean to be human? What does it mean to be me, If not cherishing and embracing the more-than-human, more-than-one-culture collective? The Korean word 손맛 ’son-mat’/ ’hand-taste’ refers to the inherited quality, love and care that went into preparing the (often associated with mother‘s) dish, something uniquely connected to the cook. While the microbes in sourdough can be linked to the baker‘s hand microbes, the baker‘s microbes have also shown to beaffected by the interaction with sourdough (Herman‘s (see picture to the right) microbial culture) with the scientific findings exposing our mutual interaction. This son-mat within fermentation I see as a symbolized touching point where our human realm and the microbial invisible microcosmos meet and become tangible. To emphasize this co-being, I work with our bodily senses, using design to bridge, making the insensible sensible, tangible, and audible. Staying curious and sprawling with my design approaches of creating narratives with the more-than-human, aimed to evoke questions and reflections of us and our culture. What happens when we share culture (human and microbial)? Through our hands, eating and digesting parts of others and becoming-with. To share culture means to see that humans and ’non-humans‘ are one. To taste that our culture is shared. And to feel that nature and culture are not two but one. Can you taste it?
Books on the topic "Hard interdependence"
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Kramer, Rutger. Rethinking Authority in the Carolingian Empire. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462982642.
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By the early ninth century, the responsibility for a series of social, religious and political transformations had become an integral part of running the Carolingian empire. This became especially clear when, in 813/4, Louis the Pious and his court seized the momentum generated by their predecessors and broadened the scope of these reforms ever further. These reformers knew they represented a movement greater than the sum of its parts; the interdependence between those wielding imperial authority and those bearing responsibility for ecclesiastical reforms was driven by comprehensive, yet still surprisingly diverse expectations. Taking this diversity as a starting point, this book takes a fresh look at the optimistic first decades of the ninth century. Extrapolating from a series of detailed case studies rather than presenting a new grand narrative, it offers new interpretations of contemporary theories of personal improvement and institutional correctio, and shows the self-awareness of its main instigators as they pondered what it meant to be a good Christian in a good Christian empire.
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Godsey, William D. “Fifteen Years of Military Government,” 1763–80. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809395.003.0008.
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The scale of the Estates’ financial intercession on behalf of the government during the Seven Years War had been unprecedented. It also laid bare problems of financial oversight and resistance to changing conceptions of good government. As the war wound down, tension resurfaced between government and Estates that would combust in scandal and confrontation. The result was a far-reaching reform of the Estates’ organization in 1764 that aimed to reduce mismanagement and improve coordination. Given what was now the fundamental financial interdependence of central and intermediary authority, not only could the government not dispense with the Estates but it had to respect the autonomy necessary to the Estates’ financial intermediation.
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Lebaron, Frédéric, and Brigitte Le Roux. Bourdieu and Geometric Data Analysis. Edited by Thomas Medvetz and Jeffrey J. Sallaz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199357192.013.22.
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Chapter abstract The extent to which the concepts of field and social space are linked to a concrete mode of empirical research—and in particular to a set of original statistical tools—has seldom been acknowledged. This chapter aims to re-establish the close link between the field concept and geometric data analysis (GDA), Bourdieu’s preferred technique for mapping the “social distances” between individuals. The elective affinity between the two is based on a relation of tight interdependence: on the one hand, the emergent practice of GDA sustains and strengthens the “implicit philosophy” of the theory of fields; on the other hand, the method’s widespread use by Bourdieu and his collaborators has facilitated GDA’s international reception in the social sciences. The chapter concludes by discussing the empirical research program that results from wedding a sociology of fields with the systematic use of GDA.
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Chung, Sue Fawn. Farther East: Island Mountain and Gold Creek. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036286.003.0004.
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This chapter provides a more in-depth study of a small Nevada mining town called Island Mountain and the Chinese miners, merchants, and other residents. Founded by Emanuel Penrod, the town was predominantly Chinese and economic interdependence led to positive social interactions. Penrod had recognized the need for Chinese workers and adopted a policy of working with them, thus providing a harmonious atmosphere. Other residents followed his lead. This allowed the Chinese merchant China Lem (the name given to two brothers who lived there, one after the other), and his friends and associates who were miners, to live in Island Mountain for many decades without the racism and anti-Chinese prejudice present in other mining towns.
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Lower, Michael. Al‐Mustansir, Charles of Anjou, and the Struggle for the Central Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744320.003.0003.
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Tunis and Sicily had entangled histories in the Middle Ages. This chapter explores how two powerful Mediterranean dynasts—Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, and al‐Mustansir, emir of Tunis—struggled to assert themselves in the Sicilian Straits in the mid‐thirteenth century. While al‐Mustansir wanted Sicilian grain to feed his people, Charles needed African gold to pay for the debts he had accumulated in conquering Sicily in 1266. The question remained how that strategic interdependence would work itself out: would Charles and al‐Mustansir be partners, or would they wage a zero‐sum struggle to control the central Mediterranean? When al‐Mustansir sponsored an expeditionary force that landed on the coast of Sicily in the fall of 1267, it looked as if conflict would prevail. As it turned out, the landing was really the opening salvo in a negotiation that would extend throughout the course of the Tunis Crusade.
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Krieger, Tim, Diana Panke, and Michael Pregernig, eds. Environmental Conflicts, Migration and Governance. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529202168.001.0001.
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The current era of globalization is characterized by a high degree of interconnectedness across borders and continents. This not only goes hand in hand with significant levels of international trade and foreign direct investments but also with migration, which is all too often driven by conflicts of various kinds. While various interdependencies between conflict and migration have been explored in the literature, a link that is not yet sufficiently understood relates to the interdependencies between environmental or resource-related conflicts and migration as well as the role of governance in this respect. This book strives to overcome some of these shortages in providing an interdisciplinary analysis of the interconnectedness between environmental and resource conflicts and migration. To this end, the contributions of this book address four core questions: (i) When do environmental and resource-related problems lead to conflicts and how does this create incentives for migration? How does the governance of natural resources either reduce or enhance the chances of conflicts and migration to emerge? (ii) Who leaves a country and where do migrants go? Which migration governance arrangements are at play in mediating conflicts and in directing migration flows? (iii) How do the trajectories of national, regional and international migration governance regimes look like? How effectively do they regulate environmental or resource-related migration? (iv) Which effects does migration have on possible conflict dynamics in destination countries and what is the role of governance arrangements in this respect? How do host countries participate in governance for the prevention of environmental or resource-related conflicts in countries of origin in order to reduce or prevent migration?
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Ristuccia, Nathan J. Praying Orthodoxy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810209.003.0006.
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Throughout the early Middle Ages, yearly penitential seasons like Rogationtide and Lent provided a context for basic doctrinal instruction—a replacement for the vanishing Patristic catechumenate. Not only was lay participation in such penitential seasons high, but the ritual structure of these holidays meant that verbal instruction and physical practice mirrored each other. Rogationtide developed a special connection with teaching on the Lord’s Prayer. During the early Middle Ages, knowledge of the Apostles’ Creed and Lord’s Prayer was the proof of someone’s Christianity. The Rogation procession—a ritual that all Christians had to join—mirrored the recitation of the Lord’s Prayer—a text that all Christians were expected to understand. The interdependence of these two popular practices shaped lay experience of their own Christianization. Christian instruction occurred through rituals. The rule of prayer upheld the doctrines of faith.
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Bäumler, Jelena. Rise and Shine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923846.003.0007.
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This article examines the concept, development and implementation of the no harm principle and its wider role in public international law. While generally acknowledged in international environmental law protecting other states from physical harm caused to their territory, in other areas of international law the principle is of increasing importance in order to find a balancing mechanism between colliding states’ interest in case of negative externalities caused by one state to the detriment of other states. The article traces implementations of the regulatory mechanism to focus on the adverse effect in other areas of public international law, ranging from trade and monetary agreements to invocation of the concept in current initiatives especially in the context of harmful tax competition and banking regulations. This will show the general capability to balance colliding states’ interest providing solutions for an increasingly interdependent world and giving meaning to the concept of a global community.
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Sajeva, Giulia. When Rights Embrace Responsibilities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199485154.001.0001.
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The conservation of environment and the protection of human rights are two of the most compelling needs of our time. Unfortunately, they are not always easy to combine and too often result in mutual harm. This book analyses the idea of biocultural rights as a proposal for harmonizing the needs of environmental and human rights. These rights, considered as a basket of group rights, are those deemed necessary to protect the stewardship role that certain indigenous peoples and local communities have played towards the environment. With a view to understanding the value and merits, as well as the threats that biocultural rights entail, the book critically assesses their foundations, content, and implications, and develops new perspectives and ideas concerning their potential applicability for promoting the socio-economic interests of indigenous people and local communities. It further explores the controversial relationship of interdependence and conflict between conservation of environment and protection of human rights.
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Mittleman, Alan L. Persons Together. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691176277.003.0005.
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This chapter moves into the political and economic aspects of human nature. Given scarcity and interdependence, what sense has Judaism made of the material well-being necessary for human flourishing? What are Jewish attitudes toward prosperity, market relations, labor, and leisure? What has Judaism had to say about the political dimensions of human nature? If all humans are made in the image of God, what does that original equality imply for political order, authority, and justice? In what kinds of systems can human beings best flourish? It argues that Jewish tradition shows that we act in conformity with our nature when we elevate, improve, and sanctify it. As co-creators of the world with God, we are not just the sport of our biochemistry. We are persons who can select and choose among the traits that comprise our very own natures, cultivating some and weeding out others.
Book chapters on the topic "Hard interdependence"
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Dell, Edmund. "The Hard Road to Economic Security." In The Politics of Economic Interdependence, 28–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18874-1_3.
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Midford, Richard, and Helen Cahill. "Taking a Skills Focused, Harm Reduction Approach to School Drug Education." In Health and Education Interdependence, 269–88. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3959-6_14.
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Weijnen, Margot, and Aad Correljé. "Rethinking Infrastructure as the Fabric of a Changing Society." In Shaping an Inclusive Energy Transition, 15–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74586-8_2.
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AbstractIn this chapter, we explore the nature of infrastructure, how it is appreciated by society, how this appreciation has changed over the lifetime of the infrastructure, and how infrastructure development and performance are influenced by the governance structures in place. While the focus in this chapter is on energy infrastructure, ample illustrative material is also provided from other infrastructure sectors. We examine the trends towards technological and administrative decentralisation and towards digitalisation of infrastructure (service) provision. These trends enable formerly passive consumers to adopt new roles as providers of energy, data and transport services, and result in strongly increasing cross-sector interdependencies, especially between energy, transport and digital infrastructure. These interdependencies, however, are not reflected in the siloed governance structure of these domains, which hinders the energy transition. Furthermore, we diagnose a mismatch between, on the one hand, the focus of energy infrastructure governance on cost-effectiveness—with a view to low-cost service provision—and, on the other hand, the role of infrastructure in upholding and creating social value in terms of equity, fairness and social justice. Since the energy market liberalisation, the fundamental role of infrastructure as the fabric of society appears to be a blind spot in reflections on infrastructure and largely unexplored territory in current infrastructure policy and governance. If not remedied, this blind spot may exacerbate existing inequalities between energy consumers and create new divides in society, as is illustrated by current developments in the Netherlands with respect to sustainable heat provision. We advocate a richer value orientation in energy infrastructure governance and infrastructure governance at large, which goes beyond the current focus on efficiency and economic value, in recognition of changing societal values and priorities and, most of all, to fulfil the potential of infrastructure in creating an inclusive society.
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Littmann, Jasper, A. M. Viens, and Diego S. Silva. "The Super-Wicked Problem of Antimicrobial Resistance." In Ethics and Drug Resistance: Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health, 421–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27874-8_26.
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Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – the progressive process by which microbes, such as bacteria, through evolutionary, environmental and social factors develop the ability to become resistant to drugs that were once effective at treating them – is a threat from which no one can escape. It is one of the largest threats to clinical and global health in the twenty-first century – inflicting monumental health, economic and social consequences. All persons locally and globally, and even all future persons yet to come into existence, all suffer the shared, interdependent vulnerability to this threat that will have a substantial impact on all aspects of our lives. For example, while reliable data are hard to find, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has conservatively estimated that, in Europe alone, AMR causes additional annual cost to health care systems of at least €1.5 billion, and is responsible for around 25,000 deaths per year. Furthermore, AMR significantly increases the cost of treating bacterial infections with an increase in length of hospital stays and average number of re-consultations, as well as the resultant lost productivity from increased morbidity. With a combined cost of up to $100 trillion to the global economy – pushing a further 28 million people into extreme poverty – this is one of the most pressing challenges facing the world. Most troublingly, if we do not succeed in diminishing the progression of AMR, there is the very real potential for it to threaten common procedures and treatments of modern medicine, including the safety and efficacy of surgical procedures and immunosuppressing chemotherapy. Some experts are warning that we may soon be ushering in a post-antibiotic area.
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Rommerskirchen, Charlotte. "Theorizing Fiscal Policy Coordination." In EU Fiscal Policy Coordination in Hard Times, 26–44. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829010.003.0003.
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Fiscal policy coordination is marred by a classic collective action problem; it pays to be egoistical. Member states have an incentive to under- or over-stimulate their economies (what this chapter terms growth and stability free riding), despite a common interest in coordinated policies. Building on Mancur Olson’s premise on collective action failure, the chapter develops three research questions that guide the empirical investigation. These relate to the group latency of EU membership, the evidence for collective action, and finally the provision of incentives to keep free riding at bay. The theme running through this chapter is that the interdependence of EU economies requires cooperative solutions to common problems.
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Mulej, Matjaž, and Miro Mihec. "Social Responsibility as a Precondition of Innovation in Higher Education." In Handbook of Research on Enhancing Innovation in Higher Education Institutions, 49–74. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2708-5.ch003.
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The word innovation defines both the process and its outcome. Here, the authors focus on the innovation process in terms of its human success preconditions attained by practicing social responsibility (SR). In the globally passed/valid ISO 26.000, SR's essence lies in synergy of: (1) one's responsibility for one's impact on society; (2) interdependence; and (3) a holistic approach; seven principles, i.e. human and organizational attributes support SR behavior. With them, the innovation process is easier to manage. Innovation is complex: one of 3.000 ideas becomes innovation. It includes many phases and different professions practicing SR to support holistic behavior preventing failures. On the other hand, higher education works per specialized faculties, etc., making SR hard to practice, but possible. Usual curricula favor narrow specialty without creative interdisciplinary cooperation. Due to lack of holism, interdependence, and responsibility, higher education offers more inventions than innovations. Cases cover the University of Maribor and the Association Social Economy Slovenia.
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Kaplow, Louis. "Defining the Problem." In Competition Policy and Price Fixing. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158624.003.0002.
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This chapter presents scenarios that illustrate the difficulty of defining agreement in a coherent fashion that successfully distinguishes pure interdependence (firms refrain from price cutting because of an expectation of retaliation derived from a shared appreciation of their circumstances)—deemed to be insufficient for liability—from classic cartels (firms meet secretly in hotel rooms to discuss prices and the consequences of cheating)—widely accepted to be more than sufficient. Of course, most legal categories give rise to line-drawing problems; it is notoriously difficult to distinguish similar shades of gray. The examples presented, however, are more corrosive because they demonstrate how hard it is to distinguish what many regard to be polar-opposite cases, analogous to black and white. The chapter also scrutinizes the concepts used in discussing horizontal agreements.
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Maduro, Miguel Poiares, and Benedita Menezes Queiroz. "A Hard Law Approach to States Systemic Violations of Article 2 of the Treaty of the European Union." In The Foundations and Future of Public Law, 363–80. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845249.003.0018.
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The rule of law is under threat in the European Union. Systemic violations of fundamental rights are affecting the rule of law, democracy, and judicial independence in some Member States and consequently the EU legal order. The level of interdependence between the Member States and the EU legal order is such that systemic violations of those principles in the Member States end up impacting on EU compliance with the same principles. Article 7 TEU did not prove, however, to be the most effective tool to face these problems due to its political nature. The EU’s intervention in the form of infringement actions to safeguard the rule of law at the national level may be a suitable action to address some these serious violations of fundamental rights. Despite of the earlier hesitation to take a bolder action in this regard, the EU Commission, after the Court of Justice’s recent decisions in Associação Sindical dos Juízes Portuguese and LM, brought infringement proceedings against Poland challenging this country reforms that put into question the independence of its judiciary. The Court established its power of judicial review over the rule of law in the Member States in C-619/18 Commission v Poland. Ultimately, this decision highlighted the role of EU law in safeguarding the rule of law in its Member States, but more importantly in safeguarding the rule of law in the EU legal order as a whole.
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Patey, Luke. "Behave Accordingly." In How China Loses, 196–225. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061081.003.0008.
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Some think that China and Japan are destined for war. Japan’s historical wartime aggression and present-day territorial disputes and military tensions over control of a small grouping of uninhabited islands in the East China Sea, known as Senkaku in Japan and Diaoyu in China, pave the way for a modern-day conflict. Beijing has even weaponized its trade with Japan to drive nationalism at home and try to shape Japan’s foreign and defense policy. Others argue China and Japan’s economic relationship will save Asia from a disastrous conflict. For decades the two economies have fed off one another. Economic interdependence forces Beijing to pull back from hard trade restrictions and consumer boycotts. Yet Xi Jinping’s calls for China to become self-sufficient by building its technological capabilities are a threat to Japan’s modern industries. Beijing’s military aggression and economic competitiveness provokes a response from Japan to build up its military and diversify its trade and investment.
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Keats, Jonathon. "Steampunk." In Virtual Words. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195398540.003.0023.
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“I wish to God these calculations had been executed by steam,” exclaimed the British polymath Charles Babbage to his colleague John Herschel one day in 1821, as they worked together to correct a batch of mathematical tables riddled with errors. With that outburst, according to his memoirs, Babbage envisioned the first computer. The machine he conceived was colossal, a cogwheel behemoth comprising twenty-five thousand parts, planned to measure seven feet long and to weigh fifteen tons. The British government invested ￡17,500 in it—the cost of twenty-two new locomotives—yet after eleven years of hard labor Babbage’s unfinished difference engine was abandoned. But what if construction had succeeded? That’s the question sci-fi writers William Gibson and Bruce Sterling asked a century and a half later, their answer serving as the premise of The Difference Engine, a novel in which the information age overtakes Victorian England. As a work of speculative fiction the book was a deep meditation on the interdependence of technology and society, destined to have an intellectual impact nearly as significant as Gibson’s breakthrough Neuromancer, in which he introduced the idea of cyberspace. Also like Neuromancer, arguably the first cyberpunk novel, The Difference Engine was to spawn a vast subculture. Steampunk, as the cult was dubbed, was actually named several years before The Difference Engine was published, in a 1987 letter to the genre magazine Locus, penned by the sci-fi writer K. W. Jeter. “Personally, I think Victorian fantasies are going to be the next big thing, as long as we can come up with a fitting collective term,” he wrote. “Something based on the appropriate technology of that era; like ‘steampunks,’ perhaps.” James P. Blaylock, another writer of these “Victorian fantasies,” seconded Jeter’s suggestion in the following issue, and the subgenre was sufficiently established by the time The Difference Engine was published in 1990 that the Locus editors decreed it “ not steampunk, because it is a work of hard sf.”
Conference papers on the topic "Hard interdependence"
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Wang, Xinrun, Bo An, and Hau Chan. "Who Should Pay the Cost: A Game-theoretic Model for Government Subsidized Investments to Improve National Cybersecurity." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/834.
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Due to the recent cyber attacks, cybersecurity is becoming more critical in modern society. A single attack (e.g., WannaCry ransomware attack) can cause as much as $4 billion in damage. However, the cybersecurity investment by companies is far from satisfactory. Therefore, governments (e.g., in the UK) launch grants and subsidies to help companies to boost their cybersecurity to create a safer national cyber environment. The allocation problem is hard due to limited subsidies and the interdependence between self-interested companies and the presence of a strategic cyber attacker. To tackle the government's allocation problem, we introduce a Stackelberg game-theoretic model where the government first commits to an allocation and the companies/users and attacker simultaneously determine their protection and attack (pure or mixed) strategies, respectively. For the pure-strategy case, while there may not be a feasible allocation in general, we prove that computing an optimal allocation is NP-hard and propose a linear reverse convex program when the attacker can attack all users. For the mixed-strategy case, we show that there is a polynomial time algorithm to find an optimal allocation when the attacker has a single-attack capability. We then provide a heuristic algorithm, based on best-response-gradient dynamics, to find an effective allocation in the general setting. Experimentally, we show that our heuristic is effective and outperforms other baselines on synthetic and real data.
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Rudenko, A. Y., and E. S. Novopashina. "THREATS TO INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC SECURITY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES." In CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF RUSSIA AND CHINA. Amur State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/medprh.58.
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Radical changes are taking place in the modern world. Globalization caused by technological changes has become the main trend of world development. On the one hand, increased interdependence of countries and regions, and increasing the gap between rich and poor countries, aggravated the socio-economic, socio-political, ethno-cultural conflicts within countries. Therefore, maintaining international economic security requires new approaches and a new level of interstate interaction. The Russian Federation is in such a situation, which determines the need for research and implementation of a scientifically based security system.
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Markakis, Evangelos, and Georgios Papasotiropoulos. "Computational Aspects of Conditional Minisum Approval Voting in Elections with Interdependent Issues." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/43.
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Approval voting provides a simple, practical framework for multi-issue elections, and the most representative example among such election rules is the classic Minisum approval voting rule. We consider a generalization of Minisum, introduced by the work of Barrot and Lang [2016], referred to as Conditional Minisum, where voters are also allowed to express dependencies between issues. The price we have to pay when we move to this higher level of expressiveness is that we end up with a computationally hard rule. Motivated by this, we focus on the computational aspects of Conditional Minisum, where progress has been rather scarce so far. We identify restrictions to every voter's dependencies, under which we provide the first multiplicative approximation algorithms for the problem. The restrictions involve upper bounds on the number of dependencies an issue can have on the others. At the same time, by additionally requiring certain structural properties for the union of dependencies cast by the whole electorate, we obtain optimal efficient algorithms for well-motivated special cases. Overall, our work provides a better understanding on the complexity implications introduced by conditional voting.
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Wang, Heyuan, Shun Li, Tengjiao Wang, and Jiayi Zheng. "Hierarchical Adaptive Temporal-Relational Modeling for Stock Trend Prediction." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/508.
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Stock trend prediction is a challenging task due to the non-stationary dynamics and complex market dependencies. Existing methods usually regard each stock as isolated for prediction, or simply detect their correlations based on a fixed predefined graph structure. Genuinely, stock associations stem from diverse aspects, the underlying relation signals should be implicit in comprehensive graphs. On the other hand, the RNN network is mainly used to model stock historical data, while is hard to capture fine-granular volatility patterns implied in different time spans. In this paper, we propose a novel Hierarchical Adaptive Temporal-Relational Network (HATR) to characterize and predict stock evolutions. By stacking dilated causal convolutions and gating paths, short- and long-term transition features are gradually grasped from multi-scale local compositions of stock trading sequences. Particularly, a dual attention mechanism with Hawkes process and target-specific query is proposed to detect significant temporal points and scales conditioned on individual stock traits. Furthermore, we develop a multi-graph interaction module which consolidates prior domain knowledge and data-driven adaptive learning to capture interdependencies among stocks. All components are integrated seamlessly in a unified end-to-end framework. Experiments on three real-world stock market datasets validate the effectiveness of our model.
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Undzhieva, Maria. "THE SPECIFICS OF THE OFFER OF A MOUNTAIN DESTINATION FOR SKI TOURISM." In TOURISM AND CONNECTIVITY 2020. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/tc2020.632.
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Mountain ski tourism is an important type of tourism, which is economically and culturally valuable industry particularly for developed countries. Not all mountain regions are appropriate for ski tourism development, however. The purpose of the report is to show the specifics of a mountain destination and its potential of offering ski tourism. Some analyzes and reports will outline the characteristics and the specifics of offering of mountain tourism for ski. The results are indicating the potential and the structural risks, new market conditions and trends, the principal of planning and the frame work of mountain ski tourism development. Factors that include climate, topography, scenery and the seasonal cycle all determine the facilities and activities of mountain ski tourism, reflecting the strong interdependency between the mountain ecosystem and the mountain tourism system. Ski tourism development must therefore go hand in hand with protecting and preserving these resources to ensure tourism's long-term growth and viability. Investments in ski tourism-related facilities can valorize these resources in terms of creating employment and income to the local residents of mountain regions.
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Khaddaj-Mallat, Chadi, Jean-Marc Rousset, and Pierre Ferrant. "On the Transient and Progressive Flooding Stages of Damaged RO-RO Vessels." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79750.
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Roll-On/Roll-Off vessels appear to be sensitive to rapid capsizing due to abrupt ingress of water caused by maritime accidents. As a result of the damage creation, the flooded ship can experience intermediate stages which might be more devastating than the final condition, as the sudden loading could significantly alter the ship stability characteristics. Far from a probabilistic analysis, the present paper aims at contributing to enhance knowledge of the flooding physics by treating some relevant important topics. It sheds light on the transient and progressive flooding stages, focuses on relevant factors and suggests combinations between factors that strongly affect the flooding before the steady state is reached. Furthermore, the authors comment on some points which remain hard to take into consideration, whatever the adopted methodology is, and propose, where found necessary, recommendations for a more reliable assessment of the flooding process. This survey shows that the intermediate flooding phase, which assessment could be adequate in calm water condition, depend upon many factors whose interdependency and effects still require further investigation. May a novel assessment methodology lead us to a better understanding and facilitate, therefore, the framing of new damage stability regulations.
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Ferna´ndez, Marco Gero, David W. Rosen, Janet K. Allen, and Farrokh Mistree. "Digital Interfaces: The Key to Effective Decision-Making in Distributed Collaborative Design and Manufacturing." In ASME 2002 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2002/cie-34466.
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In product development, the interfaces between distinct phases of a design process are not well defined and largely misunderstood. The same ambiguity holds true for interactions among distributed stakeholders engaged in shared, concurrent design tasks. Such vagueness fosters poor communication, problematic changeovers, and hard-to-manufacture designs. Resulting design processes tend to be iterative and not only increase product development costs and extend time-to-market, but also ultimately impede collaboration. What is needed is the ability to propagate decision-critical, up-to-date information alongside design knowledge for both sequential and concurrent design tasks. This is particularly important for dependent and interdependent decisions that cannot be made in isolation. To address this need, digital interfaces are being developed as key components to successful collaboration in distributed design and manufacture applications. Such digital interfaces will constitute a means of communicating critical information and will address the need for allocating responsibility for decisions. The potential implementation of a digital interface is illustrated in an example focusing on the production of a functional prototype of a disposable camera spool.
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Königseder, Corinna, and Kristina Shea. "A Method for Visualizing the Relations Between Grammar Rules, Performance Objectives and Search Space Exploration in Grammar-Based Computational Design Synthesis." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46761.
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Design grammars have been successfully applied in numerous engineering disciplines, e.g. in electrical engineering, architecture and mechanical engineering. A successful application of design grammars in Computational Design Synthesis (CDS) requires a) a meaningful representation of designs and the design task at hand, b) a careful formulation of grammar rules to synthesize new designs, c) problem specific design evaluations, and d) the selection of an appropriate algorithm to guide the synthesis process. Managing these different aspects of CDS requires not only a detailed understanding of each individual part, but also of the interdependencies between them. In this paper, a new method is presented to analyze the exploration of design spaces in CDS. The method analyzes the designs generated during the synthesis process and visualizes how the design space is explored with respect to a) design characteristics, and b) objectives. The selected algorithm as well as the grammar rules can be analyzed with this approach to support the human designer in successfully understanding and applying a CDS method. The case study demonstrates how the method is used to analyze the synthesis of bicycle frames. Two algorithms are compared for this task. Results demonstrate how the method increases the understanding of the different components in CDS. The presented research can be useful for both novices to CDS to help them gain a deeper understanding of the interplay between grammar rules and guidance of the synthesis process, as well as for experts aiming to further improve their CDS application by improving parameter settings of their search algorithms, or by further refining their design grammar. Additionally, the presented method constitutes a novel approach to interactively visualize design space exploration considering not only designs objectives, but also the characteristics and interdependencies of different designs.
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Weirich, Antonia, Benedict Theren, Dennis Otibar, and Bernd Kuhlenkötter. "Investigation of the Lifetime of Antagonistic Shape Memory Wires With Focus on Accelerated Resetting." In ASME 2019 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2019-5511.
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Abstract The antagonistic setup of shape memory actuators enables a multitude of further applications than designs with only one shape memory element. In these actuators, two opposed shape memory elements work against each other and also ensure mutual resetting. This setup allows easily controlled and powersaving actuators for applications with two end positions such as locks or latches. It not only eliminates mechanical resetting, for example by a spring, but also offers a simple realization of holding the end positions energy-free and thereby conserving the shape memory effect. In order to maximize the potential of this actuator design, the authors investigate the interdependencies between antagonistic wires. This paper focuses on the effect of resetting a previously activated NiTi wire by another, similar antagonistic wire before it cooled down completely. On the one hand, very early resetting can have a negative effect on both the cooling and especially the activated wire. This is mainly noticeable in a shortened lifetime of the actuator elements. On the other hand, applying mechanical strain by activating the opposed wire can accelerate phase transformation within the cooling wire. The authors performed corresponding fatigue tests with different cooling times in the antagonistic setup, in order to narrow down a timeframe for the optimized usability of an antagonistic wire actuator.
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Bal, Oğuz. "The Developing Countries External Debt and Growth Issues and Example of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01645.
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Today; country economies are dealt with from a global perspective. International capital, and technological developing, had accelerated the flow of factors also. This case demonstrates the international economic interdependence. In industrialized countries after the Second World War, while exports of industrial products increased by busy; In 1970's years, the oil crisis shocks had been lived. In the 1980s, in the world debt problems emerged. In the 1990s, world economy, has become multi-polar world with together globalization, and in order to the crisis by IMF and World Bank were began effective interventions, in the 2000s there has been a global crisis together with debt crises. The economic problem is a basic reason of the main of all crises. These crises are occurring frequently in emerging markets such as Turkey. For Turkey the real economy to financial fragility adversely affects and therefore the Current Account Balance / GNP status is important. This problem cited above, were discussed in five parts in the article. In the first part; In the case of Turkey was discussed; in general, the increase causes in imports were discussed. In the second chapter; increase in exports and imports coverage rate was examined. In the third chapter, the growth phenomena of dependent to import was discussed. In the fourth chapter; borrowing requirements, growth and debt relations were discussed. In the fifth chapter, conclusions and recommendations took place. The method used; the deductive method. CBT, Treasury data, World Bank data, Turkey Statistical Institute data were used.