Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hardenability

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Hardenability'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Hardenability"

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Yu, Zhi Gang, Li Na Wang, and Jia Liu. "A General Steel Hardenability Calculation Method." Advanced Materials Research 816-817 (September 2013): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.816-817.140.

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This paper presents a general calculation method of steel hardenability. First use non-linear fitting method to establish a general relationship between hardenability coefficient and end-quench distance, and then use SVM method to establish the relationship between alloying elements and hardenability coefficients. It solves the limited applicability and poor precisions problems of the currently applied calculation methods for hardenability. It gives an enhancement scheme to make sure the accuracy of the model when the data are not complete enough. Experimental data show that using this method can effectively improve the hardenability prediction accuracy and can be widely used.
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Smoljan, B., Dario Iljkic, N. Tomasic, Imre Felde, G. E. Totten, and Tamás Réti. "Evaluation of Steel Hardenability by JM®-Test." Materials Science Forum 537-538 (February 2007): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.537-538.607.

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The modified Jominy-test was designed for prediction of hardenability of high-hardenability tool steels and possibility of application of modified Jominy-test in computer simulation of quenching of high-hardenability tool steels has been investigated. Because of high hardenability there are limits in application of original Jominy-specimen in simulation of quenching of steels. The performance of investigated modified Jominy-test in simulation of quenching of high-hardenability tool steels was estimated by comparison of cooling curves of modified Jominy-specimen (JM®-specimen) and cylindrical specimen. The influence of dimension of JM®-specimen on cooling curves has been investigated. The time of cooling, t8/5 relevant for results of quenching was predicted. Modified Jominy-test can be applied in simulation of quenching of steel with higher hardenability rather than original Jominy-test.
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Gao, Chang, Xin Liu, Dong Zhao, Yiming Guo, Shaohua Chen, Fantao Gao, Tianle Liu, Zhenyang Cai, Danyang Liu, and Jinfeng Li. "Recent Progress in Testing and Characterization of Hardenability of Aluminum Alloys: A Review." Materials 16, no. 13 (June 30, 2023): 4736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16134736.

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In this paper, the progress of the test methods and characterization approaches of aluminum alloys hardenability was reviewed in detail. The test method mainly included the traditional end-quenching method and the modified method. While the characterization approaches of alloy hardenability consist mainly of ageing hardness curves, solid solution conductivity curves, ageing tensile curves, time temperature transformation (TTT) curves, time temperature properties (TTP) curves, continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curves, and advanced theoretical derivation method have appeared in recent years. The hardenability testing equipment for different tested samples with different material natures, engineering applications properties, and measurement sizes was introduced. Meanwhile, the improvement programmed proposed for shortcomings in the traditional hardenability testing process and the current deficiencies during the overall hardenability testing process were also presented. In addition, the influence factors from the view of composition design applied to the hardenability behaviors of Aluminum alloys were summarized. Among them, the combined addition of micro-alloying elements is considered to be a better method for improving the hardenability of high-strength aluminum alloys.
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Geng, Xiaoxiao, Shuize Wang, Asad Ullah, Guilin Wu, and Hao Wang. "Prediction of Hardenability Curves for Non-Boron Steels via a Combined Machine Learning Model." Materials 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 3127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093127.

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Hardenability is one of the most basic criteria influencing the formulation of the heat treatment process and steel selection. Therefore, it is of great engineering value to calculate the hardenability curves rapidly and accurately without resorting to any laborious and costly experiments. However, generating a high-precision computational model for steels with different hardenability remains a challenge. In this study, a combined machine learning (CML) model including k-nearest neighbor and random forest is established to predict the hardenability curves of non-boron steels solely on the basis of chemical compositions: (i) random forest is first applied to classify steel into low- and high-hardenability steel; (ii) k-nearest neighbor and random forest models are then developed to predict the hardenability of low- and high-hardenability steel. Model validation is carried out by calculating and comparing the hardenability curves of five steels using different models. The results reveal that the CML model works well for its distinguished prediction performance with precise classification accuracy (100%), high correlation coefficient (≥0.981), and low mean absolute errors (≤3.6 HRC) and root-mean-square errors (≤3.9 HRC); it performs better than JMatPro and empirical formulas including the ideal critical diameter method and modified nonlinear equation. Therefore, this study demonstrates that the CML model combining material informatics and data-driven machine learning can rapidly and efficiently predict the hardenability curves of non-boron steel, with high prediction accuracy and a wide application range. It can guide process design and machine part selection, reducing the cost of trial and error and accelerating the development of new materials.
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Li, Dongyuan, Shupeng Song, Wenbin Xia, Yong Zhou, Ze Lu, and Run Wu. "Study on the effect of microstructure change of 20CrNiV5 high strength and toughness steel on hardenability." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2720, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2720/1/012041.

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Abstract High-pressure and high-load drilling environment in the deep soil requires high strength and toughness of the oil well pipe, so the oil well pipe steel must be heat-treated, and the hardenability of the steel is particularly important in manufacturing. In this paper, Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator is used to measure the CCT curves of 20CrNiV5 steel, and the influence of microstructure on hardenability is studied. Deformation inhibits the martensitic transformation of the steel and leads to the decrease of its hardenability; the inhomogeneity of the steel pipe after hot forming also has an important impact on the hardenability, and the multiphase microstructure of bainite and ferrite after hot rolling leads to austenitic heating. Austenite grains are small and uneven, which reduces the hardenability of the steel. The microstructure of the inner and outer layers of the hot-formed steel pipe is smaller than that of the middle layer. After heat treatment, its smaller austenite results in weak hardenability.
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Gong, Wei, Zhou Hua Jiang, and Dong Ping Zhan. "A Calculation Model of Gear Steel Hardenability Modeling of Nonlinear Equation." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 2352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.2352.

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In the paper, the superiority-inferiority in various calculations of hardenability has been compared, and the method of nonlinear regression equation was chosen to establish a mathematical model. The model was modified through the actual production of the gear steel hardenability data. Based on the model, a prediction platform was developed with computer tools to calculate the hardenability of gear steel. The hardenability prediction software can calculate random Jominy distance hardness according to chemical composition and grain size. The forecast accuracy is better than that of unmodified nonlinear regression equation and multiple linear regression equation, but equal to that of artificial neural network.
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Zakharevich, S. V., and N. A. Hlazunova. "Factors influencing hardenability of steels on the example of grade 42Cr MoS4. Convergence of the results of calculation and experimental methods." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2019-1-66-69.

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This article identifies factors influencing hardenability of steels in manufacturing conditions of OJSC « BSW – Management Company of Holding «BMC». The article contains results of a study on dependence of hardenability of steel grade 42CrMoS4 on design features of the equipment and the process aimed to ensure correspondence of the fi al product to the requirements. Measures that minimize spread of values due to preparation of samples for hardenability test in industrial conditions are presented. When predicting hardenability band, it is necessary implement a package of application programs that consider influence of factors existing in the conditions of a particular steel manufacturer.
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Sitek, Wojciech, Jacek Trzaska, and Leszek Adam Dobrzański. "Modified Tartagli Method for Calculation of Jominy Hardenability Curve." Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 892–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.892.

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Basing on the experimental results of the hardenability investigations, which employed Jominy method, the model of the neural networks was developed and fully verified experimentally. The model makes it possible to obtain Jominy hardenability curves basing on the steel chemical composition. The modified hardenability curves calculation method is presented in the paper, initially developed by Tartaglia, Eldis, and Geissler, later extended by T. Inoue. The method makes use of the similarity of the Jominy curve to the hyperbolic secant function. The empirical formulae proposed by the authors make calculation of the hardenability curve possible basing on the chemical composition of the steel. However, regression coefficients characteristic for the particular steel grade must be known. Replacing some formulae by the neural network models is proposed in the paper.
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Sitek, W., and A. Irla. "The Use of Fuzzy Systems for Forecasting the Hardenability of Steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0134.

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Abstract The goal of the research carried out was to develop the fuzzy systems, allowing the determination of the Jominy hardenability curve based on the chemical composition of structural steels for quenching and tempering. Fuzzy system was created to calculate hardness of the steel, based on the alloying elements concentrations, and to forecast the hardenability curves. This was done based on information from the PN-EN 10083-3: 2008. Examples of hardenability curves calculated for exemplar steels were presented. Results of the research confirmed that fuzzy systems are a useful tool in evaluation the effect of alloying elements on the properties of materials compared to conventional methods. It has been demonstrated the practical usefulness of the developed models which allows forecasting the steels’ Jominy hardenability curve.
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Białobrzeska, Beata. "Effect of Alloying Additives and Microadditives on Hardenability Increase Caused by Action of Boron." Metals 11, no. 4 (April 4, 2021): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040589.

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The presented work was aimed at evaluating influence of boron on hardenability of steel quantitatively and evaluating this effect during complex use of boron with other alloying additives like chromium, vanadium and titanium. For this purpose, eight melts with variable chemical compositions were prepared. From the ingots, cylindrical specimens with normalized dimensions according to EN ISO 642:1999 were cut out and subjected to full annealing at 1200 °C and to normalizing at 900 °C. Such specimens were subjected to the hardenability Jominy test. In order to distinguish the influence of boron on hardenability of a given melt and thus to eliminate the differences resulting from its chemical composition, grain size and austenitizing temperature, the obtained ideal critical diameter was corrected and the boron effectiveness factor was determined. The performed examinations and analyses showed that inadequate quantities of microadditives result in losing the benefits coming from introduction of boron as the hardenability-improving element and can even result in a reduction of hardenability of the boron-containing steel.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hardenability"

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Lu, Yuan. "A Study on Gas Quench Steel Hardenability." Digital WPI, 2015. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/125.

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Gas quench technology has been rapidly developed recently with the intent to replace water and oil quench for medium and high hardenability steel. One of the significant advantages is to reduce the distortion and stress, compared to water and oil quench. However, not like liquid quench, no gas quench steel hardenability test standard exists. The fundamental difference between liquid quench and gas quench is heat transfer coefficient. The workpiece with the same hardness after liquid and gas quench process may have different microstructure due to different cooling curves. The concept of equivalent gas quench heat transfer coefficient (HTC) is proposed to have the same cooling curve, microstructure and hardness when compared with liquid quench. Several influencing factors on steel hardenability have been discussed, such as austenizing temperature, heating rate, holding time, composition variation and grain size difference. The phase quantification by X-ray Diffraction and Rietveld Refinement method is developed to measure phase percentage for steel microstructure, including martensite, ferrite and carbides. The limitations and improvements of modified Jominy gas quench test are discussed. The fundamental limitation of Jominy gas quench test is that one gas quench condition cannot be used for both low hardenability steel and high hardenability steel at the same time. The same steel grade would have different hardenability curves under different gas quench conditions, which made it difficult to compare the hardenability among different steels. The critical HTC test based on Grossmann test is proposed to overcome the limitations. In the test, different gas quench HTC conditions are applied to the sample with the same geometry. After sectioning each bar at mid-length, the bar that has 50% martensite at its center is selected, and the applied gas quench HTC of this bar is designated as the critical HTC. This test has many advantages to take the place of modified Jominy gas quench test. Since one of the advantages of gas quench is greater process flexibility to vary cooling rates, gas marquenching technology is proposed to obtain martensite with less sever cooling rate and reduce the distortion and stress.
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Caraher, Sally Kate 1974. "Clustering and precipitation processes in age-hardened Al-Zn-Mg-(Ag, Cu) alloys." Monash University, School of Physics and Materials Engineering, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7803.

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Glawing, Stefan. "The modelling of hardenability using mixture density networks." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2211.

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In this thesis a mixture density network has been constructed to predict steel hardenability for a given alloy composition. Throughout the work hardenability is expressed in terms of jominy profiles according to the standard jominy test. A piecewise linear description of the jominy profile has been developed to solve the problem of missing data, model identification from data based on different units and measurement uncertainty. When the underlying physical processes are complex and not well understood, as the case with hardenability modelling, mixture density networks, which are an extension of neural networks, offer a strong non-linear modelling alternative. Mixture density networks model conditional probability densities, from which it is possible to determine any statistical property. Here the model output is presented in terms of expectation values along with confidence interval. This statistical output facilitates future extension of the model towards optimisation of alloy cost. A good agreement has been obtained between the experimental and the calculated data. In order to ensure the reliability of the model in service, novelty detection of the input data is performed.

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Platt, Geoffrey K. "Hardenability, transformation and precipitation effects in vanadium steels." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1988. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20235/.

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Recent work has highlighted unusual effects of vanadium when used in conjunction with other microalloying additions on the hardenability of steels. Positive and negative synergistic effects have been observed, but studies into the mechanisms have been limited. To investigate the effects, vanadium interactions with aluminium, molybdenum, niobium and titanium were studied in low (0.1%) and medium (0.4%) carbon steels, containing normal (0.008%) and enhanced (0.020%) nitrogen. Utilising standard jominy test conditions of 950°C for one hour resulted in classical hardenability responses being obtained, where increasing quantities of microalloying additions in solution increase the hardenability. However, when the jominy test conditions were varied unexpected effects were observed. Extending the austenitising time to eight hours showed that the hardenability was dependent upon kinetic effects such as the rate of solution of the alloy carbides/nitrides and the rate at which the microalloying elements in solution segregated to the austenite grain boundaries. It was also observed that if the austenitising temperature was increased to 1200°C a decrease in hardenability could be obtained by increasing the quantity of vanadium, niobium or titanium. These effects were attributed to a combination of thermal dispersion of microalloying clusters from the austenite grain boundaries, preferrential transformation on large alloy carbides/nitrides and migration of the austenite grain boundaries. Therefore it was considered inadequate to explain hardenablity solely in terms of the carbon concentration, austenite grain size and amount of other alloying elements present. Additional factors such as cluster formation, grain boundary pinning etc., were identified and applied to the results to successfully explain the effects of the alloy interactions on hardenability. Recent studies on vanadium alloyed pearlitic steels showed significant increases in strength could be obtained by precipitation within the pearlitic ferrite. Mechanical property investigations of two steels indicated that a maximum precipitation effect was obtained at an isothermal transformation temperature of 600°C.
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Lu, Yuan. "Heat Transfer, Hardenability and Steel Phase Transformations during Gas Quenching." Digital WPI, 2017. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/399.

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"Quenching is the rapid cooling process from an elevated temperature. Compared to water and oil quench medium, high pressure and velocity gas is preferred to quench medium and high hardenability steel, with the potential to reduce distortion, stress and cracks. Currently, no standard test exists to characterize the gas quench steel hardenability and measure the performance of industrial gas quench furnaces. In this thesis, the fundamental difference between the liquid and gas quenching, heat transfer coefficient, was emphasized. It has been proven that gas quenching with constant HTC cannot generate the similar cooling curves compared to liquid quenching. Limitations on current gas quench steel hardenability tests were reviewed. Critical HTC, a concept like critical diameter, was successfully proved to describe the gas quench hardenability of steel. An attempt to use critical HTC test bar and measure the HTC distribution of gas quench furnace was made. Gas quenching, usually with slow cooling rate, may reduce hardness and Charpy impact toughness, compared to water and oil quenching. Lattice parameter and c/a ratio of as-quenched martensite in steel was measured using high resolution X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. For AISI 4140, Charpy impact toughness decreases when the cooling rate decreases after quenching and tempering. Austenite percentage and carbon content in austenite is proposed as the dominated mechanism."
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Ajmal, Mohammed. "Thermomechanically processed dual-phase steel : effects on hardenability and mechanical properties." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328761.

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Bannister, S. R. "The effect of inclusions and matrix hardenability upon the microstructural development of carbon manganese steel weld metals." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378675.

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Chan, Hang-ting, and 陳杏婷. "Deformation and recrystallisation of Cu-2%Fe." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31223990.

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Barbosa, Aldo Henrique de Almeida. "Efeito do tratamento térmico na formação de revestimentos GA sobre aços com características de bake hardenability." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-8DMHBF.

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Galvanneling heat treatment exerts a significant influence on the galvannealed coating quality, once it affects the formation of Fe-Zn intermetallic compounds. Small variations on temperature and process time lead to consequences that go from coating malformation, due to the lack of thermal flux, to delamination, due to overheating. The heat treatment influence is more pronounced in high strength steels with P and B, once these elements reduce the substrate reactivity, increasing the necessity of a strict thermal flux control to promote the coating formation and to compensate productivity losses. Thus, a study was proposed to determine the effects of heat treatment conditions on the galvannealed coating formation on high strength steels with fósforo and B, and bake hardenability. For that, a technique for developing galvanneling heat treatment models was established. Galvanneling process simulations were carried out in laboratory scale varying heat treatment temperature from 530°C to 580°C. For all simulations, complete galvannealing cycles (fully processed samples) were produced, as well as, galvannealing cycles interrupted during the soaking stage, by fast cooling of the samples, aiming to evaluate the coating microstructure evolution during the treatment. The coatings characterization was carried out by plasma spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, Auger spectrometry, electrochemical stripping of zinc layer, X-ray diffraction and electron backscattered diffraction. This study results allowed the determination of the galvannealing conditions effects on the galvannealed coating formation, being possible to establish optimal conditions to the galvanneling heat treatment of high strength steels with fósforo and B. Furthermore, the results also allowed the determination of a correlation between steel and coating microstructure, making possible to establish actions to minimize defects like craters, cracks and delamination. Moreover, the heat treatment and characterization methodologies developed in this study will be applied to evaluate other steels, mainly the ones with high mechanical strength, for which the galvannealing processes were not optimized, bringing remarkable benefits to them.
O tratamento térmico de galvanneling exerce efeito significativo na qualidade do revestimento galvannealed, por afetar diretamente a constituição dos compostos intermetálicos Fe-Zn. Pequenos desajustes na temperatura e tempo desse processo produzem conseqüências que vão desde a má formação do revestimento, por insuficiência de aporte térmico, até o desplacamento, por excesso. Essa influência do tratamento térmico é ainda mais pronunciada em aços de alta resistência mecânica, contendo fósforo e boro, em função desses elementos reduzirem a reatividade do substrato, aumentando a necessidade de maior controle do aporte térmico para a continuidade do processo e para compensar perdas de produtividade. Assim, foi proposto um estudo no sentido de determinar o efeito das condições de tratamento térmico de galvannealing na formação do revestimento galvanizado a quente galvannealed (GA) formado sobre aços de alta resistência contendo fósforo e B, com características de bake hardenability. Para a condução desse estudo foram realizadas, em escala de laboratório, simulações do processo de galvannealing, variando-se a temperatura de aquecimento entre 530°C e 580°C. Em todas as simulações, além dos ciclos completos (amostras totalmente processadas), foram realizadas, também, interrupções do tratamento ao longo da etapa de encharque, através de resfriamentos bruscos das amostras, com o objetivo de se avaliar a microestrutura do revestimento ao longo de todo o tratamento. Para a caracterização dos revestimentos produzidos foram realizadas análises por espectrometria de plasma, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, espectrometria Auger, dissolução eletroquímica da camada de zinco, difração de raios X, e difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD). Os resultados do presente estudo permitiram estabelecer uma metodologia para o desenvolvimento de modelos de tratamento térmico de galvannealing e determinar o efeito das condições de galvannealing na formação do revestimento GA, de maneira a se estabelecer condições otimizadas para o processamento do aço bake hardenable. Além disso, as metodologias desenvolvidas nesse estudo, tanto de simulação do tratamento térmico quanto de caracterização do revestimento, poderão ser aplicadas a outros aços, principalmente os de mais elevada resistência mecânica, e para os quais os tratamentos de galvannealing não estão otimizados, com benefícios substanciais às suas qualidades.
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Costa, João Paulo Gomes Antunes. "Produção e caracterização de barras laminadas do aço ao boro DIN 39MnCrB6-2." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97134/tde-24032015-151133/.

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Os aços com adição de boro temperados e revenidos têm sido utilizados em diversas aplicações que exigem um compromisso entre boas propriedades mecânicas e baixo custo. Por sua grande utilização e demanda crescente em novas aplicações com exigências mais severas de propriedades mecânicas, a influência dos parâmetros do processo e do tratamento térmico subsequente no comportamento mecânico deve ser mais bem estudada. Com o objetivo principal de caracterizar o aço ao boro DIN 39MnCrB6-2, construiu-se o diagrama de fases metaestável através de simulação, a curva de ductilidade a quente e avaliou-se a influência da temperatura de revenimento na microestrutura e nas propriedades mecânicas de tração e resistência ao impacto. Para isso, utilizou-se amostras de barras laminadas cedidas pela GERDAU - Aços Especiais Brasil de Pindamonhangaba - SP. O montante de amostras utilizadas pôde ser dividido em duas bitolas distintas: quadrada de 155 mm (grupo G1) e redonda de 34,93 mm (grupo G2). Estas amostras foram submetidas a tratamento de têmpera e revenimento e tiveram as propriedades mecânicas de tração, resistência ao impacto e dureza analisadas. Estas amostras foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As amostras de seção transversal quadrada de 155 mm foram utilizadas para análises químicas para identificação de segregação e para a construção das curvas de ductilidade a quente. Nas amostras do grupo G1, observou-se segregação inversa de carbono e bons resultados de ductilidade a quente. As amostras de seção transversal redonda apresentaram diferenças significativas em propriedades de tração (Limite de Resistência e Tensão de Escoamento) e dureza mas não apresentaram diferença significativa em resistência ao impacto em baixas temperaturas (-40°C) em função da temperatura de revenimento. A região de fratura do corpo de prova ensaiado e foram encontrados borocarbonetos de menor dimensão. Foram obtidos bons resultados de resistência ao impacto em temperatura ambiente nas amostras temperadas e revenidas que se mantiveram mesmo com a normalização anterior ao tratamento térmico. Conclui-se que a formação de borocarbonetos é inerente aos aços ao boro e o seu crescimento deve ser evitado a fim de diminuir os pontos de fragilização na microestrutura.
Boron added steels in quenched and tempered condition have been used in a large number of applications with mechanical properties and low cost requirements, i.e., automotive, petrochemical and O&G industries. For its great use and increasing demand for new applications with more severe requirements for mechanical properties, it is important to study the influence of process parameters and subsequent heat treatment on the mechanical behavior. In order to characterize the boron steel DIN 39MnCrB6-2, the metastable phase diagram and the hot ductility curve were built. The influence of tempering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of tensile and impact strength was studied. For this study, DIN 39MnCrB6-2 rolled steel bars samples were used. They were provided by Gerdau - Specialty Steel Brazil Pindamonhangaba - SP. The samples could be divided into two different diameters and cross sections: square 155 mm (G1) and round 34.93 mm (G2), from sequential steps of manufacturing process. These samples were quenched and tempered and the tensile mechanical properties, impact resistance (Charpy V-notch) and hardness were analyzed. These samples were also characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Samples from the first step of rolling mill (square 155 mm) were used for chemical analysis to identify the segregation pattern and also to hot ductility tests. In samples G1 it was observed inverse segregation of carbon and no abnormal ductility loss in hot ductility test. Impact resistance results showed low absorbed energy for all tempering temperatures. Microscopy observation showed coarse borocarbides. Samples G2 showed significant differences in tensile properties and hardness related to tempering temperature. However, no significant differences in impact resistance (CVN) at low test temperatures (-40 ° C) were observed. Microscopy observation showed thin borocarbides. It was concluded that the formation of borocarbides is inherent in boron steels and their coarse morphology should be avoided in order to reduce embrittlement. Borocarbide morphology control is more effective to improve impact resistance than reduction ratio.
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Books on the topic "Hardenability"

1

Stitzelberger-Jakob, Peter. Härtevorherbestimmung mit Hilfe des Benetzungsablaufes beim Tauchen von Stählen. Regensburg: S. Roderer, 1991.

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C, Santos, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Engineering Technology, University of California, Santa Barbara. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, and Tōhoku Daigaku. Kinzoku Zairyō Kenkyūjo, eds. The characterization of Vicker's microhardness indentations and pile-up profiles as a strain-hardening microprobe. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering Technology, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1998.

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Norman, Bailey, and Welding Institute, eds. Hardenability of steels: Select conference, Derby, UK, 17 May 1990. Cambridge: Abington, 1990.

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International, Conference on Quenching and Control of Distortion (2nd 1996 Cleveland Ohio). Quenching and the control of distortion: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Quenching and the Control of Distortion, 4-7 November 1996, Cleveland Marriott Society Center, Cleveland, Ohio. [Materials Park, OH]: ASM International, 1996.

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E, Boyer Howard, and Cary Philip R, eds. Quenching and control of distortion. Metals Park, Ohio: ASM International, 1988.

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International Conference on Quenching and Control of Distortion (1st 1992 Chicago, Ill.). Quenching and distortion control: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Quenching and Control of Distortion, 22-25 September 1992, Chicago, Illinois. Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 1992.

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editor, MacKenzie D. Scott, ASM International, International Federation for Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering, and International Conference on Distortion Engineering (4th : 2012 : Chicago, Ill.), eds. Quenching control and distortion: Proceedings of the 6th International Quenching and Control of Distortion Conference, including the 4th International Distortion Engineering Conference, September 9-13, 2012, Radisson Blu Aqua Hotel, Chicago, IL, USA. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International, 2012.

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Kulke, Wilhelm. Scherenhärterei Angermund: Historische Handwerkstätten der Solinger Schneidwarenindustrie. Köln: Rheinland-Verlag in Kommission bei R. Habelt, Bonn, 1998.

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Titorov, D. B., and E. S. Makhnev. Strukturno-fazovye prevrashchenii͡a v metallakh: Problemy prochnosti i plastichnosti : sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Sverdlovsk: UNT͡S AN SSSR, 1987.

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Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Metals and Ceramics Division., ed. Modeling the influence of irradiation temperature and displacement rate on hardening due to point defect clusters in ferritic steels. Oak Ridge, TN: Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hardenability"

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Zendron, Marianna, Alberto Molinari, and Luca Girardini. "Hardenability of Low Alloy Sintered Mn Steels." In Progress in Powder Metallurgy, 625–28. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-419-7.625.

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Sherif, Mohamed Y., Urszula Sachadel, Aidan Kerrigan, Boris Minov, Hanzheng Huang, Ilona Paape, and Rene Gerritzen. "Novel Tough Micro-Alloyed Bearing Steel with High Hardenability." In Bearing Steel Technologies: 11th Volume, Advances in Steel Technologies for Rolling Bearings, 296–322. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp160020160160.

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Al Shalfan, W. A., John G. Speer, and David K. Matlock. "Parameters Influencing the Bake Hardenability of Microalloyed ULC Steels." In Materials Science Forum, 779–86. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-981-4.779.

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Huhtala, Kyösti. "A Quasi-likelihood Markov model for the hardenability of steel." In European Consortium for Mathematics in Industry, 191–94. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-09834-8_36.

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Smoljan, B., Dario Iljkic, N. Tomasic, Imre Felde, G. E. Totten, and Tamás Reti. "Evaluation of Steel Hardenability by JM®-Test." In Materials Science Forum, 607–14. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-426-x.607.

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Song, Yue Peng, Xiao Zhang, and Guo Quan Liu. "Computer-Aided Optimized Design for Multi-Alloyed Steels Specifying Hardenability Requirements." In Key Engineering Materials, 3112–15. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-456-1.3112.

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Huhtala, K. "Modelling the hardenability of steel by using the generalized linear hypothesis." In Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Mathematics in Industry, 255–58. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-01312-9_44.

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Ishikawa, Kyohei, Hirofumi Nakamura, Ryuichi Homma, Masaaki Fujioka, and Manabu Hoshino. "Effect of Molybdenum Content on Hardenability of Boron and Molybdenum Combined Added Steels." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations: Chicago, 25–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76968-4_4.

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Zheng, Yaxu, Fuming Wang, Changrong Li, Dan Wu, Xi Chen, and Shuai Liu. "The Effect of Austenitizing Temperature on Hardenability, Precipitation and Mechanical Properties of Boron Bearing Cr–Mo Alloy Steel." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 401–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72138-5_40.

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"Hardenability." In Steel Heat Treatment, 225–88. CRC Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/nof0849384523-9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hardenability"

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Lu, Yuan, R. D. Sisson, Yiming (Kevin) Rong, and Jeffrey Mocsari. "Critical Heat Transfer Coefficient Test for Gas Quench Steel Hardenability." In HT 2015. ASM International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2015p0490.

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Abstract Gas quench, with advantages such as reducing distortion and residual stress, is developing rapidly with the intent to replace liquid quench. Medium and high hardenability steels are needed for gas quench, since the quenching power is lower compared to liquid quench1. The traditional Jominy end quench test and Grossmann test, designed for liquid quench steel hardenability, didn’t properly determine the hardenability of high alloyed steels. In order to determine gas quench steel hardenability, a new test is required. In this paper, a critical heat transfer coefficient (HTC) test based on the Grossmann test is proposed. Critical HTC, a concept like critical diameter, was successfully proved to describe the gas quench hardenability of steel. The critical HTC of AISI 4140 steel is 430 W/m2C and the critical HTC of AISI 52100 steel is 820 W/m2C, which reveals that the gas quench hardenability of 4140 is better than 52100. In the paper, the critical HTC test requirements are presented and discussed.
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Sponzilli, John T., Gordon H. Walter, and Douglas V. Doane. "Development of Restricted Hardenability Band Steels." In 38th Annual Earthmoving Industry Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/870800.

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Smith, Natasha L., and Brandon S. Field. "Integrated Thermal Conduction and Hardenability Laboratory Activity." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63211.

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This paper describes an integrated laboratory project between separate heat transfer and machine design courses. The project was structured around a Jominy end quench hardenability test. Most of the students participating were simultaneously enrolled in both classes. In the heat transfer class, students were required to model one-dimensional, transient thermal conduction for an end quench geometry of 4140 steel. In machine design, students applied their theoretical temperature profiles to a continuous cooling transformation curve (CCT) of 4140 steel to predict microstructure and matched the theoretical cooling rates with hardenability curves from literature to predict hardness. In laboratory, students then performed an end quench test in accordance with ASTM A255 on four steel rods. By combining activities across the two courses, students developed an appreciation for the interconnectivity of material within the engineering curriculum, and learned that practical applications typically require they employ knowledge from a variety of sources.
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Lin Ping, Wang Fu-li, and Liu Liu. "Hardenability prediction of gear steel in refining process." In 2009 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2009.5195316.

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Maniruzzaman, Mohammed, Rob J. Pickerill, and Michael A. Pershing. "Prediction of Tempering Effect on Jominy Hardenability Curve." In HT2019. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2019p0087.

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Abstract Modeling of as-tempered hardness in steel is essential to understanding final properties of heat-treated components. Most of the tempering mathematical models derive a tempering parameter using Hollomon-Jaffe formulation. Some recent models incorporate chemical composition into the general Hollomon-Jaffe relationship. This paper compares model predictions with a substantial set of actual tempered Jominy End Quench bars and the hardness data from them. Improvements to the models and direction for future work are discussed.
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Wang, Yong-Yi, and Steve Rapp. "Weldability of High Strength and Enhanced Hardenability Steels." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0526.

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Since the 1970s, the development of high-strength pipeline steels has followed the route of progressively reduced hardenability through lower carbon and alloying element contents. Microalloying, controlled rolling (CR), and thermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP) have been used extensively to achieve the high-strength and other material property requirements despite the trend towards lower carbon content. The primary driving force behind the evolution of these alloying and processing strategies stems from the concerns over the weldability, particularly the hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC), at ever-increasing strength levels. In doing so, the adverse effects of this steel making philosophy on the structural integrity and steel manufacturing cost have become more pronounced. The steels made using those processes can exhibit high yield to tensile ratio (low strain hardening), low uniform elongation, HAZ softening, and splitting; all of which tend to have detrimental effects on pipeline integrity. The objective of the work described here was to evaluate alternate steels with enhanced hardenability and identifying those that would have a potential to (1) meet the high strength/high toughness requirement but without the adverse effects of the early trial heats of microalloyed TMCP X80 and X100 linepipe steels, and (2) exhibit sufficient resistance to HAC. Three enhanced hardenability steels were evaluated through a full range of mechanical tests, metallurgical examination, and weldability tests. Although none of the three alternative steels met the full requirements of X100 linepipe material, one of them showed good promise in meeting the X100 linepipe material requirements.
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Ferguson, B. Lynn, Justin Sims, Z. Charlie Li, Valentin Nemkov, Robert Goldstein, and John Jackowski. "Effect of Steel Hardenability on Stress Formation in an Induction Hardened Axle Shaft." In HT 2015. ASM International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2015p0123.

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Abstract Previous work was reported on the induction hardening process for a 1541 steel axle shaft. This presentation compares the previous results with the stress formation dynamics in the same shaft made from steels with lower hardenability. Hardened using a scan heating method and a trailing PAG spray quench, several steels having lower hardenability were modeled using the same heating schedule so that the depth of austenite formation is similar in all cases. During spray quenching, the hardened case is shallower as steel hardenability is reduced. This leads to differences in the magnitude of compressive and tensile stresses and their distributions. In turn, the potential for internal cracking is reduced as the stress transition zone is altered by the thickness of the diffusive phase layer between the martensitic case and the ferrite-pearlite core of the shaft. The next step is to investigate these effects on the torque carrying ability of the shaft.
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Cateni, Silvia, Valentina Colla, Marco Vannucci, and Marco Vannocci. "Prediction of Steel Hardenability and Related Reliability through Neural Networks." In Artificial Intelligence and Applications. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2013.793-013.

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Mohri, Taizo, Shun-ichi Tsugawa, Shigeru Kobayashi, Toshio Ichida, and Mitsumasa Kurosawa. "Newly Developed Organic Composite-Coated Steel Sheet with Bake-Hardenability." In 1986 SAE Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/862030.

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Simons, R. W. "Process Prediction and Control by an Empirical Model Based on Equivalent Diffusion for Carburizing or Carbonitriding Processes." In HT 2017. ASM International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2017p0087.

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Abstract An empirical model has been developed by studying the rate of case formation for various materials. This model uses the relationship observed between material hardenability and case rate. Material hardenability is based on a modified version of Ideal Diameter by using the nominal steel composition with the exception of holding carbon constant at 0.40% (a rough estimation of the carbon level required for effective case depth). It predicts the level of diffusion needed to meet specification requirements and adjust parameters to optimize process design and resulting product characteristics. Inputs needed for process control are the equivalent diffusion number and a material classification. All times, temperatures, carbon set points and level off parameters are automatically downloaded to the equipment for process execution.
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Reports on the topic "Hardenability"

1

Wang, Yong-Yi, Zhili Feng, Wentao Cheng, and Sudarsanam Suresh Babu. L51939 Weldability of High-Strength Enhanced Hardenability Steels. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010384.

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Since the 1970s, the development of high-strength pipeline steels has followed the route of progressively reduced harden ability through lower carbon and alloying element contents. Micro-alloying, controlled rolling (CR), and thermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP) have been used extensively to achieve the high-strength and other material property requirements despite the trend towards lower carbon content. The primary driving force behind the evolution of these alloying and processing strategies stems from the concerns over the weld ability, particularly the hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), at ever-increasing strength levels. Accompanying the extensive reliance on micro-alloying, CR, and TMCP, there has been a movement to tighter restrictions on micro-alloy variability, the increased use of heavy reduction at low inter-critical temperatures and, in some instances, the reliance on cold expansion. The objective of this project was to evaluate alternate steels with enhanced harden ability and identify those that would have a potential to (1) meet the high strength/high toughness requirement but without the adverse effects of the early trial heats of micro-alloyed TMCP X80 and X100 line pipe steels, and (2) exhibit sufficient resistance to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) when welded with processes and consumables representative of state-of-the-art, low-hydrogen field girth welding practices. The focus of the project was on the weld ability and properties of the base metal and the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The selection and development of suitable weld consumables were not part of this project.
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Anthony J. DeArdo and C. Isaac Garcia. Conservation Research and Development/ New Ultra-Low Carbon High Strength Steels with Improved Bake Hardenability for Enhanced Stretch Formability and Dent Resistance. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/820518.

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L51744 Quality Assurance of MSS SP-75 Fittings. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010123.

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Fittings (elbows, tees, caps, and reducers) are the most common components used in pipelines that are typically furnished in a heat-treated condition, such as normalized, normalized and tempered, or quenched and tempered. Recent industry experience has shown that heat-treated pipeline components, particularly high yield strength fittings, have been produced using different manufacturing processes, various starting materials, and several methods of testing the finished products. In addition, serious The objective of this study was to establish guidelines that could be used to predict the properties of heat-treated fittings. Such guidelines then could be used to aid in the selection of steel compositions that would result in the required minimum strength properties of heat-treated fittings produced in accordance with the requirements of MSS SP-75, "Specification for High Test Wrought Butt Welding Fittings." A second use of those guidelines would be to estimate the properties of a fitting based upon hardness measurements and the composition of the steel.A review of the steels that have been used to produce heat-treated fittings, revealed that, because those steels possessed insufficient hardenability, their properties could not be calculated based upon established metallurgical relationships developed for through hardening steels. Consequently, attempts were made to establish empirical correlations between the strengths of heat-treated fittings and their chemical compositions based upon test reports obtained from actual fittings. Information from 54 test reports were reviewed in support of these attempts. The approach taken to satisfy this objective involved two tasks. Task 1 was to determine the pressure capacity requirements for fittings as a function of the pressure capability of the matching pipe. Task 2 consisted of defining the chemical composition requirements, heat treatment procedures, and mechanical properties required to achieve the pressure capacity of the heat-treated fittings.
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