Academic literature on the topic 'Hardening Soil Model'

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Journal articles on the topic "Hardening Soil Model"

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Bower, Thomas A., Anthony D. Jefferson, and Peter J. Cleall. "A reformulated hardening soil model." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering and Computational Mechanics 173, no. 1 (2020): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jencm.18.00054.

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Konyushkov, Vladimir, Daniil Penkov, and Evgeniy Fedorenko. "Initial data for Hardening Soil model." E3S Web of Conferences 371 (2023): 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337102019.

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Nowadays, civil engineering makes high demands on numeral modelling in geotechnical engineering, notably, to ensure reliability of a structure at minimum cost. Using of codes and standards supported with numerical calculations and soil constitutive models makes the design satisfying this requirement possible. But no matter how complex the model is its fidelity depends on input data. The article describes a method for determining the main characteristics of the Hardening Soil model (including calculating the power parameter m and reducing the deformation characteristics of the soil to the recom
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Maleeva, A. N., and A. I. Kharichkin. "Processing of engineering and geological survey data for determining parameters of the hardening soil model on the example of clay soils in the Nizhny Novgorod region." Bulletin of Science and Research Center of Construction 43, no. 4 (2024): 110–22. https://doi.org/10.37538/2224-9494-2024-4(43)-110-122.

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Introduction. The paper examines the key aspects of obtaining parameters for the hardening soil model used in the analysis of soil bases. This model is increasingly popular due to its effectiveness in calculating various structures, such as pile foundations, retaining walls, and anchorages.Aim. To analyze the experience of obtaining parameters for the hardening soil model based on laboratory data derived from engineering and geological surveys.Materials and methods. The methodology involved analyzing and processing the results of laboratory studies on soils in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The l
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Bowers, Jeremy T., Mark C. Webb, and Jesse L. Beaver. "Soil Parameters for Design with the 3D PLAXIS Hardening Soil Model." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 10 (2019): 708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119851723.

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The design and analysis of buried structures presents difficulties that cannot often be solved by closed-form solutions. Finite element methods (FEM) have increasingly become the tool of choice for advanced soil-structure interaction analysis, with three-dimensional FEM being required for irregular non-plane-strain cases. To accurately capture the stress and deformation of soils, complex material constitutive models are required. Several input parameters to these models must be determined from expensive soil testing, which is impractical for most applications. For two-dimensional FEM, good app
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Rivanga, Nadya Utami, and Indra Noer Hamdhan. "Analisis Vacuum Consolidation pada Perbaikan Tanah Lempung Lunak dengan Model Axisymmetric (Hal. 68-79)." RekaRacana: Jurnal Teknil Sipil 4, no. 1 (2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/rekaracana.v4i1.68.

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ABSTRAKTanah lempung lunak merupakan jenis tanah yang memiliki kuat geser yang kecil, koefisien permeabilitas yang kecil, kompresibilitas yang besar, dan mempunyai daya dukung rendah. Kondisi tersebut menyebabkan tanah lempung lunak menjadi tantangan pada kontruksi yang akan di bangun diatasnya, sehingga diperlukan perbaikan tanah. Salah satu perbaikan tanah untuk tanah lempung lunak yang banyak dijumpai yaitu vertical drain dan preloading. Pada tugas akhir ini metode tersebut akan dikombinasikan dengan vacuum consolidation. Tegangan vakum yang digunakan pada kasus ini sebesar 50 dan 80 kPa. A
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Hamonangan, Efran Kemala, and Muhammad Yoke Syahputra. "PERBANDINGAN HASIL ANALISIS FINITE ELEMENT UNTUK STABILITAS DAN PENURUNAN TIMBUNAN DENGAN BEBERAPA SOIL MODEL DI LOKASI RENCANA PEMBANGUNAN JALAN TOL SUBANG." Jurnal HPJI 9, no. 1 (2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/jhpji.v9i1.6434.1-8.

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Abstract
 
 The challenge in designing the Subang Toll Road lies in the original soil conditions, with soil consistency between very soft and soft. This soft soil has low bearing capacity, high compressibility, and low permeability. Soil improvement using soil replacement has been common for soft soil conditions that are not thick, and this soil improvement can increase the bearing capacity of the soil and reduce the thickness of compressible soil. This study aims to perform embankment modeling using PLAXIS 2D software version 22, by comparing 3 soil models, namely the Mohr Coulomb,
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Toyeb, Muhammad. "ANALISIS BALIK KUAT GESER TANAH TERSTABILISASI SEMEN DENGAN METODE NUMERIK." Racic : Rab Construction Research 5, no. 1 (2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36341/racic.v5i1.1315.

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Shear strenght is a parameter to soils strenght analysis. Shear strenght can be obtained from laboratorium test that interpreted as stress and strain. Soil tests had done on soil stabilization of cement with mixing 5%; 10%; 15% of content. Soil tests were used by triaxial test of unconsolidated undrained (triaxial UU) with cell pressure at 50; 100; 200 kN/m2 and unconfined compression test. The test specimens were disturbed soil samples which compacted and remolded, and then carry out curing for 0; 3; 7; 14; 28 days. The laboratory test results were back analysis in Plaxis 2D by using Mohr-Cou
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Antipov, V. V., V. G. Ofrikhter, and N. N. Likhacheva. "Express plotting of model deformation curve based on wave analysis data." Вестник гражданских инженеров 17, no. 3 (2020): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2020-17-3-101-107.

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The paper presents the study results of the currently used nondestructive technique of multichannel analysis of surface waves which is adapted for express assessment of physical and mechanical parameters of dispersive soils during preliminary geotechnical investigation of the construction site. The authors propose a methodology for express plotting of model deformation curve of dispersive soil based on the wave analysis data, which will allow a rapid and non-expensive estimation of allowable load intervals and deformations under these loads with preliminary geotechnical assessment of foundatio
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Wu, Jonathan T. H., and Sheldon Chih-Yu Tung. "Determination of Model Parameters for the Hardening Soil Model." Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology 7, no. 1 (2019): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40515-019-00085-8.

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Saleh Asheghabadi, Mohsen, and Xiaohui Cheng. "Analysis of Undrained Seismic Behavior of Shallow Tunnels in Soft Clay Using Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening Model." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (2020): 2834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082834.

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In this study, a soil–tunnel model for clay under earthquake loading is analyzed, using finite element methods and a kinematic hardening model with the Von Mises failure criterion. The results are compared with those from the linear elastic–perfectly plastic Mohr–Coulomb model. The latter model does not consider the stiffness degradation caused by imposing cyclic loading and unloading to the soil, whereas the kinematic hardening model can simulate this stiffness degradation. The parameters of the kinematic hardening model are calibrated based on the results of experimental cyclic tests and fin
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hardening Soil Model"

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Khanal, Santosh. "Backcalculation of Plate Loading Tests using PLAXIS 2D and the Hardening Soil Model." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23328.

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Shallow foundations are extensively used to support structures of all sizes in order to safely transmit the structural load to the ground without exceeding the bearing capacity of the ground and causing excessive settlement. They are typically embedded up to a few meters into the soil profile. While designing foundations, two requirements need to be satisfied: complete failure of the foundation must be avoided with adequate margin of safety (bearing capacity) and relative settlement should be within limits that can be tolerated by superstructure. Foundation is that part of the structure which
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Surarak, Chanaton. "Geotechnical Aspects of the Bangkok MRT Blue Line Project." Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367320.

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This dissertation is on the geotechnical aspects of the completed Bangkok MRT Blue Line Project and its extension which is currently under design. There were 18 cut and cover subway stations and nearly 22 km of tunnels constructed by the use of earth pressure balanced shield tunnel boring machines. The soil profile model up to depths of 60 to 65 m consists of seven layers: Weathered Crust and Backfill Material; Very Soft to Soft Bangkok Clay; Medium Stiff Clay; Stiff to Hard Clay; Medium Dense to Very Dense Sand; Very Stiff to Hard Clay; and Very Dense Sand. The strength and deformation charac
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Yildiz, Ersan. "Lateral Pressures On Rigid Retaining Walls : A Neural Network Approach." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1264415/index.pdf.

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Lateral pressures on non-yielding walls due to surface strip loads were investigated considering the non-linear stress-strain behaviour of the soil by finite element analyses. Data obtained from the finite element analyses were used to train neural networks in order to obtain a solution to assess the total lateral thrust and its point of application on a non-yielding wall due to a strip load. A 2-layered backpropogation type neural network was used. An artificial neural network solution was obtained, as a function of six parameters including the shear strength parameters of the soil ( cohesion
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Ranjbar, Pouya Kaveh. "Lime stabilisation of an Australian silty clay and its application in construction of excavation retaining walls by cutter soil mixing." Thesis, Federation University Australia, 2018. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/166885.

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Coode Island Silt (CIS) is one of the predominant geological units in Melbourne, Australia. Having high compressibility and low shear strength, CIS is considered a problematic soft soil that challenges the construction of infrastructure in the region. To tackle such challenges, one practical approach is the application of ground improvement techniques such as in situ soil mixing. This PhD study focuses on the application of Cutter Soil Mixing (CSM) for the construction of excavation retaining walls in CIS. Although cement is widely used in most CSM projects, this study investigates the suitabi
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Zin, Andrea. "Numerical analysis of the foundation soil behaviour for the Garisenda Tower in Bologna." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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The fascination of a leaning towers actually descends from to the interaction with the foundation soil, not so clearly deduced at first glimpse. Furthermore, initial defects and non-uniform foundations in a structure and a soil with a low stiffness, can led to long-term critical conditions. The maintenance of existing constructions is one of the fields of activity of Civil Engineering, in particular, Geotechnical Engineering plays a significant role in a number of relevant cases. The conservation of Heritage is one of the most challenging problems facing modern civilization. It involves a numb
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Krajčovič, Ján. "Zpětná analýza sypané přehradní hráze a predikce jejího chování při mimořádných zatěžovacích stavech." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-391964.

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Diplomová práce představuje vytvoření softwarového 2D MKP modelu přehrady Slezská Harta v České Republice za pomoci softwaru PLAXIS 2D. V úvodu práce je analýza vodní nádrže, vytvořené jako zásobárna vody a protipovodňové dílo. Analýza sleduje geomorfologii, geologii, konstrukci tělesa hráze, použité materiály a metody, a stávající monitorovací zařízení. Pro pochopení tvorby 2D MKP modelu jsou předloženy a definované metody použitých analýz - metoda konečných prvků, analýza prosakování, materiálové modely, citlivostná analýza. Následně byla definována tvorba struktury modelu - určení posloupno
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Romeo, Demetrio. "Studio numerico del comportamento di una struttura di sostegno rinforzata con geosintetici, sotto l'azione di carichi statici e sismici." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.

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La presente ricerca illustra uno studio numerico sul comportamento di un muro di sostegno in terra rinforzata, basato sull'uso di un approccio agli elementi finiti in combinazione con due diversi modelli costitutivi di tipo elastoplastico, caratterizzati da un diverso grado di complessità. Le analisi proposte sono state svolte allo scopo di studiare l'influenza di alcuni parametri progettuali significativi, quali la lunghezza e la spaziatura verticale degli elementi di rinforzo, sulle prestazioni complessive della struttura di sostegno soggetta a carichi statici e sismici.
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Ozkuzukiran, Riza Savas. "Settlement Behaviour Of Concrete Faced Rockfill Dams: A Case Study." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605835/index.pdf.

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In this study settlement behaviour of K&uuml<br>rt&uuml<br>n dam, which is the first concrete faced rockfill dam in Turkey, is investigated. Two dimensional plane strain finite element analyses are carried out in order to determine the total stresses and displacements during construction and reservoir filling conditions. Hardening soil model is used in order to represent the non-linear, inelastic and stress dependent behaviour of rockfill material. Material model parameters are selected mainly referring to the previous studies on the dams consisting of similar materials. Calculated stresses an
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Unsever, Yesim Sema. "An Analysis Of Deformation Behavior Of Muratli Asphalt Faced Rockfill Dam." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608547/index.pdf.

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In this study, settlement and seepage behavior of Muratli Dam, which is the first asphalt faced rockfill dam in Turkey, is investigated for the &ldquo<br>end of construction&rdquo<br>and &ldquo<br>reservoir impoundment&rdquo<br>loading conditions. Two dimensional plane strain finite element analyses are carried out in order to determine the total stresses, displacements and pore water pressures. Hardening soil model is used in order to represent the non-linear, inelastic and stress dependent behavior of rockfill material. Material model parameters are selected mainly referring to the previous
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Frigerio, Giulio Peterlevitz. "Retroanálise de uma escavação de vala escorada a céu aberto de uma linha do metrô de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18132/tde-31072006-102842/.

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Esta dissertação apresenta em primeira etapa o trabalho desenvolvido para averiguar a adequação dos modelos reológicos de Mohr-Coulomb e de Endurecimento de solo, para representar as deformações e distorções que ocorrem no sistema soloestrutura, quando do processo de escavação de valas escoradas. Além disto, em uma segunda etapa fazem-se estimativas de previsão de danos causados em edificações, em decorrência das escavações de uma vala escorada da linha 1 do Metropolitano de São Paulo (Metrô S.P.). A primeira e a segunda etapa foram feitas através de 810 simulações numéricas, em elementos fini
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Books on the topic "Hardening Soil Model"

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Chan, Gabrielle Ka-Po. Finite element analysis of an embankment dam using the Monot double-hardening constitutive soil model. University of Manchester, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hardening Soil Model"

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Firmansyah, Yerry Kahaditu, and Maharani Putri Dewanty. "The Stability of a Slope on Soft Soil Using the Hardening Soil Model." In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Rehabilitation and Maintenance in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9348-9_41.

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Wang, Yaning, Desheng Wei, Lei Zhai, Huilai Qin, Zheng Chen, and Yuxuan Zhu. "Experimental Study on Parameters of Hardening Soil Model with Small Strain Stiffness for Muddy Silty Clay and Silty Sandy Soil in Yangtze Floodplain Area." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4355-1_1.

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AbstractTo obtain test parameters for the hardening soil model with small strain stiffness (HSS) of the muddy silty clay and silty sandy soil in the Nanjing Yangtze River floodplain, the following tests were conducted: consolidation test, consolidated-drained triaxial test, triaxial loading and unloading test, resonant column test and other common geotechnical tests. These test parameters included reference tangent modulus Eoedref, reference secant modulus E50ref, reference unloading and reloading modulus Eurref, failure ratio Rf, etc. A standardized process for determining HSS model parameter
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Tymiński, Wojciech, Tomasz Kiełczewski, and Hubert Daniluk. "Hardening Soil Model - Influence of Plasticity Index on Unloading - Reloading Modulus." In Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97112-4_20.

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Sarkar, Sanjana, and Amarnath Hegde. "Hyperbolic and Hardening Soil Model Parameters for Geogrid Reinforced Steel Slag." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1373-1_10.

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Do, Phuong Chinh, Tomas Kadlicek, David Masin, and Jan Najser. "On The Automated Calibration of Elastoplasticity Constitutive Model: The Hardening Soil." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-3912-0_16.

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Sang-To, Thanh, Minh Hoang-Le, Manh Vu-Tran, Magd Abdel Wahab, and Thanh Cuong-Le. "Estimation Displacement of Diaphragm Wall Using Hardening Soil Versus Mohr–Coulomb Model." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4835-0_29.

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Lu, Hua, Ziyun Lin, Xudong Zhan, Yanxin Yang, and Di Wu. "Numerical Simulation of Seismic Liquefaction for Treasure Island Site." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1748-8_36.

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AbstractBy conducting numerical simulations of Treasure Island site in 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, the Hilbert-Huang transform was used to study soil liquefaction. The UBC3D-PLM constitutive model was used to simulate the dynamic behavior of sand, the non-liquefied soil was simulated by Hardening Small Strain model, and the seismic information recorded in the PEER database was used for deconvolution analysis by one-dimensional equivalent linear analysis method, and the within motion was applied. Rayleigh damping is used in the numerical simulation process, and the damping ratio is 5%. Based o
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Huynh, Quoc Thien, Van Qui Lai, Viet Thai Tran, and Minh Tam Nguyen. "Back Analysis on Deep Excavation in the Thick Sand Layer by Hardening Soil Small Model." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5144-4_63.

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Ngo Duc, Trung, Phan Vo, and Thanh Tran Thi. "Determination of Unloading—Reloading Modulus and Exponent Parameters (m) for Hardening Soil Model of Soft Soil in Ho Chi Minh City." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5144-4_65.

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Govindasamy, Darvintharen, Mohd Ashraf Mohamad Ismail, and Mohd Faiz Mohammad Zaki. "Influence of Twin Tunnel Depth in Numerical Ground Movement Prediction Using Mohr Coulomb and Hardening Soil Model." In Proceedings of AICCE'19. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32816-0_45.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hardening Soil Model"

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Zain, Md N. H., J. Ahmad, Y. Ashaari, E. Shaffie, and N. K. Mustaffa. "Modelling of Lateral Movement in Soft Soil Using Hardening Soil Model." In 2011 UkSim 13th International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation (UKSim). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/uksim.2011.45.

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D.K., Teshager, Chwała M., and Puła W. "Shallow Foundation Settlement Using a Hardening Soil Model for Spatially Variable Soil." In International Symposium for Geotechnical Safety & Risk. Research Publishing Services, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-18-5182-7_00-04-002.xml.

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D.K., Teshager, Chwała M., and Puła W. "Probabilistic Foundation Settlement using A Hardening Soil Model on Layered and Spatially Variable Soil." In 8th International Symposium on Reliability Engineering and Risk Management. Research Publishing Services, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-18-5184-1_ms-13-189-cd.

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Teshager, Daniel K., M. Chwała, and W. Puła. "Probabilistic Analysis of Shallow Foundation Settlement on Layered Soil Using a Hardening Soil Model." In Geo-Risk 2023. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784484999.033.

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Veselý, Jakub, Petr Pánek, and Ludvík Vébr. "Thermo – mechanical model of concrete pavement in hardening phasis." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1032.

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This paper is focused on the analysis of concrete pavements using finite element method (FEM). Specifically, it deals with the analysis of temperatures in the initial phasis of hardening and their influence on mechanical behavior of concrete pavement. High temperatures from hydration and climatic conditions in the early phase of concrete hardening co-operate and may initiate the formation of a network of micro-cracks on the surface of the concrete slab. The resulting temperatures (from hydration and climate) can theoretically be positively influenced by determining the start of concreting, so
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Kamalzare, Soheil, and C. Guney Olgun. "Simulation of Monotonic and Cyclic Soil Behavior Using a Kinematic Hardening Plasticity Model." In Geo-Congress 2014. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413272.123.

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Tanaka, Tadatsugu, Kenji Okajima, and Hiroshi Mori. "Finite Element Analysis for Elasto-Plastic Strain Hardening-Softening Soil Model with Shear Banding." In First Japan-U.S. Workshop on Testing, Modeling, and Simulation. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40797(172)23.

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Fernández-Ruiz, Jesús, and Pedro Alves Costa. "PREDICTING RAILWAY TRACK DISPLACEMENTS WITH THE HARDENING SOIL SMALL STRAIN MODEL NEAR CRITICAL SPEED." In 8th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research National Technical University of Athens, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120121.8476.19393.

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Wong, L. W. "Effects of Soil-Structure Interaction on Wall Deflections and Surface Settlements During Deep Excavations." In The HKIE Geotechnical Division 43rd Annual Seminar. AIJR Publisher, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.159.7.

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Ground movements due to excavations may cause damages to structures. While wall deflections could be adequately predicted, accurate estimations of ground movements are usually far from field observations. It has been identified that the behaviour of soil at small strain plays a key role in predicting the surface settlements. Presented herein is a study on a well-documented excavation case history in soft ground located in Taipei Basin. Two-dimensional finite element analyses adopting the hardening soil with small-strain stiffness to simulate the nonlinear stress-strain relationship of soils ha
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Hoogeveen, Maas, Hugo Hofstede, and Amir M. Kaynia. "Enhanced Kinematic Hardening Model for Load-Dependent Stiffness and Damping of Jack-Up Foundations." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77285.

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Dynamic analysis of jack-up platforms is generally carried out using approximated linear foundation springs and equivalent viscous damping. Advanced geotechnical analysis of foundations of jack-up platforms results in load-dependent stiffness and damping. Such analyses are often based on the finite element method as used for detailed site specific analyses with proper nonlinear soil models to generate nonlinear response curves, the so-called backbone curve, for the relevant loading conditions. The same FE model can be used to compute the strain energy in the soil elements and assign the corres
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Reports on the topic "Hardening Soil Model"

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Oliynyk, Kateryna, and Matteo Ciantia. Application of a finite deformation multiplicative plasticity model with non-local hardening to the simulation of CPTu tests in a structured soil. University of Dundee, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001230.

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In this paper an isotropic hardening elastoplastic constitutive model for structured soils is applied to the simulation of a standard CPTu test in a saturated soft structured clay. To allow for the extreme deformations experienced by the soil during the penetration process, the model is formulated in a fully geometric non-linear setting, based on: i) the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into an elastic and a plastic part; and, ii) on the existence of a free energy function to define the elastic behaviour of the soil. The model is equipped with two bonding-related intern
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