Journal articles: 'Hardening Soil'

1

Kamil, Ahmed Shakir, and Ala Nasir Aljorany. "Thixotropic Hardening of Fao Clay." Journal of Engineering 25, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2019.05.05.

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Fao region is characterized by weak soft silty clay to clayey silt thick layer which extends to a depth of about 20 m. The construction of some structures on such soils may needs piles. During the installation of driven piles, the soil geotechnical properties are exposed to significant changes result due to shearing under large shear strains. These changes significantly decrease the shear strength of the virgin soil due to the destruction of soil structure caused by remolding. The degradation of shear strength is usually followed by strength regaining which is called “Thixotropy”. In this study, the thixotropic effect on Fao clay was investigated. Many disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were brought from Fao region. Some of the soil samples were thoroughly remolded in the laboratory in its natural water content and molded as direct shear specimens. More than 180 specimens were prepared and tested over 36 weeks in order to accurately assess the percentage of strength regaining with time passing. The results show that soil remolding causes about a 45 % reduction in shear strength in comparing with the shear strength of the intact soil. This reduced percent in shear strength was almost fully regained after 25 weeks due to thixotropic effect.

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Bower, Thomas A., Anthony D. Jefferson, and Peter J. Cleall. "A reformulated hardening soil model." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering and Computational Mechanics 173, no. 1 (March 2020): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jencm.18.00054.

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Bowers, Jeremy T., Mark C. Webb, and Jesse L. Beaver. "Soil Parameters for Design with the 3D PLAXIS Hardening Soil Model." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 10 (June 2, 2019): 708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119851723.

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The design and analysis of buried structures presents difficulties that cannot often be solved by closed-form solutions. Finite element methods (FEM) have increasingly become the tool of choice for advanced soil-structure interaction analysis, with three-dimensional FEM being required for irregular non-plane-strain cases. To accurately capture the stress and deformation of soils, complex material constitutive models are required. Several input parameters to these models must be determined from expensive soil testing, which is impractical for most applications. For two-dimensional FEM, good approximations of these parameters for a wide range of placed backfill soils have been developed and used in practice for many years in the computer program CANDE. It is the purpose of this paper to take these parameters, developed by Selig for use in CANDE, and convert them to equivalent parameters for the three-dimensional PLAXIS computer program’s Hardening Soil model.

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MORITOKI, Hitoshi. "Representation of hardening characteristics in soil." Japanese Geotechnical Journal 8, no. 2 (2013): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgs.8.329.

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Zhang, Xiong, and Robert L. Lytton. "Modified state-surface approach to the study of unsaturated soil behavior. Part I: Basic concept." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 46, no. 5 (May 2009): 536–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t08-136.

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The traditional state-surface approach to the study of unsaturated soil behavior is becoming much less popular these days, as it uses unique constitutive surfaces to represent unsaturated soil behavior. This approach is essentially a nonlinear elastic formation and cannot be used to explain complex stress-path dependency for unsaturated soils. In this paper, a modified state-surface approach (MSSA) is proposed to represent unsaturated soil behavior under isotropic stress conditions in which a conventional void-ratio state surface is considered to be made up of an elastic surface and a plastic hardening surface. The plastic hardening surface remains stationary at all times, whereas the elastic surface remains unchanged when the soil experiences elastic deformation and moves downward when there is plastic hardening occurrence. Using the MSSA, the loading–collapse (LC) and the suction increase (SI) yield curves in the Barcelona basic model (BBM) are derived. The prediction of three typical cases of soils under isotropic conditions and experimental results using the proposed approach confirmed its feasibility, simplicity, and potential for the study of unsaturated soil behavior.

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PAQUIN, ROGER. "EFFET DE L’HUMIDITÉ DU SOL SUR LA TENEUR DE LA PROLINE LIBRE ET DES SUCRES TOTAUX DE LA LUZERNE ENDURCIE AU FROID ET À LA SÉCHERESSE." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-012.

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Plants of the hardy cultivar of alfalfa, Rambler (Medicago media Pers.) were hardened either at 1–2 °C or at 20/17 °C (day/night) at various soil moistures to determine whether cold hardening has a direct influence on the accumulation of free proline and total sugars in plant tissues or if the accumulation is due to a drought effect caused by the cold hardening temperatures. The very low soil moisture (25% of the water holding capacity) caused a dry state in the plants, increased the cold tolerance (LT50), the proline content and the percentage of the total sugars and dry matter of the tissues. High soil moisture (saturated and flooded soils) generally had opposite effects. The cold hardening of plants at 1–2 °C in the very low soil moisture for 2 or 3 weeks caused a lower accumulation in the proline content of leaves and crowns than the hardening at 20/17 °C. However, in these conditions, the total sugars and the LT50 in cold-hardened plants increased at a higher pace than in plants hardened at 20/17 °C. These results favor the hypothesis that the proline accumulation in cold-stressed plants is not directly caused by the cold hardening temperatures while sugars are, but is due to a drought effect related to the cold hardening.Key words: Proline, sugars, alfalfa, soil moisture, cold tolerance, drought stress

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Ardakani, Alireza, Mahdi Bayat, and Mehran Javanmard. "Numerical modeling of soil nail walls considering Mohr Coulomb, hardening soil and hardening soil with small-strain stiffness effect models." Geomechanics and Engineering 6, no. 4 (April 25, 2014): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.6.4.391.

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Alekseev, A. V., and G. А. Iovlev. "Adjustment of hardening soil model to engineering geological conditions of Saint-Petersburg." Mining Informational and analytical bulletin 4 (2019): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2019-04-0-75-87.

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9

Toyeb, Muhammad. "ANALISIS BALIK KUAT GESER TANAH TERSTABILISASI SEMEN DENGAN METODE NUMERIK." Racic : Rab Construction Research 5, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36341/racic.v5i1.1315.

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Shear strenght is a parameter to soils strenght analysis. Shear strenght can be obtained from laboratorium test that interpreted as stress and strain. Soil tests had done on soil stabilization of cement with mixing 5%; 10%; 15% of content. Soil tests were used by triaxial test of unconsolidated undrained (triaxial UU) with cell pressure at 50; 100; 200 kN/m2 and unconfined compression test. The test specimens were disturbed soil samples which compacted and remolded, and then carry out curing for 0; 3; 7; 14; 28 days. The laboratory test results were back analysis in Plaxis 2D by using Mohr-Coulumb and Hardening Soil model later. The Mohr-Coulumb and Hardening Soil model had deviator stress results was almost equal to the test results of triaxial UU and unconfined compression test. Especially of strain by Mohr-Coulumb model, shew the lower strain than be showed by triaxial UU test and unconfined compression test. The Hardening Soil model, provides fluctuating strain results of triaxial UU test because it is affected by the application of cell pressure (σ3) and it provides greater strain results from unconfined compression test. Keywords: Triaxial UU, Unconfined Compresssion, Stress and Strain, Plaxis 2D

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10

Ter-Martirosyan, Zaven, Armen Ter-Martirosyan, and Aleksandr Akuleckiy. "INTERACTION OF LARGE PILES WITH A MULTILAYER SOIL MASS, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT HARDENING AND SOFTENING." International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering 17, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2021-17-2-67-75.

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This article discusses the formulation and solution of the problem of the interaction of a long pile with thesurrounding multilayer and underlying soils, taking into account the rheological properties of the surrounding soil mass. The creep process is considered taking into account hardening and softening. The problem was considered in a linear setting. The solution is presented by analytical method. To describe the creep process, the rheological parameters of hardening and softening were used. An expression is obtained for finding the reduced shear modulus for a multilayer soil mass. A dependence is obtained for determining the force on the pile heel on time, taking into account the rheological parameters of hardening and softening. Analytical solutions in the article are supported by a graphical part. The graphs of the dependence of the settlement of the pile, the force on the heel of the pile cutting through alternating layers, on time for various parameters of viscosity, as well as for variable parameters of hardening and softening are given. The solutions obtained can be used for preliminary determination of the movement of long piles with the surrounding multilayer and underlying soils.

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11

DEXTER, A. R., R. HORN, and W. D. KEMPER. "Two mechanisms for age-hardening of soil." Journal of Soil Science 39, no. 2 (June 1988): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1988.tb01203.x.

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12

Mirsayapov, Ilizar T., and Irina V. Koroleva. "Softening and hardening clay soil under loading." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 890 (August 13, 2020): 012070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/890/1/012070.

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13

Muir Wood, David. "Experimental Inspiration for Kinematic Hardening Soil Models." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 130, no. 6 (June 2004): 656–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(2004)130:6(656).

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14

Rivanga, Nadya Utami, and Indra Noer Hamdhan. "Analisis Vacuum Consolidation pada Perbaikan Tanah Lempung Lunak dengan Model Axisymmetric (Hal. 68-79)." RekaRacana: Jurnal Teknil Sipil 4, no. 1 (February 27, 2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/rekaracana.v4i1.68.

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ABSTRAKTanah lempung lunak merupakan jenis tanah yang memiliki kuat geser yang kecil, koefisien permeabilitas yang kecil, kompresibilitas yang besar, dan mempunyai daya dukung rendah. Kondisi tersebut menyebabkan tanah lempung lunak menjadi tantangan pada kontruksi yang akan di bangun diatasnya, sehingga diperlukan perbaikan tanah. Salah satu perbaikan tanah untuk tanah lempung lunak yang banyak dijumpai yaitu vertical drain dan preloading. Pada tugas akhir ini metode tersebut akan dikombinasikan dengan vacuum consolidation. Tegangan vakum yang digunakan pada kasus ini sebesar 50 dan 80 kPa. Analisis yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan program PLAXIS 2D dengan model Axisymmetric. Analisis dilakukan dengan memvariasikan tiga dari sekian banyak soil model yaitu Mohr Coulomb, Hardening Soil, dan Soft Soil. Berdasarkan hasil dari penelitian nilai penurunan, tegangan pori, dan waktu konsolidasi yang dihasilkan berbeda tetapi hasil penurunan soil model dengan Hardening Soil dan Soft Soil tidak terlalu berdeda secara signifikan.Kata Kunci: tanah lempung lunak, vacuum consolidation, Mohr Coulomb, Hardening Soil, Soft Soil, axisymmetric, PLAXIS 2D ABSTRACTSoft clay is a type of soil that has low shear strength, high compressibility, low coeffiecient of permeability and low bearing capacity. The condition caused soft clay soil to be a challenge on the construction that will be built on it, so that it needed soil improvement. The soil improvement for soft clay that often found is vertical drain and preloading. In this final project that method will be combined with vacuum consolidation. The vacuum pressure used in this case amount from 50 and 80 kPa. The analysis was performed using PLAXIS 2D program with Axisymmetric model. The analysis was done by varying the three of soil models Mohr Coulomb, Hardening Soil, and Soft Soil. Based on the settlement of the research, settlement value, pore pressure, and time of consolidation are different but the result of soil models of Hardening Soil and Soft Soil is not significantly differentiated.Keywords: soft clay, vacuum consolidation, Mohr Coulomb, Hardening Soil, Soft Soil, axisymmetric, PLAXIS 2D

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15

He, Li, Yi Tang Zhou, Xi Zhong, and Jie Zhou. "Studies of the Optimal Hardening Parameters in Sandy Soil Shear Hardening Constitutive Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 444-445 (October 2013): 1527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.444-445.1527.

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Through a series of drainage analysis of plane strain compression tests on the Toyoura sand under different stress path, we found that the plastic shear strain and stress path of great relevance. But due to that a yield locus represents a specific yield level and usually do not related with stress paths, the hardening parameter of the parametric should also has nothing to do with the stress path. This article based on the analysis of the laboratory test results, put forward a stress path-independent plastic shear strain energy modified function as shear yield hardening parameters. Then based on the above type of energy state function proposed to build a sandy soil elasto-plastic constitutive model, and compared with corresponding numerical calculation results to make an effective verification.

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16

Goncharova, Margarita A., Konstantin A. Korneev, and German S. Dedyaev. "Improving Construction Engineering Properties of Soils Stabilized by a Cement Binder with Techno-Genic Products." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.26.

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The article considers the method of stabilizing roadbed soils by introducing metallurgical waste in the structure of the composite binder. It was established during the analysis and experimental research that construction engineering properties are improved as a result of the method. The article provides the obtained results of laboratory tests. The optimum amount of ground blast furnace slag as a component to replace part of Portland cement in a soil cement mix is determined. The dependence of strength gain on the hardening time at different proportions of the composite binder is given. The efficiency of the considered method of soil hardening is estimated.

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17

Saleh Asheghabadi, Mohsen, and Xiaohui Cheng. "Analysis of Undrained Seismic Behavior of Shallow Tunnels in Soft Clay Using Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening Model." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 19, 2020): 2834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082834.

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In this study, a soil–tunnel model for clay under earthquake loading is analyzed, using finite element methods and a kinematic hardening model with the Von Mises failure criterion. The results are compared with those from the linear elastic–perfectly plastic Mohr–Coulomb model. The latter model does not consider the stiffness degradation caused by imposing cyclic loading and unloading to the soil, whereas the kinematic hardening model can simulate this stiffness degradation. The parameters of the kinematic hardening model are calibrated based on the results of experimental cyclic tests and finite element simulation. Here, two methods—one using data from cyclic shear tests, and the other a new method using undrained cyclic triaxial tests—are used to calibrate the parameters. The parameters investigated are the peak ground acceleration (PGA), tunnel lining thickness, tunnel shape, and tunnel embedment depth, all of which have an effect on the resistance of the shallow tunnel to the stresses and deformations caused by the surrounding clay soils. The results show that unlike traditional models, the nonlinear kinematic hardening model can predict the response reasonably well, and it is able to create the hysteresis loops and consider the soil stiffness degradation under the seismic loads.

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Antipov, V. V., V. G. Ofrikhter, and N. N. Likhacheva. "Express plotting of model deformation curve based on wave analysis data." Вестник гражданских инженеров 17, no. 3 (2020): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2020-17-3-101-107.

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The paper presents the study results of the currently used nondestructive technique of multichannel analysis of surface waves which is adapted for express assessment of physical and mechanical parameters of dispersive soils during preliminary geotechnical investigation of the construction site. The authors propose a methodology for express plotting of model deformation curve of dispersive soil based on the wave analysis data, which will allow a rapid and non-expensive estimation of allowable load intervals and deformations under these loads with preliminary geotechnical assessment of foundation bases. The plotted deformation curve will be useful for obtaining initial data for numerical modeling of interaction of foundation base with the structure designed for the model of hardening soil and the model of hardening soil at small strains.

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Sokolova, Olga, and Darya Trubina. "The Calibration of Parameters in Hardening Soil Model Based Odometer Tests." Applied Mechanics and Materials 633-634 (September 2014): 1058–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.633-634.1058.

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Finite element method is often used to solving composite geotechnical problems. Application of these programs demands special attention for models for the setting parameters and simulation of soil behaviour. The problem of model selection to describe the behaviour of soils for calculation of settlement is considered in test task applied to complex geotechnical conditions of Saint-Petersburg. Comparison of obtained settlement values is carried out in Linear Elastic model, Mohr-Coulomb mode and, Hardening Soil model. The results of calibration of parameters for geotechnical model from the use of the qualities of odometer testing are shown.

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Faltusová-Kadlecová, Z., M. Faltus, and I. Prášil. "Abscisic acid content during cold hardening of barley and wheat cultivars with different freezing toler." Plant, Soil and Environment 48, No. 11 (December 22, 2011): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4401-pse.

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Endogenous content of abscisic acid was studied in a set of two winter cultivars of barleys (Lunet, Cenader), one spring cultivar (Akcent) and five winter cultivars of wheat (Mironovská, Samanta, &Scaron;árka, Zdar, Apache) and one spring cultivar (Leguan) in the course of cold hardening of hydroponically grown plants. Freezing tolerance was also determined in all barley and wheat cultivars under study. In none of the barley varieties did cold hardening of plants induce any significant change in abscisic acid content. In wheat plants exposed to cold hardening, the cultivars Apache and Leguan showed a slight transitory increase in abscisic acid content. Abscisic acid content in leaves was very similar in the other wheat cultivars. Neither in barley nor in wheat was the level of freezing tolerance associated with endogenous abscisic acid content or with its transitory changes during cold hardening.

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21

Haeri, S. M., and A. A. Garakani. "Hardening behavior of a hydro collapsible loessial soil." Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 2, no. 4 (2016): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.irn-02.

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22

Mashrabov, N., V. V. Erofeev, and V. A. Korotkov. "Plasma hardening of elements for soil cultivating instruments." Welding International 34, no. 4-6 (June 2, 2020): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2021.1921386.

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23

Ruidong, LUO, Li Liang, LIU Ganbin, LU Xing, and YE Junneng. "Experimental study on thermodynamic characteristics of EPS lightweight soil." E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 01043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019801043.

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The dynamic triaxial tests of EPS light soil were carried out under the conditions of different temperature, dynamic stress, EPS mixing ratio, cement content and age period, and the effect of temperature on the dynamic properties of EPS light soil is analyzed prominently. The results show that with the increase of temperature, the dynamic elastic modulus of EPS light soil increases and the soil appears the phenomenon of thermal hardening. With the increase of cement content, the thermal hardening effect of the sample decreases, and the effect of cement content is greater than that of EPS content.

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24

Chan, C. M., and H. Y. Yong. "Comparing the Thixotropic and Lightly Solidified Hardening Behavior of a Dredged Marine Clay." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 4, no. 5 (October 11, 2014): 706–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.494.

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When a soil is disturbed upon remolding, it may lose part or all of its strength. As time passes, the structural arrangement of the soil particles would be restored to a stable form and the soil would regain hardness under constant volume and water content. The process is known as “thixotropic hardening”. On another note, dredged marine soils of the fine-grained type can be reused as a backfill material instead of being disposed to the open sea. The rest period required for the relocated soil to regain strength and stiffness, i.e. thixotropic hardening, needs to be estimated precisely. For this purpose, a study on the phenomena of strength and stiffness gain by a dredged marine clay was carried out. The strength and stiffness improvement with time was measured using the vane shear and fall cone tests respectively. The clay was remolded at different water contents in multiples of the soil’s liquid limit (LL), namely 0.75LL, 1.00LL and 1.25LL, in order to evaluate the effect of initial water content on thixotropic hardening. A separate series of samples were prepared with light solidification using cement, to examine the possibilities of enhancing the soil’s improvement in a shorter rest period. The results showed the dredged marine clay can potentially be used as a backfill material for reclamation works, with lower initial water content and light solidification contributing to accelerated better performance

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Koch, Edina. "Input parameters of Transdanubian Clay for the Hardening Soil and Soft Soil models." Pollack Periodica 4, no. 1 (April 2009): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/pollack.4.2009.1.10.

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Fedorova, Galina D., O. I. Matveeva, and Rivas B. Prokopiev. "Application Experience of Bored Micropiles in the Conditions of Permafrost Soil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 878 (February 2018): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.878.104.

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Results of pilot studies executed when strengthening foundation and tape bases of architecture monument – the building of National library of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in Yakutsk are given. The article presents data on the kinetics of hardening of cement mortar with a complex additive NN+S-3 at low temperatures of permafrost soils. It is shown that the rate of hardening and strength of the solution greatly depend on the dosage of antifreeze component. A feature of the technology was also to determine the strength of cement mortar, with which possible pressure testing of the well. The strength of the mortar for re-injection should be not less than 10 MPa and not more than 20 MPa. The device technology of bored micropiles in permafrost soil is approved by the contractor – the Yakut branch “Svratka”, Czech Republic. The received results indicate an opportunity and efficiency of micropiles application in conditions of permafrost soil.

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Yang, Shu-Rong, Wei-Hsing Huang, and Chi-Chou Liao. "Correlation between Resilient Modulus and Plastic Deformation for Cohesive Subgrade Soil under Repeated Loading." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2053, no. 1 (January 2008): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2053-09.

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Pavement performance is related to resilient modulus and plastic deformation of pavement materials, which in turn are affected by environmental conditions and traffic loading. A series of triaxial tests was conducted on a residual lateritic soil for 10,000 load repetitions, with some specimens subjected to 100,000 load repetitions, to characterize the behavior of cohesive subgrades under repeated loading, including resilient modulus and plastic deformation. The shakedown concept was used to describe the accumulated plastic deformation and the strain-hardening and softening behavior. Experimental results show that the resilient modulus of cohesive subgrades exhibits strain-hardening behavior under low stress levels. In the meantime, the rate of plastic strain accumulation becomes diminutive. Soil under this condition is in a stable state. Conversely, under high stress levels, cohesive soil tends to soften after a specific number of load applications and accumulates excessive plastic strain and leads to an unstable state. To predict the plastic strain of subgrade soil under repetitive loading, regression models incorporating the strain-hardening behavior for a cohesive soil were used.

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SAWA, Kohei, Seishi TOMOHISA, Shinya INAZUMI, and Mari TACHIBANA. "Hardening Treatment of Muddy Soil with Coal Fly Ashes." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 49, no. 3 (2000): 348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.49.348.

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Svatovskaya, Larisa, Anastasia Sychovа, and Maxim Sychov. "Lithosphere Protection with Hardening Phosphate-Containing Soil-Cement Technology." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.7 (September 27, 2018): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.7.23029.

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This research is relevant in the light of a need to protect lithosphere from pollution. A solution to this problem can be the exercise of a geoecoprotective function by using building and construction technologies. Phosphate-containing bonding agents usually have low solubility in water. They are made of aluminosilicates that occur in common clay. These minerals react with phosphoric acid to release phosphates and silica gel with absorption properties. The purpose of this research is to make fake rocks from phosphate clay material, intended for building and construction purposes, and to investigate their longevity. The material used was treated to neutralize and detoxify the mobile ionic contaminants and heavy metal compounds, as well as petroleum pollutants, so that at the end we could get construction material like fake rocks or improved aggregates that would be good for the environment. These cement systems are called the geoecoprotective systems. The leading methods that were applied were thermodynamic and experimental studies of service and geoecoprotective properties of phosphate-containing cement systems, more specifically fake landscape rocks. Selected studies lasted for more than 10 years, and were carried out in accordance with the guidelines, adopted in the Russian Federation. This research shows that phosphate-containing cement systems made from contaminated clay/sandy artificial soils have long-lasting properties like strength, frost resistance, water resistance and contaminant binding. From this perspective, they are good for building and construction. For example, they can be used to improve the contaminated soil on road construction sites by detoxifying it until water-resistant products, and to make long-lasting water-resistant solutions from local raw materials that would be good for waste storage.

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Wu, Jonathan T. H., and Sheldon Chih-Yu Tung. "Determination of Model Parameters for the Hardening Soil Model." Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology 7, no. 1 (August 8, 2019): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40515-019-00085-8.

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31

Lade, Poul V., and Moon K. Kim. "Single hardening constitutive model for soil, rock and concrete." International Journal of Solids and Structures 32, no. 14 (July 1995): 1963–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(94)00247-t.

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32

Ma, Tiantian, Changfu Wei, Pan Chen, Huihui Tian, and De'an Sun. "A Unified Elastoplastic Model of Unsaturated Soils Considering Capillary Hysteresis." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/537185.

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Unlike its saturated counterparts, the mechanical behavior of an unsaturated soil depends not only upon its stress history but also upon its hydraulic history. In this paper, a soil-water characteristic relationship which is capable of describing the effect of capillary hysteresis is introduced to characterize the influence of hydraulic history on the skeletal deformation. The capillary hysteresis is viewed as a phenomenon associated with the internal structural rearrangements in unsaturated soils, which can be characterized by using a set of internal state variables. It is shown that both capillary hysteresis and plastic deformation can be consistently addressed in a unified theoretical framework. Within this context, a constitutive model of unsaturated soils is developed by generalizing the modified Cam-Clay model. A hardening function is introduced, in which both the matric suction and the degree of saturation are explicitly included as hardening variables, so that the effect of hydraulic history on the mechanical response can be properly addressed. The proposed model is capable of capturing the main features of the unsaturated soil behavior. The new model has a hierarchical structure, and, depending upon application, it can describe the stress-strain relation and the soil-water characteristics in a coupled or uncoupled manner.

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Nishio, Zenta, Norio Iriki, Kanenori Takata, Miwako Ito, Tadashi Tabiki, and Timothy D. Murray. "Influence of Cold-Hardening and Soil Matric Potential on Resistance to Speckled Snow Mold in Wheat." Plant Disease 92, no. 7 (July 2008): 1021–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-7-1021.

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The influence of soil matric potential, cold-hardening temperature, and duration on resistance to speckled snow mold caused by Typhula ishikariensis in wheat was investigated. Six winter wheat lines were subjected to cold-hardening temperatures of 2 or 4°C for 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks with soil matric potential of –0.1 or –0.01 MPa. Plants were inoculated with T. ishikariensis after cold-hardening, incubated at 10°C for 25 days in the dark, and then evaluated for regrowth. Overall recovery from snow mold was least when plants were hardened at 2°C for 1 week at –0.01 MPa and greatest when hardened at 4°C for 4 weeks at –0.1 MPa. Survival of plants following snow mold was greater when plants were cold-hardened at 4 than at 2°C and at –0.1 than –0.01 MPa soil matric potential. The greatest difference in survival among lines and correlation with field observations occurred when plants were hardened at 4°C at –0.1 MPa matric potential for 3 weeks. Understanding the influence of temperature and soil matric potential during cold-hardening on speckled snow mold resistance will be useful to breeding programs developing snow-mold-resistant cultivars under controlled environment conditions.

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NAPIÓRKOWSKI, Jerzy, Łukasz KONAT, and Marta PIETRUSZEWSKA. "EFFECT OF LASER HARDENING OF STEEL ON THE WEAR PROCESS IN AN ABRASIVE SOIL MASS." Tribologia 280, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7534.

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This paper presents the results of tests for the effects of laser hardening on the course and intensity of wear of 38GSA (38MnSi4) and Hardox 600 steels in an abrasive soil mass. The tests were carried out under laboratory conditions, using a “rotating bowl” type machine. Two types of soil, i.e. light and medium, were used as the abrasive mass. Based on the obtained test results, it was found that hardness decreased (in relation to asdelivered condition). The performed laser surface hardening process significantly increased the abrasive wear resistance only for 38GSA (38MnSi4) steel. As regards to Hardox steel, the hardening treatment reduced the abrasive wear resistance index compared to the as-delivered condition of the steel.

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Borawska-Jarmułowicz, B., G. Mastalerczuk, S. Pietkiewicz, and Kalaji MH. "Low temperature and hardening effects on photosynthetic apparatus efficiency and survival of forage grass varieties." Plant, Soil and Environment 60, No. 4 (April 8, 2014): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/57/2014-pse.

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Freezing tolerance is essential for perennial plants and ability to adapt to extreme temperature is crucial for their survival in many environments. Freezing tolerance of hardened and unhardened plants of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne varieties was probed by their quantum photosynthetic efficiency using the chlorophyll fluorescence technique. Quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) electron transport (ΦPSII), maximal (Fm’) and steady-state (Fs) chlorophyll fluorescence yields of light-adapted samples were measured. ΦPSII depended on developmental phase, temperature and hardening process. A clear decline in PSII activity, especially after –10°C application was observed. Plant hardening during emergence phase had a positive impact on PSII activity, especially after –5°C application. After 72 h of –5°C temperature treatment, hardened plants showed quicker recovery of their photosynthetic apparatus (0.527–0.697) as compared to unhardened ones (0.224–0.330). Stress temperature of –10°C caused irreversible changes of photosynthetic apparatus of hardened and unhardened plants independently of growth phases (0.003–0.014). ΦPSII and Fm’ parameters were strongly correlated with shoots survival under stress. Our results suggest that perennial plants’ hardening allows them to survive low temperatures due inter alia enhancing their photosynthetic machinery performance.

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Zhang, Hao, Qiushi Chen, Jinjian Chen, and Jianhua Wang. "Unified Expression of Rotational Hardening in Clay Plasticity." International Journal of Geomechanics 16, no. 6 (December 2016): 06016004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0000647.

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Rachdi, Sara, Emad Jahangir, Michel Tijani, and Jean-François Serratrice. "Critical state constitutive models and shear loading of overconsolidated clays with deviatoric hardening." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 41, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2019-0024.

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AbstractThis paper presents an enhanced constitutive model integrating deviatoric hardening with a modified yield surface for overconsolidated clayey soils in a general framework of Cam-clay type models. Its performance was assessed with the simulation of drained and undrained triaxial tests on three clays at different consolidation states in comparison to two critical state models. The proposed model satisfactorily estimates the shear resistance, while capturing the smooth nonlinearity of the soil response.Shear triaxial tests at constant mean pressure were performed on an overconsolidated marl to study the shear response. Their simulation attests the importance of deviatoric hardening integration.

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Hirai, Hiroyoshi, and Takeshi Kamei. "A combined hardening model of anisotropically consolidated cohesive soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 28, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t91-001.

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A model introduced in the present paper is capable of describing the mechanical behaviour of anisotropically consolidated cohesive soils reasonably well. The salient features of the proposed model are summarized as follows: (i) generalized forms of the Cambridge models are given to both yield function and plastic potential; (ii) a combination of isotropic and kinematic hardening is used; (iii) a nonassociated-flow rule is proposed; (iv) the isotropic hardening involves plastic work not only related to volumetric change but also to deviatoric deformation; (v) the translation of the yield surface is specified by extending Ziegler's rule of kinematic hardening; (vi) the constitutive model has versatility and flexibility to describe expansion, translation, and rotation of a yield surface in stress space. Several undrained triaxial tests of anisotropically consolidated cohesive soils are simulated, and good agreement is observed between simulation and experimental data. Key words: anisotropy, dilatancy, cohesive soil, consolidated undrained shear, constitutive equation, stress-strain curve, pore pressure - strain curve, effective-stress path.

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Chen, Dongxu, Hua Liu, Erjian Cai, and Hui Wu. "Deep High-moisture Soil pH Test Equipment and Method." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126104003.

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Excessive use of chemical fertilizers in the soil will cause excessive residues of heavy metals, soil hardening and high soil alkalinity. A soil pH tester is generally used to test the soil pH scale to ensure the normal growth of crops. However, the tester cannot be used directly in the case of soil hardening and the soil should be moistened before measurement. In addition, existing soil pH testers can only perform single-point tests, and multiple tests are generally required in order to obtain accurate experimental data. Common deep soil pH test devices are difficult to use and have the problem of inaccurate measurement results due to excessive impurities in the soil in the process of use, resulting in errors in soil analysis which require secondary revision to improve the soil environment. To make up for the defects of existing technologies, this study designs a deep high-moisture soil pH tester, which has the advantage of high soil impurity filtering performance and addresses the problem of inaccurate measurement results due to excessive impurities in the soil.

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Zhang, Yan Mei, and Dong Hua Ruan. "A Practical Saturated Sand Elastic-Plastic Dynamic Constitutive Model and Application." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 1621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.1621.

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A practical saturated sand elastic-plastic dynamic constitutive model was developed on the base of Handin-Drnevich class nonlinear lag model and multidimensional model. In this model, during the calculation of loading before soil reaches yielding, unloading and inverse loading, corrected Handin-Drnevich equivalent nonlinear model was adopted; after soil yielding, based on the idea of multidimensional model, the composite hardening law which combines isotropy hardening and follow-up hardening, corrected Mohr-Coulomb yielding criterion and correlation flow principle were adopted. A fully coupled three dimension effective stress dynamic analysis procedure was developed on the base of this model. The seismic response of liquefaction foundation reinforced by stone columns was analyzed by the developed procedure. The research shows that with the diameter of stone columns increasing, the excess pore water pressure in soil between piles decreases; with the spacing of columns increasing, the excess pore water pressure increases. The influence of both is major in middle and lower level of composite foundation.

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Офрихтер, Вадим, Vadim Ofrikhter, Андрей Пономарев, Andrey Ponomarev, Ян Офрихтер, and Yan Ofrikhter. "MODELLING OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AS COMPOSITE MATERIAL." Construction and Architecture 3, no. 2 (January 30, 2016): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11007.

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Municipal solid waste (further MSW) occupy considerable sites of urban territories. Behaviour of “fresh” MSW is characterized by deformation hardening similarly to stress-strain state of pseudocohesive unsaturated soils reinforced by randomly oriented fibers. Distinctive feature of MSW is predominant orientation of reinforcing component in one horizontal direction, which is associated with the technology of waste deposing on the landfills. During first decades after placement processes of chemical and biological decay proceed in waste massif. After their completion MSW are classified as waste soil with maximal particle size not more than 20 mm. With the progress of biodegradation deformation hardening of MSW under loading is decreasing.

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CHEN, Peng-fei, and Xiao-nan GONG. "Influence of parameters in soil hardening model on deformation of excavation." E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019802015.

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Based on the data of the soil and enclosure structure of a certain excavation, a PLAXIS model was established. The actual monitoring results are compared with the PLAXIS calculation results to verify the reliability of the model. On this basis, the six main parameters in the soil hardening model were changed by a single variable method to obtain the influence of each parameter on the deformation of the excavation. As the soil weight or Poisson’s ratio increases, the lateral displacement of the retaining wall increases. With the increase of the secant modulus or cohesive force or internal friction angle of the soil, the lateral displacement of the retaining wall decreases. The power index m has basically no effect on the lateral displacement of the retaining wall. With the increase of m, the settlement of the soil gradually increases uniformly.

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Dearini J, R. Thasyia Puteri, and Indra Noer Hamdhan. "Analisis Daya Dukung Lateral pada Suction Pile dengan Menggunakan Metode Numerik. (Hal. 96-106)." RekaRacana: Jurnal Teknil Sipil 5, no. 2 (September 25, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/rekaracana.v5i2.95.

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ABSTRAKSuction Pile merupakan fondasi berbentuk silinder baja berdiameter besar yang tertutup pada bagian atas dan terbuka pada bagian bawah. Fondasi ini sering digunakan untuk menyokong bangunan offshore dan platforms. Beban yang diterima oleh suction pile merupakan beban aksial yang berasal dari beban strukturnya dan juga beban lateral dari tekanan tanah dan air laut di sekelilingnya. Analisis daya dukung lateral pada suction pile dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode numerik, yaitu menggunakan software PLAXIS 3D dengan soil model Mohr-Coulomb dan Hardening Soil, serta menggunakan metode analisis, yaitu metode COM624 dari Federal Highway Administrasion (FHWA). Pemodelan suction pile dilakukan dengan cara memvariasikan panjang dari suction pile dengan mutu baja, diameter suction pile, dan parameter tanah yang sama. Berdasarkan hasil dari penelitian bahwa semakin panjang penampang dari suction pile yang digunakan, maka daya dukung lateral yang diperoleh semakin meningkat dikarenakan letak titik jepit yang masih berubah.Kata Kunci: suction pile, daya dukung lateral, titik jepit, Mohr-Coulomb, Hardening Soil ABSTRACTSuction pile is a large cylinder-shaped steel foundation which has a closed top and an open bottom. This foundation is often used to support offshore buildings and platforms. The loads resisted by the suction pile are the axial load from its own structure weight and the lateral load caused by soil and deep-sea pressure around it. Analysis of lateral bearing capacity of suction pile is done by using numerical method is conducted using commercial software PLAXIS 3D, with Mohr-Coulomb and Hardening Soil as the soil model and analysis method is conducted using COM624 method from Federal Highway Administrasion (FHWA). Suction pile model is designed by varying the suction pile lengths of equal steel quality, suction pile diameter, and soil parameter. The result of the research showed that the longer the cross section of the suction pile used, the higher its lateral bearing capacity, due to the location of the fixity point is still changed.Keywords: suction pile, lateral bearing capacity, fixity point, Mohr-Coulomb, Hardening Soil.

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Liu, Qing Wei, Hao Yu, and Xin Huang. "Research of Hydration Hardening and Strength Development of Magnesium Oxychlorine Cement in Brine." Advanced Materials Research 710 (June 2013): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.710.367.

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In western region of China distributes a large area of high salt concentration of saline soil. Portland cement concrete used in underground facilities cannot satisfy the demand of lifetime, due to the severe corrosion of saline soil. Magnesium oxygenchlorine cement has perfect resistance to salt corrosion, but it is air-hardening material. There is not related research about the hydration, hardening and strength stability of magnesium oxygenchlorine cement in brine. In this research, the strength development regularity of magnesium oxygenchlorine cement which has different compositions, different ways of curing, and was soaked in different concentration of Golmud salt lake brine was studied. The results showed that the proper composition of magnesium oxygenchlorine cement could hydrate, harden, develop and maintain strength; the magnesium oxygenchlorine cement hardening in air could keep strength stability in brine.

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Yang, Yunming, and Hai-Sui Yu. "A kinematic hardening soil model considering the principal stress rotation." International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 37, no. 13 (August 28, 2012): 2106–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.2138.

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Rouainia, M., and D. Muir Wood. "Implicit numerical integration for a kinematic hardening soil plasticity model." International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 25, no. 13 (2001): 1305–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.179.

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Teo, P. L., and K. S. Wong. "Application of the Hardening Soil model in deep excavation analysis." IES Journal Part A: Civil & Structural Engineering 5, no. 3 (August 2012): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19373260.2012.696445.

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Nagula, Sparsha Sinduri, R. G. Robinson, and J. Murali Krishnan. "Mechanical Characterization of Pavement Granular Materials Using Hardening Soil Model." International Journal of Geomechanics 18, no. 12 (December 2018): 04018157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001291.

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Aubert, J. E., and M. Gasc-Barbier. "Hardening of clayey soil blocks during freezing and thawing cycles." Applied Clay Science 65-66 (September 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.04.014.

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Veselý, Jan. "NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE SOIL BEHAVIOUR BY USING NEWLY DEVELOPED ADVANCED MATERIAL MODEL." Acta Polytechnica 57, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2017.57.0058.

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This paper describes a theoretical background, implementation and validation of the newly developed Jardine plastic hardening-softening model (JPHS model), which can be used for numerical modelling of the soils behaviour. Although the JPHS model is based on the elasto-plastic theory, like the Mohr-Coulomb model that is widely used in geotechnics, it contains some improvements, which removes the main disadvantages of the MC model. The presented model is coupled with an isotopically hardening and softening law, non-linear elastic stress-strain law, non-associated elasto-plastic material description and a cap yield surface. The validation of the model is done by comparing the numerical results with real measured data from the laboratory tests and by testing of the model on the real project of the tunnel excavation. The 3D numerical analysis is performed and the comparison between the JPHS, Mohr-Coulomb, Modified Cam-Clay, Hardening small strain model and monitoring in-situ data is done.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hardening Soil'

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