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Mahmud, Akib. "Hardware in the Loop (HIL) Rig Design and Electrical Architecture." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324661.
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Different types of machines are tested utilizing so called Hardware In the Loop simulation. To perform HIL-simulation a rig is used consisting of different types of hardware and software. Some of the hardware that are used during a simulation is located inside an EMS box. The box has not been properly updated since 2004, no documentation of changes has been made and often many errors occurs during simulations due to the lack of traceability. During this project a new structure of the EMS box has been designed with modifications to eliminate existing problems, prevent similar problems to occur in the future and improve the usability of the system. A simulation was performed on the camshaft to test if there were any improvements. Most issues were solved but there were one problem that remained. Some noises existed and were rooted in the old box which undeniably remained in the new one.
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Dočekal, Martin. "HIL simulace manipulátorů nebo stroje." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444291.
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The diploma thesis deals with HIL simulation (hardware in the loop). The thesis contains a manipulator created in the virtual software V-REP. The connection of real inputs and virtual outputs of the machine is realized by the microcontroller Arduino UNO. The first task deals with the control of the manipulator using the joystick PS2. The second task is a separate control of the robot using an microcontroller Arduino UNO. The resulting connection can be modified in the furher and the interface modified. The work will be used for educational purposes.
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Bjelevac, Salko, and Peter Karlsson. "Steering System Verification Using Hardware-in-the-Loop." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119332.
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In order for leading industrial companies to remain competitive, the process of product developement constantly needs to improve. In order to shorten development time -- that is the time from idea to product -- simulations of products in-house is becoming a popular method. This method saves money and time since expensive prototypes become unnecessary. Today the calibration of steering gears is done in test vehicles by experienced test drivers. This is a time consuming process that is very costly because of expensive test vehicles. This report investigates possibilities and difficulties with transfering the calibrations from field to rig. A steering rig has been integrated with a car simulation program. Comparisons between simulation in the loop (SIL) and hardware in the loop (HIL) have been made and differences between different configurations of steering gears have been evaluated. An automatic process including calibration of parameters, testing and analysis of the test results has been implemented. The work laid the foundation of calibration of steering parameters and showed correlation between calibration parameters and objective metrics.
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Goulkhah, Mohammad (Monty). "Waveform relaxation based hardware-in-the-loop simulation." Cigre Canada, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31012.
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This thesis introduces an alternative potentially low cost solution for hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation based on the waveform relaxation (WR) method. The WR tech-nique is extended so that, without the need for a real-time simulator, the behaviour of an actual piece of physical hardware can nevertheless be tested as though it were connected to a large external electrical network. This is achieved by simulating the external network on an off-line electromagnetic transients (EMT) simulation program, and utilizing iterative exchange of waveforms between the simulation and the hardware by means of a spe-cialized Real-Time Player/Recorder (RTPR) interface device. The approach is referred to as waveform relaxation based hardware-in-the-loop (WR-HIL) simulation.
To make the method possible, the thesis introduces several new innovations for stabi-lizing and accelerating the WR-HIL algorithm. It is shown that the classical WR shows poor or no convergence when at least one of the subsystems is an actual device. The noise and analog-digital converters’ quantization errors and other hardware disturbances can affect the waveforms and cause the WR to diverge. Therefore, the application of the WR method in performing HIL simulation is not straightforward and the classical WR need to be modified accordingly.
Three convergence techniques are proposed to improve the WR-HIL simulation con-vergence. Each technique is evaluated by an experimental example. The stability of the WR-HIL simulation is studied and a stabilization technique is proposed to provide suffi-cient conditions for the simulation stability.
The approach is also extended to include the optimization of the parameters of power system controllers located in geographically distant places. The WR-HIL simulation technique is presented with several examples. At the end of the thesis, suggestions for the future work are presented.<br>February 2016
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Israelsson, Erik. "Modellering och simulering av hydraulik för användning i hardware-in-the-loop." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fluida och mekatroniska system, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-78958.
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Modeling and simulation is growing ever more important in the development of new products. This thesis describes the use of Hopsan for hydraulic modeling and its use in conjunction with Simulink with the intent of using the model in a hardware-in-the-loop setup. A sensor layer has been created in Simulink to emulate all the internal sensors in a modern forklift. The details of using legacy C-code instead of a hardware MCU for a fully simulated environment, software-in-the-loop has been outlined. There are two major routes one can follow implementing software-in-the-loop, exporting the C-functions to CAPL via a export layer or creating an s-function in Simulink. Of the two the export layer method is the most promising since it is easier handling different execution times in CAPL than in Simulink.
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Janczak, John. "Implementation of a Hardware-in-the-Loop System Using Scale Model Hardware for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Development." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33881.
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Hardware-in-a-loop (HIL) testing and simulation for components and control strategies can reduce both time and cost of development. HIL testing focuses on one component or control system rather than the entire vehicle. The rest of the system is simulated by computer systems which use real time data acquisition systems to read outputs and respond like the systems in the actual vehicle would respond. The hardware for the system is on a scaled-down level to save both time and money during testing.
The system designed to simulate the REVLSE Equinox split parallel hybrid consists of five direct current (DC) permanent magnet motors. These motors are used in the system to test the controller software of the vehicle. Two of the motors act as power plants simulating the spark ignited Ethanol engine and the rear traction motor. These two motors are controlled by DC variable speed controllers. The other motors are used as generators to simulate the load from the belted alternator starter (BAS) and the road load on each axle. The motors on each axle are joined together mechanically using a belt and pulley system. The front and rear axle of the system are not connected to simulate the actual vehicle where the power plants are gear-reduced before they make contact with the road and therefore do not actually spin at the same speeds.
The computer software and hardware used to run the HIL hybrid system is National Instruments LabView and CompactRIO. LabView provides an easy interface through which programs for the RIO can be written. The RIO gives the user the ability to measure the power into and out of different components in the system to measure the efficiency of the system. The ability to measure system efficiencies using different powertrain inputs and loading schemes is what makes the HIL system a valuable tool in control modeling for the Equinox. LabView and the RIO allow the user to optimize the control strategy with the two power plant inputs and the BAS to make sure the high voltage system stays charged and improve the overall efficiency of the vehicle without the actual vehicle. The HIL system allows other work to be done of the vehicle during the control development.
During a constant axle speed test at 730 RPM with constant generator resistance, the front engine efficiency was 33.8%, the BAS efficiency was 53.0%, the rear load generator efficiency was 51.2% and the overall efficiency of the front axle was 24.0%. These results show that the system can simulate the powertrain of a hybrid vehicle and help create and validate a control scheme.<br>Master of Science
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Acevedo, Miguel. "FPGA-Based Hardware-In-the-Loop Co-Simulator Platform for SystemModeler." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Datorteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-133413.
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This thesis proposes and implements a flexible platform to perform Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) co-simulation using a Field-Programmable-Gate-Array (FPGA). The HIL simulations are performed with SystemModeler working as a software simulator and the FPGA as the co-simulator platform for the digital hardware design. The work presented in this thesis consists of the creation of: A communication library in the host computer, a system in the FPGA that allows implementation of different digital designs with varying architectures, and an interface between the host computer and the FPGA to transmit the data. The efficiency of the proposed system is studied with the implementation of two common digital hardware designs, a PID controller and a filter. The results of the HIL simulations of those two hardware designs are used to verify the platform and measure the timing and area performance of the proposed HIL platform.
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Wang, Lingchang XI. "Development of a Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulator for Battery Management Systems." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397656909.
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Gordillo, Carrillo Camilo Andrés. "Estratégias para a correção dos efeitos de atraso de sistemas Hardware In the Loop (HIL)." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264974.
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Orientador: Janito Vaqueiro Ferreira<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T09:38:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2012<br>Resumo: O conceito de Hardware In the Loop (HIL) é bastante útil em indústrias automotivas e em indústrias espaciais, já que sistemas complexos são difíceis de se modelar. Este conceito proporciona uma grande confiabilidade aos resultados, diminui o risco de avaria dos equipamentos e dos usuários em seu funcionamento, como também uma diminuição do tempo no desenvolvimento de projetos. Tudo isto sem precisar de um orçamento elevado ou protótipos elaborados para realização de testes. Neste trabalho propõem-se duas estratégias para solucionar o problema do atraso (delay) apresentado pelo sinal de resposta nos sistemas HIL em tempo real, levando-se em conta a sequência de execução real dos processos, bem como também outros aspectos como dos sistemas de aquisição e atuação (inercia, limitações de hardware e software, tempo de amostragem). Os resultados obtidos através das estratégias propostas foram analisados e comparados com resultados numéricos em uma bancada experimental obtendo uma boa concordância eliminando o atraso na resposta<br>Abstract: The Hardware In the Loop (HIL) concept is useful in automotive and spaceship industries, because of the difficulty of modeling complex systems. This concept provides great reliability at the results, decrease the risk of damage to the equipment and to the user operation, as well as decreasing the time of projects development. All of this without requiring a high budget or developing prototypes for testing. This study propose a strategy to solve the delay problem presented by the response signal in real time HIL systems, considering a real execution sequence of the process, as well as other aspects such as in the acquisition and the actuation systems (inertia, hardware and software limitations, sample time). The results obtained through the proposed strategies was analyzed and compared with numerical results in a testing platform with excellent concordance eliminating the delay in the response<br>Mestrado<br>Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico<br>Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Almas, Muhammad Shoaib, Rujiroj Leelaruji, and Luigi Vanfretti. "Over-current relay model implementation for real time simulation & Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) validation." KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-118339.
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Digital microprocessor based relays are currently being utilized for safe, reliable and efficient operation of power systems. The overcurrent protection relay is the most extensively used component to safeguard power systems from the detrimental effects of faults. Wrong settings in overcurrent relay parameters can lead to false tripping or even bypassing fault conditions which can lead to a catastrophe. Therefore it is important to validate the settings of power protection equipment and to confirm its performance when subject to different fault conditions. This paper presents the modeling of an overcurrent relay in SimPowerSystems (\textsc {matlab}/Simulink). The overcurrent relay has the features of instantaneous, time definite and inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) characteristics. A power system is modeled in SimPowerSystems and this overcurrent relay model is incorporated in the test case. The overall model is then simulated in real-time using Opal-RT's eMEGAsim real-time simulator to analyze the relay's performance when subjected to faults and with different characteristic settings in the relay model. Finally Hardware-in-the-Loop validation of the model is done by using the overcurrent protection feature in Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories Relay SEL-487E. The event reports generated by the SEL relays during Hardware-in-the-Loop testing are compared with the results obtained from the standalone testing and software model to validate the model.<br><p>QC 20130215</p>
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Gafurov, Salimzhan A., Viktor M. Reshetov, Vera A. Salmina, and Heikki Handroos. "Multi-operated HIL Test Bench for Testing Underwater Robot’s Buoyancy Variation System." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-200590.
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Nowadays underwater gliders have become to play a vital role in ocean exploration and allow to obtain the valuable information about underwater environment. The traditional approach to the development of such vehicles requires a thorough design of each subsystem and conducting a number of expensive full scale tests for validation the accuracy of connections between these subsystems. However, present requirements to cost-effective development of underwater vehicles need the development of a reliable sampling and testing platform that allows the conducting a preliminary design of components and systems (hardware and software) of the vehicle, its simulation and finally testing and verification of missions. This paper describes the development of the HIL test bench for underwater applications. Paper discuses some advantages of HIL methodology provides a brief overview of buoyancy variation systems. In this paper we focused on hydraulic part of the developed test bench and its architecture, environment and tools. Some obtained results of several buoyancy variation systems testing are described in this paper. These results have allowed us to estimate the most efficient design of the buoyancy variation system. The main contribution of this work is to present a powerful tool for engineers to find hidden errors in underwater gliders development process and to improve the integration between glider’s subsystems by gaining insights into their operation and dynamics.
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Mahanti, Kritee. "Hardware-in-the-loop simulation and testing of the ADCS of the Beyond Atlas CubeSat." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292413.
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Beyond Atlas, a company based in Danderyd, Sweden is working on a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 3U-CubeSat (Cube Satellite) exploration mission. As part of their maiden mission, they aim to validate the navigation, propulsion, and communication techniques of a CubeSat while it performs orbital maneuvers to collect photographs of space debris. This study briefly introduces the Beyond Atlas mission and its CubeSat design. The thesis work then mainly focuses on the details of the Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS) peripherals and software onboard the CubeSat. It describes the Attitude Determination peripherals such as the sun sensor, star tracker, magnetometer, and gyroscope that will be onboard the CubeSat, followed by the description of the Attitude Control peripherals, namely, the magnetorquer and the reaction wheel. Subsequently, it discusses the hardware’s configuration and interface techniques with the flight computer that specifically caters to the satellite’s attitude determination and control aspect. Finally, it reports a Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing methodology, and the corresponding results obtained from the unit testing of the peripherals and the operational testing (Detumbling and Pointing) of the ADCS of the Beyond Atlas CubeSat. Based on the testing results, the report concludes that the selected hardware for the Beyond Atlas mission, when integrated, can perform the principal functionalities.<br>Beyond Atlas baserat i Danderyd, Sverige är ett företag som arbetar med ett rymdutforsknings projekt. Som en del av deras jungfruuppdrag används en 3UCubeSat för att validera navigering, framdrivning och kommunikationsningar medan den utför banmanövrer för relativnavigation och tar bilder av rymdskräp. Denna studie introducerar kort Beyond Atlas uppdraget och dess CubeSat-design. Rapporten fokuserar sedan huvudsakligen på detaljerna i ADCS kringutrustning och programvara ombord på CubeSat. Den beskriver attitydkännande utrustning som solsensorer, startracker, magnetometer och rategyro som finns ombord, följt av beskrivningen av attitydst yrenheter, nämligen magnetorquer och reaktionshjul. Därefter diskuteras hårdvarans konfiguration och gränssnitt med navigationsdatorn som dedikerat utför satellitens attitydbestämning och attitydkontroll ADCS. Slutligen rapporterar studien testmetodik av inledande validerings-tester (Detumbling and Pointing) av ADCS i Beyond Atlas CubeSat. Baserat på testresultaten drar rapporten slutsatsen att den valda hårdvaran för satelliten kan utföra de primära navigationsfunktionerna.
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Paul, Priya. "Automated test development for vehicle instrument panel cluster using Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) and Computer Vision." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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Automation of validation tests can significantly save time and improve accuracy. This thesis presents a method to automate the
tests done on the Instrument Panel Cluster (IPC) of a car by using Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) and Optical Character Recognition
(OCR). HIL technique helps to test the system with real signals
and the system with the camera captures pictures to do OCR
analysis for the extraction of messages displayed in the IPC. The
developed OCR feature is added to the existing automation tool of
the FCA group and the tests conducted in the internal test benches of Maserati.
OCR technique is widely used in the automotive sector for validation testing of the IPC. In this thesis, the development is done by first performing a sequence of image processing on the captured image of the IPC and then feeding it to the OCR engine with the required language. The result showed the system to work efficiently as it extracted the messages from the captured images with confidence values close to 90 percent.The testing was done in different languages and low confidence values were found only for some languages with complex letters. After the developed OCR feature was integrated to the internal automation tool, tests were carried out both in the functional test bench and the integration test bench. A test case was defined based on a specific vehicle function and the final pass or fail report generated automatically.
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Malík, Lukáš. "HIL model elektromechanického systému." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-376959.
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This diploma thesis deals with creation of elektromechanical model in Modelica language which is subsequently imported into LabVIEW environment. The Modelica language, LabVIEW graphical programming tool and Functional Mock-up Interface 2.0 standard are described in the introduction of this thesis. Functional Mock-up Interface is a tool independent standard witch, defines a standardized interface to ModelExchange and Co-simulation of complex system components. The model of electromechanical system was created based on Functional Mock-up Interface standard. Part of the work focuses on the Functional Mock-up Unit storage possibilities and LabVIEW support to import models of this type. The imported model was simulated and tested in this environment. Finally, the instance of Functional Mock-up Unit was connected with LabVIEW FPGA target for the purpose of model HIL simulation on CompactRIO platform.
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Cherragui, Mohamed. "Développement d'un simulateur Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) d'un système pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse de proton." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCD034.
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La pile à combustible (PàC) est une source d’énergie qui produit de l’électricité à partir de l’hydrogène et de l’oxygène.Elles sont très prometteuses pour la production d'énergie électrique. Néanmoins, la PàC souffre encore d’imperfections limitant ainsi sa commercialisation à grande échelle, tout particulièrement pour les applications de transport.C’est pourquoi, l’hybridation des différentes sources d’énergies est devenue une réalité pour les applications non-stationnaires telles que les véhicules tout électriques.Cependant ces applications nécessitent des solutions de gestion de l’énergie fiables prenant en compte toutes les contraintes du système électrique hybride.Par conséquent, le développement de plateforme de validation est nécessaire.Dans ce contexte, le Hardware In the Loop (HIL) est une technique très prometteuse, où une partie d’un système réel peut être remplacée par un système virtuel tout en respectant la communication entre ces sous-systèmes physiques et virtuels.Ce mémoire détaille des modèles dynamiques d'une pile à combustible échangeuse de proton (PEMFC) hybridée à des supercondensateurs.Par ailleurs, on détaille la gestion d’énergie entre ces deux sources, ainsi que le pronostic de la pile basé d’une part d’un filtre de Kalman étendu (EKF) pour l’estimation de l’état de santé (SoH) réel de la pile, et d’autre part, de la méthode Inverse First Order Reliability Method (IFORM) en vue d’estimer la durée de vie utile restante de la pile, tout cela dans une approche Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL)<br>The fuel cell is a source of energy that generates electricity from hydrogen and oxygen.They are very promising candidates for the production of electric power.Nevertheless, the fuel cell still suffers from imperfections limiting its commercialization on a full scale, in particular for transport applications.This is the reason why, hybridization of different energy sources has become a reality for non-stationary applications such as all-electric vehicles.However, these applications require reliable energy management solutions that take into account all the constraints of the hybrid electrical system.Therefore, the development of validation platform is necessary.In this context, the Hardware In the Loop (HIL) is a very promising technique, where part of a real system can be replaced by a virtual system while respecting the communication between these physical and virtual subsystems.This document details the dynamic models of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) associated with supercapacitors.Furthermore, the energy management between these two sources and the prognostic of the fuel cell composed of a extenced Kalman Filter filter (EKF) for the estimation of the real state of health (SoH) of the stack and, on the other hand, of the Inverse First Order Reliability Method (IFORM) in order to estimate the remaining useful life of the stack, all implemented in an FPGA control board in a Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL) context
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Tjerngren, Jon. "Modeling and Hardware-in-the-loop Simulations of Contactor Dynamics : Mechanics, Electromagnetics and Software." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för systemteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-107744.
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This master thesis’s subject is to model an ABB contactor’s dynamics and to develop a hardware-in-the-loop simulation environment. The hardware-in-the-loop method utilizes computer models that are simulated in a real-time simulator. The real-time simulator is connected to hardware components. A contactor is an electrically controlled mechanical switching device and it is used in circuits where large currents can occur. In this thesis, the contactor is divided into three separate subsystems and models are developed for each of them. The three subsystems correspond to the contactor’s mechanics, electromagnetics and electronic components. Computer models are implemented in MATLAB and Simulink to realize the subsystems. The hardware part, of the hardware-in-the-loop simulations, consists of electronic parts that are not modeled. To connect the hardware part to a real-time simulator, from dSPACE, a hardware interface was constructed. This report focuses on the modeling of the mechanics and the electromagnetics as well as the software implementations. The thesis work was carried out in collaboration with another student. The focuses of his report are the modeling of the electronics and the construction of the hardware interface. Validation of the hardware-in-the-loop simulations is done by using measurements collected from a real contactor. The conclusion is that the simulations of the contactor’s behavior correspond well with a real contactor.
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Medisetti, Praveen. "REAL TIME SIMULATION AND HARDWARE-IN-LOOP TESTING OF A HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE CONTROL SYSTEM." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1170439524.
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Ramirez, Steven Abraham. "Supervisory Control Validation of a Fuel Cell Hybrid Bus Using Software-in-the-Loop and Hardware-in-the-Loop Techniques." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1386067721.
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Varais, Andy. "Modèles à échelle réduite en similitude pour l'ingénierie système et l'expérimentation simulée "temps compacté" : application à un microréseau incluant un stockage électrochimique." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0007/document.
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Cette thèse a été réalisée en collaboration avec la société SCLE SFE (Groupe ENGIE) et le laboratoire Laplace. Elle porte sur le développement d’une méthodologie permettant d’élaborer des modèles dits « en similitude », à échelle de puissance et de temps réduites. Ces modèles peuvent servir pour l’analyse des systèmes mais ils sont en particulier utiles pour l’expérimentation en temps réel des systèmes énergétiques. En effet, les expérimentations sont très souvent menées à échelle réduite pour des questions de taille, de coût,… Certaines parties de ces expérimentations peuvent être « émulées » (simulées physiquement par des dispositifs de puissance) d’autres étant constitués de composants physiques : on parle alors de procédure Hardware in the Loop (HIL). Même si, à la base, la démarche de réduction d’échelle a une portée générale, notre gamme d’application principale concerne les micro réseaux avec intégration de sources renouvelables intermittentes couplées à des composants de stockage. En conséquence,nos travaux se focalisent sur la mise en œuvre de modèles de similitudes en puissance/énergie/temps de sources ENR et de stockeurs. La notion de réduction de temps, nous parlerons de « temps virtuel compacté », est un des concepts clés de ces travaux. Une attention particulière est portée sur le développement d’un émulateur physique de batterie électrochimique.En effet, le stockage d’énergie est un point clé dans un micro réseau. De plus, cet élément présente de fortes non-linéarités dont la mise en similitude doit impérativement tenir compte et n’est pas triviale. Une fois ces modèles développés, on les éprouve via la mise en œuvre d’essais en expérimentation simulée par émulateurs physiques à échelle de puissance réduite et en temps virtuel compacté. Ces essais permettent par ailleurs de confronter les notions d’émulateurs «copie-modèle », pour lequel un modèle est utilisé pour reproduire le comportement du système, et d’émulateurs « copie-image », où le comportement du système est reproduit à partir d’un de ses composants réels (par exemple une cellule pour la batterie)<br>This thesis was carried out in collaboration with SCLE SFE (ENGIE Group) and the Laplacelaboratory. It focuses on the establishment of a methodology allowing the “similarity” modelsdevelopment, with reduced power and time scale. These models can be used for systems analysisbut they are particularly useful for real-time experimentation of energy systems. Indeed, theexperiments are often carried out on a small scale for issues of size, cost, … Some parts of theseexperiments can be "emulated" (physically simulated by power devices) while others consist ofphysical components: this is called the Hardware in the Loop (HIL) procedure. Although, initially,the downscaling approach is broad in scope, our main field of application is microgrids withintegration of intermittent renewable sources coupled with storage components. As a result, ourwork focuses on the implementation of power / energy / time similarity models of ENR sources andstorage facilities. The concept of time reduction, we will talk about "compacted virtual time", is oneof the key concepts of this work. Particular attention is paid to the development of a physicalemulator of electrochemical battery. Indeed, energy storage is a key point in microgrid. In addition,this element has strong nonlinearities whose scaling in similarity must imperatively take intoaccount and is not trivial. Once these models have been developed, they are tested through theimplementation of simulated experiments using physical emulators with reduced power scale andcompacted virtual time. These tests also make it possible to compare the concepts of "copymodel" emulators, for which a model is used to reproduce the behavior of the system, and "copyimage" emulators, where the behavior of the system is reproduced from of one of its realcomponents (for example a cell for the battery)
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Fasciani, Davide. "Real time processing in Simulink for Hardware in the Loop simulations of V2X." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.
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Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications allow vehicles to exchange messages useful for several scopes, including accident reduction and safety applications. This feature, in cooperation with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), needs to be tested and validated to guarantee optimal functionality. This thesis focuses on the
development of a Simulink V2X simulation communication module, as an extension to the traffic simulator adopted as part of a validation platform, with the aim of interfacing it with hardware devices. The traffic simulator generates the scenario and controls, through a protocol defined in this activity, an external simulator, which in turn activates the exchange of V2X messages. The system is then tested by applying, as an example, a forward collision warning (FCW) application. More specifically firstly, simulations have been developed in a software in the loop (SiL) architecture; finally, a hardware in the loop (HiL) setup has been implemented, involving real on-board units (OBUs), with a tablet simulating human-to-machine interface (HMI).
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Thomas, Clayton Austin. "Modeling and Performance Analysis of a 10-Speed Automatic Transmission for X-in-the-Loop Simulation." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1532014317646195.
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Ledo, López Guillermo. "Development and Implementation of a Mass Balancing System for CubeSat Attitude Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulations." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Rymdteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-72351.
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Spacecraft simulator platforms can simulate the microgravity environment of space on Earth, for the purposes of testing the Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem of satellites. In order to do this, the satellite is mounted on a bench and the combined center of mass of this assembly is controlled by a series of moving masses. The objective is to bring this center or mass as close as possible to the center of rotation, since solids in microgravity always rotate around their own center of mass. The air-bearing platform located, designed and built at the NanoSat Laboratory of the Kiruna Space Campus of the Luleå University of Technology makes use of four balancing masses, which are displaced by that number of linear actuators. This document explains the process followed to design an algorithm for the estimation of the center of mass and the subsequent calculation of the required positions of the balancing masses to bring this center of mass back to the center of rotation. First, the equations of rotational motion of the bench were found through two formulations: quaternions and Euler-Lagrange. Secondly, these equations were used to obtain an estimation of the center of mass via Batch Least-Squares. Thirdly, the equations of the center of mass of a system of point masses were used to find the proper positions of the balancing masses. Finally, the complete algorithm was tested with Hardware-in-the-Loop simulations before testing it in the real hardware of the platform. The developed algorithm was not capable of estimating the center of mass with sufficient accuracy, which invalidated the obtained actuator positions, and thus was not able to compensate the offset of the center of mass. Recommended lines of development are provided to assist on the continuation of this work.
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Moscato, Giulio. "Implementation of use cases for Hardware in the Loop simulations of V2X/ADAS." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.
Find full textAbstract:
The growing interest in the automotive field is leading to the study and development of increasingly advanced techniques for autonomous and assisted driving.
This thesis focuses on the implementation of a component of an Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) validation platform where software simulations serve as input to Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) functions running on hardware.
More in detail, it regards the design and simulation of use cases to be used for the validation of V2X and ADAS applications. To this aim, models are created in the adopted traffic simulator (ASM Traffic by dSPACE) and a number of use cases are implemented addressing the Forward Collision Warning (FCW) application as an example.
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Tomaro, Emiliano. "Simulations and automated tests of battery management system control strategies and diagnosis on hardware in the loop system." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19241/.
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The aim of this master’s degree thesis is to describe the activities performed during a four months internship in Magneti Marelli Powertrain, Bologna. The role I covered in this period was Validation Engineer for Hybrid & Electric systems in Hardware in the Loop (HIL) environment, the main activity was to develop automated tests in python involving software and control strategies.
A first focus of this thesis is on the Battery Management System functionalities, Hardware in the Loop system and Test Automation.
The second part of the thesis describes the experimental activity of the interniship: the development of a cells' emulator in order to simulate battery packs in HIL environment.
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Ashby, Ryan Michael. "Hardware in the Loop Simulation of a Heavy Truck Braking System and Vehicle Control System Design." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366046155.
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Rao, Sughosh J. "Development of a Hardware in the Loop Simulation System for Heavy Truck ESC Evaluation and Trailer Parameter and State Estimation." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374154113.
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Muñoz, Jadán Alexis Yanira. "Emulación de un aerogenerador conectado a la red a través de un sistema experimental Back-to-Back mediante la técnica "Hardware In The Loop"." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/143852.
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Magíster en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Mención Eléctrica<br>En la actualidad, el estudio de generación de electricidad por medio del recurso eólico es de gran importancia, por presentarse como solución para disminuir la contaminación ambiental al reemplazar los sistemas eléctricos a base de generación convencional por energía limpia. También, por constituir una vía de desarrollo para la sociedad al comunicarlo con la tecnología del mundo moderno.
Sin embargo, debido a las dificultades que existen para realizar investigaciones de energía eólica con generadores reales, es necesario implementar prototipos que sean capaces de emular, aerogeneradores que serán utilizados en el trabajo de laboratorio. En este trabajo, mediante la técnica Hardware in the Loop , se logra en base a datos reales, emular el comportamiento de una turbina eólica en la plataforma de desarrollo Matlab/Simulink a través del sistema embebido que constituye el conversor de potencia en configuración Back-To-Back contenido en la unidad Triphase PM5F60R.
Considerando perfiles de viento de distinta variabilidad con distintos valores medios y con un nivel de detalle adecuado de ingeniería, se estudia el desempeño de los sistemas de control correspondientes al aerogenerador, como: Pitch control y el algoritmo MPPT. En los cuáles se efectúan cambios en algunos parámetros importantes que caracterizan a las turbinas eólicas tales como: inercia, radio del aspa, curva aerodinámica, entre otros. Por otro lado, por medio de estrategias de control de corriente, basadas en múltiples controladores resonantes y amortiguamiento activo se logra compensar las resonancias causadas por los filtros LCL, inyectar corrientes con baja distorsión armónica y entregar potencia activa y reactiva variable a la red.
Es así que, en este trabajo se identifican principalmente los siguientes aportes:
Debido a que los aerogeneradores varían según su capacidad y modelo; mediante la técnica Hardware In The Loop ; se logra la emulación del aerogenerador y evita el uso de un aerogenerador real, otorgando flexibilidad en el diseño del mismo y su control.
Así también, las estrategias de control de corriente por medio de controladores resonantes y metodología Active Damping, permite inyección de corriente a la red con baja distorsión armónica.
Finalmente, la plataforma experimental implementada logra presentar un escenario cercano a la realidad de un sistema de generación eólica con conexión a la red por medio de un interface de electrónica de potencia. Su importancia radica debido a la validación de los resultados experimentales, en la habilidad para testear cada uno de los componentes que conforman el sistema implementado y realizar futuras investigaciones a cada uno de ellos de manera rigurosa. Así como también, es objeto de integración a otros sistemas, como por ejemplo, al de una micro-red en operación modo isla y modo red por medio de Droop Control.
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Wu, Wenzhuo. "Charging time estimation and study of charging behavior for automotive Li-ion battery cells using a Matlab/Simulink model." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-194490.
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An accurate estimation of the charging time of an automotive traction battery is possible only with the knowledge of different parameters of the battery and the vehicle. If this information is not available to the driver, the full time needed for charging of the battery may have to be assessed only from experience. A long route planning and estimation of required service life of the vehicle are therefore only roughly possible. Furthermore, with a better knowledge of estimated charging time, better management of public charging stations and better utilization of charging equipment can be achieved. An algorithm based on Matlab/Simulink model is made in the present thesis to estimate the charging time of a Li-ion battery pack which consists of 32 cells with 40 Ah each, as well as to investigate the impact of different cell balancing methods and different charging strategies on charging process. The theoretical background of the battery and charging modelling is investigated and different battery models are compared to get the best trade-off between the model accuracy and computation complexity. In the end, an electrical equivalent circuit model from reference [1], consists of a series resistor and two ZARC elements, is chosen to represent the battery cell. The parameters of the equivalent circuit are updated according to the SOC, current and temperature changes during the charging process. The whole simulation model of the algorithm consists of a charging controller (implementing the charging strategy), cell balancing logic controller, and cell balancing hardware simulation circuit and battery cell models. Different balancing criteria: based on SOC (with PWM drive) and based on terminal voltage (with/without advance) are implemented in the cell balancing logic controller, as well as different balancing windows, to investigate their impact on charging time. As for charging strategy, traditional CCCV is investigated, further investigation is conducted into improved CCCV method. The impact of initial SOC, charging rate and aging factor on charging behavior are investigated as well. Experiment results are validated by the comparison of the results with the ones got from a Hardware-in-the-loop simulation system.<br>En noggrann estimering av laddtiden hos batterier avsedda för traktionsapplikationer kräver kunskap kring batteriets och dess tillhörande laddsystems parametervärden. Utan tillgång till denna information kan laddtiden endast uppskattas från fordonsägarens tidigare erfarenheter vilket försvårar t.ex. ruttplanering. En estimering av laddtiden med tillräcklig noggrannhet kan även möjliggöra bättre utnyttjade av laddutrusting inklusive nyttjandet av publika laddstationer. I detta examensarbete har en algoritm, implementerad i Matlab/Simulink, för att estimera laddtiden hos ett litiumjonbatteripack bestående av 32 celler på vardera 40 Ah tagits fram. Med hjälp av modellen har olika laddstrategier och metoder för att balansera cellerna studerats. Ett antal olika batterimodeller har jämförts i termer av noggrannhet och krav på beräkningsprestanda. En elektriskt ekvivalent krets från referens [1], bestående av en serieresistans samt två ZARC-element, valdes slutligen för att representera battericellen. Den ekvivalenta kretsens parametrar uppdateras vid förändringar i SOC, ström och temperatur. Hela simuleringsmodellen består av en laddregulator (i vilken laddstrategin är implementerad), cellbalanseringregulator och modeller för cell och cellbalanseringens hårdvara. Ett antal metoder för att balanser cellerna har jämförts med hänsyn till påverkan på den resulterande laddtiden. En traditionell samt modifierad CCCV laddstrategi har implementerats och jämförts med avseende på variationer i inledande SOC, total laddtid samt åldring. Experimentella resultat från en hardware-in-the-loop simulering har använts för att delvis kunna verifiera de framtagna resultaten.
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Castaings, Ali. "Gestion d’énergie de véhicules multi-sources électriques et hybrides au travers de la représentation énergétique macroscopique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10025/document.
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Les véhicules routiers sont à une étape majeure de leur histoire. Face aux enjeux actuels d’ordre économiques et environnementaux, le véhicule routier du futur se doit d’être le moins énergivore et avoir une empreinte environnementale la plus réduite possible. Les véhicules multi sources représentent des solutions intéressantes afin de répondre à ces préoccupations. Cependant, ces véhicules utilisent des systèmes de propulsion particulièrement complexes tant au niveau de leur architecture que de leur commande. En particulier, la gestion des différentes sources d’énergie représente un point clé pour l’efficacité énergétique et environnementale des véhicules à concevoir. Elle devient un réel challenge dès que l’on dépasse le nombre usuel de deux sources comme dans le cas des véhicules hybrides actuels et des véhicules électriques mixtes (batterie et supercondensateurs). L’objectif des travaux relatifs à cette thèse est de proposer une méthodologie structurée pour la synthèse de la gestion d’énergie en temps réel, de véhicules multi-sources électriques ou hybrides. Cette démarche s’appuie sur une approche systémique utilisant la modélisation et la Représentation Energétique Macroscopique (REM) en tant qu’outil d’aide à la synthèse des modèles et de la commande associée. Une démarche systématique pour la synthèse des stratégies basées sur la commande optimale a été ensuite associée à cet ensemble profitant de la REM comme outil structurant. En effet, la REM respectant la causalité « physique » (causalité intégrale) d’une part, et permettant d’effectuer une distinction claire entre la commande dite « locale » et le niveau « stratégie » d’autre part, la formulation du problème de commande optimale est réalisée de manière efficace et structurée. Ainsi, en partant du cas du véhicule électrique avec un système multi-source batterie/supercondensateurs déjà étudiée dans la littérature, la méthode a été appliquée pour la synthèse d’une loi de gestion d’énergie basée sur la commande optimale. Ensuite, des sources ont été rajoutées pour passer au cas de trois sources en incluant une Pile à combustible puis quatre sources en rajoutant un groupe électrogène. Les principes développés sont validés par simulation et par l’intermédiaire de tests expérimentaux, afin de s’assurer entre autres, de la faisabilité en temps réel des stratégies développées<br>Road vehicles are at a turning point of their history. In order to face economic and environmental challenges, road vehicle of the future must be less energy-consuming and less polluting. Multi sources vehicles represent interesting solutions in order to comply with these challenges. However, these vehicles use particularly complex propulsion systems, both on the architecture level and the control level. The management of the different energy sources represents a key issue for the energy efficiency of the vehicles to be designed. It becomes a real challenge as soon as one exceeds the usual number of two sources, as in current hybrid vehicles and mixed electric vehicles (battery and supercapacitors). The objective of the works relative to this thesis is to propose a structured method for the synthesis the energy management in real time, of electric or hybrid multi-sources vehicles. This approach is based on a systemic approach using the modeling and Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) as a tool of assistance to the synthesis of the models and the related control. A systematic way for the synthesis of the strategies based on optimal control, has been associated benefitting from EMR tool. Indeed, EMR respecting “physical” causality (integral causality) on the one hand, and giving a clear distinction between the control level known as “local” and the “strategy” level on the other hand, the formulation of the optimal control problem is carried out and efficiently structured. Thus, on the basis of the electric vehicle case with a multi-source system battery/supercapacitors already studied in the literature, the method was applied for the synthesis of an energy management law based on the optimal control. Then, sources were added to pass to the case of three sources by including a Fuel cell, then four sources by adding a generator set. The developed principles are validated by simulation and experimental tests, in order to assess the feasibility in real time of the developed strategies
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Ekström, Per, and Elisabeth Eriksson. "REDUNDANT FIRMWARE TEST SETUP IN SIMULATION AND HARDWARE: A FEASIBILITY STUDY." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-40057.
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A reliable embedded real-time system has many requirements to fulfil. It must meet target deadlines in a number of situations, most of them in a situation that puts heavy stress on the system. To meet these demands, numerous tests have been created which test the hardware for any possible errors the developers might think of, in order to maximise system reliability and stability. These tests will take a lot of time to execute, and as system complexity grows, more tests are introduced leading to even longer testing times. In this thesis, a method to reduce the testing time of the software and, to a lesser extent, the hardware is examined. By using the full system simulator Simics, an existing industry system from ABB was integrated and tests were performed. A proof of concept test suite for automatic redundancy tests was also implemented. By looking at the test results, it was concluded that the method shows promise. However, problems with the average latency and performance troubles with Simics shows that more work must be put into this research before the system can be run at full speed.
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Duprey, Benjamin Lawrence Blake. "A New Fuzzy Based Stability Index Using Predictive Vehicle Modeling and GPS Data." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32762.
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The use of global positioning systems, or GPS, as a means of logistical organization for fleet vehicles has become more widespread in recent years. The system has the ability to track vehicle location, report on diagnostic trouble codes, and keep tabs on maintenance schedules. This helps to improve the safety and productivity of the vehicles and their operators. Additionally, the increasing use of yaw and roll stability control in commercial trucks has contributed to an increased level of safety for truck drivers. However, these systems require the vehicle to begin a yaw or roll event before they assist in maintaining control. This thesis presents a new method for utilizing the GPS signal in conjunction with a new fuzzy logic-based stability index, the Total Safety Margin (TSM), to create a superior active safety system.
<p>
This thesis consists of four main components:
<ol><li>An overview of GPS technology is presented with coverage of several automotive-based applications. The proposed implementation of GPS in the new Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) driving simulator under development at the Virginia Tech Center for Vehicle Systems and Safety (CVeSS) is presented.
</li><li>
The three degree-of-freedom (3DOF), linear, single track equation set used in the Matlab simulations is derived from first principles.
</li><li>
Matlab and TruckSim 7® simulations are performed for five vehicle masses and three forward velocities in a ramp-steer maneuver. Using fuzzy logic to develop the control rules for the Total Safety Margin (TSM), TSM matrices are built for both the Matlab and TruckSim 7® results based on these testing conditions. By comparing these TSM matrices it is shown that the two simulation methods yield similar results.
</li><li>A discussion of the development and implementation of the aforementioned HIL driving simulator is presented, specifically the steering subsystem. Using Matlab/Simulink, dSPACE ControlDesk, and CarSim RT® software it is shown that the steering module is capable of steering the CarSim RT® simulation vehicle accurately within the physical range of the steering sensor used. </li><ol><br>Master of Science
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de, Graaf Niels. "Simulation of Attitude and Orbit Control for APEX CubeSat." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Rymdteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-80736.
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CubeSats are becoming a game changer in the space industry. Appearing first for univer-sity mission, its popularity is increasing for commercial use and for deep space missionssuch as the on HERA mission that will orbit in 2026 around an asteroid as part of aplanetary defence mission. Standardisation and industrial collaboration is key to a fastdevelopment, assuring the product quality and lower development expenditures.In this study the focus is set elaborating a low cost demonstrator platform to be usedfor developing and testing onboard software on physical hardware: a Hardware-Softwaretesting facility. The purpose of such a platform is to create an interactive and accessibleenvironment for developing on board software. The application chosen to be elaboratedon this platform is a module the subsystem of attitude and orbit control of the satelliteorbiting around asteroid.In order to create this platform the simulation of the asteroid environment of theCubeSat has been made using open source software libraries. During this task the per-formance of open source libraries has been compared to commercial alternatives. In thedevelopment of simulation different orbit perturbations have been studied by modellingthe asteroid as a cube or spheroid and additionally the effect of a third perturbing bodyand radiation pressure.As part of this project two microcontroller have been set up communicating using acommunication bus and communication protocols used for space applications to simulatehow the attitude and orbit control is commanded inside the CubeSat.
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Li, Yafang. "Etude d’un convertisseur DC-DC pour les réseaux haute tension à courant continu (HVDC) : modélisation et contrôle du convertisseur DC-DC modulaire multiniveaux (M2DC)." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECLI0006/document.
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Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire portent sur les convertisseurs continu-continu (DC/DC) pour les réseaux de transport à Courant Continu (HVDC) dans un contexte de réseau maillé de type Multi Terminaux DC (MTDC). Dans ce genre de réseau, les convertisseurs DC/DC sont nécessaires pour interconnecter ces réseaux. L’objectif de ce travail est donc d’étudier un convertisseur DC/DC pour des applications à haute tension et forte puissance. De nombreux convertisseurs DC/DC classiques existent, mais ne sont pas adaptés à ces niveaux de tension et puissance. Le volume et coût sont les points clés de l’étude pour l’industrialisation des structures dédiées aux réseaux HVDC. Parmi les structures identifiées, le convertisseur DC-DC Modulaire Multiniveaux (M2DC), récent et compact, a été finalement choisi. Le travail proposé développe l’étude du M2DC en régime établi et une modélisation en modèle moyen de ce convertisseur. Ensuite, des lois de contrôle sont proposées pour valider les analyses précédentes sur la base du principe de l’inversion du modèle. Le travail vise enfin à valider les analyses et le contrôle à l’aide de la maquette du Convertisseur Modulaire Multiniveaux (MMC) du L2EP. Pour cela, un dimensionnement du M2DC basé sur le MMC existant est proposé. Enfin, des simulations HIL (Hardware-In-the-Loop) valident les analyses et montrent la faisabilité du prototypage du M2DC<br>This work is based on Multi Terminal Direct Current (MTDC) grids. In the MTDC grid, DC/DC converter stations are needed to connect different HVDC grids. A lot of DC/DC converters have been studied and developed, but are not suitable for high voltage and great power constraints. Therefore, the objective of this work is the study of a DC/DC converter for high voltage and great power applications. For the potentially HVDC applications, the volume and costs are major criteria. According to this, a high voltage and great power potential DC/DC converter is selected, which is the DC-DC Modular Multilevel Converter (M2DC). Focusing on the M2DC, the work proposes analyses in steady state and builds an average model for the converter. Based on the average model, the basic control algorithm for the converter is developed to validate the previous analysis. Since the thesis aims to use the existing L2EP Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) to test the M2DC model and control, a design of the M2DC based on MMC is proposed. Finally, the M2DC HIL (Hardware In-the-Loop) simulations results are presented confirming previous analyses and allowing to go on to prototyping the M2DC on the base of the existing MMC
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Fischer, Schilling Ian. "Conception et prototypage sur circuit FPGA d'un récepteur avancé basé sur la propagation d'espérance." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025BORD0033.
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La Propagation d'Espérance (Expectation Propagation, EP) est une technique puissante utilisée en inférence statistique pour approximer des distributions de probabilités complexes par des distributions plus simples de la famille exponentielle, grâce à un appariement des moments. Des travaux récents ont démontré que son application à la conception de récepteurs numériques offre un compromis intéressant entre complexité et performance. En affinant de manière itérative les estimations de signal via une approche de passage de messages, l'EP fournit un cadre robuste pour relever des défis dans les systèmes de communication numérique, tels que l'interférence inter-symboles (ISI) dans les canaux à large bande. Dans cette thèse, un égaliseur linéaire auto-itératif en domaine fréquentiel basé sur l'EP (Frequency Domain Self-Iterated Linear Equalizer, FD-SILE) est étudié. Il est composé d'un égaliseur, d'un démappeur souple et d'un mappeur souple. Ces composantes exploitent le retour d'information de l'EP dans un processus d'auto-itération. Bien que le FD-SILE basé sur l'EP présente un compromis complexité-performance favorable, sa complexité computationnelle reste prohibitive pour des implémentations matérielles, notamment pour des constellations d'ordre élevé. Afin de réduire cette complexité, des simplifications analytiques sont introduites pour les processus de mappage et de démappage souples. Ces simplifications permettent une réduction significative de la complexité tout en préservant les performances en termes de taux d'erreurs binaires (Bit Error Rate, BER). Dans le cadre de cette thèse, des versions en virgule fixe des mappeurs et démappeurs souples simplifiés sont développées pour permettre la conception d'architectures. Différentes architectures sont conçues pour les schémas de modulation BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK et 16-QAM. Ces architectures sont ensuite optimisées par pipeline, ce qui réduit considérablement le nombre de cycles d'horloge par trame. Une architecture flexible et pipelinée, capable de changer dynamiquement de constellation à chaque trame, est ensuite conçue et implémentée sur un dispositif FPGA. La validation est effectuée à l'aide d'une configuration hardware-in-the-loop (HIL), qui intègre un environnement de simulation sur ordinateur avec l'architecture implémentée sur FPGA, déployée sur une plateforme Zynq MPSoC<br>Expectation Propagation (EP) is a powerful technique used in statistical inference to approximate complex probability distributions with simpler ones from the exponential family through moment matching. Recent works have demonstrated that its application in digital receiver design offers an attractive complexity-performance trade-off. By iteratively refining signal estimates via a message-passing approach, EP provides a robust framework for addressing challenges in digital communication systems, such as inter-symbol interference (ISI) in wideband channels. In this thesis, an EP-based Frequency Domain Self-Iterated Linear Equalizer (FD-SILE) is considered, comprising an equalizer, a soft demapper and a soft mapper. These components take advantage of EP for feedback within a self-iterating process. While the EP-based FD-SILE demonstrates favorable complexity-performance, its computational complexity remains prohibitive for hardware implementations, particularly for high-order constellations. In order to decrease this computational complexity, analytical simplifications are introduced for the soft mapping and demapping processes. These simplifications achieve substantial reductions in computational complexity while preserving bit error rate (BER) performance.As part of this thesis work, fixed-point versions of the simplified soft mapper and demapper are carried out to enable architecture design. Different architectures are designed for the modulation schemes of BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, and 16-QAM. These architectures are then optimized through pipelining, significantly reducing the number of clock cycles per frame. A flexible pipelined architecture, capable of dynamically switching constellations on a per-frame basis, is subsequently designed and implemented onto an FPGA device. Validation is conducted using a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) configuration, which integrates a simulation environment on a computer with the FPGA-implemented architecture on a Zynq MPSoC platform
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Rao, Shreesha Yogish. "Development of a Heavy Truck Vehicle Dynamics Model using Trucksim and Model Based Design of ABS and ESC Controllers in Simulink." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1364407532.
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Kong, Suyao. "Advanced passivity-based control for hybrid power systems : application to hybrid electric vehicles and microgrids." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://indexation.univ-fcomte.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/a01b06c5-fb6c-452d-bd16-02b269cd0bb9.
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Un système hybride à base de pile à combustible (PàC) est une solution efficace pour faire face aux problèmes de pollution atmosphérique et de pénurie des combustibles fossiles. Cette thèse se concentre sur la conception de la commande pour les systèmes d'alimentation hybrides à base de PàC, et appliquée à deux applications : le véhicule électrique et le centre de données alimenté par un micro-réseau.Tout d'abord, cette thèse propose une commande basée sur la passivité pour un système hybride PàC/supercondensateurs (SCs). Cette commande a été conçue via la méthode de conception IDA-PBC (Interconnection and Damping Assignment - Passivity Based Control), afin de résoudre le problème de coordination des convertisseurs. L'état de charge des SCs ainsi que toutes les limitations sont intégrés directement dans la loi de commande. Un banc d'essais PHIL (Power Hardware-in-the-loop) est utilisé pour la validation. Ensuite, un filtre de Kalman étendu (EKF) est combiné avec la commande proposée, pour prévoir l'état de santé (SoH) de la pile à combustible. Enfin, un banc d'essais HIL (Hardware-in-the-loop) basé sur un FPGA INTEL / ALTERA est conçu afin de valider le fonctionnement des algorithmes en temps réel pour un véhicule commercial.Pour l'application à un micro-réseau, une commande passive est proposée pour un système hybride comprenant des panneaux photovoltaïques, une PàC, des SCs et un électrolyseur. La faisabilité de cette commande est validée par les résultats expérimentaux sur un banc d'essai PHIL. Ce travail est intégré au projet ANR DATAZERO.La nouveauté principale de cette commande est qu'elle intègre certaines contraintes de composants directement dans la loi de commande, en préservant la stabilité de l’ensemble du système, en boucle fermée<br>A Fuel cell (FC) hybrid power system is a promising solution to deal with the atmospheric pollution and fossil fuels shortage problems. This thesis focuses on the controller design for FC hybrid power systems, towards two applications: the hybrid electrical vehicle and the microgrid-powered datacenter.Firstly, this thesis proposes an advanced passivity-based control for a FC/super-capacitors (SCs) hybrid system. In order to solve the converters coordination problem, a controller designed using the design method Interconnection and Damping Assignment - Passivity-Based Control (IDA-PBC) is applied, which considers the state-of-charge of the SCs as well as voltage and current limitations. The proposed controller is validated on a Power Hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) platform. Then an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is applied to forecast the State-of-Health (SoH) of the fuel cell and is combined with the proposed controller. Finally, a Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform based on an INTEL/ALTERA FPGA is designed in order to validate the real-time operation of the algorithms for a specific case study with a commercial vehicle.For microgrid applications, a passivity-based controller for a hybrid power supply system for a green datacenter is proposed, including photovoltaic panels, a fuel cell, SCs and an electrolyzer. The feasibility of this non-linear controller is proven by the simulation results and experimental validation on a PHIL test bench. This work is integrated into the ANR DATAZERO project.The main novelty of the proposed controller is that it integrates some component constraints directly into the controller equations, while the locally asymptotic stability of the whole closed-loop system is preserved
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BOUKADIDA, Yassine. "The i-motor: a system for end-of-line testing of electric drives for vehicles." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Cassino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11580/83957.
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This work is developed within a current trend aimed at time simulation-based testing systems, especially those dedicated to complex process where different sub-processes interact with different dynamics. The Hardware in the loop (HIL) is currently considered as a viable candidate to fulfill the requirements of real time simulation for the testing of complex systems. Within this trend, a HIL simulation system dedicated to the testing of a variable speed traction drive is developed. It incorporates a power system made up of two DC-AC converters connected through their AC sides by a three phase inductor, and a control system built around a NI PXI interface in which is embedded a real-time simulation HIL system. The implemented control scheme considers a current-regulated voltage source inverter fed permanent magnet synchronous motor under a vector control strategy. The analysis the test results obtained considering the emulation of different accelerating and braking cycles, have clearly proven the potentialities of the developed system.
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Wijewardane, M. Anusha. "Exhaust system energy management of internal combustion engines." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9829.
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Today, the investigation of fuel economy improvements in internal combustion engines (ICEs) has become the most significant research interest among the automobile manufacturers and researchers. The scarcity of natural resources, progressively increasing oil prices, carbon dioxide taxation and stringent emission regulations all make fuel economy research relevant and compelling. The enhancement of engine performance solely using incylinder techniques is proving increasingly difficult and as a consequence the concept of exhaust energy recovery has emerged as an area of considerable interest. Three main energy recovery systems have been identified that are at various stages of investigation. Vapour power bottoming cycles and turbo-compounding devices have already been applied in commercially available marine engines and automobiles. Although the fuel economy benefits are substantial, system design implications have limited their adaptation due to the additional components and the complexity of the resulting system. In this context, thermo-electric (TE) generation systems, though still in their infancy for vehicle applications have been identified as attractive, promising and solid state candidates of low complexity. The performance of these devices is limited to the relative infancy of materials investigations and module architectures. There is great potential to be explored. The initial modelling work reported in this study shows that with current materials and construction technology, thermo-electric devices could be produced to displace the alternator of the light duty vehicles, providing the fuel economy benefits of 3.9%-4.7% for passenger cars and 7.4% for passenger buses. More efficient thermo-electric materials could increase the fuel economy significantly resulting in a substantially improved business case. The dynamic behaviour of the thermo-electric generator (TEG) applied in both, main exhaust gas stream and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) path of light duty and heavy duty engines were studied through a series of experimental and modelling programs. The analyses of the thermo-electric generation systems have highlighted the need for advanced heat exchanger design as well as the improved materials to enhance the performance of these systems. These research requirements led to the need for a systems evaluation technique typified by hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing method to evaluate heat exchange and materials options. HIL methods have been used during this study to estimate both the output power and the exhaust back pressure created by the device. The work has established the feasibility of a new approach to heat exchange devices for thermo-electric systems. Based on design projections and the predicted performance of new materials, the potential to match the performance of established heat recovery methods has been demonstrated.
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Tournez, Florian. "Du composant au conducteur dans la boucle de simulation pour le test de véhicules électriques hybrides." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILN060.
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L'électrification des véhicules joue un rôle essentiel dans la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique. En réponse à la croissance de plus en plus marquée des véhicules électrifiés sur le marché automobile mondial, de nouvelles technologies ont émergé pour satisfaire la demande. Les simulations Hardware-in-the-Loop de type Signal (S-HIL) et Puissance (P-HIL) sont déjà utilisées dans l'industrie automobile pour tester différents composants et sous-systèmes de nouvelle génération avant leur intégration dans le prototype final, mais leur potentiel reste sous-exploité. Afin de favoriser leur utilisation et d'améliorer la vitesse de développement de nouvelles méthodes simples et abordables doivent être mises en place.L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une méthode souple permettant de tester divers sous-systèmes électriques grâce à des simulations HIL de puissance classiques jusqu'au test avec le conducteur dans la boucle de simulation (DIL). Le concept de la simulation HIL distribuée est introduit en se basant sur l'utilisation d'un serveur délocalisé. Le serveur délocalisé correspond à un ordinateur virtuel situé dans un centre de données équipé du logiciel de simulation Amesim Simcenter. Le logiciel permet d'avoir accès à une bibliothèque de modèles en ligne permettant à l'utilisateur de coupler ses modèles ou ses sous-systèmes situés localement avec Amesim Simcenter afin de réaliser des simulations pures, du S-HIL ou du P-HIL. Une interface simple et flexible a été mise en place par l'intermédiaire de l'organisation des modèles avec le formalisme de la Représentation Energétique Macroscopique (REM). La simulation HIL distribuée a été réalisée dans le cadre du Projet H2020 PANDA pour améliorer l'insertion des véhicules électrifiés sur le marché automobile. Le second axe est de mettre en place une simulation DIL couplée simultanément à une simulation P-HIL tout en gardant la flexibilité d'utiliser des modèles sous une plateforme de simulation temps réel. De cette manière, il est possible de tester un sous-système de puissance tout en incluant un conducteur au travers d'un simulateur de conduite (DIL/P-HIL)<br>Vehicle electrification plays a crucial role in the fight against climate change. In response to the increasingly pronounced growth of electrified vehicles in the global automotive market, new technologies have emerged to meet the demand. Hardware-in-the-Loop simulations, such as Signal (S-HIL) and Power (P-HIL), are already used in the automotive industry to test various components and next-generation subsystems before their integration into the final prototype, but their potential remains underutilized. To promote their use and enhance the speed of development, new and affordable methods need to be implemented.The objective of this thesis is to propose a flexible method for testing various electrical subsystems, ranging from traditional HIL simulations to Driver-in-the-Loop simulation (DIL). The concept of distributed HIL simulation is based on the use of a remote server. The remote server corresponds to a virtual computer located in a data center equipped with the Amesim Simcenter simulation software. The software provides access to an online library of models, allowing the user to couple their models or locally located subsystems with Amesim Simcenter to perform pure simulations, S-HIL, or P-HIL. A simple and flexible interface has been established through the organization of models using the Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) formalism. Distributed HIL simulation was carried out as part of the H2020 PANDA Project to improve the integration of electrified vehicles into the automotive market. The second focus is to implement a DIL simulation coupled simultaneously with a P-HIL simulation while retaining the flexibility of using models in a real-time simulation platform. This approach enables the testing of a power subsystem while incorporating a driver through a driving simulator (DIL/P-HIL)
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Roe, Matthew Stephen. "Development of a hardware-in-the-loop analysis framework for advanced ITS applications." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28260.
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As Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) become more prevalent, there is a need for a system capable of the rigorous evaluation of new ITS strategies for a wide variety of applications. Pre-deployment testing and fine-tuning of the system, performance evaluation, and alternatives analysis are all potential benefits that could be gained through the evaluation of ITS. Simulation, an increasingly popular tool for transportation analysis, would seem an ideal solution to this problem as it allows for the consideration of many scenarios that may be improbable or impossible to observe in the field. Also, simulation provides a framework that allows for the application of rigorous analysis techniques to the output data, providing an accurate and statistically significant conclusion.
The difficulty is that many ITS strategies are difficult or impossible to implement in a simulated environment. The rapid nature of technology development and the complicated nature of many ITS solutions are difficult to emulate in simulation models. Furthermore, the emulation of a particular ITS solution is not guaranteed to provide the same result that the physical system would, were it subject to the same inputs.
This study seeks to establish a framework for the analysis of advanced ITS applications through the use of Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation (HILS), which provides a procedure for interfacing simulation models with real-world hardware to conduct analysis. This solution provides the benefits of both advanced ITS evaluation and simulation for powerful and accurate analysis. A framework is established that includes all the steps of the modeling process including construction, validation, calibration, and output analysis. This ensures that the process surrounding the HILS implementation is valid so that the results of the evaluation are accurate and defendable.
Finally, a case study of the application of the developed framework to the evaluation, a real-world implementation of an advanced ITS application (SCATS in this case) is considered. The effectiveness of the framework in creating and evaluating a corridor using a simulation model wed to real-world hardware is shown. The results of the analysis show the power of this method when correctly applied and demonstrate where further analysis could expand upon the proposed procedure.
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Griffith, Khadir A. "Performance Evaluation of RF Systems on Rotorcrafts." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1274103965.
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Marouf, Alaa. "Contribution à la Commande du Système de Direction Assistée Electrique." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VALE0012.
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La commande du système de Direction Assistée Electrique (DAE) est un défi majeur en raison de ses multiples objectifs et de la nécessitée de réaliser plusieurs mesures pour la mettre en oeuvre. La commande doit assurer : le suivi du couple d’assistance de référence tout en assurant la stabilité du système et sans introduire des retards, l’atténuation des vibrations provoquées par chacune des entrées du système, la transmission des informations de la route au conducteur pour un bon confort et une meilleure sensation de conduite, l’amélioration de la performance de retour au centre. La commande doit également être robuste vis-à-vis des erreurs de modélisation, des incertitudes des paramètres, et des perturbations extérieures. En outre, la mise en oeuvre de la commande nécessite plusieurs mesures telles que : l’angle au volant, l’angle du moteur, la vitesse du moteur, le couple conducteur et le couple de réaction de la route<br>The control of Electric Power Assisted Steering (EPAS) system is a challengingproblem due to the multiple objectives and the need of several pieces of information to implement the control. The control objectives are to generate assist torque with fast responses to driver’s torque commands, insure system stability, attenuate vibrations, transmit the road information to the driver, and improve the steering wheel returnability and free control performance. The control must also be robust against modeling errors and parameter uncertainties. In addition, several pieces of information are required to implement the control, such as steering wheel angle, motor velocity, driver torque and road reaction torque
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Abdel-Rahman, Akram. "Pulsed Active Steering Hardware in the Loop Experiment." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4732.
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Active safety vehicle systems are continuously being researched to make vehicles safer to drive. Active steering is a new active safety system that involves controlling the vehicle steering angle during the vehicle's loss of stability. The steering signal, which an active steering system intervenes with, is brought to study in this thesis. Using a pulsed signal instead of a constant signal as the output of an active steering system arises new areas to study. This thesis focuses on the effect that the different pulse parameters have on the yaw and roll dynamics of a passenger vehicle. The parameters of a pulse consist of its frequency, amplitude, and pattern.
Simulations were done with different vehicle models in different simulation softwares to assess the effect that each of the pulse parameters has on the vehicle dynamics. These simulation softwares include DynaFlexPro, Matlab/Simulink and Adams/Car. In addition, a whole test bed was designed and assembled to carry out Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulation experiments involving active steering systems. The test bed was used to firstly validate the results obtained from the simulations, and secondly to assess the applicability of a pulsed active steering system. Conclusions of the obtained results as well as future work are mentioned at the end of this thesis.
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Sharif, Razavian Reza. "Design and Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing of Optimal Controllers for Hybrid Electric Powertrains." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6980.
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The main objective of this research is the development of a flexible test-bench for evaluation of hybrid electric powertrain controllers. As a case study, a real-time near-optimal powertrain controller for a series hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has been designed and tests.
The designed controller, like many other optimal controllers, is based on a simple model. This control-oriented model aims to be as simple as possible in order to minimize the controller computational effort. However, a simple model may not be able to capture the vehicle's dynamics accurately, and the designed controller may fail to deliver the anticipated behavior. Therefore, it is crucial that the controller be tested in a realistic environment. To evaluate the performance of the designed model-based controller, it is first applied to a high-fidelity series HEV model that includes physics-based component models and low-level controllers. After successfully passing this model-in-the-loop test, the controller is programmed into a rapid-prototyping controller unit for hardware-in-the-loop simulations. This type of simulation is mostly intended to consider controller computational resources, as well as the communication issues between the controller and the plant (model solver). As the battery pack is one of the most critical components in a hybrid electric powertrain, the component-in-the-loop simulation setup is used to include a physical battery in the simulations in order to further enhance simulation accuracy. Finally, the driver-in-the-loop setup enables us to receive the inputs from a human driver instead of a fixed drive cycle, which allows us to study the effects of the unpredictable driver behavior.
The developed powertrain controller itself is a real-time, drive cycle-independent controller for a series HEV, and is designed using a control-oriented model and Pontryagin's Minimum Principle. Like other proposed controllers in the literature, this controller still requires some information about future driving conditions; however, the amount of information is reduced. Although the controller design procedure is based on a series HEV with NiMH battery as the electric energy storage, the same procedure can be used to obtain the supervisory controller for a series HEV with an ultra-capacitor.
By testing the designed optimal controller with the prescribed simulation setups, it is shown that the controller can ensure optimal behavior of the powertrain, as the dominant system behavior is very close to what is being predicted by the control-oriented model. It is also shown that the controller is able to handle small uncertainties in the driver behavior.
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Abrishambaf, Omid. "MRTS: a flexible system for microgrids real-time digital simulation using hardware-in-the-loop." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/37663.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Mechatronic Engineering<br>The recent changes on the power systems paradigm require the active
participation of small and medium players in the electricity network management. With
the electricity price flotation, the small and medium players must manage their
consumption in order to decrease the economic costs without the degradation of the
users’ comfort. Additionally, the appearance of new concepts in the power systems,
such as smart grids and microgrids, bring several advantages. This includes the use of
distributed generation and the execution of demand response programs. However, their
implementation on the current power grid can also bring management and stability
issues.
The purpose of this dissertation is to simulate, in real-time, a microgrid facility by
employing real hardware resources and survey of the consumption and generation
profiles of the small and medium consumers. The facility would include small power
load, medium power load and a micro-generation unit. This microgrid facility proposes
controlling methods of hardware devices that enable the real loads to be integrated as
hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) loads for the small and medium simulation players. The
implemented system uses real consumption loads and real wind power generator.
The main contribution of this dissertation is the integration of real resources inside
the simulation environment. Furthermore, this study describes the hardware and
software developed and implemented on the loads built to manual use, outside of the
simulation environments. In the case studies, actual consumption and generation
profiles of the small and medium consumers has been employed in order to simulate in
real-time.<br>As mudanças recentes no paradigma dos sistemas elétricos de energia requerem
uma participação ativa dos participantes de pequeno e médio tamanho na gestão da
produção e utilização da eletricidade. Com a flutuação do preço da eletricidade, estes
participantes têm de gerir o consumo de modo a diminuir custos sem degradar o
conforto dos utilizadores.
Além disso, o aparecimento de novos conceitos de eletrónica de potência, como as
redes inteligentes e as micro-redes, traz grandes vantagens. Isto inclui o uso de
produção distribuída e a execução de programas de resposta à procura. No entanto, as
suas implantações podem trazer complicações de gestão e estabilidade aos atuais
sistemas elétricos de energia.
O objetivo desta dissertação é simular, em tempo real, uma micro-rede usando
recursos de hardware reais e analisar o consumo e perfis de geração de consumidores
pequenos e médios. A micro-rede incluiria uma pequena carga, uma média carga e uma
unidade de micro-geração. Esta micro-rede propõe métodos de controlar dispositivos de
hardware que permitem integrar cargas reais como cargas hardware-in-the-loop (HIL)
para simulação de participantes pequenos e médios. O sistema implementado tem
cargas com consumos reais e um gerador de energia eólica.
A principal contribuição desta dissertação é a integração de dispositivos reais
dentro do ambiente de simulação. Além disso, este estudo descreve o hardware e o
software desenvolvidos e implementados nas cargas desenhadas para utilização manual,
fora dos ambientes de simulação. Nos casos de estudo, o consumo real e os perfis de
geração dos consumidores pequenos e médios foram utilizados para realizar as
simulações em tempo-real.<br>تغییرات اخیر در سیستم های توزیع قدرت ، شرکت کردن فعال مصرف کنندگان و تولید کنندگان برق
را بیش از پیش مورد اهمیت قرار داده است. همچنین با توجه به متغیر بودن قیمت برق ، این واحد ها باید
مدیریت کافی را بر روی مصرف خود داشته ، تا بتوانند هزینه های ماهیانه انرژی را کاهش دهند. علاوه بر
این، پیدایش مفاهیم جدیدی در سیستم های قدرت ، مانند شبکه های هوشمند ، فواید بسیاری را برای این سیستم
ها ایجاد کرده اند. این فواید شامل استفاده از تکنولوژی تولید پراکنده و یا اجرای برنامه های پاسخ به بخش
تقاضا می باشند. البته در کنار این فواید، این مفاهیم جدید مشکلاتی مدیریتی و پایداری را برای شبکه ایجاد می
کنند.
هدف از این پایان نامه ، شبیه سازی زمان واقعی یک شبکه برق کوچک می باشد که از مصرف
روش های ، HIL کنندگان و تولید کنندگان واقعی استفاده می کند. این شبکه برق کوچک با استفاده از سناریو
کنترلی را ارائه می دهد که اپراتور را قادر می سازد تا با ادغام سخت افزار های واقعی در محیط شبیه سازی
، به نتایج واقعی و قابل قبول تری دست یابد. همچنین این پایان نامه ، نرم افزار ها و سخت افزار هایی را
توضیح می دهد که با اجرای آنها بر روی وسایلی که برای استفاده های معمولی و خارج از محیط شبیه سازی
ساخته شده اند ، به صورت سخت افزار های واقعی در محیط شبیه سازی ایفای نقش کنند. در موارد بررسی
شده در این پایان نامه ، یک دوره دو ساعته از این شبیه سازی زمان واقعی برای مصرف کنندگان خانگی و
تجاری بیان می شود.
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Farooqi, Quazi Mohammed Rushaed. "Injector Waveform Monitoring of a Diesel Engine in Real-Time on a Hardware in the Loop Bench." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2922.
Full textAbstract:
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>This thesis presents the development, experimentation and validation of a reliable and robust system to monitor the injector pulse generated by an Engine Control Module (ECM) and send the corresponding fueling quantity to the real-time computer in a closed loop Hardware In the Loop (HIL) bench. The system can be easily calibrated for different engine platforms as well. The fueling quantity that is being injected by the injectors is a crucial variable to run closed loop HIL simulation to carry out the performance testing of
engine, aftertreatment and other components of the vehicle. This research utilized Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) and Direct Memory Access (DMA) transfer capability offered by National Instruments (NI) Compact Reconfigurable Input-Output (cRIO) to achieve high speed data acquisition and delivery. The research was conducted in three stages. The first stage was to develop the HIL bench for the research. The second stage was to determine the performance of the system with different threshold methods
and different sampling speeds necessary to satisfy the required accuracy of the fueling quantity being monitored. The third stage was to study the error and its variability involved in the injected fueling quantity from pulse to pulse, from injector to injector, between real injector stators and cheaper inductor load cells emulating the injectors, over
different operating conditions with full factorial design of experimentation and mixed model Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA). Different thresholds were experimented to find out the best thresholds, the Start of Injection (SOI) threshold and the End of Injection (EOI) threshold that captured the injector “ontime” with best reliability and accuracy. Experimentation has been carried out at various data acquisition rates to find out the optimum speed of data sampling rate, trading off the accuracy of fueling quantity. The
experimentation found out the expected error with a system with cheaper solution as well, so that, if a test application is not sensitive to error in fueling quantity, a cheaper solution
with lower sampling rate and inductors as load cells can be used. The statistical analysis was carried out at highest available sampling rate on both injectors and inductors with the best threshold method found in previous studies. The result clearly shows the factors that affect the error and the variability in the standard deviations in error; it also shows the relation with the fixed and random factors. The real-time application developed for the
HIL bench is capable of monitoring the injector waveform, using any fueling ontime table corresponding to the platform being tested, and delivering the fueling quantity in real-time. The test bench made for this research is also capable of studying injectors of
different types with the automated test sequence, without occupying the resource of fully capable closed loop test benches for testing the ECM unctionality.
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Bondoky, Karim. "A Contribution to Validation and Testing of Non-Compliant Docking Contact Dynamics of Small and Rigid Satellites Using Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulation." 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A73251.
Full textAbstract:
Spacecraft (S/C) docking is the last and most challenging phase in the contact closure of two separately flying S/C. The design and testing of S/C docking missions using software-multibody simulations need to be complemented by Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL) simulation using the real docking hardware. The docking software multibody simulation is challenged by the proper modeling of contact forces, whereas the HIL docking simulation is challenged by proper inclusion of the real contact forces. Existing docking HIL simulators ignore back-reaction force modeling due to the large S/C sizes, or use compliance devices to reduce impact, which alters the actual contact force. This dissertation aims to design a docking HIL testbed to verify docking contact dynamics for small and rigid satellites by simulating the real contact forces without artificial compliance.
HIL simulations of docking contact dynamics are challenged mainly by:
I. HIL simulation quality: quality of realistic contact dynamics simulation relies fundamentally on the quality of HIL testbed actuation and sensing instrumentation (non-instantaneous, time delays, see Fig. 1)
II. HIL testbed design: HIL design optimization requires a justified HIL performance prediction, based on a representative HIL testbed simulation (Fig. 2), where appropriate simulation of contact dynamics is the most difficult and sophisticated task.
The goal of this dissertation is to carry out a systematic investigation of the technically possible HIL docking contact dynamics simulation performances, in order to define an appropriate approach for testing of docking contact dynamics of small and rigid satellites without compliance and using HIL simulation. In addition, based on the investigations, the software simulation results shall be validated using an experimental HIL setup.
To achieve that, multibody dynamics models of docking S/C were built, after carrying out an extensive contact dynamics research to select the most representative contact model. Furthermore, performance analysis models of the HIL testbed were built. In the dissertation, a detailed parametric analysis was carried out on the available models’ design-spaces (e.g., spacecraft, HIL testbed building-blocks and contact dynamics), to study their impacts on the HIL fidelity and errors (see Fig. 1). This was done using a generic HIL design-tool, which was developed within this work. The results were then used to identify the technical requirements of an experimental 1-Degree-of-Freedom (DOF) HIL testbed, which was conceived, designed, implemented and finally utilized to test and validate the selected docking contact dynamics model.
The results of this work showed that the generic multibody-dynamics spacecraft docking model is a practical tool to model, study and analyze docking missions, to identify the properties of successful and failed docking scenarios before it takes place in space.
Likewise, the 'Generic HIL Testbed Framework Analysis Tool' is an effective tool for carrying out performance analysis of HIL testbed design, which allows to estimate the testbed’s fidelity and predict HIL errors.
Moreover, the results showed that in order to build a 6DOF HIL docking testbed without compliance, it is important to study and analyze the errors’s sources in an impact and compensate for them. Otherwise, the required figure-of-merits of the instruments of the HIL testbed would be extremely challenging to be realized.
In addition, the results of the experimental HIL simulation (i.e., real impacts between various specimen) serve as a useful contribution to the advancement of contact dynamics modeling.